US20110002459A1

US20110002459A1 - Apparatus and method for transmitting and receiving data

Info

Publication number: US20110002459A1
Application number: US12/796,483
Authority: US
Inventors: Dae Youb Kim
Original assignee: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
Current assignee: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
Priority date: 2009-06-08
Filing date: 2010-06-08
Publication date: 2011-01-06
Also published as: KR101584987B1; KR20100131678A; US8464070B2

Abstract

Provided is an apparatus to transmit and receive data, and a method thereof. A data transmission apparatus may generate a first cryptogram and a second cryptogram by encrypting a message authentication code to be transmitted, using a plurality of encryption keys, and may transmit the generated first cryptogram and the second cryptogram to a data reception apparatus.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2009-0050392 filed on Jun. 8, 2009, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field
The following description relates to an apparatus to transmit and receive data, and a method thereof, and more particularly, to an apparatus to transmit and receive data that may reduce amounts of data transmitted during a message authentication, and may also be effectively prevent a denial-of-service (DoS) attack, and a method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
With the rapid development of various types of high speed Internet environments, there is a need for methods which prevent Internet criminals from infiltrating networks. In particular, where a server crashes or personal information is leaked due to an attack on a network by a computer hacker, a large amount of damage may be caused to an operator of a large portal site.
Types of network attacks may include an attack of hacking an Internet site to obtain confidential information or personal information, an attack of infecting a plurality of client computers with a malicious code (e.g., a computer virus or worm) to make the client computers transmit a large number of packets to a particular network system at one time and to thereby cause a server of the network system to go down, and the like.
In particular, the second type of above-mentioned network attack is also referred to as a denial-of-service (DoS) attack. Generally, the DoS attack may use a very simple attacking scheme. Tools to perform the DoS attack are readily available on the Internet and even an inexperienced computer hacker may easily attack a network system using the DoS attack.
Accordingly, there is a need for a method that may effectively defend against the DoS attack.

SUMMARY

In one general aspect, a data transmission apparatus includes an authentication code generator to generate a message authentication code using an i-th message and an encryption key assigned to the i-th message, wherein i denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1, an encryption unit to generate a first cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, and to generate a second cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i-d)-th message, wherein d denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1, and a transmitter to transmit the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.
The encryption unit may generate the first cryptogram by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using the encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to the encryption key assigned to the (i−d+1)-th message, and may generate the second cryptogram by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using the encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message.
The transmitter may transmit the i-th message, the first cryptogram, the second cryptogram, and the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message.
In another general aspect, a data reception apparatus includes a receiver to receive a first data packet that includes an i-th message, a first cryptogram associated with the i-th message, and a second cryptogram associated with the i-th message, and a second data packet that includes an encryption key assigned to an (i-k)-th message, wherein i denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1 and k denotes an integer greater than or equal to zero, a storage unit to store the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram, and a control unit to manage a storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram, using the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.
The first cryptogram may be generated by sequentially encrypting a message authentication code using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, and the message authentication code may be generated using the i-th message and an encryption key assigned to the i-th message, and d may denote an integer greater than k, and the second cryptogram may be generated by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i-d)-th message.
The control unit may restore an encryption key assigned to an (i-k−1)-th message from the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, generate a second decryptogram by decrypting the second cryptogram using the restored encryption key assigned to the (i-k−1)-th message, and manage the storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram through a comparison between the first cryptogram and the second decryptogram.
In response to the second decryptogram being identical to the first cryptogram, the control unit may generate a first decryptogram by decrypting the first cryptogram using the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, may substitute the first cryptogram with the first decryptogram, may store the first decryptogram in the storage unit, may substitute the second cryptogram with the second decryptogram, and may store the second decryptogram in the storage unit.
In response to the second decryptogram being different from the first cryptogram, the control unit deletes, from the storage unit, the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.
The control unit may generate a message authentication code associated with the i-th message using the i-th message and the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, and manage the storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram through a comparison between the message authentication code and the first cryptogram.
In response to the message authentication code being different from the first cryptogram, the control unit may delete, from the storage unit, the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.
In still another general aspect, a data transmission method includes generating a message authentication code using an i-th message and an encryption key assigned to the i-th message, wherein i denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1, generating a first cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, and generating a second cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i-d)-th message, wherein d denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1, and transmitting the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.
The generating of the first cryptogram and the second cryptogram may include generating the first cryptogram by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using the encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to the encryption key assigned to the (i−d+1)-th message and generating the second cryptogram by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using the encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message.
The transmitting may include transmitting the i-th message, the first cryptogram, the second cryptogram, and the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message.
In yet another general aspect, there is provided a method of receiving data, the method including receiving a first data packet that includes an i-th message, a first cryptogram associated with the i-th message, and a second cryptogram associated with the i-th message, wherein i denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1, storing the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram, receiving a second data packet that includes an encryption key assigned to an (i-k)-th message, wherein k denotes an integer greater than or equal to zero, and managing a storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram using the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, the i-th message, and the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.
The first cryptogram may be generated by sequentially encrypting a message authentication code using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, and the message authentication code may be generated using the i-th message and an encryption key assigned to the i-th message, and d denotes an integer greater than k, and the second cryptogram may be generated by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i-d)-th message.
The managing may include restoring an encryption key assigned to an (i-k−1)-th message from the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, generating a second decryptogram by decrypting the second cryptogram using the restored encryption key assigned to the (i-k−1)-th message, and managing the storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram through a comparison between the first cryptogram and the second decryptogram.
In response to the second decryptogram being identical to the first cryptogram, the managing may include generating a first decryptogram by decrypting the first cryptogram using the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, substituting the first cryptogram with the first decryptogram, storing the first decryptogram, substituting the second cryptogram with the second decryptogram and storing the second decryptogram.
In response to the second decryptogram being different from the stored first cryptogram, the managing may include deleting the stored i-th message, the stored first cryptogram, and the stored second cryptogram.
The managing may include generating a message authentication code associated with the i-th message using the i-th message and the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, and managing the storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram through a comparison between the message authentication code and the first cryptogram.
In response to the message authentication code being different from the first cryptogram, the managing may include deleting the stored i-th message, the stored first cryptogram, and the stored second cryptogram.
In another general aspect, there is provided a system to transmit and receive data, including an authentication code generator to generate a message authentication code using an i-th message and an encryption key assigned to the i-th message, wherein i denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1; an encryption unit to generate a first cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, and to generate a second cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i-d)-th message, wherein d denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1; a transmitter to transmit a first data packet that includes the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram, and a second data packet that includes the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message; a receiver to receive the first data packet that includes the i-th message, the first cryptogram, the second cryptogram, and the second data packet that includes the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message; a storage unit to store the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram; and a control unit to manage a storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram, using the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message, the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.
Other features and aspects will be apparent from the following detailed description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams illustrating an example of a concept of a TESLA (Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication) protocol;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrams illustrating an example of a concept of a staggered TESLA protocol;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a system to transmit and receive data;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of an encryption operation that is performed by a data transmission apparatus;

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a decryption operation that is performed by a data reception apparatus;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method of transmitting data; and

FIGS. 7 through 9 are flowcharts illustrating an example of a method of receiving data.

Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures. The elements may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration and convenience.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description is provided to assist the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the methods, apparatuses and/or systems described herein. Accordingly, various changes, modifications, and equivalents of the systems, apparatuses and/or methods described herein will be suggested to those of ordinary skill in the art. Descriptions of well-known functions and constructions may be omitted for increased clarity and conciseness.
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an example of a concept of a Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication (TESLA) protocol.
The TESLA protocol may include a message authentication code and a message in a data packet, and may transmit the data packet to verify that the data packet is transmitted from an authenticated source. Through this, the TESLA protocol may protect a data transmission apparatus (e.g., a server) and a data reception apparatus (e.g., a terminal) from a denial-of-service (DoS) attack.
Hereinafter, an example of transmitting the data packet from the data transmission apparatus to the data reception apparatus according to the TESLA protocol will be described with reference to FIG. 1A.
In a first operation, the data transmission apparatus may divide a time where the data packet is transmitted, into intervals each having a same duration. The data packet containing a single message may be transmitted in each of the intervals. Hereinafter, a message transmitted in an i-th interval is referred to as a message M_i.
In a second operation, the data transmission apparatus may allocate an encryption key to a corresponding message transmitted in each of the intervals. The encryption key may be used to generate a message authentication code associated with the message. Hereinafter, an encryption key assigned to the message M_iis referred to as an encryption key K_i.
The data transmission apparatus may perform a one-way function operation corresponding to a seed to generate the encryption key, which may be expressed by the following Equation 1.
K _i =F ₁(S _i) [Equation 1]
In the above Equation 1, F_{1( )}denotes a one-way function and S_idenotes a seed with respect to the encryption key K_i.
A seed S_i−1with respect to an encryption key k_i−1assigned to a message M_i−1may be calculated from the seed S_iwith respect to the encryption key K_iassigned to the message M_i, which may be expressed by the following Equation 2.
S _n−1 =F ₂(S _n) [Equation 2]
In the above Equation 2, F₂( ) denotes the one-way function.
In a third operation, the data transmission apparatus may generate the message authentication associated with the message using the encryption key assigned to the message.
In a fourth operation, the data transmission apparatus may transmit, to the data reception apparatus, the data packet that includes the message, the message authentication code, and the seed of the encryption key. In this case, a seed of an encryption key transmitted in each of the intervals may be a seed of an encryption key assigned to a message being transmitted in a previous interval being d intervals prior to a current interval. Here, d denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1 and may be determined based on a maximum network delay for all the recipients, that is, all the data reception apparatuses to receive the data packet transmitted from the data transmission apparatus.
For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1A, a data packet transmitted in an i-th interval may include the message M_i, a seed S_i-dof an encryption key K_i-dassigned to a message M_i-dbeing transmitted d intervals prior to the message M_i, and a message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) associated with the message M_i. Here, the message M_imay be generated using the encryption key K_i. The seed S_iof the encryption key K_iassigned to the message M_imay be transmitted in an (i+d)-th interval after d intervals from the i-th interval. Hereinafter, the data packet transmitted to the data reception apparatus according to the TESLA protocol is referred to as a TESLA packet. The TESLA packet transmitted in the i-th interval may be expressed by TESLA packet {M_i, MAC(Ki, M_i), S_i-d}.
For example, where d has a value of 3, a TESLA packet {M_i, MAC(K_i, M_i), S_i−3} may be transmitted in the i-th interval, and a TESLA packet {M_i+3, MAC(K_i+3, M_i+3), S_i} may be transmitted in an (i+3)-th interval.
Hereinafter, an operation of the data reception apparatus to authenticate a message included in a received data packet will be described with reference to FIG. 1B.
The data reception apparatus may store the message M_iand the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) that are included in the TESLA packet {M_i, MAC(K_i, M_i), S_i−d} transmitted in an i-th interval. The data reception apparatus may buffer the message M_iand the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) until the seed S_iof the encryption key K_iassigned to the message M_iis received.
In an (i+d)-th interval, the data reception apparatus may receive the TESLA packet {M_i+d, MAC(K_i+d, M_i+d), S_i} including the seed S_iof the encryption key K_iassigned to the message M_i. The data reception apparatus may calculate the encryption key K_ifrom the seed S_i, and may authenticate the message M_iusing the encryption key K_i, and the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i). Where the message M_iis unauthenticated, the data reception apparatus may delete the message M_iand the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i).
For example, where d has a value of 3, the data reception apparatus may receive a TESLA packet {M_i, MAC(K_i, M_i), S_i−3} in the i-th interval and buffer the message M_iand the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) until an (i+2)-th interval. The data reception apparatus may authenticate the message M_iusing the seed S_iincluded in a TESLA packet {M_i+3, MAC(K_i+3, M_i+3), S_i}.
As described above, in the TESLA protocol, the message M_iand the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) may need to be buffered until the seed S_iof the encryption key K_iassigned to the message M_iis received. Therefore, the TESLA protocol may be weak against a DoS attack such as an overflow attack. A staggered TESLA protocol is proposed to overcome the above weakness. Hereinafter, the staggered TESLA protocol will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate diagrams illustrating an example of a concept of a staggered TESLA protocol.
A data transmission apparatus to transmit data according to the staggered TESLA protocol may additionally transmit (d−1) message authentication codes to a TESLA packet to protect a data reception apparatus from a DoS attack.
Hereinafter, an example of transmitting the data packet from the data transmission apparatus to the data reception apparatus according to the staggered TESLA protocol will be described with reference to FIG. 2A.
In a first operation, the data transmission apparatus may divide a time where a message is transmitted, into intervals having a same duration.
In a second operation, the data transmission apparatus may allocate an encryption key to a corresponding message transmitted in each of the intervals. Descriptions related to the first operation and the second operation will be the same as or similar to descriptions made above regarding the TESLA protocol illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, and thus further detailed descriptions will be omitted.
In a third operation, the data transmission apparatus may generate a plurality of message authentication codes associated with a message to be transmitted in each of the intervals.
In a fourth operation, the data transmission apparatus may transmit, to the data reception apparatus, a data packet that includes the message, the plurality of message authentication codes, and a seed of an encryption key.
For example, the data transmission apparatus may generate a staggered TESLA packet with the additionally added (d−1) message authentication codes in the third operation, and may transmit the generated staggered TESLA packet to the data reception apparatus in the fourth operation.
Where a potential Internet criminal (e.g., computer hacker, virus programmer, etc.) desires to fabricate a message M_i, the Internet criminal may be unaware of an encryption key K_i, and encryption keys K_i−1through K_i−d+1. Accordingly, the data transmission apparatus may further transmit a message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) and the (d−1) message authentication codes and thereby make it more difficult for the Internet criminal to fabricate the message M_i, and may protect the data reception apparatus from the DoS attack.
The (d−1) message authentication codes may include message authentication codes MAC(K_i−1, M_i), MAC(K_i−2, M_i), . . . , MAC(K_i−d+1, M_i) associated with the message M_ithat are generated using the encryption keys K_i−1through K_i−d+1. Specifically, the data transmission apparatus to transmit data according to the staggered TESLA protocol may transmit, to the data reception apparatus, a staggered TESLA packet {M_i, MAC(K_i, M_i), MAC(K_i−1, M_i), MAC(K_i−2, M_i), . . . , MAC(K_i−d+1, M_i), S_i−d} in an i-th interval.
For example, where d has a value of 3, a staggered TESLA packet {M_i, MAC(K_i, M_i), MAC(K_i, M_i), MAC(K_i−2, M_i), S_i−3} may be transmitted in the i-th interval. A staggered TESLA packet M_i+3, MAC{K_i+3, M_i+3), MAC(K_i−4, M_i+3), MAC(K_i−5, M_i+3), S_i} may be transmitted in an (1+3)-th interval.
Hereinafter, an operation of the data reception apparatus to authenticate a message included in a received data packet will be described with reference to FIG. 2B.
In the i-th interval, the data reception apparatus may receive the staggered TESLA packet {M_i, MAC(K_i, M_i), MAC(K_i−1, M_i), MAC(K_i−2, M_i), . . . , MAC(K_i−d+1, M_i), S_i-d}, and may store the message M_i, and message authentication codes MAC(K_i, M_i) through MAC(K_i-d+1, M_i) that are included in the staggered TESLA packets.
In an (i+1)-th interval, the data reception apparatus may receive a staggered TESLA packet {M_i+1, MAC(K_i+1, M_i+1), MAC(K_i, M_i+1), MAC(K_i−1, M_i+1), . . . , MAC(K_i−d+2, M_i+1), S_i−d+1}, and may determine whether to maintain or delete the stored message M_ibased on the seed S_i−d+1and the message authentication code MAC(K_i−d+1, M_i) that are stored in the staggered TESLA packet.
For example, the data transmission apparatus may calculate an encryption key K_i−d+1from the seed S_i−d+1using the above Equation 1, and may generate a message authentication code MAC′(K_i−d+1, M_i) associated with the message M_iusing the encryption key K_i−d+1. The data transmission apparatus may compare whether the generated message authentication code MAC′(K_i−d+1, M_i) is identical to the stored message authentication code MAC(K_i−d+1, M_i). Where the message authentication code MAC′(K_i−d+1, M_i) is identical to the message authentication code MAC(K_d+1, M_i), the data reception apparatus may continuously buffer the message M_iand the remaining message authentication codes MAC(K_i, M_i) through MAC(K_i−d+2, M_i). Conversely, where the message authentication code MAC(K_i−d+1, M_i) is different from the message authentication code MAC(K_i−d+1, M_i), the data reception apparatus may delete the message M_iand the remaining message authentication codes MAC(K_i, M_i) through MAC(K_i−d+2, M_i).
In an (i+2)-th interval, the data reception apparatus may receive a staggered TESLA packet {M_i+2, MAC(K_i+2, M_i+2), MAC(K_i−1, M_i+2), MAC(K_i, M_i+2), . . . , MAC(K_i−d+3, M_i+2), S_i−d+2}, and may determine whether to maintain or delete the stored message M_iusing a seed S_i−d+2and a message authentication code MAC(K_i−d+2, M_i) that are included in the received staggered TESLA packet. The above operation may be the same as the aforementioned operation of the data reception apparatus that may be performed in the (i+1)-th interval.
The data reception apparatus may repeat an operation of maintaining or deleting the message M_iin each of the intervals until an (i+d)-th interval, that is, until the seed S_iis received.
As illustrated in FIG. 2B, for example, in the case of d=3, where a generated message authentication code MAC′(K_i−2, M_i) is identical to a stored message authentication code MAC(K_i−2, M_i), the data reception apparatus may buffer the message M_iand message authentication codes MAC(K_i−1, M_i) and MAC(K_i, M_i) in the (i+1)-th interval. In the (i+2)-th interval, here a generated message authentication code MAC(K_i−1, M_i) is identical to a stored message authentication code MAC(K_i−1, M_i), the data reception apparatus may buffer the message M_iand the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i). In an (i+3)-th interval, where a generated message authentication code MAC′(K_i, M_i) is identical to the stored message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i), the data reception apparatus may authenticate that the message M_ias a valid message.
As described above, the data reception apparatus may verify whether the message M_iis a valid message in advance before a d-th interval. Accordingly, it is possible to enhance a buffering efficiency of the message M_i.
According to the staggered TESLA protocol, a plurality of message authentication codes may need to be transmitted to the data reception apparatus, which may extend a length of a data packet to be transmitted. Since the data reception apparatus may need to store the plurality of message authentication codes, it may not provide efficient buffering. Accordingly, there is a need for a data transmission and reception protocol that may have similar positive functions to the staggered TESLA protocol, and may also decrease the length of the data packet to be transmitted and an amount of data to be buffered.
Hereinafter, a system to transmit and receive data according to an example will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 3.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a configuration of a system 300 to transmit and receive data.
Referring to FIG. 3, the system 300 includes a data transmission apparatus 310 and a data reception apparatus 320. The data transmission apparatus 310 includes an authentication code generator 311, an encryption unit 312, and a transmitter 313. The data reception apparatus 320 includes a receiver 321, a storage unit 322, and a control unit 323. Functions of the above system 300 and components thereof will be further described below.
Hereinafter, an operation of transmitting a data packet from the data transmission apparatus 310 to the data reception apparatus 320, and an operation of authenticating, by the data reception apparatus 320 receiving the data packet, a message included in the data packet will be described.
First, the operation of transmitting the data packet from the data transmission apparatus 310 to the data reception apparatus 320 will be described.
The data transmission apparatus 310 may divide a time where the data packet is transmitted, into intervals each having a same duration, and may transmit the data packet containing a single message in each of the intervals. The operation of transmitting the data packet in each of the intervals may be the same and thus only an operation of the data transmission apparatus 310 to transmit the data packet in an i-th interval will be described.
The authentication code generator 311 may generate a message authentication code associated with an i-th message using the i-th message and an encryption key assigned to the i-th message. As described above, the i-th message denotes a message M_itransmitted in the i-th interval. The encryption key assigned to the i-th message denotes an encryption key K_i. The message authentication code associated with the i-th message denotes a message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i).
The encryption unit 312 may generate a first cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, that is, using encryption keys from an encryption key K_i−1to an encryption key K_i−d+1. The encryption unit 312 may generate a second cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i-d)-th message, that is, using encryption keys from the encryption key K_i−1to an encryption key K_i-d.
To make it difficult for an Internet criminal to fabricate a message, the encryption unit 312 may encrypt the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using a plurality of encryption keys. In this case, the encryption unit 312 may generate the first cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using (d−1) encryption keys, that is, the encryption keys K_i−1through K_i−d+1, and may generate the second cryptogram by encrypting the first cryptogram using the encryption key K_i-d. The first cryptogram and the second cryptogram may be used where the data reception apparatus 320 determines whether the message M_iis valid. Hereinafter, the first cryptogram with respect to the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) is referred to as a cryptogram A_i, and the second cryptogram with respect to the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) is referred to as a cryptogram C_i.
The transmitter 313 may transmit the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_ito the data reception apparatus 320. Here, the transmitter 313 may generate a data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i} that includes the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_i, and may transmit the generated data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i} to the data reception apparatus 320.
The transmitter 313 may generate a data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i, K_i-d} that further includes the encryption key K_i-dassigned to the (i-d)-th message in addition to the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_i, and may transmit the generated data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i, K_i-d} to the data reception apparatus 320.
Referring to FIG. 3, the encryption unit 312 may generate the cryptogram A_iby sequentially encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using the encryption keys K_i−1through K_i−d+1. The encryption unit 312 may generate the cryptogram C_iby sequentially encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using the encryption keys K_i−1through K_i-d. Hereinafter, an operation of the data transmission apparatus 310 to generate the cryptogram A_iand the cryptogram C_iby sequentially encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using the encryption keys through K_i−1through K_i-dwill be further described with reference to FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an encryption operation that may be performed by the data transmission apparatus 310.
For ease of description, it is assumed that d is an integer greater than or equal to 5.
In a first operation, the data transmission apparatus 310 may generate a message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) associated with a message M_iusing an encryption key K_i. The message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) may be generated by the authentication code generator 311.
In a second operation, the data transmission apparatus may encrypt the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using an encryption key K_i−1.
In a third operation, the data transmission apparatus may re-encrypt the encrypted message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using an encryption key K_i−2.
The data transmission apparatus 310 may generate a cryptogram A_iby repeating the above sequential encryption using encryption keys K_i−3through K_i−d+1. In a d-th operation, the data transmission apparatus 310 may generate a cryptogram C_iby re-encrypting the cryptogram A_iusing an encryption key K_i-d. As described above, the cryptogram A_iand the cryptogram C_imay be generated by the encryption unit 312.
The data transmission apparatus 310 may generate the cryptogram A_iand the cryptogram C_iby sequentially applying the encryption keys K_i−1through K_i-dwith respect to the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i).
Hereinafter, the system 300 to transmit and receive data will be described again with reference to FIG. 3.
The data reception apparatus 320 to receive a data packet transmitted from the data transmission apparatus 310 may authenticate whether a message included in the data packet is a valid message, and may perform various types of processes using the authenticated message.
Hereinafter, an operation of authenticating, by the data reception apparatus 320, the message included in the data packet will be described.
Since the same message authentication operation is performed in each interval, an operation of the data reception apparatus 320 to authenticate the message M_ireceived in the i-th interval will be described as an example.
The receiver 321 may receive the data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i, K_i−d} in the i-th interval.
As described above, the cryptogram A_imay be generated by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) associated with the message M_iusing the encryption keys K_ithrough K_i−d+1. Here, the message M_imay be generated using the encryption key K_i. Also, the cryptogram C_imay be generated by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using the encryption keys K_i−1through K_i-d.
The storage unit 322 may store the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_ithat are included in the data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i, K_i-d}.
The receiver 321 may receive a data packet q, {M_j, A_i, C_j, K_j-d} in a j-th interval. Here, j denotes an integer greater than i and less than i+d.
Since an encryption key K_j-dtransmitted in the j-th interval has been transmitted in an interval being k intervals prior to the message M_i, that is, in an (i-k)-th interval, the encryption key K_j-dmay be expressed by the encryption key K_i-k. Here, k denotes an integer greater than or equal to zero and less than d.
The control unit 323 may manage a storage status of the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_iusing the encryption key K_j-d(=K_i-k) included in the data packet {M_j, A_j, C_j, K_−j-d(=K_i-k)}, and the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_istored in the storage unit 322.
Prior to authenticating a validity of the message M_iin an (i+d)-th interval, the control unit 323 may preliminarily determine the validity of the message M_iand determine whether to maintain or delete the stored message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_i. Accordingly, the data transmission apparatus 310 may verify whether the message M_iis a valid message, in advance before the (i+d)-th interval, whereby a buffering efficiency of the message M_imay be enhanced.
Hereinafter, an operation of the data reception apparatus 320 to manage the storage status of the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_iusing the encryption key K_j-d(=K_i-k), and the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_istored in the storage unit 322 will be further described with reference to FIG. 5.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a decryption operation that may be performed by the data reception apparatus 320.
Referring to FIG. 5, a cryptogram A_imay be generated by sequentially encrypting a message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using encryption keys K_i−1through K_i−d+1. Also, a cryptogram C_imay be generated by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using encryption keys K_i−1through K_i-d.
Where j=i+1, that is, in an (i+1)-th interval, the data reception apparatus 320 may perform the following operations. In a first operation, the receiver 321 may receive a data packet {M_i+1, A_i+1, C_i+1, K_i−d+1}.
In a second operation, the control unit 323 may restore an encryption key K_i-dusing an encryption key K_i−d+1, which may be performed similarly to the above Equation 2. Like a seed, an encryption key may be restored using a one-way function operation, as given by the following Equation 3.
K _i−1 =F ₃(K _i) [Equation 3]
In the above Equation 3, F₃( ) denotes a one-way function.
In a third operation, the control unit 323 may generate a second decryptogram by decrypting a stored cryptogram C_i, that is, a second cryptogram, using the restored encryption key K_i-d. Hereinafter, the second decryptogram is referred to as a decryptogram C_i′.
The cryptogram C_imay be generated by encrypting a cryptogram A_i, that is, a first cryptogam, using the encryption key K_i-d. Therefore, where a valid data packet is transmitted, the decryptogram C_i′ and the cryptogram A_imay need to be identical to each other. Where the decryptogram C_i′ is different from the cryptogram A_i, the received data packet may be transmitted from an unauthenticated user. Therefore, the data reception apparatus 320 storing the message M_iat an (i+d)-th interval may be ineffective in preventing an Internet criminal from infiltrating the system 300.
The control unit 323 may compare the decryptogram C_i′ and the cryptogram A_ito manage the storage status of the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_i.
In a fourth operation, the control unit 323 may compare whether the decryptogram C_i′ is identical to the cryptogram A_i.
Where the decryptogram C_i′ is different from the cryptogram A_i, the control unit 323 may determine the message M_iis an invalid message, and delete the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_istored in the storage unit 322 in a fifth operation.
Conversely, where the decryptogram C_i′ is identical to the cryptogram A_i, the control unit 323 may determine the message M_iis a valid message in the fifth operation. In this case, the control unit 323 may generate a first decryptogram (hereinafter, referred to as A_i′) by decrypting the cryptogram A_iusing an encryption key K_i−d+1, and may substitute the cryptogram A_iwith the decryptogram A_i′ and store the decryptogram A_i′, and may substitute the cryptogram C_iwith the decryptogram C_i′ and store the decryptogram C_i′. Specifically, the control unit 323 may update the cryptogram A_iand the cryptogram C_iaccording to the following Equation 4.
C _i =D(K _i-d , C _i) [Equation 4]
A _i =D(K _i−d+1 , A _i)
In the above Equation 4, D( ) denotes a decryption operation.
Updating of the cryptogram A_iand the cryptogram C_imay be performed to preliminarily determine the validity of the message M_iin a subsequent interval, that is, in an (i+2)-th interval.
Where j=i+2, that is, in the (i+2)-th interval, the data reception apparatus 320 may repeat the aforementioned preliminary determination regarding the message M_i. Hereinafter, the above-described preliminary determination regarding the message M_iwill be further described below.
In a first operation, the receiver 321 may receive a data packet {M_i+2, A_i+2, C_i+2, K_i−d+2}.
In a second operation, the control unit 323 may restore an encryption key K_i−d+1using an encryption key K_i-d+2. The encryption key K_i-d+1may be restored using the one-way function operation as given by the above Equation 3.
In a third operation, the control unit 323 may generate a decryptogram C_i′ by decrypting the stored cryptogram C_iusing the restored encryption key K_i-d+1.
In a fourth operation, the control unit 323 may compare whether the generated decryptogram C_i′ is identical to the stored cryptogram A_i.
Since the cryptogram A_iand the cryptogram C_iare updated in an (i+1)-th interval, the decrypted decryptogram C_i′ and the cryptogram A_imay need to be identical to each other in the (i+2)-th interval where a valid data packet is received.
Where the decryptogram C_i′ is different from the cryptogram A_i, the control unit 323 may determine the message M_iis an invalid message, and delete the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_istored in the storage unit 322, in a fifth operation.
Conversely, where the decryptogram C_i′ is identical to the cryptogram A_i, the control unit 323 may determine the message M_iis a valid message in the fifth operation. In this case, the control unit 323 may generate a decryptogram A_i′ by decrypting the cryptogram A_iusing the received encryption key K_i-d+2, and may substitute the cryptogram A_iwith the decryptogram A_i′ and store the decryptogram A_i′, and may substitute the cryptogram C_iwith the decryptogram C_i′ and store the decryptogram C_i′, as given by the above Equation 4.
The data reception apparatus 320 may repeat the preliminary determination regarding the validity of the message M_iuntil j=i+d−1, that is, until an (i+d−1)-th interval.
Where j=i+d, that is, in an (i+d)-th interval, the data reception apparatus 320 may perform an operational of finally determining whether the message M_iis a valid message.
In a first operation, the receiver 321 may receive a data packet {M_i+d, A_i+d, C_i+d, K_i}.
In a second operation, the control unit 323 may generate a message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i), stored in the storage unit 322, using the received encryption key K_i.
The cryptogram A_iupdated in an (i+d−1)-th interval may be decrypted by sequentially applying encryption keys K_i−d+1through K_i−1with respect to the cryptogram A_istored in the i-th interval. Specifically, the cryptogram A_imay be decrypted by sequentially applying the encryption keys K_i-dthrough K_i−1with respect to the cryptogram C_istored in the i-th interval. Therefore, where a valid data packet is received, the generated message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) may need to be identical to the cryptogram A_istored in the (i+d−1) interval.
In a third operation, the control unit 323 may compare whether the generated message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) is identical to the stored cryptogram A_i.
Where the generated message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) is different from the stored cryptogram A_i, the control unit 323 may determine the message M_iis an invalid message, and thus delete the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_istored in the storage unit 322 in a fourth operation.
Where the generated message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) is identical to the stored cryptogram A_i, the control unit 323 may determine or authenticate the message M_iis a valid message in the fourth operation.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 5, it is possible to decrease an amount of data to be transmitted for a message authentication, and to decrease an amount of data to be buffered in the data reception apparatus 320. Accordingly, it is possible to more effectively cope with a DoS attack such as an overflow attack.
FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart illustrating an example of a method of transmitting data.
At 610, the data transmission method generates a message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) associated with an i-th message, that is, a message M_i, using the message M_iand an encryption key K_iassigned to the message M_i.
At 620, the data transmission method generates a first cryptogram, that is, a cryptogram A_iby encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, that is, using encryption keys from an encryption key K_i−1assigned to a message M_i−1to an encryption key K_i+d−1assigned to a message M_i+d−1, and generates a cryptogram C_iby encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using encryption keys from the encryption key K_i−1assigned to the message M_i−1to an encryption key assigned to an (i-d)-th message, that is, an encryption key K_i-dassigned to a message M_i-d.
Referring to FIG. 6, at 620, the data transmission method may generate the cryptogram A_iby sequentially encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using the encryption keys K_i−1through K_i−d+1, and may generate the cryptogram A_iby sequentially encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using the encryption keys K_i−1through K_i-d.
At 630, the data transmission method transmits the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_i. Here, the data transmission method may generate a data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i} that includes the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_i, and may transmit the generated data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i} to a data reception apparatus.
According to an example, the data transmission method may generate a data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i, K_i−d} that further includes the encryption key K_i-dassigned to the (i- d)-th message in addition to the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_i, and may transmit the generated data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i, K_i-d}.
FIGS. 7 through 9 illustrate flowcharts illustrating an example of a method of receiving data.
At 710, a data reception apparatus receives a first data packet that includes an i-th message, that is, a message M_i, a first cryptogram associated with the message M_i, that is, a cryptogram A_i, and a second cryptogram associated with the message M_i, that is, a cryptogram C_i. For example, the data packet may be a data packet {M_i, A_i, C_i, K_i-d}.
According to FIG. 7, the cryptogram A_imay be generated by sequentially encrypting a message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using encryption keys K_i−1through K_i−d+1. The cryptogram C_imay be generated by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) using the encryption keys K_i−1through K_i-d.
At 720, the data reception apparatus stores the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_i.
At 730, the data reception apparatus receives a second data packet that includes an encryption key K_i-kassigned to an (i-k)-th message, that is, a message M_i-k. For example, the second data packet may be a data packet {M_j, A_j, C_j, K_j-k(=K_i-k)} transmitted in a j-th interval.
At 740, the data reception method manages a storage status of the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_iusing the encryption key K_i-k, the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_i.
Hereinafter, operation 740 will be further described with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9.
Where the second data packet is received in any one of (i+1)-th through (i+d−1)-th intervals, 740 of FIG. 7 may be performed as follows.
Referring to FIG. 8. at 810, the data reception method restores an encryption key K_i-k−1assigned to a message M_i-k−1, from the encryption key K_i-kassigned to the message M_i-k. In this case, the encryption key K_i-k−1may be restored according to the above Equation 3.
At 820, the data reception method generates a decryptogram C₁′, that is, a second decryptogram by decrypting the cryptogram C_iusing the encryption key K_i-k−1.
At 830, the data reception method determines whether the decryptogram C_i′ is identical to the cryptogram A_i.
Where the decryptogram C_i′ is different from the cryptogram A_i, the data reception method deletes the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_iat 840.
Conversely, where the decryptogram C_i′ is identical to the cryptogram A_i, the data reception method generates a decryptogram A_i′, that is, a first decryptogram by encrypting the cryptogram A_iusing the encryption key K_i-kat 850.
At 860, the data reception method substitutes the cryptogram A_iwith the decryptogram A_i′, and stores the decryptogram A_i′.
At 870, the data reception method substitutes the cryptogram C_iwith the decryptogram C_i′, and stores the decryptogram C_i′.
Where the second data packet is received in an (i+d)-th interval, 740 of FIG. 7 may be performed as follows.
Referring to FIG. 9, at operation 910, the data reception method generates the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) associated with the message M_iusing the encryption key K_iincluded in the data packet received in the (i+d)-th interval.
At 920, the data reception method determines whether the generated message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) is identical to the stored cryptogram A_i.
Where the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) is different from the stored cryptogram A_i, the data reception method deletes the message M_i, the cryptogram A_i, and the cryptogram C_iat 930.
Where the message authentication code MAC(K_i, M_i) is identical to the stored cryptogram A_i, the data reception method authenticates the message M_ias a valid message at 940.
Examples of a data transmission method and a data reception method are described above. Descriptions made above in relation to a configuration of a system 300 to transmit and receive data as depicted in FIG. 3 may be applicable as described. Therefore, further detailed descriptions will be omitted here.
The methods and/or operations described above including a data transmission and reception method may be recorded, stored, or fixed in one or more computer-readable media that includes program instructions to be implemented by a computer to cause a processor to execute or perform the program instructions. The media may also include, alone or in combination with the program instructions, data files, data structures, and the like. The media and program instructions may be those specially designed and constructed, or they may be of the kind well-known and available to those having skill in the computer software arts. Examples of computer-readable media include magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD ROM disks and DVDs; magneto-optical media such as optical disks; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), flash memory, and the like. Examples of program instructions include both machine code, such as produced by a compiler, and files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter. The described hardware devices may be configured to act as one or more software modules in order to perform the operations and methods described above, or vice versa. In addition, a computer-readable storage medium may be distributed among computer systems connected through a network and computer-readable codes or program instructions may be stored and executed in a decentralized manner.
A number of examples have been described above. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made. For example, suitable results may be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order and/or if components in a described system, architecture, device, or circuit are combined in a different manner and/or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. An apparatus to transmit data, comprising:

an authentication code generator to generate a message authentication code using an i-th message and an encryption key assigned to the i-th message, wherein i denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1;

an encryption unit to generate a first cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, and to generate a second cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i-d)-th message, wherein d denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1; and

a transmitter to transmit the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the encryption unit generates the first cryptogram by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using the encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to the encryption key assigned to the (i−d+1)-th message, and generates the second cryptogram by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using the encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the transmitter transmits the i-th message, the first cryptogram, the second cryptogram, and the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message.

4. An apparatus to receive data, comprising:

a receiver to receive a first data packet that includes an i-th message, a first cryptogram associated with the i-th message, and a second cryptogram associated with the i-th message, and a second data packet that includes an encryption key assigned to an (i-k)-th message, wherein i denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1 and k denotes an integer greater than or equal to zero;

a storage unit to store the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram; and

a control unit to manage a storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram, using the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein:

the first cryptogram is generated by sequentially encrypting a message authentication code using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, and the message authentication code is generated using the i-th message and an encryption key assigned to the i-th message, and d denotes an integer greater than k, and

the second cryptogram is generated by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i-d)-th message.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the control unit restores an encryption key assigned to an (i-k−1)-th message from the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, generates a second decryptogram by decrypting the second cryptogram using the restored encryption key assigned to the (i-k−1)-th message, and manages the storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram through a comparison between the first cryptogram and the second decryptogram.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein, in response to the second decryptogram being identical to the first cryptogram, the control unit generates a first decryptogram by decrypting the first cryptogram using the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, substitutes the first cryptogram with the first decryptogram, stores the first decryptogram in the storage unit, substitutes the second cryptogram with the second decryptogram, and stores the second decryptogram in the storage unit.

8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein, in response to the second decryptogram being different from the stored first cryptogram, the control unit deletes, from the storage unit, the stored i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.

9. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the control unit generates a message authentication code associated with the i-th message using the i-th message and the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, and manages the storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram through a comparison between the message authentication code and the first cryptogram.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein, in response to the message authentication code being different from the first cryptogram, the control unit deletes, from the storage unit, the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.

11. A method of transmitting data, the method comprising:

generating a message authentication code using an i-th message and an encryption key assigned to the i-th message, wherein i denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1;

generating a first cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, and generating a second cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i- d)-th message, wherein d denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1; and

transmitting the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the generating of the first cryptogram and the second cryptogram comprises:

generating the first cryptogram by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using the encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to the encryption key assigned to the (i−d+1)-th message; and

generating the second cryptogram by sequentially encrypting the message authentication code using the encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting the i-th message, the first cryptogram, the second cryptogram, and the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message.

14. A method of receiving data, the method comprising:

receiving a first data packet that includes an i-th message, a first cryptogram associated with the i-th message, and a second cryptogram associated with the i-th message, wherein i denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1;

storing the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram;

receiving a second data packet that includes an encryption key assigned to an (i-k)-th message, wherein k denotes an integer greater than or equal to zero; and

managing a storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram using the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message, the i-th message, and the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein:

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the managing comprises:

restoring an encryption key assigned to an (i-k−1)-th message from the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message;

generating a second decryptogram by decrypting the second cryptogram using the restored encryption key assigned to the (i-k−1)-th message; and

managing the storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram through a comparison between the first cryptogram and the second decryptogram.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein, in response to the second decryptogram being identical to the first cryptogram, the managing comprises:

generating a first decryptogram by decrypting the first cryptogram using the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message;

substituting the first cryptogram with the first decryptogram;

storing the first decryptogram;

substituting the second cryptogram with the second decryptogram; and

storing the second decryptogram.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein, in response to the second decryptogram being different from the stored first cryptogram, the managing comprises deleting the stored i-th message, the stored first cryptogram, and the stored second cryptogram.

19. The method of claim 14, wherein the managing comprises:

generating a message authentication code associated with the i-th message using the i-th message and the encryption key assigned to the (i-k)-th message; and

managing the storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram through a comparison between the message authentication code and the first cryptogram.

20. A system to transmit and receive data, comprising:

an encryption unit to generate a first cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from an encryption key assigned to an (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i−d+1)-th message, and to generate a second cryptogram by encrypting the message authentication code using encryption keys from the encryption key assigned to the (i−1)-th message to an encryption key assigned to an (i-d)-th message, wherein d denotes an integer greater than or equal to 1;

a transmitter to transmit a first data packet that includes the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram, and a second data packet that includes the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message;

a receiver to receive the first data packet that includes the i-th message, the first cryptogram, the second cryptogram, and the second data packet that includes the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message;

a control unit to manage a storage status of the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram, using the encryption key assigned to the (i-d)-th message, the i-th message, the first cryptogram, and the second cryptogram.