US20130020080A1 - Method for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials - Google Patents
Method for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials Download PDFInfo
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- US20130020080A1 US20130020080A1 US13/187,065 US201113187065A US2013020080A1 US 20130020080 A1 US20130020080 A1 US 20130020080A1 US 201113187065 A US201113187065 A US 201113187065A US 2013020080 A1 US2013020080 A1 US 2013020080A1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/04—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by extraction
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4037—In-situ processes
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to methods of extracting hydrocarbon materials from subterranean geological formations.
- one alternative oil source is oil shale.
- the oil shale is removed from subterranean geological formations and then processed at the surface to extract the oil from the rock.
- the extracted oil is subsequently refined using conventional refining techniques.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example method for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials in a subsurface region.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an example well arrangement for carrying out a method for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials in a subsurface region.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example method 20 for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials in a subsurface region.
- the exemplary method 20 may be used to extract and recover hydrocarbon materials from impermeable or low permeability subsurface regions that contain oil shale deposits or other similar geologic formations that include oil or kerogen.
- the deposits are consolidated carbonates having oil, heavy oil or bitumen and/or consolidated oil sands having oil, heavy oil or bitumen.
- the disclosed method 20 utilizes a technique of heating the subsurface region to extract useful hydrocarbon materials in situ and subsequently move the extracted hydrocarbon materials to the surface, without the need for removing bulk oil-containing rock.
- the method 20 generally includes steps 22 , 24 and 26 , although it is to be understood that each of the steps 22 , 24 and 26 may include any number of sub-steps in order to carry out or facilitate the primary steps 22 , 24 or 26 .
- step 22 includes the action increasing permeability of a low permeability hydrocarbon-containing subsurface region. The increase in permeability creates a plurality of well sub-regions that include a first well sub-region and a second well sub-region that is located vertically below the first well sub-region.
- the second step 24 includes the action of heating the first well sub-region to extract liquid hydrocarbon materials that then gravimetrically flow from the first well sub-region to the second well sub-region.
- the third step 26 includes the action of transporting the liquid hydrocarbon materials from the second well sub-region to the surface, for example.
- FIG. 2 shows an example well arrangement 40 for carrying out the method 20 . It is to be understood that the disclosed well arrangement 40 is only an example and that the well arrangement 40 can be varied in accordance with the method 20 .
- the well arrangement 40 is configured relative to a surface region 42 and a subsurface region 44 .
- the subsurface region 44 includes a low permeability hydrocarbon-containing subsurface region 44 a that is generally located between a near subsurface region 44 b and a far subsurface region 44 c. That is, the low permeability hydrocarbon-containing subsurface region 44 a is at a depth that is between the near subsurface region 44 b and the far subsurface region 44 c. In some examples, the subsurface region 44 a is at a depth of 500 to several thousands of feet.
- three well sub-regions 46 a, 46 b and 46 c are created within the low permeability hydrocarbon-containing subsurface region 44 a by increasing the permeability of the subsurface region 44 a.
- each of the well sub-regions 46 a, 46 b and 46 c are created by rubblizing the subsurface region 44 a.
- the subsurface region 44 a is rubblized using horizontal well strings, hydraulic fracturing and/or by using a compressed gas or supercritical gas.
- the rock fractures to form a rubble bed of broken rock which increases the flow area for the hot working fluid, increases the rock surface area for heat transfer, and reduces the size of the rock dimension or diameter for affecting diffusion and expulsion of the liquid oil from the rock pores.
- techniques of rubblizing are known and, given this description, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize suitable rubblizing techniques to meet their particular needs.
- the first well sub-region 46 a is fluidly connected to the surface region 42 by injection duct 48 a
- the second well sub-region 46 b is connected to the surface region 42 by collection duct 48 b
- the third well sub-region 46 c is fluidly connected with the surface region 42 by vent duct 48 c.
- the first well sub-region 46 a is considered to be an injection well sub-region
- the second well sub-region 46 b is considered to be a collection well sub-region
- the third well sub-region 46 c is considered to be a vent well sub-region.
- the injection well sub-region and the vent well sub-region are at substantially equivalent subsurface depths.
- the injection duct 48 a and the vent duct 48 c are connected by a surface battery 50 to recirculate a working fluid through the subsurface region 44 a.
- the surface battery 50 includes a condenser 52 , a turbo-compressor 54 , a separator 56 and a gas source 58 .
- a downhole combustion heater 60 is located within the injection duct 48 a below the surface region 42 .
- the combustion heater 60 is located in close proximity to the first well sub-region 46 a for enhancement of thermal efficiency in conveying heated working fluid into the first well sub-region 46 a.
- the close proximity allows for the efficient generation and transport of the heat without suffering heat losses in the long transport of the working fluid from a remote surface heating facility.
- An additoinal benefit of the close proximity is where the subsurface region 44 a is very deep, under a body of water, under permafrost, or a combination of these conditions.
- the downhole combustion heater 60 operates to heat the rubblized material within the first well sub-region 46 a to extract hydrocarbon-containing materials from the oil shale or other oil-bearing material.
- the combustion heater 60 distributes the heated working fluid into the first well sub-region 46 a to slowly heats the shale and release (i.e., by the process of catagenesis) liquid oil.
- the heating profile with regard to time and temperature can be adjusted such that catagenesis of the kerogen to oil or oil and gas products is controlled.
- the combustion heater 60 is used to heat the first well sub-region 46 a to a temperature of 350°-450° C. (662°-842° F.
- the target heating temperature is approximately 350° C.-400° C. (698° F.-752° F.).
- the given temperature range thermally decomposes kerogen to a light, low viscosity liquid oil by very slowly heating the first well sub-region 46 a. In comparison, surface retorting of mined rock is conducted at much higher temperatures for much shorter times.
- the combustion heater 60 is a vitiated, pressurized combustor unit that is designed for high thermal output, such as a combustor that is of similar design to a gas or liquid fueled rocket engine.
- the extracted hydrocarbon-containing materials are liquid hydrocarbon material, gaseous hydrocarbon material or both.
- the extracted liquid hydrocarbon material flows downwards into the second well sub-region 46 b, where it subsequently transported through collection duct 48 b to the surface region 42 .
- the temperature in the first well sub-region 46 a is optionally slowly increased to more efficiently release hydrocarbon gases and condensable liquids and to produce additional liquid oil by the thermal decomposition of any residual bitumen products.
- fuel gases that are extracted are used to fuel the combustion heater 60 .
- the working fluid that is heated and provided into the first well sub-region 46 a is a non-degrading fluid, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen or mixtures thereof. That is, the working fluid does not decompose into other shorter chain molecules that can otherwise foul the surfaces of the combustion heater 60 or the pores within the wells.
- the working fluid is a compressed gas or supercritical gas.
- the heated working fluid provided from the turbo-compressor 54 to the combustion heater 60 and into the first well sub-region 46 a circulates to the third well sub-region 46 c.
- the extracted gaseous hydrocarbon materials are carried with the working fluid into the third well sub-region 46 c and are vented through the vent duct 48 c to the surface region 42 .
- the condenser 52 condenses any condensable hydrocarbon materials within the vented gas and the separator 56 subsequently separates the condensed fluids, such as liquid oils and water.
- the remaining gaseous material is made up substantially of the working fluid, which is then conveyed to the compressor 54 for recirculation through the combustion heater 60 into the first well sub-region 46 a.
- a combustible gas, such as oxygen, is provided from the gas source 58 into the injection duct 48 a for combustion in the combustion heater 60 .
- the well can be heated to the desired temperature and oil released from the rock over a reasonable period of field production life (e.g., 10-15 years).
- the parameters that influence the production rate are thermal losses within the formation and within the length of the injection ducts (minimized by the downhole combustion heater 60 ), volumetric rate of circulation of the heated working fluid, temperature of the injected working fluid, and the geometric character of the rubblized rock.
Abstract
Description
- This disclosure relates to methods of extracting hydrocarbon materials from subterranean geological formations.
- As energy consumption rises, alternative sources of oil to traditional oil wells are developed to meet consumption demand. For instance, one alternative oil source is oil shale. The oil shale is removed from subterranean geological formations and then processed at the surface to extract the oil from the rock. The extracted oil is subsequently refined using conventional refining techniques.
-
FIG. 1 illustrates an example method for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials in a subsurface region. -
FIG. 2 illustrates an example well arrangement for carrying out a method for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials in a subsurface region. -
FIG. 1 illustrates anexample method 20 for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials in a subsurface region. As will be described, theexemplary method 20 may be used to extract and recover hydrocarbon materials from impermeable or low permeability subsurface regions that contain oil shale deposits or other similar geologic formations that include oil or kerogen. In some examples, the deposits are consolidated carbonates having oil, heavy oil or bitumen and/or consolidated oil sands having oil, heavy oil or bitumen. As will also be described in further detail, the disclosedmethod 20 utilizes a technique of heating the subsurface region to extract useful hydrocarbon materials in situ and subsequently move the extracted hydrocarbon materials to the surface, without the need for removing bulk oil-containing rock. - In the illustrated example, the
method 20 generally includessteps steps primary steps step 22 includes the action increasing permeability of a low permeability hydrocarbon-containing subsurface region. The increase in permeability creates a plurality of well sub-regions that include a first well sub-region and a second well sub-region that is located vertically below the first well sub-region. Thesecond step 24 includes the action of heating the first well sub-region to extract liquid hydrocarbon materials that then gravimetrically flow from the first well sub-region to the second well sub-region. Thethird step 26 includes the action of transporting the liquid hydrocarbon materials from the second well sub-region to the surface, for example. - The
method 20 will be further described with reference toFIG. 2 , which shows anexample well arrangement 40 for carrying out themethod 20. It is to be understood that the disclosedwell arrangement 40 is only an example and that thewell arrangement 40 can be varied in accordance with themethod 20. - In the illustrated example, the
well arrangement 40 is configured relative to a surface region 42 and asubsurface region 44. Thesubsurface region 44 includes a low permeability hydrocarbon-containingsubsurface region 44 a that is generally located between a near subsurface region 44 b and a farsubsurface region 44 c. That is, the low permeability hydrocarbon-containingsubsurface region 44 a is at a depth that is between the near subsurface region 44 b and the farsubsurface region 44 c. In some examples, thesubsurface region 44 a is at a depth of 500 to several thousands of feet. - In this example, three
well sub-regions subsurface region 44 a by increasing the permeability of thesubsurface region 44 a. For instance, each of the wellsub-regions subsurface region 44 a. Thesubsurface region 44 a is rubblized using horizontal well strings, hydraulic fracturing and/or by using a compressed gas or supercritical gas. The rock fractures to form a rubble bed of broken rock, which increases the flow area for the hot working fluid, increases the rock surface area for heat transfer, and reduces the size of the rock dimension or diameter for affecting diffusion and expulsion of the liquid oil from the rock pores. In general, techniques of rubblizing are known and, given this description, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize suitable rubblizing techniques to meet their particular needs. - As shown, the
first well sub-region 46 a is fluidly connected to the surface region 42 byinjection duct 48 a, thesecond well sub-region 46 b is connected to the surface region 42 bycollection duct 48 b, and thethird well sub-region 46 c is fluidly connected with the surface region 42 byvent duct 48 c. In that regard, thefirst well sub-region 46 a is considered to be an injection well sub-region, thesecond well sub-region 46 b is considered to be a collection well sub-region and thethird well sub-region 46 c is considered to be a vent well sub-region. In the illustrated example, the injection well sub-region and the vent well sub-region are at substantially equivalent subsurface depths. - The
injection duct 48 a and thevent duct 48 c are connected by asurface battery 50 to recirculate a working fluid through thesubsurface region 44 a. In the illustrated example, thesurface battery 50 includes acondenser 52, a turbo-compressor 54, aseparator 56 and agas source 58. - A
downhole combustion heater 60 is located within theinjection duct 48 a below the surface region 42. Thecombustion heater 60 is located in close proximity to thefirst well sub-region 46 a for enhancement of thermal efficiency in conveying heated working fluid into thefirst well sub-region 46 a. The close proximity allows for the efficient generation and transport of the heat without suffering heat losses in the long transport of the working fluid from a remote surface heating facility. An additoinal benefit of the close proximity is where thesubsurface region 44 a is very deep, under a body of water, under permafrost, or a combination of these conditions. - The
downhole combustion heater 60 operates to heat the rubblized material within thefirst well sub-region 46 a to extract hydrocarbon-containing materials from the oil shale or other oil-bearing material. Thecombustion heater 60 distributes the heated working fluid into thefirst well sub-region 46 a to slowly heats the shale and release (i.e., by the process of catagenesis) liquid oil. The heating profile with regard to time and temperature can be adjusted such that catagenesis of the kerogen to oil or oil and gas products is controlled. - In one example, the
combustion heater 60 is used to heat thefirst well sub-region 46 a to a temperature of 350°-450° C. (662°-842° F. In a further example, the target heating temperature is approximately 350° C.-400° C. (698° F.-752° F.). The given temperature range thermally decomposes kerogen to a light, low viscosity liquid oil by very slowly heating thefirst well sub-region 46 a. In comparison, surface retorting of mined rock is conducted at much higher temperatures for much shorter times. - In one example, the
combustion heater 60 is a vitiated, pressurized combustor unit that is designed for high thermal output, such as a combustor that is of similar design to a gas or liquid fueled rocket engine. - Depending on the type of oil-bearing material in the subsurface region, the extracted hydrocarbon-containing materials are liquid hydrocarbon material, gaseous hydrocarbon material or both. The extracted liquid hydrocarbon material flows downwards into the
second well sub-region 46 b, where it subsequently transported throughcollection duct 48 b to the surface region 42. - After initial heating of the
first well sub-region 46 a to extract and drain liquid hydrocarbon material, the temperature in thefirst well sub-region 46 a is optionally slowly increased to more efficiently release hydrocarbon gases and condensable liquids and to produce additional liquid oil by the thermal decomposition of any residual bitumen products. In one example, fuel gases that are extracted are used to fuel thecombustion heater 60. - The working fluid that is heated and provided into the
first well sub-region 46 a is a non-degrading fluid, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen or mixtures thereof. That is, the working fluid does not decompose into other shorter chain molecules that can otherwise foul the surfaces of thecombustion heater 60 or the pores within the wells. In a further example, the working fluid is a compressed gas or supercritical gas. - The heated working fluid provided from the turbo-
compressor 54 to thecombustion heater 60 and into thefirst well sub-region 46 a circulates to thethird well sub-region 46 c. The extracted gaseous hydrocarbon materials are carried with the working fluid into thethird well sub-region 46 c and are vented through thevent duct 48 c to the surface region 42. - The
condenser 52 condenses any condensable hydrocarbon materials within the vented gas and theseparator 56 subsequently separates the condensed fluids, such as liquid oils and water. The remaining gaseous material is made up substantially of the working fluid, which is then conveyed to thecompressor 54 for recirculation through thecombustion heater 60 into thefirst well sub-region 46 a. A combustible gas, such as oxygen, is provided from thegas source 58 into theinjection duct 48 a for combustion in thecombustion heater 60. - Experimental modeling of the
method 20 using the disclosed working fluids suggests that the well can be heated to the desired temperature and oil released from the rock over a reasonable period of field production life (e.g., 10-15 years). In some examples, the parameters that influence the production rate are thermal losses within the formation and within the length of the injection ducts (minimized by the downhole combustion heater 60), volumetric rate of circulation of the heated working fluid, temperature of the injected working fluid, and the geometric character of the rubblized rock. - Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated examples, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various embodiments of this disclosure. In other words, a system designed according to an embodiment of this disclosure will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the Figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the Figures. Moreover, selected features of one example embodiment may be combined with selected features of other example embodiments.
- The preceding description is exemplary rather than limiting in nature. Variations and modifications to the disclosed examples may become apparent to those skilled in the art that do not necessarily depart from the essence of this disclosure. The scope of legal protection given to this disclosure can only be determined by studying the following claims.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US13/187,065 US20130020080A1 (en) | 2011-07-20 | 2011-07-20 | Method for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials |
DE102012212626A DE102012212626A1 (en) | 2011-07-20 | 2012-07-18 | Process for the in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials |
CN2012102523777A CN102889071A (en) | 2011-07-20 | 2012-07-20 | Liquid crystal display device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US13/187,065 US20130020080A1 (en) | 2011-07-20 | 2011-07-20 | Method for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials |
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US20130020080A1 true US20130020080A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
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US13/187,065 Abandoned US20130020080A1 (en) | 2011-07-20 | 2011-07-20 | Method for in situ extraction of hydrocarbon materials |
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US (1) | US20130020080A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102889071A (en) |
DE (1) | DE102012212626A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
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TN2016000047A1 (en) | 2013-08-26 | 2017-07-05 | Red Leaf Resources Inc | Gas transport composite barrier |
CN103790563B (en) * | 2013-11-09 | 2016-06-08 | 吉林大学 | A kind of oil shale in-situ topochemistry method extracts the method for shale oil gas |
CN108350728B (en) * | 2015-11-05 | 2021-02-19 | 沙特阿拉伯石油公司 | Method and equipment for performing space-oriented chemically-induced pulse fracturing in reservoir |
CN109779582A (en) * | 2019-02-02 | 2019-05-21 | 吉林大学 | A kind of method that hydrocarbon compound in in-situ extraction oil shale is heated in underground |
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US2902270A (en) * | 1953-07-17 | 1959-09-01 | Svenska Skifferolje Ab | Method of and means in heating of subsurface fuel-containing deposits "in situ" |
US5769569A (en) * | 1996-06-18 | 1998-06-23 | Southern California Gas Company | In-situ thermal desorption of heavy hydrocarbons in vadose zone |
US6536523B1 (en) * | 1997-01-14 | 2003-03-25 | Aqua Pure Ventures Inc. | Water treatment process for thermal heavy oil recovery |
US20070023186A1 (en) * | 2003-11-03 | 2007-02-01 | Kaminsky Robert D | Hydrocarbon recovery from impermeable oil shales |
US20100163226A1 (en) * | 2006-07-03 | 2010-07-01 | Critical Point Energy, Llc | Supercritical fluid recovery and refining of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-bearing formations applying fuel cell gas in situ |
US20100218945A1 (en) * | 2009-02-27 | 2010-09-02 | Conocophillips Company | Recovery of Hydrocarbons From Oil Shale Deposits |
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EP2010752A1 (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2009-01-07 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Systems and methods for producing oil and/or gas |
US20090301704A1 (en) * | 2006-05-16 | 2009-12-10 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Recovery of Hydrocarbons Using Horizontal Wells |
CA2663823C (en) * | 2006-10-13 | 2014-09-30 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Enhanced shale oil production by in situ heating using hydraulically fractured producing wells |
US8230929B2 (en) * | 2008-05-23 | 2012-07-31 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Methods of producing hydrocarbons for substantially constant composition gas generation |
CN101871339B (en) * | 2010-06-28 | 2013-03-27 | 吉林大学 | Method for underground in-situ extraction of hydrocarbon compound in oil shale |
-
2011
- 2011-07-20 US US13/187,065 patent/US20130020080A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2012
- 2012-07-18 DE DE102012212626A patent/DE102012212626A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2012-07-20 CN CN2012102523777A patent/CN102889071A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2342165A (en) * | 1939-12-20 | 1944-02-22 | Standard Oil Co | Processing well fluids |
US2902270A (en) * | 1953-07-17 | 1959-09-01 | Svenska Skifferolje Ab | Method of and means in heating of subsurface fuel-containing deposits "in situ" |
US5769569A (en) * | 1996-06-18 | 1998-06-23 | Southern California Gas Company | In-situ thermal desorption of heavy hydrocarbons in vadose zone |
US6536523B1 (en) * | 1997-01-14 | 2003-03-25 | Aqua Pure Ventures Inc. | Water treatment process for thermal heavy oil recovery |
US20070023186A1 (en) * | 2003-11-03 | 2007-02-01 | Kaminsky Robert D | Hydrocarbon recovery from impermeable oil shales |
US20100163226A1 (en) * | 2006-07-03 | 2010-07-01 | Critical Point Energy, Llc | Supercritical fluid recovery and refining of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-bearing formations applying fuel cell gas in situ |
US20100218945A1 (en) * | 2009-02-27 | 2010-09-02 | Conocophillips Company | Recovery of Hydrocarbons From Oil Shale Deposits |
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DE102012212626A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
CN102889071A (en) | 2013-01-23 |
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