US20120174621A1 - Carbon dioxide liquefaction system - Google Patents
Carbon dioxide liquefaction system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20120174621A1 US20120174621A1 US12/986,085 US98608511A US2012174621A1 US 20120174621 A1 US20120174621 A1 US 20120174621A1 US 98608511 A US98608511 A US 98608511A US 2012174621 A1 US2012174621 A1 US 2012174621A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- residual
- liquid
- degrees
- carbonaceous
- Prior art date
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 427
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 419
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 419
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 141
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 100
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 267
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims description 60
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 27
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 24
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 11
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012824 chemical production Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- -1 orimulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002594 sorbent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical class [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002154 agricultural waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003028 elevating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
- F25J3/0605—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the feed stream
- F25J3/0625—H2/CO mixtures, i.e. synthesis gas; Water gas or shifted synthesis gas
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
- F25J1/0027—Oxides of carbon, e.g. CO2
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0203—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/0205—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level SCR refrigeration cascade
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- F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
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- F25J3/04539—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the H2/CO synthesis by partial oxidation or oxygen consuming reforming processes of fuels
- F25J3/04545—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the H2/CO synthesis by partial oxidation or oxygen consuming reforming processes of fuels for the gasification of solid or heavy liquid fuels, e.g. integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC]
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- F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
- F25J3/04563—Integration with a nitrogen consuming unit, e.g. for purging, inerting, cooling or heating
- F25J3/04575—Integration with a nitrogen consuming unit, e.g. for purging, inerting, cooling or heating for a gas expansion plant, e.g. dilution of the combustion gas in a gas turbine
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- F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
- F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
- F25J3/04593—The air gas consuming unit is also fed by an air stream
- F25J3/04606—Partially integrated air feed compression, i.e. independent MAC for the air fractionation unit plus additional air feed from the air gas consuming unit
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- F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
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- F25J3/067—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream separation of carbon dioxide
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- F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
- F25J2205/50—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using absorption, i.e. with selective solvents or lean oil, heavier CnHm and including generally a regeneration step for the solvent or lean oil
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- F25J2220/80—Separating impurities from carbon dioxide, e.g. H2O or water-soluble contaminants
- F25J2220/82—Separating low boiling, i.e. more volatile components, e.g. He, H2, CO, Air gases, CH4
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
- F25J2230/30—Compression of the feed stream
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
- F25J2230/80—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams the fluid being carbon dioxide
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- F25J2235/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams
- F25J2235/80—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams the fluid being carbon dioxide
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- F25J2260/00—Coupling of processes or apparatus to other units; Integrated schemes
- F25J2260/80—Integration in an installation using carbon dioxide, e.g. for EOR, sequestration, refrigeration etc.
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
Definitions
- the subject matter disclosed herein relates to systems for liquefying a carbonaceous gas.
- a variety of systems may produce and/or use a carbonaceous gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).
- CO 2 is highly pressurized prior to transport to a downstream system, e.g., through a pipeline.
- the CO 2 may be pressurized to a pressure between approximately 15,000 kilopascals (kPa) or 2200 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) and 17,250 kPa (2500 psia).
- kPa kilopascals
- psia pounds per square inch absolute
- psia pounds per square inch absolute
- a pressurization system may not be designed with consideration of maximizing energy efficiency in a facility. Thus, the pressurization system may reduce the overall efficiency of the facility.
- a system in a first embodiment, includes a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) liquefaction system.
- the CO 2 liquefaction system includes a first cooling system capable of cooling a CO 2 gas to liquefy greater than approximately 50 percent of the CO 2 gas.
- the first cooling system produces a first CO 2 liquid.
- the CO 2 gas pressure is less than approximately 3450 kilopascals (500 pounds per square inch absolute).
- a system in a second embodiment, includes an air separation unit including a cryogenic cooling system.
- the air separation unit is capable of separating air into oxygen and nitrogen.
- the system also includes a liquefaction system capable of cooling a carbonaceous gas with the cryogenic cooling system of the air separation unit.
- the cryogenic cooling system is capable of liquefying at least a first portion of the carbonaceous gas to produce a first carbonaceous liquid.
- a system in a third embodiment, includes a carbon capture system capable of capturing a carbonaceous gas from a synthetic gas and a liquefaction system.
- the liquefaction system includes a first cooling system capable of cooling the carbonaceous gas to liquefy at least a first portion of the carbonaceous gas to produce a first carbonaceous liquid and a first residual carbonaceous gas.
- the liquefaction system also includes a compression system configured to compress the first residual carbonaceous gas.
- FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system interoperating with embodiments of upstream and downstream systems;
- FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using refrigeration systems
- FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using multiple cryogenic cooling systems
- FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using a cryogenic cooling system
- FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using an air separation unit (ASU) including a cryogenic cooling system;
- ASU air separation unit
- FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using a CO 2 compressor and an ASU including a cryogenic cooling system
- FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using refrigeration systems, separation units, compressors, and coolers;
- FIG. 8 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using heat exchangers, flash tanks, compressors, trim coolers, pumps, and solvent chillers;
- FIG. 9 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant having an embodiment of the liquefaction system.
- IGCC integrated gasification combined cycle
- the disclosed embodiments include systems for liquefying a gas, such as a carbonaceous gas, with a cooling system prior to or without a subsequent compression system.
- the disclosed embodiments may include one or more liquefaction systems that employ a refrigeration system or a cryogenic cooling system as the primary mechanism to liquefy the gas.
- the liquefaction system may employ the refrigeration system or cryogenic cooling system of another component in a facility.
- the liquefaction system may employ an air separation unit (ASU), which includes a cryogenic cooling system, to liquefy the carbonaceous gas, e.g., carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).
- ASU air separation unit
- CO 2 carbon dioxide
- the liquefaction system may rely entirely on the cryogenic cooling system of the ASU to liquefy the carbonaceous gas, or the liquefaction system may include upstream or downstream cooling systems or compression systems to supplement the ASU.
- FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of interoperating systems 8 . More specifically, the diagram depicts a liquefaction system 10 interoperating with embodiments of a carbon capture system 14 , a power plant 16 , a chemical production plant 18 , and a chemical refinery plant 20 , among others.
- each of the power plant 16 , the chemical production plant 18 , and the chemical refinery plant 20 is capable of producing a product having a carbonaceous substance (e.g., CO 2 ).
- a carbonaceous substance e.g., CO 2
- the carbon capture system 14 may be used to extract the CO 2 from various types of industrial plants, such as plants 16 , 18 , and 20 .
- An example of such a carbon capture system 14 is manufactured by General Electric Company of Schenectady, N.Y., under the designation GE Carbon IslandTM.
- a plurality of embodiments of the carbon capture system 14 may be made available so as to optimally operate in conjunction with each of the plants 16 , 18 , and 20 . That is, each plant 16 , 18 , and 20 , may operate with a separate carbon capture system 14 embodiment that may have been adapted to optimally work with that particular plant embodiment.
- Liquefaction of the CO 2 may be beneficial, for example, to reduce the energy required to create a highly pressurized CO 2 .
- the liquefaction system 10 may be used to liquefy the CO 2 that was captured using the carbon capture system 14 .
- the liquefaction system 10 uses a first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 to produce a liquid CO 2 30 and a residual CO 2 gas 32 from the extracted CO 2 .
- the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 excludes a compressor, and relies on liquefaction techniques such as cooling.
- the liquid CO 2 30 may be in a relatively pure form, for example, the liquid CO 2 30 may be greater than 90, 95, or 98 percent pure CO 2 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 may be a combination of gases with varying proportions including CO 2 , carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, among others.
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 is processed further using a CO 2 compression system 34 to compress the gas prior to liquefaction by the second CO 2 liquefaction system 36 , which produces a residual liquid CO 2 38 .
- the CO 2 compression system 34 may provide enough compression to cause the residual CO 2 gas 32 to be liquefied by the second liquefaction system 36 , yet still reserve some pressurization to be performed by the CO 2 pumping system 12 , in order to reduce energy consumption in the system 8 .
- the second CO 2 liquefaction system 36 excludes a compressor, and relies on liquefaction techniques such as cooling.
- the liquefaction system 10 may not include compressing and liquefying the residual CO 2 gas 32 , but rather the system 10 may consist essentially of the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 without any compression. In either case, the system 10 may reduce the temperature sufficiently to liquefy the CO 2 at a given pressure. For example, the system 10 may receive the CO 2 gas from the carbon capture system 14 at a pressure below 2050, 2750, or 3450 kPa (or below 300, 400, or 500 psia). The first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 then liquefies the CO 2 gas without compression.
- the liquefaction system 10 is also capable of interoperating with a CO 2 pumping system 12 in order to pressurize the liquid CO 2 30 and the residual liquid CO 2 38 to high pressures.
- the CO 2 pumping system 12 may pump the liquid CO 2 30 and the residual liquid CO 2 38 to a pressure between approximately 10,500 and 21,000 kPa (or 1500 and 3000 psia), e.g., approximately 15,000 kPa (2200 psia).
- a first pump 40 is used to pump the liquid CO 2 30
- a second pump 42 is used to pump the residual liquid CO 2 38 .
- the CO 2 pumping system 12 may include only one pump used for both the liquid CO 2 30 and the residual CO 2 38 , while in other embodiments multiple pumps may be used in series to pressurize the liquid CO 2 30 .
- the liquefaction system 10 is capable of interoperating with a pipeline system 22 so as to transport the high pressure liquid CO 2 from the CO 2 pumping system 12 to be used downstream, for example, by a carbon sequestration facility 24 and/or EOR activities 26 .
- the carbon sequestration facility 24 may include a geological formation such as a saline aquifer. In other embodiments, other types of geological formations may use the CO 2 .
- the EOR activities 26 may include oil well recovery activities such as gas injection. The gas injection activity can inject the extracted CO 2 at high pressures, so as to displace subsurface oil. Indeed, the CO 2 liquefied by the carbon dioxide liquefaction system 10 may have many beneficial uses and may be sold.
- FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system 10 using refrigeration systems 78 and 90 .
- the liquefaction system 10 includes the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 , the CO 2 compression system 34 , and the second CO 2 liquefaction system 36 .
- a CO 2 gas 74 flows to the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 as shown via arrow 76 .
- the CO 2 gas 74 may come from a carbon capture system.
- the CO 2 gas 74 may be part of a carbonaceous gas including other substances, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, among others.
- the CO 2 gas 74 may enter the liquefaction system 10 at a pressure less than approximately 700, 1400, 2050, 2750, 3450, 4150, or 4850 kPa (or 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 psia).
- the pressure of the CO 2 gas 74 may be approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia).
- the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 includes the first refrigeration system 78 .
- the first refrigeration system 78 may utilize a refrigeration cycle, such as a vapor-compression cycle or a vapor absorption cycle.
- the first refrigeration system 78 may include a vapor-compression cycle with an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion valve.
- the CO 2 gas 74 passes through the first refrigeration system 78 , the CO 2 gas 74 cools into the liquid CO 2 30 .
- the CO 2 gas 74 may be cooled to approximately ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 29 degrees C. (or ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 20 degrees F.).
- the liquid CO 2 30 exits the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 at arrow 80 , then flows as shown via arrow 82 to the CO 2 pumping system 12 .
- the CO 2 pumping system 12 pumps the liquid CO 2 30 to a high pressure, such as approximately 10,500 to 17,250, 13,800 to 16,550, or 15,000 to 22,050 kPa (or 1500 to 2500, 2000 to 2400, or 2200 to 3200 psia), e.g., 15,000 kPa (2200 psia).
- the process of liquefying then pumping the CO 2 may use less energy than a compression-based method for pressurizing CO 2 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 exits the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 as shown by arrow 84 , then flows to the CO 2 compression system 34 as depicted via arrow 86 . Consequently, the CO 2 compression system 34 uses one or more compressors to increase the pressure of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the pressure of the residual CO 2 gas 32 may increase from a pre-compression pressure of approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia), e.g., 2100 kPa (300 psia), to a post-compression pressure of approximately 6900 to 10,500, 7600 to 9650, or 8600 to 10,000 kPa (or 1000 to 1500, 1100 to 1400, or 1250 to 1450 psia), e.g., 8300 kPa (1200 psia).
- the CO 2 compression system 34 may use any type of compressor, such as centrifugal, mixed-flow, reciprocating, or rotary screw compressors.
- the compressed residual CO 2 gas 32 flows from the CO 2 compression system 34 to the second CO 2 liquefaction system 36 as shown via arrow 88 .
- the second refrigeration system 90 cools a portion of the residual CO 2 gas 32 into the residual liquid CO 2 38 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 may be cooled to approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 29, or ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 23 degrees C. (or ⁇ 60 to 0, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 20, or ⁇ 30 to ⁇ 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 40 degrees C. ( ⁇ 40 degrees F.).
- the second refrigeration system 90 may liquefy all or substantially all of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the system 90 may liquefy greater than approximately 60, 70, 80, or 90 percent of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the second refrigeration system 90 may use some or all components utilized by the first refrigeration system 78 , or it may use its own components in the same or different configuration than the first refrigeration system 78 .
- the liquefaction system 10 may only contain one CO 2 liquefaction system that performs the functions described herein for the first and second liquefaction systems 28 , 36 .
- the residual liquid CO 2 38 exits the second CO 2 liquefaction system 36 as shown by arrow 92 , then flows to the CO 2 pumping system 12 as depicted by arrow 94 .
- the CO 2 pumping system 12 pumps the residual liquid CO 2 38 to a high pressure, such as approximately 10,500 to 17,250, 13,800 to 16,550, or 15,000 to 22,050 kPa (or 1500 to 2500, 2000 to 2400, or 2200 to 3200 psia), e.g., 15,000 kPa (2200 psia).
- the pressurized liquid CO 2 now includes the liquid CO 2 30 and the residual liquid CO 2 38 .
- the pressurized liquid CO 2 exits the CO 2 pumping system 12 as shown by arrow 96 and is utilized in various downstream applications, such as in a carbon sequestration facility.
- FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system 10 using multiple cryogenic cooling systems 126 and 128 .
- the process of liquefying a CO 2 gas 74 to produce a liquid CO 2 30 and a residual liquid CO 2 38 , followed by pressurization using the CO 2 pumping system 12 is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 2 .
- the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 uses a first cryogenic cooling system 126 to cool the CO 2 gas 74 into the liquid CO 2 30 .
- the second CO 2 liquefaction system 36 uses a second cryogenic cooling system 128 to cool the residual CO 2 gas 32 into the residual liquid CO 2 38 .
- the first cryogenic cooling system 126 cools the CO 2 gas 74 into liquid CO 2 30 using extremely cold temperatures found within the first cryogenic cooling system 126 .
- the first cryogenic cooling system 126 may use temperatures, such as approximately ⁇ 196 to ⁇ 150, ⁇ 185 to ⁇ 170, or ⁇ 190 to ⁇ 157 degrees C. (or ⁇ 320 to ⁇ 240, ⁇ 300 to ⁇ 275, or ⁇ 310 to ⁇ 250 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 185 degrees C. ( ⁇ 300 degrees F.).
- cryogenic cooling system 126 may be established solely for use within the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 , certain embodiments of the cryogenic cooling system 126 may have other general uses not related to the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 , while allowing in the first CO 2 liquefaction system 28 to utilize its unused cooling capacity. As such, the first cryogenic cooling system 126 cools the CO 2 gas 74 into liquid CO 2 30 without utilizing any additional energy.
- the first cryogenic cooling system 126 may be part of an air separation unit (ASU). With such a liquefaction system 10 , the CO 2 gas 74 may be cooled to approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 29, or ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 23 degrees C.
- the second cryogenic cooling system 128 functions in generally the same manner as the first cryogenic cooling system 126 , and in some embodiments may be part of the same overall system. As can be appreciated, energy may be conserved by such a system that liquefies a CO 2 gas using a cryogenic cooling system, followed by pumping the liquid CO 2 to a desired pressure. Again, the second cryogenic cooling system 128 may be dedicated to the second CO 2 liquefaction system 36 , or the system 128 may function to cool multiple types of equipment. For example, the second cryogenic cooling system 128 may be part of an ASU. In certain embodiments, the systems 126 and 128 may be a single cryogenic cooling system or independent cryogenic cooling systems.
- FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system 10 using a cryogenic cooling system 160 .
- a CO 2 gas 74 flows to the cryogenic cooling system 160 as depicted by arrow 164 .
- the CO 2 gas 74 may be at a pressure less than approximately 700, 1400, 2050, 2750, 3450, 4150, or 4850 kPa (or 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 psia).
- the cryogenic cooling system 160 then cools the CO 2 gas 74 to produce liquid CO 2 30 as shown by arrow 166 .
- the cryogenic cooling system 160 may use extremely cold temperatures, such as approximately ⁇ 196 to ⁇ 150, ⁇ 185 to ⁇ 170, or ⁇ 190 to ⁇ 157 degrees C. (or ⁇ 320 to ⁇ 240, ⁇ 300 to ⁇ 275, or ⁇ 310 to ⁇ 250 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 185 degrees C. ( ⁇ 300 degrees F.).
- the CO 2 gas 74 may be cooled to approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 29, or ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 23 degrees C. (or ⁇ 60 to 0, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 20, or ⁇ 30 to ⁇ 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 40 degrees C. ( ⁇ 40 degrees F.).
- the liquid CO 2 30 then flows to the liquid CO 2 pump 162 of the CO 2 pumping system 12 as shown by arrow 168 .
- the liquid CO 2 pump 162 pressurizes the liquid CO 2 30 to the desired pressure, such as approximately 13,800 to 21,000, 15,000 to 17,250, or 16,550 to 22,050 kPa (or 2000 to 3000, 2200 to 2500, or 2400 to 3200 psia), e.g., 17,250 kPa (2500 psia).
- the system 10 excludes a compressor.
- the system 10 may be described as consisting essentially of (or only) the cryogenic cooling system 160 (or the system 160 and the pump 162 ), e.g., as a single package or assembly.
- FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system 10 using an air separation unit (ASU) 180 including a cryogenic cooling system 160 .
- the ASU 180 uses the cryogenic cooling system 160 to separate atmospheric air into its components, such as nitrogen and oxygen.
- the ASU 180 is configured to allow pathways carrying CO 2 to pass through its cryogenic cooling system 160 .
- the ASU 180 may output a coolant flow to a separate heat exchanger of the liquefaction system 10 , thereby allowing cooling and liquefaction of the CO 2 gas 74 away from the ASU 180 .
- the cryogenic cooling system 160 transfers sufficient heat from the CO 2 to cause the CO 2 gas 74 to liquefy.
- the otherwise unused cooling capacity of the ASU 180 is captured by the liquefaction system 10 , eliminating the need for a separate cooling system (e.g., a separate refrigeration system, cryogenic cooling system, etc.).
- the CO 2 gas 74 flows to the cryogenic cooling system 160 within the ASU 180 as depicted by arrow 182 .
- the CO 2 gas 74 may be at a pressure of less than approximately 700, 1400, 2050, 2750, 3450, 4150, or 4850 kPa (or 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 psia).
- the cryogenic cooling system 160 then cools the CO 2 gas 74 to produce liquid CO 2 30 as shown by arrow 184 .
- the cryogenic cooling system 160 may use extremely cold temperatures, such as approximately ⁇ 196 to ⁇ 150, ⁇ 185 to ⁇ 170, or ⁇ 190 to ⁇ 157 degrees C.
- the CO 2 gas 74 may be cooled to approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 29, or ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 23 degrees C. (or ⁇ 60 to 0, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 20, or ⁇ 30 to ⁇ 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 40 degrees C. ( ⁇ 40 degrees F.).
- the liquid CO 2 30 then flows to the liquid CO 2 pump 162 of the CO 2 pumping system 12 as shown by arrow 186 .
- the liquid CO 2 pump 162 pressurizes the liquid CO 2 30 to the desired pressure, such as approximately 13,800 to 21,000, 15,000 to 17,250, or 16,550 to 22,050 kPa (or 2000 to 3000, 2200 to 2500, or 2400 to 3200 psia), e.g., 17,250 kPa (2500 psia).
- the desired pressure such as approximately 13,800 to 21,000, 15,000 to 17,250, or 16,550 to 22,050 kPa (or 2000 to 3000, 2200 to 2500, or 2400 to 3200 psia), e.g., 17,250 kPa (2500 psia).
- the liquefaction system 10 may be described as consisting essentially of (or only) the ASU 180 with modifications for the CO 2 gas 74 flow (or the ASU 180 and an external heat exchanger), e.g., as a single package or assembly.
- FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system 10 using a CO 2 compressor 200 and the ASU 180 including the cryogenic cooling system 160 .
- the ASU 180 includes the cryogenic cooling system 160 and may function primarily to separate air into its components such as nitrogen and air.
- the ASU 180 is also modified to cool and liquefy the CO 2 gas 74 into the liquid CO 2 30 , as indicated by arrow 184 .
- the liquid CO 2 pump 162 pumps the liquid CO 2 30 to the desired pressure as indicated by arrow 186 .
- the liquefaction system 10 includes the CO 2 compressor 200 rather than excluding a CO 2 compressor.
- the CO 2 gas 74 flows to the CO 2 compressor 200 before it flows to the ASU 180 as shown by arrows 202 and 204 .
- the CO 2 compressor 200 compresses the CO 2 gas 74 prior to liquefaction in order to decrease the amount of subsequent cooling and pressurization to liquefy the CO 2 gas 74 .
- the CO 2 compressor 200 may compress the CO 2 gas 74 to approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia), e.g., 2100 kPa (300 psia), while in another embodiment the CO 2 gas 74 is compressed to approximately 6900 to 10,500, 7600 to 9650, or 8600 to 10,000 kPa (or 1000 to 1500, 1100 to 1400, or 1250 to 1450 psia), e.g., 8300 kPa (1200 psia).
- the liquefaction system 10 may still decrease energy used in situations where the CO 2 compressor 200 defers some pressurization of the CO 2 gas 74 to the liquid CO 2 pump 162 .
- the cryogenic cooling system 160 of the ASU 180 is used to avoid implementation of a separate cooling system, thereby reducing costs and increasing overall efficiency at the facility.
- FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system 10 using refrigeration systems 78 , 90 , separation units 230 , 240 , compressors 232 , 236 , and coolers 234 , 238 .
- the CO 2 gas 74 first enters the first refrigeration system 78 as shown by arrow 242 .
- the CO 2 gas 74 may be at a pressure of less than approximately 700, 1400, 2050, 2750, 3450, 4150, or 4850 kPa (or 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 psia).
- a refrigeration cycle cools the CO 2 gas 74 to liquefy at least a portion of the CO 2 gas 74 .
- the refrigeration cycle of system 78 may include a coolant (e.g., a refrigerant or solvent) that flows through an evaporator 244 , a path 246 to a compressor 248 , a path 250 to a condenser 252 , a path 254 to an expansion valve 256 , and a path 258 back to the evaporator 244 .
- the coolant absorbs heat from the CO 2 gas 74 , which causes the CO 2 gas 74 to cool into the liquid CO 2 30 with a residual CO 2 gas 32 remaining.
- the CO 2 gas 74 may cool to approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 29, or ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 23 degrees C. (or ⁇ 60 to 0, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 20, or ⁇ 30 to ⁇ 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 40 degrees C. ( ⁇ 40 degrees F.), to generate the liquid CO 2 30 .
- the liquid CO 2 30 and the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flow to the separation unit 230 as shown by arrow 260 .
- the separation unit 230 causes the liquid CO 2 30 to separate from the residual CO 2 gas 32 , with the liquid CO 2 30 exiting at one location as shown by arrow 262 , and the residual CO 2 gas 32 exiting at another location as shown by arrow 264 .
- the separation unit 230 may be a flash tank, or other type of device useful for causing a liquid to separate from a gas.
- the liquid CO 2 30 may be pumped to a high pressure using a CO 2 pumping system.
- the liquid CO 2 30 may be pumped to a pipeline and/or a downstream application, such as carbon sequestration.
- a majority of the fluid exiting the first refrigeration system 78 may be liquid CO 2 30 .
- at least approximately 90 or 95 percent of the fluid exiting the first refrigeration system 78 may be liquid CO 2 30
- 5 or 10 percent of the fluid may be the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- Other embodiments may have greater than approximately 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 92.5, 95, 97.5, or 99 percent of the exiting fluid being liquid CO 2 30 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 then undergoes steps of compression, cooling, compression, and cooling by the first and second stage compressors 232 and 236 and the coolers 234 and 238 to progressively cool and pressurize the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 flows to the first stage compressor 232 as shown by arrow 266 .
- the first stage compressor 232 provides a first amount of compression of the residual CO 2 gas 32 , resulting in an increase in pressure and temperature.
- the cooler 234 then cools the CO 2 gas 32 prior to the second stage compressor 236 as shown by arrows 268 , 270 , thereby reducing the work required by the compressor 236 .
- the second stage compressor 236 increases the pressure and temperature of the CO 2 gas 32 .
- the cooler 238 cools the CO 2 gas 32 before subsequent liquefaction by the second refrigeration system 90 .
- the illustrated embodiment includes two stages of compression and cooling prior to the second stage refrigeration system 90 , any suitable number of compressors and coolers may be used in the system 10 (e.g., 1 to 5).
- the first stage compressor 232 increases both the temperature and pressure of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the pressure may increase by a factor of approximately 0.1 to 5 or 1.5 to 2.5, and the temperature may increase by an amount of 10 to 200 or 50 to 150 degrees C.
- the pressure may be approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia), e.g., 2100 kPa (300 psia), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 enters the first stage compressor 232 .
- the pressure may be approximately 2750 to 4850, 3450 to 4150, or 4150 to 4850 kPa (or 400 to 700, 500 to 600, or 600 to 700 psia), e.g., 4200 kPa (600 psia), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 exits the first stage compressor 232 .
- the temperature may be approximately ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 7, ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 12, or ⁇ 29 to 0 degrees C. (or ⁇ 40 to 20, ⁇ 30 to 10, or ⁇ 20 to 32 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 20 degrees C. (0 degrees F.), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 enters the first stage compressor 232 .
- the temperature may be approximately 0 to 66, 27 to 50, or 32 to 93 degrees C. (or 32 to 150, 80 to 120, or 90 to 200 degrees F.), e.g., 50 degrees C. (120 degrees F.), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 exits the first stage compressor 232 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flows from the first stage compressor 232 to the cooler 234 as depicted by arrow 268 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 may be cooled to approximately an ambient temperature, such as approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.).
- the cooler 234 uses a coolant (e.g., water or air) to decrease the temperature of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flows to the second stage compressor 236 as shown by arrow 270 .
- the second stage compressor 236 increases both the temperature and pressure of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the pressure may increase by a factor of approximately 0.1 to 5 or 1.5 to 2.5, and the temperature may increase by an amount of 10 to 200 or 50 to 150 degrees C.
- the pressure may be approximately 2750 to 4850, 3450 to 4150, or 4150 to 4850 kPa (or 400 to 700, 500 to 600, or 600 to 700 psia), e.g., 4200 kPa (600 psia), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 enters the second stage compressor 236 .
- the pressure may be approximately 6900 to 10,500, 7600 to 9650, or 8600 to 10,000 kPa (or 1000 to 1500, 1100 to 1400, or 1250 to 1450 psia), e.g., 8300 kPa (1200 psia), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 exits the second stage compressor 236 .
- the temperature may be approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 enters the second stage compressor 236 .
- the temperature may be approximately 38 to 93, 66 to 82, or 70 to 93 degrees C. (or 100 to 200, 150 to 180, or 160 to 200 degrees F.), e.g., 70 degrees C. (160 degrees F.), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 exits the second stage compressor 236 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flows to the cooler 238 as depicted by arrow 272 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 may be cooled to approximately an ambient temperature, such as approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.).
- the cooler 238 uses a coolant (e.g., air or water) to decrease the temperature of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flows to the second refrigeration system 90 as shown by arrow 274 .
- the coolers 234 , 238 may use the same cooler system, such as using the same heat exchanger with multiple cooling channels.
- the coolers 234 , 238 may be part of the first and/or second refrigeration systems 78 , 90 .
- the second refrigeration system 90 is similar to the first refrigeration system 78 .
- the refrigeration cycle of the system 90 may include a coolant (e.g., a refrigerant or solvent) that flows through an evaporator 276 , a path 278 to a compressor 280 , a path 282 to a condenser 284 , a path 286 to an expansion valve 288 , and a path 290 back to the evaporator 276 .
- the coolant absorbs heat from the CO 2 gas 74 which causes the residual CO 2 gas 32 to cool into the liquid CO 2 38 with a residual gas 298 remaining.
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 may cool to approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 29, or ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 23 degrees C. (or ⁇ 60 to 0, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 20, or ⁇ 30 to ⁇ 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 40 degrees C. ( ⁇ 40 degrees F.), to generate the liquid CO 2 38 .
- the liquid CO 2 38 and the residual gas 298 flow then to the separation unit 240 as shown by arrow 292 .
- the separation unit 240 causes the liquid CO 2 38 to separate from the residual gas 298 , with the liquid CO 2 38 exiting at one location as shown by arrow 294 , and the residual gas 298 exiting at another location as shown by arrow 296 .
- the liquid CO 2 38 may be pumped to a high pressure using a CO 2 pumping system.
- the liquid CO 2 38 may be pumped to a pipeline and/or a downstream application such as carbon sequestration.
- a majority of the fluid exiting the second refrigeration system 90 may be liquid CO 2 38 .
- approximately 60, 65, or 70 percent of the fluid exiting the second refrigeration system 90 may be liquid CO 2 30 , while 30, 35, or 40 percent of the fluid may be the residual gas 298 .
- Other embodiments may have greater than approximately 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 92.5, 95, 97.5, or 99 percent of the exiting fluid being liquid CO 2 30 .
- using the liquefaction system 10 to produce a pressurized liquid CO 2 may decrease energy consumption required for pressurization.
- FIG. 8 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system 10 using heat exchangers 330 , 332 , 344 , 346 , flash tanks 334 , 348 , compressors 232 , 236 , trim coolers 340 , 342 , pumps 162 , 426 , and solvent chillers 336 , 338 .
- the CO 2 gas 74 first passes through the regenerative heat exchanger 330 as shown by arrow 350 .
- the CO 2 gas 74 may enter the liquefaction system 10 with a pressure such as approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia), e.g., 2100 kPa (300 psia).
- a pressure such as approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia), e.g., 2100 kPa (300 psia).
- an already cooled liquid CO 2 30 absorbs heat from the CO 2 gas 74 which may cause the temperature of the CO 2 gas 74 to decrease.
- the cooled liquid CO 2 30 may have a temperature of approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 12, or ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 23 degrees C.
- the temperature of the CO 2 gas 74 may begin at approximately ⁇ 18 to 18, ⁇ 7 to 7, or 0 to 27 degrees C. (or 0 to 65, 20 to 45, or 32 to 80 degrees F.), e.g., 0 degrees C. (32 degrees F.), then decrease to approximately ⁇ 29 to ⁇ 12, ⁇ 23 to ⁇ 18, or ⁇ 18 to ⁇ 12 degrees C. (or ⁇ 20 to 10, ⁇ 10 to 0, or 0 to 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 22 degrees C. ( ⁇ 7 degrees F.).
- the CO 2 gas 74 then flows to the refrigeration heat exchanger 332 as shown by arrow 352 .
- the refrigeration heat exchanger 332 uses a cool refrigerant 354 entering at arrow 356 to transfer heat from the CO 2 gas 74 to the refrigerant 354 .
- This heat exchange causes the cool refrigerant 354 to exit the refrigeration heat exchanger 332 as a warm refrigerant 360 , as shown by arrow 358 .
- the refrigerant 354 , 360 may be a solvent or other solution useful for transferring heat.
- the refrigeration heat exchanger 332 and the regenerative heat exchanger 330 may be part of a single refrigeration system, which may also include other heat exchangers, chillers, and coolers.
- the liquid CO 2 30 may have a temperature of approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 29, or ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 23 degrees C. (or ⁇ 60 to 0, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 20, or ⁇ 30 to ⁇ 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 40 degrees C. ( ⁇ 40 degrees F.).
- the liquid CO 2 30 and the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flow to the flash tank 334 as shown by arrow 362 .
- the flash tank 334 causes the liquid CO 2 30 to separate from the residual CO 2 gas 32 , with the liquid CO 2 30 exiting at one location as shown by arrow 364 , and the residual CO 2 gas 32 exiting at another location as shown by arrow 382 .
- the flash tank 334 may be replaced by any type of separation unit useful for separating a liquid from a gas.
- a majority of the fluid exiting the flash tank 334 may be liquid CO 2 30 .
- approximately 90 to 95 percent of the fluid exiting the flash tank 334 may be liquid CO 2 30
- 5 to 10 percent of the fluid may be the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- Other embodiments may have greater than approximately 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 92.5, 95, 97.5, or 99 percent of the exiting fluid being liquid CO 2 30 .
- the liquid CO 2 30 then flows, as shown by arrow 366 , to a pump 162 configured to pump the liquid CO 2 30 to a high pressure, such as approximately 10,500 to 17, 250, 13,800 to 16,550, or 15,000 to 22,050 kPa (or 1500 to 2500, 2000 to 2400, or 2200 to 3200 psia), e.g., 15,000 kPa (2200 psia).
- the liquid CO 2 30 may increase in temperature after passing through the flash tank 334 and the pump 162 to approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 12, or ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 23 degrees C.
- the liquid CO 2 30 flows to the regenerative heat exchanger 330 , as shown by arrow 368 .
- the chilled liquid CO 2 30 has a significant cooling capacity, while downstream applications of the liquid CO 2 30 may not require a low temperature of the liquid CO 2 30 .
- the downstream applications may require an ambient temperature and high pressure of the liquid CO 2 30 .
- the regenerative heat exchanger 330 uses the cooling capacity of the liquid CO 2 to pre-cool the CO 2 gas 74 upstream of the refrigeration heat exchanger 332 , thereby reducing the cooling requirements of the heat exchanger 332 while warming the liquid CO 2 30 .
- the liquid CO 2 30 temperature may increase to approximately ⁇ 18 to 7, ⁇ 7 to 0, or ⁇ 23 to ⁇ 12 degrees C. (or 0 to 45, 20 to 32, or ⁇ 10 to 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 14 degrees C. (7 degrees F.).
- the liquid CO 2 30 After the liquid CO 2 30 exits the regenerative heat exchanger 330 , as indicated by arrow 370 , the liquid CO 2 30 enters the solvent chiller 336 .
- the liquid CO 2 30 acts as a coolant to transfer heat from a warm solvent 374 that enters the solvent chiller 336 as shown by arrow 376 .
- the liquid CO 2 30 chills the warm solvent 374 resulting in a cool solvent 380 , which exits the solvent chiller 336 at arrow 378 .
- the warm solvent 374 may enter the solvent chiller 336 with a temperature of approximately 0 to 32, 10 to 27, or 18 to 38 degrees C. (or 32 to 90, 50 to 80, or 65 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 10 degrees C.
- the solvent 374 , 384 may be any solvent, such as methanol, SelexolTM PurisolTM, or RectisolTM.
- the solvent 374 , 384 may be used in a gas treatment unit as discussed below.
- Other embodiments may not use a solvent chiller, or may use a chiller with a refrigerant or other coolant in place of a solvent.
- the liquid CO 2 30 exits the solvent chiller 336 , as shown by arrow 372 , with a temperature that may be an ambient temperature, such as approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.).
- the liquid CO 2 30 may be used in a variety of downstream applications. For example, the liquid CO 2 30 may be used in carbon sequestration or enhanced oil recovery.
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 flows from the flash tank 334 to the solvent chiller 338 as shown by arrows 382 , 384 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 acts as a coolant to transfer heat from a warm solvent 386 that enters the solvent chiller 338 as shown by arrow 388 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 chills the warm solvent 386 resulting in a cool solvent 392 , which exits the solvent chiller 338 at arrow 390 .
- the warm solvent 386 may enter the solvent chiller 338 with a temperature of approximately 0 to 32, 10 to 27, or 18 to 38 degrees C. (or 32 to 90, 50 to 80, or 65 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 10 degrees C.
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 exits the solvent chiller 338 , as shown by arrow 394 , and flows to the first stage compressor 232 .
- the exiting residual CO 2 gas 32 may have a temperature of approximately ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 7, ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 12, or ⁇ 29 to 0 degrees C. (or ⁇ 40 to 20, ⁇ 30 to 10, or ⁇ 20 to 32 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 20 degrees C. (0 degrees F.).
- the first stage compressor 232 provides a first amount of compression of the residual CO 2 gas 32 , resulting in an increase in pressure and temperature.
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flows through a trim cooler 340 as indicated by arrow 396 , a second stage compressor 236 as indicated by arrow 398 , and a trim cooler 342 as indicated by arrow 400 .
- the trim cooler 340 cools the CO 2 residual gas 32 prior to the second stage compressor 236 , thereby reducing the work required by the compressor 236 .
- the second stage compressor 236 increases the temperature and pressure of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the trim cooler 342 cools the CO 2 gas 32 before subsequent liquefaction.
- any suitable number of compressors and coolers may be used in the system 10 (e.g., 1 to 5).
- the first stage compressor 232 increases the temperature and pressure of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the pressure may be approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia), e.g., 2100 kPa (300 psia), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 enters the first stage compressor 232 .
- the pressure may be approximately 2750 to 4850, 3450 to 4150, or 4150 to 4850 kPa (or 400 to 700, 500 to 600, or 600 to 700 psia), e.g., 4200 kPa (600 psia), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 exits the first stage compressor 232 .
- the temperature may be approximately ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 7, ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 12, or ⁇ 29 to 0 degrees C. (or ⁇ 40 to 20, ⁇ 30 to 10, or ⁇ 20 to 32 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 20 degrees C. (0 degrees F.), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 enters the first stage compressor 232 .
- the temperature may be approximately 0 to 66, 27 to 50, or 32 to 93 degrees C. (or 32 to 150, 80 to 120, or 90 to 200 degrees F.), e.g., 50 degrees C. (120 degrees F.), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 exits the first stage compressor 232 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 next flows from the first stage compressor 232 to the trim cooler 340 as depicted by arrow 396 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 may be cooled to approximately an ambient temperature, such as 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.).
- the trim cooler 340 uses a coolant (e.g., water or air) to decrease the temperature of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flows to the second stage compressor 236 as shown by arrow 398 .
- the second stage compressor 236 increases the temperature and pressure of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the pressure may be approximately 2750 to 4850, 3450 to 4150, or 4150 to 4850 kPa (or 400 to 700, 500 to 600, or 600 to 700 psia), e.g., 4200 kPa (600 psia), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 enters the second stage compressor 236 .
- the pressure may be approximately 6900 to 10,500, 7600 to 9650, or 8600 to 10,000 kPa (or 1000 to 1500, 1100 to 1400, or 1250 to 1450 psia), e.g., 8300 kPa (1200 psia), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 exits the second stage compressor 236 .
- the temperature may be approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 enters the second stage compressor 236 .
- the temperature may be approximately 38 to 93, 66 to 82, or 70 to 93 degrees C. (or 100 to 200, 150 to 180, or 160 to 200 degrees F.), e.g., 70 degrees C. (160 degrees F.), when the residual CO 2 gas 32 exits the second stage compressor 236 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flows to another trim cooler 342 as depicted by arrow 400 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 may be cooled to an ambient temperature, such as approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.).
- the trim cooler 342 uses a coolant (e.g., water or air) to decrease the temperature of the residual CO 2 gas 32 .
- the trim coolers 340 , 342 may be part of the same trim cooler system, e.g., a single heat exchanger with multiple coolant passages.
- the trim coolers 340 , 342 may be integrated with the other heat exchangers 330 , 332 , 344 , 346 .
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flows to another regenerative heat exchanger 344 as shown by arrow 402 .
- an already cooled liquid CO 2 38 absorbs heat from the residual CO 2 gas 32 which may cause the temperature of the residual CO 2 gas 32 to decrease.
- the cooled liquid CO 2 38 may have a temperature of approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 12, or ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 23 degrees C. (or ⁇ 60 to 0, ⁇ 30 to 10, or ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 36 degrees C. ( ⁇ 32 degrees F.).
- the temperature of the residual CO 2 gas 32 may begin at approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C.
- the residual CO 2 gas 32 then flows to the refrigeration heat exchanger 346 as shown by arrow 404 .
- the refrigeration heat exchanger 346 uses a cool refrigerant 406 entering at arrow 408 to transfer heat from the residual CO 2 gas 32 to the refrigerant 406 .
- This heat exchange causes the cool refrigerant 406 to exit the refrigeration heat exchanger 346 as a warm refrigerant 412 , as shown by arrow 410 .
- the refrigerant 406 , 412 may be a solvent or other solution useful for transferring heat.
- the refrigeration heat exchanger 346 and the regenerative heat exchanger 344 may be part of a single refrigeration system, which may also include other heat exchangers, chillers, and coolers.
- the liquid CO 2 38 may have a temperature of approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 29, or ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 23 degrees C. (or ⁇ 60 to 0, ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 20, or ⁇ 30 to ⁇ 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 40 degrees C. ( ⁇ 40 degrees F.).
- the liquid CO 2 38 and the residual gas 298 flow to the flash tank 348 as shown by arrow 414 .
- the flash tank 348 causes the liquid CO 2 30 to separate from the residual gas 298 , with the liquid CO 2 38 exiting at one location as shown by arrow 416 , and the residual gas 298 exiting at another location as shown by arrow 424 .
- the flash tank 348 may be replaced by any type of separation unit useful for separating a liquid from a gas.
- a majority of the fluid exiting the flash tank 348 may be liquid CO 2 38 .
- approximately 60, 65, or 70 percent of the fluid exiting the flash tank 348 may be liquid CO 2 38
- 30, 35, or 40 percent of the fluid may be the residual gas 298 .
- Other embodiments may have greater than 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 92.5, 95, 97.5, or 99 percent of the exiting fluid being liquid CO 2 38 .
- the liquid CO 2 38 then flows, as shown by arrow 418 , to a pump 426 configured to pump the liquid CO 2 38 to a high pressure, such as approximately 10,500 to 17, 250, 13,800 to 16,550, or 15,000 to 22,050 kPa (or 1500 to 2500, 2000 to 2400, or 2200 to 3200 psia), e.g., 15,000 kPa (2200 psia).
- the liquid CO 2 38 may increase in temperature after passing through the pump 426 to approximately ⁇ 51 to ⁇ 18, ⁇ 34 to ⁇ 12, or ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 23 degrees C. (or ⁇ 60 to 0, ⁇ 30 to 10, or ⁇ 40 to ⁇ 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 36 degrees C.
- the liquid CO 2 38 flows to the regenerative heat exchanger 344 , as shown by arrow 420 .
- the chilled liquid CO 2 38 has a significant cooling capacity, while the downstream applications of the liquid CO 2 38 may not require a low temperature of the liquid CO 2 38 .
- the downstream applications may require an ambient temperature and high pressure of the liquid CO 2 38 .
- the regenerative heat exchanger 344 uses the cooling capacity of the liquid CO 2 38 to pre-cool the CO 2 gas 32 upstream of the refrigeration heat exchanger 346 , thereby reducing the cooling requirements of the heat exchanger 346 while warming the liquid CO 2 38 .
- the liquid CO 2 38 temperature may increase to approximately ⁇ 18 to 7, ⁇ 7 to 0, or ⁇ 23 to ⁇ 12 degrees C. (or 0 to 45, 20 to 32, or ⁇ 10 to 10 degrees F.), e.g., ⁇ 14 degrees C. (7 degrees F.).
- the liquid CO 2 38 may be used in a variety of downstream applications, such as carbon sequestration or enhanced oil recovery.
- the liquefaction system 10 substantially reduces energy consumption and increases efficiency in a facility by exchanging heat between different components, and relying primarily on cooling to liquefy the CO 2 gas 74 without prior compression.
- FIG. 9 depicts an IGCC power plant 500 as an embodiment of the power plant 16 illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- the IGCC power plant 500 may produce and burn a synthetic gas, i.e., a syngas.
- Elements of the IGCC power plant 500 may include a fuel source 502 , such as a carbonaceous feedstock, that may be utilized as a source of energy for the IGCC power plant 500 .
- the fuel source 502 may include coal, petroleum coke, biomass, wood-based materials, agricultural wastes, tars, oven gas, orimulsion, lignite, and asphalt, or other carbon containing items.
- the fuel of the fuel source 502 may be passed to a feedstock preparation unit 504 .
- the feedstock preparation unit 504 may, for example, resize or reshape the fuel source 502 by chopping, milling, shredding, pulverizing, briquetting, or palletizing the fuel source 502 to generate feedstock. Additionally, water, or other suitable liquids may be added to the fuel source 502 in the feedstock preparation unit 504 to create slurry feedstock. In certain embodiments, no liquid is added to the fuel source, thus yielding dry feedstock.
- the feedstock may be conveyed into a gasifier 506 for use in gasification operations.
- the gasifier 506 may convert the feedstock into a syngas, e.g., a combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This conversion may be accomplished by subjecting the feedstock to a controlled amount of any moderator and limited oxygen at elevated pressures (e.g., from approximately 4200 to 8300 kPa (or 600 to 1200 psia)) and elevated temperatures (e.g., approximately 1200 to 1500 degrees C. (or 2200 to 2700 degrees F.)), depending on the type of feedstock used. The heating of the feedstock during a pyrolysis process may generate a solid (e.g., char) and residue gases (e.g., carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen).
- a syngas e.g., a combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This conversion may be accomplished by subjecting the feedstock to a controlled amount of any moderator and limited oxygen at elevated pressures (e.g., from approximately 4200 to 8300 kPa (or 600 to 1200 psi
- a partial combustion process may then occur in the gasifier 506 .
- the partial combustion may include introducing oxygen to the char and residue gases.
- the char and residue gases may react with the oxygen to form CO 2 and carbon monoxide (CO), which provides heat for the subsequent gasification reactions.
- the temperatures during the partial combustion process may range from approximately 1200 to 1500 degrees C. (or 2200 to 2700 degrees F.).
- steam may be introduced into the gasifier 506 .
- the gasifier 506 utilizes steam and limited oxygen to allow some of the feedstock to be burned to produce carbon monoxide and energy, which may drive a second reaction that converts further feedstock to hydrogen and additional carbon dioxide.
- a resultant gas is manufactured by the gasifier 506 .
- This resultant gas may include approximately 85 percent of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in equal proportions, as well as Argon, CH 4 , HCl, HF, COS, NH 3 , HCN, and H 2 S (based on the sulfur content of the feedstock).
- This resultant gas may be termed untreated syngas, since it contains, for example, H 2 S.
- the gasifier 506 may also generate waste, such as slag 508 , which may be a wet ash material. This slag 508 may be removed from the gasifier 506 and disposed of, for example, as road base or as another building material.
- a gas treatment unit 510 may be utilized.
- the gas treatment unit 510 may include one or more water gas shift reactors.
- the water gas shift reactors may aid in elevating the level of hydrogen (H 2 ) and CO 2 in the fuel by converting the CO and H 2 O in the syngas into CO 2 and H 2 (e.g., sour shifting).
- the gas treatment unit 510 may also scrub the untreated syngas to remove the HCl, HF, COS, HCN, and H 2 S from the untreated syngas, which may include separation of sulfur 512 in a sulfur processor 514 component of the gas treatment unit 510 .
- the gas treatment unit 510 may separate salts 516 from the untreated syngas via a water treatment unit 518 that may utilize water purification techniques to generate usable salts 516 from the untreated syngas. Subsequently, the gas from the gas treatment unit 510 may include treated syngas, (e.g., the sulfur 512 has been removed from the syngas), with trace amounts of other chemicals, e.g., NH 3 (ammonia) and CH 4 (methane).
- treated syngas e.g., the sulfur 512 has been removed from the syngas
- trace amounts of other chemicals e.g., NH 3 (ammonia) and CH 4 (methane).
- a gas processor 520 may be used to remove additional residual gas components 522 , such as ammonia and methane, as well as methanol or any residual chemicals from the treated syngas. Argon may also be recovered. Argon is a valuable product which may be recovered using, for example, cryogenic techniques. However, removal of residual gas components from the treated syngas is optional, since the treated syngas may be utilized as a fuel even when containing the residual gas components, e.g., tail gas.
- the carbon capture system 14 may extract and process the carbonaceous gas, e.g., CO 2 .
- the carbon capture system 14 may interoperate with the gas treatment unit 510 , including the sulfur processor 514 , to remove CO 2 from the syngas before combustion (i.e., pre-combustion extraction).
- carbon capture techniques may be used to extract CO 2 after combustion of the syngas (i.e., post-combustion extraction).
- combustion techniques may be used to aid in removing the CO 2 during combustion (i.e., modified combustion).
- Physical absorption techniques may be used that employ a physical solvent such as methanol, SelexolTM, PurisolTM, or RectisolTM, among others, during an acid gas reduction (AGR) process in the sulfur processor 514 to dissolve acid gases, such as H 2 S, and CO 2 from the syngas.
- the H 2 S and CO 2 rich liquid may then be further processed to remove and separate the H 2 S and the CO 2 , for example by using a regeneration vessel (e.g., stripper).
- Chemical absorption techniques may be used that employ amines, caustics and other chemical solvents to scrub, for example, a cooled flue gas that is brought into contact with the solvent.
- the CO 2 may then become bound into the chemical solvent.
- the enriched solvent may then be caused to release the CO 2 by techniques such as the aforementioned regeneration vessel.
- Physical adsorption techniques may also be used wherein solid sorbents, such as sorbents based on zeolites, silica, and so forth, bind the CO 2 such as the CO 2 in the flue gas so as to remove the CO 2 from the flue gas.
- Chemical adsorption techniques employing, for example, metal oxides may also be used in a similar manner.
- Membrane-based techniques may also be used, wherein plastics, ceramics, metals, and so forth are used as permeable barrier to separate the CO 2 from a flow containing the CO 2 .
- Modified combustion techniques such as oxy-fuel and chemical looping may also be used to extract the CO 2 . In oxy-fuel, approximately pure oxygen is used in lieu of air as the primary oxidant.
- the fuel is combusted in the oxygen so as to produce a flue gas rich in CO 2 and water vapor.
- the CO 2 may then be more easily extracted from the flue gas and water vapor.
- the use of oxygen also reduces the nitrous oxides (NOx) that may be produced when using air.
- NOx nitrous oxides
- dual fluidized bed systems employing, for example, a metal oxide are used to extract CO 2 .
- the metal oxide works as a bed material providing oxygen for combustion.
- Oxygen replaces air as an oxidant and is used to combust the fuel.
- CO 2 extraction techniques may more easily extract the flue gas rich in CO 2 .
- the subsequently reduced metal is transferred to the second bed to re-oxidize.
- the re-oxidized metal is then reintroduced into the first bed and again used for combustion, closing the loop.
- Cryogenic techniques capable of cooling flue gas to desublimation temperatures (e.g., approximately ⁇ 100 to ⁇ 135 degrees C. ( ⁇ 148 to ⁇ 211 degrees F.)) may be used. Solid CO 2 may form due to the cooling, and is subsequently removed from the flue stream. Indeed, any number and combination of carbon capture techniques, such as the aforementioned techniques, may be included in the carbon capture system 14 .
- the CO 2 may then be liquefied by the liquefaction system 10 and pumped to a high pressure by the pumping system 12 .
- the liquefaction system 10 utilizes an air separation unit (ASU) 530 of the IGCC plant 500 .
- ASU air separation unit
- the cold temperatures within the cryogenic cooling system of the ASU 530 cool the CO 2 gas to liquefy it.
- the CO 2 gas flows from the liquefaction system 10 to the ASU 530 , then returns to the liquefaction system 10 as a liquid CO 2 .
- the liquefaction system 10 may use a refrigeration system or other cooling mechanism to liquefy the CO 2 .
- the CO 2 then flows to the pumping system 12 to be pumped to a high pressure.
- the CO 2 may be pumped to high pressures of approximately 10,500 to 17, 250, 13,800 to 16,550, or 15,000 to 22,050 kPa (or 1500 to 2500, 2000 to 2400, or 2200 to 3200 psia), e.g., 15,000 kPa (2200 psia).
- the high pressure, liquefied CO 2 may then be transported by a pipeline system 22 .
- the CO 2 may then be redirected into the carbon sequestration system 24 and/or the EOR 26 . Accordingly, emissions of the extracted CO 2 into the atmosphere may be reduced or eliminated by redirecting the extracted CO 2 for other uses.
- using the ASU 530 to liquefy the CO 2 gas may reduce energy consumption to produce a high pressure, liquefied CO 2 .
- the IGCC plant 500 may be designed to incorporate the liquefaction system 10 and the pumping system 12 as original equipment or a retrofit kit. Indeed, it is possible to retrofit the liquefaction system 10 and the pumping system 12 to a variety of existing IGCC plants 500 .
- the retrofitted liquefaction system 10 may include integration with ASU 530 systems, carbon capture systems 14 , pumping systems 12 , and pipelines 22 .
- the treated syngas may be then transmitted to a combustor 526 , e.g., a combustion chamber, of the gas turbine engine 528 as combustible fuel.
- the ASU 530 may operate to separate air into component gases by, for example, distillation techniques.
- the ASU 530 may separate oxygen from the air supplied to it from a supplemental air compressor 532 , and the ASU 530 may transfer the separated oxygen to the gasifier 506 . Additionally the ASU 530 may transmit separated nitrogen to a diluent nitrogen (DGAN) compressor 534 .
- DGAN diluent nitrogen
- the DGAN compressor 534 may compress the nitrogen received from the ASU 530 at least to pressure levels equal to those in the combustor 526 , so as not to interfere with the proper combustion of the syngas. Thus, once the DGAN compressor 534 has adequately compressed the nitrogen to a proper level, the DGAN compressor 534 may transmit the compressed nitrogen to the combustor 526 of the gas turbine engine 528 .
- the nitrogen may be used as a diluent to facilitate control of emissions, for example.
- the compressed nitrogen may be transmitted from the DGAN compressor 534 to the combustor 526 of the gas turbine engine 528 .
- the gas turbine engine 528 may include a turbine 536 , a drive shaft 538 and a compressor 540 , as well as the combustor 526 .
- the combustor 526 may receive fuel, such as syngas, which may be injected under pressure from fuel nozzles. This fuel may be mixed with compressed air as well as compressed nitrogen from the DGAN compressor 534 , and combusted within combustor 526 . This combustion may create hot pressurized exhaust gases.
- the combustor 526 may direct the exhaust gases towards an exhaust outlet of the turbine 536 . As the exhaust gases from the combustor 526 pass through the turbine 536 , the exhaust gases force turbine blades in the turbine 536 to rotate the drive shaft 538 along an axis of the gas turbine engine 528 . As illustrated, the drive shaft 538 is connected to various components of the gas turbine engine 528 , including the compressor 540 .
- the drive shaft 538 may connect the turbine 536 to the compressor 540 to form a rotor.
- the compressor 540 may include blades coupled to the drive shaft 538 .
- rotation of turbine blades in the turbine 536 may cause the drive shaft 538 connecting the turbine 536 to the compressor 540 to rotate blades within the compressor 540 .
- This rotation of blades in the compressor 540 causes the compressor 540 to compress air received via an air intake in the compressor 540 .
- the compressed air may then be fed to the combustor 526 and mixed with fuel and compressed nitrogen to allow for higher efficiency combustion.
- Drive shaft 538 may also be connected to a load 542 , which may be a stationary load, such as an electrical generator for producing electrical power, for example, in a power plant.
- the load 542 may be any suitable device that is powered by the rotational output of the gas turbine engine 528 .
- the IGCC power plant 500 also may include a steam turbine engine 544 and a heat recovery steam generation (HRSG) system 546 .
- the steam turbine engine 544 may drive a second load 548 .
- the second load 548 may also be an electrical generator for generating electrical power.
- both the first and second loads 542 , 548 may be other types of loads capable of being driven by the gas turbine engine 528 and steam turbine engine 544 .
- the gas turbine engine 528 and steam turbine engine 544 may drive separate loads 542 and 548 , as shown in the illustrated embodiment, the gas turbine engine 528 and steam turbine engine 544 may also be utilized in tandem to drive a single load via a single shaft.
- the specific configuration of the steam turbine engine 544 , as well as the gas turbine engine 528 may be implementation-specific and may include any combination of sections.
- the system 500 may also include the HRSG 546 .
- Heated exhaust gas from the gas turbine engine 528 may be transported into the HRSG 546 and used to heat water and produce steam used to power the steam turbine engine 544 .
- Exhaust from, for example, a low-pressure section of the steam turbine engine 544 may be directed into a condenser 550 .
- the condenser 550 may utilize the cooling tower 524 to exchange heated water for chilled water.
- the cooling tower 524 acts to provide cool water to the condenser 550 to aid in condensing the steam transmitted to the condenser 550 from the steam turbine engine 544 .
- Condensate from the condenser 550 may, in turn, be directed into the HRSG 546 .
- exhaust from the gas turbine engine 528 may also be directed into the HRSG 546 to heat the water from the condenser 550 and produce steam.
- hot exhaust may flow from the gas turbine engine 528 and pass to the HRSG 546 , where it may be used to generate high-pressure, high-temperature steam.
- the steam produced by the HRSG 546 may then be passed through the steam turbine engine 544 for power generation.
- the produced steam may also be supplied to any other processes where steam may be used, such as to the gasifier 506 .
- the gas turbine engine 528 generation cycle is often referred to as the “topping cycle,” whereas the steam turbine engine 544 generation cycle is often referred to as the “bottoming cycle.”
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Abstract
Description
- The subject matter disclosed herein relates to systems for liquefying a carbonaceous gas.
- A variety of systems may produce and/or use a carbonaceous gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Typically, the CO2 is highly pressurized prior to transport to a downstream system, e.g., through a pipeline. For example, the CO2 may be pressurized to a pressure between approximately 15,000 kilopascals (kPa) or 2200 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) and 17,250 kPa (2500 psia). Such pressurization may use large amounts of energy. A pressurization system may not be designed with consideration of maximizing energy efficiency in a facility. Thus, the pressurization system may reduce the overall efficiency of the facility.
- Certain embodiments commensurate in scope with the originally claimed invention are summarized below. These embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but rather these embodiments are intended only to provide a brief summary of possible forms of the invention. Indeed, the invention may encompass a variety of forms that may be similar to or different from the embodiments set forth below.
- In a first embodiment, a system includes a carbon dioxide (CO2) liquefaction system. The CO2 liquefaction system includes a first cooling system capable of cooling a CO2 gas to liquefy greater than approximately 50 percent of the CO2 gas. The first cooling system produces a first CO2 liquid. The CO2 gas pressure is less than approximately 3450 kilopascals (500 pounds per square inch absolute).
- In a second embodiment, a system includes an air separation unit including a cryogenic cooling system. The air separation unit is capable of separating air into oxygen and nitrogen. The system also includes a liquefaction system capable of cooling a carbonaceous gas with the cryogenic cooling system of the air separation unit. The cryogenic cooling system is capable of liquefying at least a first portion of the carbonaceous gas to produce a first carbonaceous liquid.
- In a third embodiment, a system includes a carbon capture system capable of capturing a carbonaceous gas from a synthetic gas and a liquefaction system. The liquefaction system includes a first cooling system capable of cooling the carbonaceous gas to liquefy at least a first portion of the carbonaceous gas to produce a first carbonaceous liquid and a first residual carbonaceous gas. The liquefaction system also includes a compression system configured to compress the first residual carbonaceous gas.
- These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
-
FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system interoperating with embodiments of upstream and downstream systems; -
FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using refrigeration systems; -
FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using multiple cryogenic cooling systems; -
FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using a cryogenic cooling system; -
FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using an air separation unit (ASU) including a cryogenic cooling system; -
FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using a CO2 compressor and an ASU including a cryogenic cooling system; -
FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using refrigeration systems, separation units, compressors, and coolers; -
FIG. 8 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a liquefaction system using heat exchangers, flash tanks, compressors, trim coolers, pumps, and solvent chillers; and -
FIG. 9 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant having an embodiment of the liquefaction system. - One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
- When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present invention, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
- The disclosed embodiments include systems for liquefying a gas, such as a carbonaceous gas, with a cooling system prior to or without a subsequent compression system. For example, the disclosed embodiments may include one or more liquefaction systems that employ a refrigeration system or a cryogenic cooling system as the primary mechanism to liquefy the gas. In some embodiments, the liquefaction system may employ the refrigeration system or cryogenic cooling system of another component in a facility. For example, the liquefaction system may employ an air separation unit (ASU), which includes a cryogenic cooling system, to liquefy the carbonaceous gas, e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2). In embodiments using the ASU, the liquefaction system may rely entirely on the cryogenic cooling system of the ASU to liquefy the carbonaceous gas, or the liquefaction system may include upstream or downstream cooling systems or compression systems to supplement the ASU.
- With the foregoing in mind, it may be beneficial to discuss embodiments of systems that may incorporate the techniques as described herein before discussing details of the liquefaction system.
FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of interoperatingsystems 8. More specifically, the diagram depicts aliquefaction system 10 interoperating with embodiments of acarbon capture system 14, apower plant 16, achemical production plant 18, and achemical refinery plant 20, among others. In the depicted embodiment, each of thepower plant 16, thechemical production plant 18, and thechemical refinery plant 20 is capable of producing a product having a carbonaceous substance (e.g., CO2). Thecarbon capture system 14 may be used to extract the CO2 from various types of industrial plants, such asplants carbon capture system 14 is manufactured by General Electric Company of Schenectady, N.Y., under the designation GE Carbon Island™. Indeed, a plurality of embodiments of thecarbon capture system 14 may be made available so as to optimally operate in conjunction with each of theplants plant carbon capture system 14 embodiment that may have been adapted to optimally work with that particular plant embodiment. - Liquefaction of the CO2 may be beneficial, for example, to reduce the energy required to create a highly pressurized CO2. Accordingly, the
liquefaction system 10 may be used to liquefy the CO2 that was captured using thecarbon capture system 14. Theliquefaction system 10 uses a first CO2 liquefaction system 28 to produce aliquid CO 2 30 and a residual CO2 gas 32 from the extracted CO2. In the illustrated embodiment, the first CO2 liquefaction system 28 excludes a compressor, and relies on liquefaction techniques such as cooling. Theliquid CO 2 30 may be in a relatively pure form, for example, theliquid CO 2 30 may be greater than 90, 95, or 98 percent pure CO2. Conversely, the residual CO2 gas 32 may be a combination of gases with varying proportions including CO2, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, among others. The residual CO2 gas 32 is processed further using a CO2 compression system 34 to compress the gas prior to liquefaction by the second CO2 liquefaction system 36, which produces a residualliquid CO 2 38. The CO2 compression system 34 may provide enough compression to cause the residual CO2 gas 32 to be liquefied by thesecond liquefaction system 36, yet still reserve some pressurization to be performed by the CO2 pumping system 12, in order to reduce energy consumption in thesystem 8. Similar to the first CO2 liquefaction system 28, the second CO2 liquefaction system 36 excludes a compressor, and relies on liquefaction techniques such as cooling. In certain embodiments, theliquefaction system 10 may not include compressing and liquefying the residual CO2 gas 32, but rather thesystem 10 may consist essentially of the first CO2 liquefaction system 28 without any compression. In either case, thesystem 10 may reduce the temperature sufficiently to liquefy the CO2 at a given pressure. For example, thesystem 10 may receive the CO2 gas from thecarbon capture system 14 at a pressure below 2050, 2750, or 3450 kPa (or below 300, 400, or 500 psia). The first CO2 liquefaction system 28 then liquefies the CO2 gas without compression. - The
liquefaction system 10 is also capable of interoperating with a CO2 pumping system 12 in order to pressurize theliquid CO 2 30 and the residualliquid CO 2 38 to high pressures. For example, the CO2 pumping system 12 may pump theliquid CO 2 30 and the residualliquid CO 2 38 to a pressure between approximately 10,500 and 21,000 kPa (or 1500 and 3000 psia), e.g., approximately 15,000 kPa (2200 psia). Within the CO2 pumping system 12, afirst pump 40 is used to pump theliquid CO 2 30, while asecond pump 42 is used to pump the residualliquid CO 2 38. In some embodiments, the CO2 pumping system 12 may include only one pump used for both theliquid CO 2 30 and theresidual CO 2 38, while in other embodiments multiple pumps may be used in series to pressurize theliquid CO 2 30. - Furthermore, the
liquefaction system 10 is capable of interoperating with apipeline system 22 so as to transport the high pressure liquid CO2 from the CO2 pumping system 12 to be used downstream, for example, by acarbon sequestration facility 24 and/orEOR activities 26. In certain embodiments, thecarbon sequestration facility 24 may include a geological formation such as a saline aquifer. In other embodiments, other types of geological formations may use the CO2. TheEOR activities 26 may include oil well recovery activities such as gas injection. The gas injection activity can inject the extracted CO2 at high pressures, so as to displace subsurface oil. Indeed, the CO2 liquefied by the carbondioxide liquefaction system 10 may have many beneficial uses and may be sold. -
FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of aliquefaction system 10 usingrefrigeration systems liquefaction system 10 includes the first CO2 liquefaction system 28, the CO2 compression system 34, and the second CO2 liquefaction system 36. A CO2 gas 74 flows to the first CO2 liquefaction system 28 as shown viaarrow 76. In some embodiments, the CO2 gas 74 may come from a carbon capture system. In addition, the CO2 gas 74 may be part of a carbonaceous gas including other substances, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, among others. In certain embodiments, the CO2 gas 74 may enter theliquefaction system 10 at a pressure less than approximately 700, 1400, 2050, 2750, 3450, 4150, or 4850 kPa (or 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 psia). For example, the pressure of the CO2 gas 74 may be approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia). - The first CO2 liquefaction system 28 includes the
first refrigeration system 78. Thefirst refrigeration system 78 may utilize a refrigeration cycle, such as a vapor-compression cycle or a vapor absorption cycle. For example, thefirst refrigeration system 78 may include a vapor-compression cycle with an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion valve. When the CO2 gas 74 passes through thefirst refrigeration system 78, the CO2 gas 74 cools into theliquid CO 2 30. With such aliquefaction system 10, the CO2 gas 74 may be cooled to approximately −40 to −29 degrees C. (or −40 to −20 degrees F.). While some residual CO2 gas 32 remains, a majority of the CO2 gas 74 is liquefied, e.g., greater than approximately 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 percent. For example, 50 to 100 percent, 75 to 100 percent, 85 to 100 percent, or 95 to 100 percent of the CO2 gas 74 may be liquefied. Theliquid CO 2 30 exits the first CO2 liquefaction system 28 atarrow 80, then flows as shown viaarrow 82 to the CO2 pumping system 12. The CO2 pumping system 12 pumps theliquid CO 2 30 to a high pressure, such as approximately 10,500 to 17,250, 13,800 to 16,550, or 15,000 to 22,050 kPa (or 1500 to 2500, 2000 to 2400, or 2200 to 3200 psia), e.g., 15,000 kPa (2200 psia). The process of liquefying then pumping the CO2 may use less energy than a compression-based method for pressurizing CO2. - The residual CO2 gas 32 exits the first CO2 liquefaction system 28 as shown by
arrow 84, then flows to the CO2 compression system 34 as depicted viaarrow 86. Consequently, the CO2 compression system 34 uses one or more compressors to increase the pressure of the residual CO2 gas 32. For example, the pressure of the residual CO2 gas 32 may increase from a pre-compression pressure of approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia), e.g., 2100 kPa (300 psia), to a post-compression pressure of approximately 6900 to 10,500, 7600 to 9650, or 8600 to 10,000 kPa (or 1000 to 1500, 1100 to 1400, or 1250 to 1450 psia), e.g., 8300 kPa (1200 psia). The CO2 compression system 34 may use any type of compressor, such as centrifugal, mixed-flow, reciprocating, or rotary screw compressors. - The compressed residual CO2 gas 32 flows from the CO2 compression system 34 to the second CO2 liquefaction system 36 as shown via
arrow 88. Withinsystem 36, thesecond refrigeration system 90 cools a portion of the residual CO2 gas 32 into the residualliquid CO 2 38. With such arefrigeration system 90, the residual CO2 gas 32 may be cooled to approximately −51 to −18, −40 to −29, or −34 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −40 to −20, or −30 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −40 degrees C. (−40 degrees F.). Thesecond refrigeration system 90 may liquefy all or substantially all of the residual CO2 gas 32. For example, thesystem 90 may liquefy greater than approximately 60, 70, 80, or 90 percent of the residual CO2 gas 32. Thesecond refrigeration system 90 may use some or all components utilized by thefirst refrigeration system 78, or it may use its own components in the same or different configuration than thefirst refrigeration system 78. Likewise, theliquefaction system 10 may only contain one CO2 liquefaction system that performs the functions described herein for the first andsecond liquefaction systems - The residual
liquid CO 2 38 exits the second CO2 liquefaction system 36 as shown byarrow 92, then flows to the CO2 pumping system 12 as depicted byarrow 94. Again, the CO2 pumping system 12 pumps the residualliquid CO 2 38 to a high pressure, such as approximately 10,500 to 17,250, 13,800 to 16,550, or 15,000 to 22,050 kPa (or 1500 to 2500, 2000 to 2400, or 2200 to 3200 psia), e.g., 15,000 kPa (2200 psia). The pressurized liquid CO2 now includes theliquid CO 2 30 and the residualliquid CO 2 38. The pressurized liquid CO2 exits the CO2 pumping system 12 as shown byarrow 96 and is utilized in various downstream applications, such as in a carbon sequestration facility. -
FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of aliquefaction system 10 using multiplecryogenic cooling systems liquid CO 2 30 and a residualliquid CO 2 38, followed by pressurization using the CO2 pumping system 12 is similar to the embodiment ofFIG. 2 . However, the first CO2 liquefaction system 28 uses a firstcryogenic cooling system 126 to cool the CO2 gas 74 into theliquid CO 2 30. Also, the second CO2 liquefaction system 36 uses a secondcryogenic cooling system 128 to cool the residual CO2 gas 32 into the residualliquid CO 2 38. - The first
cryogenic cooling system 126 cools the CO2 gas 74 intoliquid CO 2 30 using extremely cold temperatures found within the firstcryogenic cooling system 126. For example, the firstcryogenic cooling system 126 may use temperatures, such as approximately −196 to −150, −185 to −170, or −190 to −157 degrees C. (or −320 to −240, −300 to −275, or −310 to −250 degrees F.), e.g., −185 degrees C. (−300 degrees F.). Although thecryogenic cooling system 126 may be established solely for use within the first CO2 liquefaction system 28, certain embodiments of thecryogenic cooling system 126 may have other general uses not related to the first CO2 liquefaction system 28, while allowing in the first CO2 liquefaction system 28 to utilize its unused cooling capacity. As such, the firstcryogenic cooling system 126 cools the CO2 gas 74 intoliquid CO 2 30 without utilizing any additional energy. For example, the firstcryogenic cooling system 126 may be part of an air separation unit (ASU). With such aliquefaction system 10, the CO2 gas 74 may be cooled to approximately −51 to −18, −40 to −29, or −34 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −40 to −20, or −30 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −40 degrees C. (−40 degrees F.). The secondcryogenic cooling system 128 functions in generally the same manner as the firstcryogenic cooling system 126, and in some embodiments may be part of the same overall system. As can be appreciated, energy may be conserved by such a system that liquefies a CO2 gas using a cryogenic cooling system, followed by pumping the liquid CO2 to a desired pressure. Again, the secondcryogenic cooling system 128 may be dedicated to the second CO2 liquefaction system 36, or thesystem 128 may function to cool multiple types of equipment. For example, the secondcryogenic cooling system 128 may be part of an ASU. In certain embodiments, thesystems -
FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of aliquefaction system 10 using acryogenic cooling system 160. A CO2 gas 74 flows to thecryogenic cooling system 160 as depicted byarrow 164. For example, the CO2 gas 74 may be at a pressure less than approximately 700, 1400, 2050, 2750, 3450, 4150, or 4850 kPa (or 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 psia). Thecryogenic cooling system 160 then cools the CO2 gas 74 to produceliquid CO 2 30 as shown byarrow 166. For example, thecryogenic cooling system 160 may use extremely cold temperatures, such as approximately −196 to −150, −185 to −170, or −190 to −157 degrees C. (or −320 to −240, −300 to −275, or −310 to −250 degrees F.), e.g., −185 degrees C. (−300 degrees F.). With such aliquefaction system 10, the CO2 gas 74 may be cooled to approximately −51 to −18, −40 to −29, or −34 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −40 to −20, or −30 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −40 degrees C. (−40 degrees F.). Theliquid CO 2 30 then flows to the liquid CO2 pump 162 of the CO2 pumping system 12 as shown byarrow 168. The liquid CO2 pump 162 pressurizes theliquid CO 2 30 to the desired pressure, such as approximately 13,800 to 21,000, 15,000 to 17,250, or 16,550 to 22,050 kPa (or 2000 to 3000, 2200 to 2500, or 2400 to 3200 psia), e.g., 17,250 kPa (2500 psia). As previously described, energy may be conserved by such a system that liquefies a CO2 gas using a cryogenic cooling system, then pumps the liquid CO2 to a desired pressure. In the illustrated embodiment, thesystem 10 excludes a compressor. Thus, thesystem 10 may be described as consisting essentially of (or only) the cryogenic cooling system 160 (or thesystem 160 and the pump 162), e.g., as a single package or assembly. -
FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of aliquefaction system 10 using an air separation unit (ASU) 180 including acryogenic cooling system 160. TheASU 180 uses thecryogenic cooling system 160 to separate atmospheric air into its components, such as nitrogen and oxygen. In the illustrated embodiment, theASU 180 is configured to allow pathways carrying CO2 to pass through itscryogenic cooling system 160. In some embodiments, theASU 180 may output a coolant flow to a separate heat exchanger of theliquefaction system 10, thereby allowing cooling and liquefaction of the CO2 gas 74 away from theASU 180. In either embodiment, thecryogenic cooling system 160 transfers sufficient heat from the CO2 to cause the CO2 gas 74 to liquefy. The otherwise unused cooling capacity of theASU 180 is captured by theliquefaction system 10, eliminating the need for a separate cooling system (e.g., a separate refrigeration system, cryogenic cooling system, etc.). - Specifically, the CO2 gas 74 flows to the
cryogenic cooling system 160 within theASU 180 as depicted byarrow 182. For example, the CO2 gas 74 may be at a pressure of less than approximately 700, 1400, 2050, 2750, 3450, 4150, or 4850 kPa (or 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 psia). Thecryogenic cooling system 160 then cools the CO2 gas 74 to produceliquid CO 2 30 as shown byarrow 184. For example, thecryogenic cooling system 160 may use extremely cold temperatures, such as approximately −196 to −150, −185 to −170, or −190 to −157 degrees C. (or −320 to −240, −300 to −275, or −310 to −250 degrees F.), e.g., −185 degrees C. (−300 degrees F.). With such aliquefaction system 10, the CO2 gas 74 may be cooled to approximately −51 to −18, −40 to −29, or −34 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −40 to −20, or −30 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −40 degrees C. (−40 degrees F.). Theliquid CO 2 30 then flows to the liquid CO2 pump 162 of the CO2 pumping system 12 as shown byarrow 186. The liquid CO2 pump 162 pressurizes theliquid CO 2 30 to the desired pressure, such as approximately 13,800 to 21,000, 15,000 to 17,250, or 16,550 to 22,050 kPa (or 2000 to 3000, 2200 to 2500, or 2400 to 3200 psia), e.g., 17,250 kPa (2500 psia). With such a system, energy may be conserved by liquefying a CO2 gas using a cryogenic cooling system, followed by pumping the liquid CO2 to the desired pressure. In the illustrated embodiment, theliquefaction system 10 may be described as consisting essentially of (or only) theASU 180 with modifications for the CO2 gas 74 flow (or theASU 180 and an external heat exchanger), e.g., as a single package or assembly. -
FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of aliquefaction system 10 using a CO2 compressor 200 and theASU 180 including thecryogenic cooling system 160. Similar to the embodiment ofFIG. 5 , theASU 180 includes thecryogenic cooling system 160 and may function primarily to separate air into its components such as nitrogen and air. However, theASU 180 is also modified to cool and liquefy the CO2 gas 74 into theliquid CO 2 30, as indicated byarrow 184. Further, the liquid CO2 pump 162 pumps theliquid CO 2 30 to the desired pressure as indicated byarrow 186. In contrast to the embodiments ofFIGS. 1-5 , theliquefaction system 10 includes the CO2 compressor 200 rather than excluding a CO2 compressor. - The CO2 gas 74 flows to the CO2 compressor 200 before it flows to the
ASU 180 as shown byarrows liquefaction system 10 may still decrease energy used in situations where the CO2 compressor 200 defers some pressurization of the CO2 gas 74 to the liquid CO2 pump 162. Furthermore, thecryogenic cooling system 160 of theASU 180 is used to avoid implementation of a separate cooling system, thereby reducing costs and increasing overall efficiency at the facility. -
FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of aliquefaction system 10 usingrefrigeration systems separation units 230, 240,compressors coolers first refrigeration system 78 as shown byarrow 242. For example, the CO2 gas 74 may be at a pressure of less than approximately 700, 1400, 2050, 2750, 3450, 4150, or 4850 kPa (or 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 psia). Within thefirst refrigeration system 78, a refrigeration cycle cools the CO2 gas 74 to liquefy at least a portion of the CO2 gas 74. As can be appreciated, the refrigeration cycle ofsystem 78 may include a coolant (e.g., a refrigerant or solvent) that flows through anevaporator 244, apath 246 to acompressor 248, apath 250 to acondenser 252, apath 254 to anexpansion valve 256, and apath 258 back to theevaporator 244. At theevaporator 244, the coolant absorbs heat from the CO2 gas 74, which causes the CO2 gas 74 to cool into theliquid CO 2 30 with a residual CO2 gas 32 remaining. The CO2 gas 74 may cool to approximately −51 to −18, −40 to −29, or −34 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −40 to −20, or −30 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −40 degrees C. (−40 degrees F.), to generate theliquid CO 2 30. - The
liquid CO 2 30 and the residual CO2 gas 32 then flow to the separation unit 230 as shown byarrow 260. The separation unit 230 causes theliquid CO 2 30 to separate from the residual CO2 gas 32, with theliquid CO 2 30 exiting at one location as shown by arrow 262, and the residual CO2 gas 32 exiting at another location as shown byarrow 264. The separation unit 230 may be a flash tank, or other type of device useful for causing a liquid to separate from a gas. In certain embodiments, theliquid CO 2 30 may be pumped to a high pressure using a CO2 pumping system. For example, theliquid CO 2 30 may be pumped to a pipeline and/or a downstream application, such as carbon sequestration. Under certain conditions, a majority of the fluid exiting thefirst refrigeration system 78 may beliquid CO 2 30. For example, at least approximately 90 or 95 percent of the fluid exiting thefirst refrigeration system 78 may beliquid CO 2 30, while 5 or 10 percent of the fluid may be the residual CO2 gas 32. Other embodiments may have greater than approximately 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 92.5, 95, 97.5, or 99 percent of the exiting fluid beingliquid CO 2 30. - The residual CO2 gas 32 then undergoes steps of compression, cooling, compression, and cooling by the first and
second stage compressors coolers first stage compressor 232 as shown byarrow 266. Thefirst stage compressor 232 provides a first amount of compression of the residual CO2 gas 32, resulting in an increase in pressure and temperature. The cooler 234 then cools the CO2 gas 32 prior to thesecond stage compressor 236 as shown byarrows compressor 236. Again, thesecond stage compressor 236 increases the pressure and temperature of the CO2 gas 32. Thus, the cooler 238 cools the CO2 gas 32 before subsequent liquefaction by thesecond refrigeration system 90. Although the illustrated embodiment includes two stages of compression and cooling prior to the secondstage refrigeration system 90, any suitable number of compressors and coolers may be used in the system 10 (e.g., 1 to 5). - The
first stage compressor 232 increases both the temperature and pressure of the residual CO2 gas 32. For example, the pressure may increase by a factor of approximately 0.1 to 5 or 1.5 to 2.5, and the temperature may increase by an amount of 10 to 200 or 50 to 150 degrees C. The pressure may be approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia), e.g., 2100 kPa (300 psia), when the residual CO2 gas 32 enters thefirst stage compressor 232. The pressure may be approximately 2750 to 4850, 3450 to 4150, or 4150 to 4850 kPa (or 400 to 700, 500 to 600, or 600 to 700 psia), e.g., 4200 kPa (600 psia), when the residual CO2 gas 32 exits thefirst stage compressor 232. Furthermore, the temperature may be approximately −40 to −7, −34 to −12, or −29 to 0 degrees C. (or −40 to 20, −30 to 10, or −20 to 32 degrees F.), e.g., −20 degrees C. (0 degrees F.), when the residual CO2 gas 32 enters thefirst stage compressor 232. The temperature may be approximately 0 to 66, 27 to 50, or 32 to 93 degrees C. (or 32 to 150, 80 to 120, or 90 to 200 degrees F.), e.g., 50 degrees C. (120 degrees F.), when the residual CO2 gas 32 exits thefirst stage compressor 232. - The residual CO2 gas 32 then flows from the
first stage compressor 232 to the cooler 234 as depicted byarrow 268. At the cooler 234, the residual CO2 gas 32 may be cooled to approximately an ambient temperature, such as approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.). The cooler 234 uses a coolant (e.g., water or air) to decrease the temperature of the residual CO2 gas 32. The residual CO2 gas 32 then flows to thesecond stage compressor 236 as shown byarrow 270. - The
second stage compressor 236 increases both the temperature and pressure of the residual CO2 gas 32. For example, the pressure may increase by a factor of approximately 0.1 to 5 or 1.5 to 2.5, and the temperature may increase by an amount of 10 to 200 or 50 to 150 degrees C. The pressure may be approximately 2750 to 4850, 3450 to 4150, or 4150 to 4850 kPa (or 400 to 700, 500 to 600, or 600 to 700 psia), e.g., 4200 kPa (600 psia), when the residual CO2 gas 32 enters thesecond stage compressor 236. The pressure may be approximately 6900 to 10,500, 7600 to 9650, or 8600 to 10,000 kPa (or 1000 to 1500, 1100 to 1400, or 1250 to 1450 psia), e.g., 8300 kPa (1200 psia), when the residual CO2 gas 32 exits thesecond stage compressor 236. Furthermore, the temperature may be approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.), when the residual CO2 gas 32 enters thesecond stage compressor 236. The temperature may be approximately 38 to 93, 66 to 82, or 70 to 93 degrees C. (or 100 to 200, 150 to 180, or 160 to 200 degrees F.), e.g., 70 degrees C. (160 degrees F.), when the residual CO2 gas 32 exits thesecond stage compressor 236. - The residual CO2 gas 32 then flows to the cooler 238 as depicted by
arrow 272. At the cooler 238, the residual CO2 gas 32 may be cooled to approximately an ambient temperature, such as approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.). The cooler 238 uses a coolant (e.g., air or water) to decrease the temperature of the residual CO2 gas 32. The residual CO2 gas 32 then flows to thesecond refrigeration system 90 as shown byarrow 274. In certain embodiments, thecoolers coolers second refrigeration systems - The
second refrigeration system 90 is similar to thefirst refrigeration system 78. As previously discussed, the refrigeration cycle of thesystem 90 may include a coolant (e.g., a refrigerant or solvent) that flows through anevaporator 276, apath 278 to acompressor 280, a path 282 to acondenser 284, a path 286 to anexpansion valve 288, and apath 290 back to theevaporator 276. At theevaporator 276, the coolant absorbs heat from the CO2 gas 74 which causes the residual CO2 gas 32 to cool into theliquid CO 2 38 with aresidual gas 298 remaining. The residual CO2 gas 32 may cool to approximately −51 to −18, −40 to −29, or −34 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −40 to −20, or −30 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −40 degrees C. (−40 degrees F.), to generate theliquid CO 2 38. - The
liquid CO 2 38 and theresidual gas 298 flow then to theseparation unit 240 as shown byarrow 292. Theseparation unit 240 causes theliquid CO 2 38 to separate from theresidual gas 298, with theliquid CO 2 38 exiting at one location as shown byarrow 294, and theresidual gas 298 exiting at another location as shown byarrow 296. In certain embodiments, theliquid CO 2 38 may be pumped to a high pressure using a CO2 pumping system. For example, theliquid CO 2 38 may be pumped to a pipeline and/or a downstream application such as carbon sequestration. Under certain conditions, a majority of the fluid exiting thesecond refrigeration system 90 may beliquid CO 2 38. For example, approximately 60, 65, or 70 percent of the fluid exiting thesecond refrigeration system 90 may beliquid CO 2 30, while 30, 35, or 40 percent of the fluid may be theresidual gas 298. Other embodiments may have greater than approximately 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 92.5, 95, 97.5, or 99 percent of the exiting fluid beingliquid CO 2 30. As can be appreciated, using theliquefaction system 10 to produce a pressurized liquid CO2 may decrease energy consumption required for pressurization. -
FIG. 8 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of aliquefaction system 10 usingheat exchangers flash tanks compressors trim coolers solvent chillers regenerative heat exchanger 330 as shown byarrow 350. The CO2 gas 74 may enter theliquefaction system 10 with a pressure such as approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia), e.g., 2100 kPa (300 psia). Within theregenerative heat exchanger 330, an already cooledliquid CO 2 30 absorbs heat from the CO2 gas 74 which may cause the temperature of the CO2 gas 74 to decrease. The cooledliquid CO 2 30 may have a temperature of approximately −51 to −18, −34 to −12, or −40 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −30 to 10, or −40 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −32 degrees C. (−26 degrees F.). The temperature of the CO2 gas 74 may begin at approximately −18 to 18, −7 to 7, or 0 to 27 degrees C. (or 0 to 65, 20 to 45, or 32 to 80 degrees F.), e.g., 0 degrees C. (32 degrees F.), then decrease to approximately −29 to −12, −23 to −18, or −18 to −12 degrees C. (or −20 to 10, −10 to 0, or 0 to 10 degrees F.), e.g., −22 degrees C. (−7 degrees F.). - The CO2 gas 74 then flows to the
refrigeration heat exchanger 332 as shown byarrow 352. Therefrigeration heat exchanger 332 uses acool refrigerant 354 entering atarrow 356 to transfer heat from the CO2 gas 74 to the refrigerant 354. This heat exchange causes thecool refrigerant 354 to exit therefrigeration heat exchanger 332 as awarm refrigerant 360, as shown byarrow 358. The refrigerant 354, 360 may be a solvent or other solution useful for transferring heat. Furthermore, therefrigeration heat exchanger 332 and theregenerative heat exchanger 330 may be part of a single refrigeration system, which may also include other heat exchangers, chillers, and coolers. After heat is transferred from the CO2 gas 74 to the refrigerant 354, at least a portion of the CO2 gas 74 is liquefied to theliquid CO 2 30, while another portion of the CO2 gas 74 remains as a residual CO2 gas 32. Theliquid CO 2 30 may have a temperature of approximately −51 to −18, −40 to −29, or −34 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −40 to −20, or −30 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −40 degrees C. (−40 degrees F.). - The
liquid CO 2 30 and the residual CO2 gas 32 then flow to theflash tank 334 as shown byarrow 362. Theflash tank 334 causes theliquid CO 2 30 to separate from the residual CO2 gas 32, with theliquid CO 2 30 exiting at one location as shown byarrow 364, and the residual CO2 gas 32 exiting at another location as shown byarrow 382. In other embodiments, theflash tank 334 may be replaced by any type of separation unit useful for separating a liquid from a gas. Under certain conditions, a majority of the fluid exiting theflash tank 334 may beliquid CO 2 30. For example, approximately 90 to 95 percent of the fluid exiting theflash tank 334 may beliquid CO 2 30, while 5 to 10 percent of the fluid may be the residual CO2 gas 32. Other embodiments may have greater than approximately 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 92.5, 95, 97.5, or 99 percent of the exiting fluid beingliquid CO 2 30. - The
liquid CO 2 30 then flows, as shown byarrow 366, to apump 162 configured to pump theliquid CO 2 30 to a high pressure, such as approximately 10,500 to 17, 250, 13,800 to 16,550, or 15,000 to 22,050 kPa (or 1500 to 2500, 2000 to 2400, or 2200 to 3200 psia), e.g., 15,000 kPa (2200 psia). Theliquid CO 2 30 may increase in temperature after passing through theflash tank 334 and thepump 162 to approximately −51 to −18, −34 to −12, or −40 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −30 to 10, or −40 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −32 degrees C. (−26 degrees F.). At this point, theliquid CO 2 30 flows to theregenerative heat exchanger 330, as shown byarrow 368. The chilledliquid CO 2 30 has a significant cooling capacity, while downstream applications of theliquid CO 2 30 may not require a low temperature of theliquid CO 2 30. For example, the downstream applications may require an ambient temperature and high pressure of theliquid CO 2 30. Accordingly, theregenerative heat exchanger 330 uses the cooling capacity of the liquid CO2 to pre-cool the CO2 gas 74 upstream of therefrigeration heat exchanger 332, thereby reducing the cooling requirements of theheat exchanger 332 while warming theliquid CO 2 30. During the heat exchange, theliquid CO 2 30 temperature may increase to approximately −18 to 7, −7 to 0, or −23 to −12 degrees C. (or 0 to 45, 20 to 32, or −10 to 10 degrees F.), e.g., −14 degrees C. (7 degrees F.). - After the
liquid CO 2 30 exits theregenerative heat exchanger 330, as indicated byarrow 370, theliquid CO 2 30 enters thesolvent chiller 336. Theliquid CO 2 30 acts as a coolant to transfer heat from a warm solvent 374 that enters thesolvent chiller 336 as shown byarrow 376. Theliquid CO 2 30 chills the warm solvent 374 resulting in a cool solvent 380, which exits thesolvent chiller 336 atarrow 378. The warm solvent 374 may enter thesolvent chiller 336 with a temperature of approximately 0 to 32, 10 to 27, or 18 to 38 degrees C. (or 32 to 90, 50 to 80, or 65 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 10 degrees C. (50 degrees F.), and exit as the cool solvent 380 with a temperature of approximately −18 to 7, −7 to 0, or −23 to −12 degrees C. (or 0 to 45, 20 to 32, or −10 to 10 degrees F.), e.g., −12 degrees C. (10 degrees F.). The solvent 374, 384 may be any solvent, such as methanol, Selexol™ Purisol™, or Rectisol™. For example, the solvent 374, 384 may be used in a gas treatment unit as discussed below. Other embodiments may not use a solvent chiller, or may use a chiller with a refrigerant or other coolant in place of a solvent. Theliquid CO 2 30 exits thesolvent chiller 336, as shown byarrow 372, with a temperature that may be an ambient temperature, such as approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.). Theliquid CO 2 30 may be used in a variety of downstream applications. For example, theliquid CO 2 30 may be used in carbon sequestration or enhanced oil recovery. - Returning to the
flash tank 334, the residual CO2 gas 32 flows from theflash tank 334 to thesolvent chiller 338 as shown byarrows 382, 384. The residual CO2 gas 32 acts as a coolant to transfer heat from a warm solvent 386 that enters thesolvent chiller 338 as shown byarrow 388. The residual CO2 gas 32 chills the warm solvent 386 resulting in a cool solvent 392, which exits thesolvent chiller 338 atarrow 390. The warm solvent 386 may enter thesolvent chiller 338 with a temperature of approximately 0 to 32, 10 to 27, or 18 to 38 degrees C. (or 32 to 90, 50 to 80, or 65 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 10 degrees C. (50 degrees F.), and exit as the cool solvent 392 with a temperature of approximately −51 to −18, −34 to −12, or −40 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −30 to 10, or −40 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −30 degrees C. (−20 degrees F.). The residual CO2 gas 32 exits thesolvent chiller 338, as shown by arrow 394, and flows to thefirst stage compressor 232. The exiting residual CO2 gas 32 may have a temperature of approximately −40 to −7, −34 to −12, or −29 to 0 degrees C. (or −40 to 20, −30 to 10, or −20 to 32 degrees F.), e.g., −20 degrees C. (0 degrees F.). - The
first stage compressor 232 provides a first amount of compression of the residual CO2 gas 32, resulting in an increase in pressure and temperature. The residual CO2 gas 32 then flows through atrim cooler 340 as indicated byarrow 396, asecond stage compressor 236 as indicated byarrow 398, and atrim cooler 342 as indicated byarrow 400. Thetrim cooler 340 cools the CO2residual gas 32 prior to thesecond stage compressor 236, thereby reducing the work required by thecompressor 236. Again, thesecond stage compressor 236 increases the temperature and pressure of the residual CO2 gas 32. Thus, thetrim cooler 342 cools the CO2 gas 32 before subsequent liquefaction. Although the illustrated embodiment includes two stages of compression and cooling, any suitable number of compressors and coolers may be used in the system 10 (e.g., 1 to 5). - The
first stage compressor 232 increases the temperature and pressure of the residual CO2 gas 32. The pressure, for example, may be approximately 700 to 3450, 1400 to 2750, or 1700 to 2400 kPa (or 100 to 500, 200 to 400, or 250 to 350 psia), e.g., 2100 kPa (300 psia), when the residual CO2 gas 32 enters thefirst stage compressor 232. The pressure may be approximately 2750 to 4850, 3450 to 4150, or 4150 to 4850 kPa (or 400 to 700, 500 to 600, or 600 to 700 psia), e.g., 4200 kPa (600 psia), when the residual CO2 gas 32 exits thefirst stage compressor 232. Furthermore, the temperature may be approximately −40 to −7, −34 to −12, or −29 to 0 degrees C. (or −40 to 20, −30 to 10, or −20 to 32 degrees F.), e.g., −20 degrees C. (0 degrees F.), when the residual CO2 gas 32 enters thefirst stage compressor 232. The temperature may be approximately 0 to 66, 27 to 50, or 32 to 93 degrees C. (or 32 to 150, 80 to 120, or 90 to 200 degrees F.), e.g., 50 degrees C. (120 degrees F.), when the residual CO2 gas 32 exits thefirst stage compressor 232. - The residual CO2 gas 32 next flows from the
first stage compressor 232 to thetrim cooler 340 as depicted byarrow 396. At thetrim cooler 340, the residual CO2 gas 32 may be cooled to approximately an ambient temperature, such as 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.). Thetrim cooler 340 uses a coolant (e.g., water or air) to decrease the temperature of the residual CO2 gas 32. The residual CO2 gas 32 then flows to thesecond stage compressor 236 as shown byarrow 398. - The
second stage compressor 236 increases the temperature and pressure of the residual CO2 gas 32. The pressure may be approximately 2750 to 4850, 3450 to 4150, or 4150 to 4850 kPa (or 400 to 700, 500 to 600, or 600 to 700 psia), e.g., 4200 kPa (600 psia), when the residual CO2 gas 32 enters thesecond stage compressor 236. The pressure may be approximately 6900 to 10,500, 7600 to 9650, or 8600 to 10,000 kPa (or 1000 to 1500, 1100 to 1400, or 1250 to 1450 psia), e.g., 8300 kPa (1200 psia), when the residual CO2 gas 32 exits thesecond stage compressor 236. Furthermore, the temperature may be approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.), when the residual CO2 gas 32 enters thesecond stage compressor 236. The temperature may be approximately 38 to 93, 66 to 82, or 70 to 93 degrees C. (or 100 to 200, 150 to 180, or 160 to 200 degrees F.), e.g., 70 degrees C. (160 degrees F.), when the residual CO2 gas 32 exits thesecond stage compressor 236. - The residual CO2 gas 32 then flows to another trim cooler 342 as depicted by
arrow 400. At thetrim cooler 342, the residual CO2 gas 32 may be cooled to an ambient temperature, such as approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.). Thetrim cooler 342 uses a coolant (e.g., water or air) to decrease the temperature of the residual CO2 gas 32. In certain embodiments, thetrim coolers trim coolers other heat exchangers - The residual CO2 gas 32 then flows to another regenerative heat exchanger 344 as shown by
arrow 402. Within the second regenerative heat exchanger 344, an already cooledliquid CO 2 38 absorbs heat from the residual CO2 gas 32 which may cause the temperature of the residual CO2 gas 32 to decrease. The cooledliquid CO 2 38 may have a temperature of approximately −51 to −18, −34 to −12, or −40 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −30 to 10, or −40 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −36 degrees C. (−32 degrees F.). The temperature of the residual CO2 gas 32 may begin at approximately 10 to 32, 18 to 30, or 27 to 38 degrees C. (or 50 to 90, 65 to 85, or 80 to 100 degrees F.), e.g., 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.), then decrease to approximately 18 to 18, −7 to 7, or 0 to 27 degrees C. (or 0 to 65, 20 to 45, or 32 to 80 degrees F.), e.g., 7 degrees C. (44 degrees F.). - The residual CO2 gas 32 then flows to the
refrigeration heat exchanger 346 as shown by arrow 404. Therefrigeration heat exchanger 346 uses acool refrigerant 406 entering atarrow 408 to transfer heat from the residual CO2 gas 32 to the refrigerant 406. This heat exchange causes thecool refrigerant 406 to exit therefrigeration heat exchanger 346 as awarm refrigerant 412, as shown byarrow 410. The refrigerant 406, 412 may be a solvent or other solution useful for transferring heat. Furthermore, therefrigeration heat exchanger 346 and the regenerative heat exchanger 344 may be part of a single refrigeration system, which may also include other heat exchangers, chillers, and coolers. After heat is transferred from the residual CO2 gas 32 to the refrigerant 406, at least a portion of the residual CO2 gas 32 is liquefied to theliquid CO 2 38, while a portion of the residual CO2 gas 32 remains as aresidual gas 298. Theliquid CO 2 38 may have a temperature of approximately −51 to −18, −40 to −29, or −34 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −40 to −20, or −30 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −40 degrees C. (−40 degrees F.). - The
liquid CO 2 38 and theresidual gas 298 flow to theflash tank 348 as shown byarrow 414. Theflash tank 348 causes theliquid CO 2 30 to separate from theresidual gas 298, with theliquid CO 2 38 exiting at one location as shown byarrow 416, and theresidual gas 298 exiting at another location as shown byarrow 424. In other embodiments, theflash tank 348 may be replaced by any type of separation unit useful for separating a liquid from a gas. Under certain conditions, a majority of the fluid exiting theflash tank 348 may beliquid CO 2 38. For example, approximately 60, 65, or 70 percent of the fluid exiting theflash tank 348 may beliquid CO 2 38, while 30, 35, or 40 percent of the fluid may be theresidual gas 298. Other embodiments may have greater than 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 92.5, 95, 97.5, or 99 percent of the exiting fluid beingliquid CO 2 38. - The
liquid CO 2 38 then flows, as shown byarrow 418, to apump 426 configured to pump theliquid CO 2 38 to a high pressure, such as approximately 10,500 to 17, 250, 13,800 to 16,550, or 15,000 to 22,050 kPa (or 1500 to 2500, 2000 to 2400, or 2200 to 3200 psia), e.g., 15,000 kPa (2200 psia). Theliquid CO 2 38 may increase in temperature after passing through thepump 426 to approximately −51 to −18, −34 to −12, or −40 to −23 degrees C. (or −60 to 0, −30 to 10, or −40 to −10 degrees F.), e.g., −36 degrees C. (−32 degrees F.). At this point, theliquid CO 2 38 flows to the regenerative heat exchanger 344, as shown byarrow 420. The chilledliquid CO 2 38 has a significant cooling capacity, while the downstream applications of theliquid CO 2 38 may not require a low temperature of theliquid CO 2 38. For example, the downstream applications may require an ambient temperature and high pressure of theliquid CO 2 38. Accordingly, the regenerative heat exchanger 344 uses the cooling capacity of theliquid CO 2 38 to pre-cool the CO2 gas 32 upstream of therefrigeration heat exchanger 346, thereby reducing the cooling requirements of theheat exchanger 346 while warming theliquid CO 2 38. During the heat exchange, theliquid CO 2 38 temperature may increase to approximately −18 to 7, −7 to 0, or −23 to −12 degrees C. (or 0 to 45, 20 to 32, or −10 to 10 degrees F.), e.g., −14 degrees C. (7 degrees F.). After theliquid CO 2 38 exits the regenerative heat exchanger 344, shown atarrow 422, theliquid CO 2 38 may be used in a variety of downstream applications, such as carbon sequestration or enhanced oil recovery. In the illustrated embodiment, theliquefaction system 10 substantially reduces energy consumption and increases efficiency in a facility by exchanging heat between different components, and relying primarily on cooling to liquefy the CO2 gas 74 without prior compression. -
FIG. 9 depicts anIGCC power plant 500 as an embodiment of thepower plant 16 illustrated inFIG. 1 . In the depicted embodiment, theIGCC power plant 500 may produce and burn a synthetic gas, i.e., a syngas. Elements of theIGCC power plant 500 may include afuel source 502, such as a carbonaceous feedstock, that may be utilized as a source of energy for theIGCC power plant 500. Thefuel source 502 may include coal, petroleum coke, biomass, wood-based materials, agricultural wastes, tars, oven gas, orimulsion, lignite, and asphalt, or other carbon containing items. - The fuel of the
fuel source 502 may be passed to afeedstock preparation unit 504. Thefeedstock preparation unit 504 may, for example, resize or reshape thefuel source 502 by chopping, milling, shredding, pulverizing, briquetting, or palletizing thefuel source 502 to generate feedstock. Additionally, water, or other suitable liquids may be added to thefuel source 502 in thefeedstock preparation unit 504 to create slurry feedstock. In certain embodiments, no liquid is added to the fuel source, thus yielding dry feedstock. The feedstock may be conveyed into agasifier 506 for use in gasification operations. - The
gasifier 506 may convert the feedstock into a syngas, e.g., a combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This conversion may be accomplished by subjecting the feedstock to a controlled amount of any moderator and limited oxygen at elevated pressures (e.g., from approximately 4200 to 8300 kPa (or 600 to 1200 psia)) and elevated temperatures (e.g., approximately 1200 to 1500 degrees C. (or 2200 to 2700 degrees F.)), depending on the type of feedstock used. The heating of the feedstock during a pyrolysis process may generate a solid (e.g., char) and residue gases (e.g., carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen). - A partial combustion process may then occur in the
gasifier 506. The partial combustion may include introducing oxygen to the char and residue gases. The char and residue gases may react with the oxygen to form CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO), which provides heat for the subsequent gasification reactions. The temperatures during the partial combustion process may range from approximately 1200 to 1500 degrees C. (or 2200 to 2700 degrees F.). In addition, steam may be introduced into thegasifier 506. Thegasifier 506 utilizes steam and limited oxygen to allow some of the feedstock to be burned to produce carbon monoxide and energy, which may drive a second reaction that converts further feedstock to hydrogen and additional carbon dioxide. - In this way, a resultant gas is manufactured by the
gasifier 506. This resultant gas may include approximately 85 percent of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in equal proportions, as well as Argon, CH4, HCl, HF, COS, NH3, HCN, and H2S (based on the sulfur content of the feedstock). This resultant gas may be termed untreated syngas, since it contains, for example, H2S. Thegasifier 506 may also generate waste, such asslag 508, which may be a wet ash material. Thisslag 508 may be removed from thegasifier 506 and disposed of, for example, as road base or as another building material. To treat the untreated syngas, agas treatment unit 510 may be utilized. In one embodiment, thegas treatment unit 510 may include one or more water gas shift reactors. The water gas shift reactors may aid in elevating the level of hydrogen (H2) and CO2 in the fuel by converting the CO and H2O in the syngas into CO2 and H2 (e.g., sour shifting). Thegas treatment unit 510 may also scrub the untreated syngas to remove the HCl, HF, COS, HCN, and H2S from the untreated syngas, which may include separation ofsulfur 512 in asulfur processor 514 component of thegas treatment unit 510. Furthermore, thegas treatment unit 510 may separatesalts 516 from the untreated syngas via awater treatment unit 518 that may utilize water purification techniques to generateusable salts 516 from the untreated syngas. Subsequently, the gas from thegas treatment unit 510 may include treated syngas, (e.g., thesulfur 512 has been removed from the syngas), with trace amounts of other chemicals, e.g., NH3 (ammonia) and CH4 (methane). - A
gas processor 520 may be used to remove additionalresidual gas components 522, such as ammonia and methane, as well as methanol or any residual chemicals from the treated syngas. Argon may also be recovered. Argon is a valuable product which may be recovered using, for example, cryogenic techniques. However, removal of residual gas components from the treated syngas is optional, since the treated syngas may be utilized as a fuel even when containing the residual gas components, e.g., tail gas. - The
carbon capture system 14 may extract and process the carbonaceous gas, e.g., CO2. Thecarbon capture system 14 may interoperate with thegas treatment unit 510, including thesulfur processor 514, to remove CO2 from the syngas before combustion (i.e., pre-combustion extraction). Additionally, carbon capture techniques may be used to extract CO2 after combustion of the syngas (i.e., post-combustion extraction). Further, combustion techniques may be used to aid in removing the CO2 during combustion (i.e., modified combustion). Some example techniques for CO2 extraction that include pre, post, and modified combustion modalities are as follows. Physical absorption techniques may be used that employ a physical solvent such as methanol, Selexol™, Purisol™, or Rectisol™, among others, during an acid gas reduction (AGR) process in thesulfur processor 514 to dissolve acid gases, such as H2S, and CO2 from the syngas. The H2S and CO2 rich liquid may then be further processed to remove and separate the H2S and the CO2, for example by using a regeneration vessel (e.g., stripper). Chemical absorption techniques may be used that employ amines, caustics and other chemical solvents to scrub, for example, a cooled flue gas that is brought into contact with the solvent. The CO2 may then become bound into the chemical solvent. The enriched solvent may then be caused to release the CO2 by techniques such as the aforementioned regeneration vessel. - Physical adsorption techniques may also be used wherein solid sorbents, such as sorbents based on zeolites, silica, and so forth, bind the CO2 such as the CO2 in the flue gas so as to remove the CO2 from the flue gas. Chemical adsorption techniques employing, for example, metal oxides may also be used in a similar manner. Membrane-based techniques may also be used, wherein plastics, ceramics, metals, and so forth are used as permeable barrier to separate the CO2 from a flow containing the CO2. Modified combustion techniques such as oxy-fuel and chemical looping may also be used to extract the CO2. In oxy-fuel, approximately pure oxygen is used in lieu of air as the primary oxidant. The fuel is combusted in the oxygen so as to produce a flue gas rich in CO2 and water vapor. The CO2 may then be more easily extracted from the flue gas and water vapor. The use of oxygen also reduces the nitrous oxides (NOx) that may be produced when using air. In chemical looping, dual fluidized bed systems employing, for example, a metal oxide are used to extract CO2. The metal oxide works as a bed material providing oxygen for combustion. Oxygen replaces air as an oxidant and is used to combust the fuel. CO2 extraction techniques may more easily extract the flue gas rich in CO2. The subsequently reduced metal is transferred to the second bed to re-oxidize. The re-oxidized metal is then reintroduced into the first bed and again used for combustion, closing the loop. Cryogenic techniques capable of cooling flue gas to desublimation temperatures (e.g., approximately −100 to −135 degrees C. (−148 to −211 degrees F.)) may be used. Solid CO2 may form due to the cooling, and is subsequently removed from the flue stream. Indeed, any number and combination of carbon capture techniques, such as the aforementioned techniques, may be included in the
carbon capture system 14. - The CO2 may then be liquefied by the
liquefaction system 10 and pumped to a high pressure by thepumping system 12. Theliquefaction system 10 utilizes an air separation unit (ASU) 530 of theIGCC plant 500. The cold temperatures within the cryogenic cooling system of theASU 530 cool the CO2 gas to liquefy it. The CO2 gas flows from theliquefaction system 10 to theASU 530, then returns to theliquefaction system 10 as a liquid CO2. In other embodiments, theliquefaction system 10 may use a refrigeration system or other cooling mechanism to liquefy the CO2. The CO2 then flows to thepumping system 12 to be pumped to a high pressure. For example, the CO2 may be pumped to high pressures of approximately 10,500 to 17, 250, 13,800 to 16,550, or 15,000 to 22,050 kPa (or 1500 to 2500, 2000 to 2400, or 2200 to 3200 psia), e.g., 15,000 kPa (2200 psia). The high pressure, liquefied CO2 may then be transported by apipeline system 22. The CO2 may then be redirected into thecarbon sequestration system 24 and/or theEOR 26. Accordingly, emissions of the extracted CO2 into the atmosphere may be reduced or eliminated by redirecting the extracted CO2 for other uses. Furthermore, using theASU 530 to liquefy the CO2 gas may reduce energy consumption to produce a high pressure, liquefied CO2. - In certain embodiments, the
IGCC plant 500 may be designed to incorporate theliquefaction system 10 and thepumping system 12 as original equipment or a retrofit kit. Indeed, it is possible to retrofit theliquefaction system 10 and thepumping system 12 to a variety of existing IGCC plants 500. The retrofittedliquefaction system 10 may include integration withASU 530 systems,carbon capture systems 14,pumping systems 12, andpipelines 22. - After the CO2 has been captured from the syngas, the treated syngas may be then transmitted to a
combustor 526, e.g., a combustion chamber, of thegas turbine engine 528 as combustible fuel. TheASU 530 may operate to separate air into component gases by, for example, distillation techniques. TheASU 530 may separate oxygen from the air supplied to it from asupplemental air compressor 532, and theASU 530 may transfer the separated oxygen to thegasifier 506. Additionally theASU 530 may transmit separated nitrogen to a diluent nitrogen (DGAN)compressor 534. - The
DGAN compressor 534 may compress the nitrogen received from theASU 530 at least to pressure levels equal to those in thecombustor 526, so as not to interfere with the proper combustion of the syngas. Thus, once theDGAN compressor 534 has adequately compressed the nitrogen to a proper level, theDGAN compressor 534 may transmit the compressed nitrogen to thecombustor 526 of thegas turbine engine 528. The nitrogen may be used as a diluent to facilitate control of emissions, for example. - As described previously, the compressed nitrogen may be transmitted from the
DGAN compressor 534 to thecombustor 526 of thegas turbine engine 528. Thegas turbine engine 528 may include aturbine 536, adrive shaft 538 and acompressor 540, as well as thecombustor 526. Thecombustor 526 may receive fuel, such as syngas, which may be injected under pressure from fuel nozzles. This fuel may be mixed with compressed air as well as compressed nitrogen from theDGAN compressor 534, and combusted withincombustor 526. This combustion may create hot pressurized exhaust gases. - The
combustor 526 may direct the exhaust gases towards an exhaust outlet of theturbine 536. As the exhaust gases from thecombustor 526 pass through theturbine 536, the exhaust gases force turbine blades in theturbine 536 to rotate thedrive shaft 538 along an axis of thegas turbine engine 528. As illustrated, thedrive shaft 538 is connected to various components of thegas turbine engine 528, including thecompressor 540. - The
drive shaft 538 may connect theturbine 536 to thecompressor 540 to form a rotor. Thecompressor 540 may include blades coupled to thedrive shaft 538. Thus, rotation of turbine blades in theturbine 536 may cause thedrive shaft 538 connecting theturbine 536 to thecompressor 540 to rotate blades within thecompressor 540. This rotation of blades in thecompressor 540 causes thecompressor 540 to compress air received via an air intake in thecompressor 540. The compressed air may then be fed to thecombustor 526 and mixed with fuel and compressed nitrogen to allow for higher efficiency combustion. Driveshaft 538 may also be connected to aload 542, which may be a stationary load, such as an electrical generator for producing electrical power, for example, in a power plant. Indeed, theload 542 may be any suitable device that is powered by the rotational output of thegas turbine engine 528. - The
IGCC power plant 500 also may include asteam turbine engine 544 and a heat recovery steam generation (HRSG)system 546. Thesteam turbine engine 544 may drive asecond load 548. Thesecond load 548 may also be an electrical generator for generating electrical power. However, both the first andsecond loads gas turbine engine 528 andsteam turbine engine 544. In addition, although thegas turbine engine 528 andsteam turbine engine 544 may driveseparate loads gas turbine engine 528 andsteam turbine engine 544 may also be utilized in tandem to drive a single load via a single shaft. The specific configuration of thesteam turbine engine 544, as well as thegas turbine engine 528, may be implementation-specific and may include any combination of sections. - The
system 500 may also include theHRSG 546. Heated exhaust gas from thegas turbine engine 528 may be transported into theHRSG 546 and used to heat water and produce steam used to power thesteam turbine engine 544. Exhaust from, for example, a low-pressure section of thesteam turbine engine 544 may be directed into acondenser 550. Thecondenser 550 may utilize thecooling tower 524 to exchange heated water for chilled water. Thecooling tower 524 acts to provide cool water to thecondenser 550 to aid in condensing the steam transmitted to thecondenser 550 from thesteam turbine engine 544. Condensate from thecondenser 550 may, in turn, be directed into theHRSG 546. Again, exhaust from thegas turbine engine 528 may also be directed into theHRSG 546 to heat the water from thecondenser 550 and produce steam. - In combined cycle power plants such as
IGCC power plant 500, hot exhaust may flow from thegas turbine engine 528 and pass to theHRSG 546, where it may be used to generate high-pressure, high-temperature steam. The steam produced by theHRSG 546 may then be passed through thesteam turbine engine 544 for power generation. In addition, the produced steam may also be supplied to any other processes where steam may be used, such as to thegasifier 506. Thegas turbine engine 528 generation cycle is often referred to as the “topping cycle,” whereas thesteam turbine engine 544 generation cycle is often referred to as the “bottoming cycle.” By combining these two cycles as illustrated inFIG. 9 , theIGCC power plant 500 may lead to greater efficiencies in both cycles. In particular, exhaust heat from the topping cycle may be captured and used to generate steam for use in the bottoming cycle. - This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
Claims (20)
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US12/986,085 US20120174621A1 (en) | 2011-01-06 | 2011-01-06 | Carbon dioxide liquefaction system |
EP11195561.3A EP2474800A3 (en) | 2011-01-06 | 2011-12-23 | Carbon dioxide liquefaction system |
CA2763323A CA2763323A1 (en) | 2011-01-06 | 2012-01-05 | Carbon dioxide liquefaction system |
AU2012200096A AU2012200096B2 (en) | 2011-01-06 | 2012-01-06 | Carbon dioxide liquefaction system |
CN201210014067.1A CN102589249B (en) | 2011-01-06 | 2012-01-06 | Carbon dioxide liquefaction system |
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US12/986,085 US20120174621A1 (en) | 2011-01-06 | 2011-01-06 | Carbon dioxide liquefaction system |
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US (1) | US20120174621A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2474800A3 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102589249B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2012200096B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2763323A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20130081409A1 (en) * | 2011-09-30 | 2013-04-04 | General Electric Company | Methods and systems for co2 condensation |
US20160003532A1 (en) * | 2014-07-03 | 2016-01-07 | Pioneer Energy Inc | Systems and methods for recovering carbon dioxide from industrially relevant waste streams, especially ethanol fermentation processes, for application in food and beverage production |
US9279340B2 (en) | 2010-03-23 | 2016-03-08 | General Electric Company | System and method for cooling gas turbine components |
US20190135624A1 (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2019-05-09 | Christian Mair | Installation and method for carbon recovery and storage, without the use of gas compression |
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JP5932127B2 (en) * | 2013-02-25 | 2016-06-08 | 三菱重工コンプレッサ株式会社 | Carbon dioxide liquefaction equipment |
CN109000429B (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2020-12-25 | 聊城市鲁西化工工程设计有限责任公司 | Carbon dioxide liquefaction device and process |
CN114087846B (en) * | 2022-01-17 | 2022-06-07 | 杭氧集团股份有限公司 | Device for producing dry ice by coupling photoelectric hydrogen production energy storage and cold energy recovery and use method |
FR3137164A1 (en) * | 2022-06-24 | 2023-12-29 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Carbon dioxide compression system and method with multiphase compression and supercritical pump |
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DK1308502T3 (en) * | 2001-10-30 | 2005-11-28 | Steinecker Maschf Anton | Process for condensing CO2 derived from alcoholic fermentation or other gas sources |
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- 2011-01-06 US US12/986,085 patent/US20120174621A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-12-23 EP EP11195561.3A patent/EP2474800A3/en not_active Withdrawn
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2012
- 2012-01-05 CA CA2763323A patent/CA2763323A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-01-06 CN CN201210014067.1A patent/CN102589249B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-01-06 AU AU2012200096A patent/AU2012200096B2/en not_active Ceased
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US4529424A (en) * | 1981-07-23 | 1985-07-16 | Snamprogetti, S.P.A. | Cryogenic process for fractionally removing acidic gases from gas mixtures |
WO2011026170A1 (en) * | 2009-09-01 | 2011-03-10 | Cool Energy Limited | Process and apparatus for reducing the concentration of a sour species in a sour gas |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US9279340B2 (en) | 2010-03-23 | 2016-03-08 | General Electric Company | System and method for cooling gas turbine components |
US20130081409A1 (en) * | 2011-09-30 | 2013-04-04 | General Electric Company | Methods and systems for co2 condensation |
US20160003532A1 (en) * | 2014-07-03 | 2016-01-07 | Pioneer Energy Inc | Systems and methods for recovering carbon dioxide from industrially relevant waste streams, especially ethanol fermentation processes, for application in food and beverage production |
US20190135624A1 (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2019-05-09 | Christian Mair | Installation and method for carbon recovery and storage, without the use of gas compression |
US10981785B2 (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2021-04-20 | Christian Mair | Installation and method for carbon recovery and storage, without the use of gas compression |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2012200096A1 (en) | 2012-07-26 |
CN102589249B (en) | 2016-12-14 |
CN102589249A (en) | 2012-07-18 |
EP2474800A3 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
CA2763323A1 (en) | 2012-07-06 |
EP2474800A2 (en) | 2012-07-11 |
AU2012200096B2 (en) | 2015-09-17 |
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