US20100095582A1 - Engine based burning of microencapsulated fuel - Google Patents

Engine based burning of microencapsulated fuel Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100095582A1
US20100095582A1 US12/325,224 US32522408A US2010095582A1 US 20100095582 A1 US20100095582 A1 US 20100095582A1 US 32522408 A US32522408 A US 32522408A US 2010095582 A1 US2010095582 A1 US 2010095582A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
fuel
encapsulated
laser
droplets
engine
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Abandoned
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US12/325,224
Inventor
Artem Shtatnov
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Individual
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Priority to US12/325,224 priority Critical patent/US20100095582A1/en
Priority to CN200910136286A priority patent/CN101747950A/en
Publication of US20100095582A1 publication Critical patent/US20100095582A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • C10L3/003—Additives for gaseous fuels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/106—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives mixtures of inorganic compounds with organic macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K5/00—Feeding or distributing other fuel to combustion apparatus
    • F23K5/02—Liquid fuel
    • F23K5/08—Preparation of fuel
    • F23K5/10—Mixing with other fluids
    • F23K5/12—Preparing emulsions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
    • C10L1/1208—Inorganic compounds elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
    • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/146—Macromolecular compounds according to different macromolecular groups, mixtures thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/99003—Combustion techniques using laser or light beams as ignition, stabilization or combustion enhancing means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
    • F23G2900/508—Providing additional energy for combustion, e.g. by using supplementary heating
    • F23G2900/50804—Providing additional energy for combustion, e.g. by using supplementary heating using thermit or other compositions of metal oxides as auxiliary fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K2300/00—Pretreatment and supply of liquid fuel
    • F23K2300/10—Pretreatment

Definitions

  • the encapsulated fuel is injected into the engine as it normally would.
  • the fuel is activated through laser induced ignition.
  • the activation and burning of the fuel creates expansion and pushes the cylinder up.
  • the exhaust is released at the top of the piston stroke. This operates the same way as a normal two-stroke engine but with the fuel burning initialized with a laser rather than a spark plug or other heat source.
  • the recently developed technology of microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation allows emulsion of liquid fuel, such as benzene, diesel fuel, sunflower oil and other water non-mixable hydrocarbons of different sort. Practically, the size of emulsion droplets is about 0.5-20 microns and can be optimized for particular needs.
  • the essential advantage of this encapsulation technology is coating each emulsion drop with a composite nanoparticle polymeric shell. Metallic nanoparticles of silver or gold and carbon nanotubes are susceptible to laser irradiation and produce enough heat locally to ignite fuel droplets. The laser initializes burning of the fuel in a controllable way. The quantity of fuel and release of energy are determined by injection of capsules upon each cycle of the working piston. An oxidizer such as oxygen or even water soluble oxidizers must be supplied together with fuel capsules for continuous burning of fuel.
  • the laser beam is conducted via optical waveguide to the combustion chamber receiving the fuel droplets.
  • the laser impulse is synchronized with the fully extended position of the piston when the volume occupied by the fuel and oxidizer is minimized.
  • Laser induced burning of the fuel droplets is done in this position once each cycle of the piston engine. This burning produces energy from the fuel. The energy causes expansion and pushes the piston creating mechanical energy. Products of burning fuel are exhausted each cycle of the engine and new encapsulated fuel and an oxidizer is supplied to restart the cycle.
  • Utilizing encapsulated fuel is not limited to a two-stroke engine but can be used in any engine that normally operates with an oil-based fuel including four-stroke, diesel, rotary, and jet engines.
  • Preliminary data shows that a wide range of fuel can be encapsulated and burned via laser induced ignition in the presence of an oxidizer.
  • Gasolines such as petroleum diesel, autogas (liquified petroleum gas), compressed natural gas, and jet fuel; coal based fuels such as methanol; heating oils; and biofuels like biobutanol, biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethanol, biogas, ethanol, peanut oil, and other vegoils have all been encapusalted effectively.
  • This method of encapsulation can also be used for jet fuels which need to remain stable up to 980 degrees Fahrenheit.
  • Laser ignition of encapsulated fuel droplets decreases combustion and exhaust waste as each encapsulated fuel particle is ignited individually and is able to burn completely.
  • This method of encapsulating fuel can be used to create energy efficient engines, turbines, heaters, furnaces, and others devices which produce energy from oil based fuels. The method requires significantly less laser energy to initiate burning with microcapsules.
  • the laser can activate a few capsules and ignites the fuel inside rather than igniting the entire amount of fuel in the combustion chamber.
  • the laser can be more precisely timed electronically rather than mechanically. Through better timing, it is possible to increase engine lifespan, reduce vibration, reduce fuel consumption, and create cleaner exhaust. Additionally, electronic timing of ignition removes the necessity of idling when the engine is not in use. Ignition can take place at any position of the piston to start the engine instantly. Being able to stop the engine rather than keep it idle increases fuel efficiency in automobiles which often undergo start and stop operation.
  • the maximum compression ratio for the fuel is increased drastically, since fuel is added in a liquid encapsulated form and starts to burn only from an externally synchronized laser impulse.
  • the minimum volume of the engine chamber during full compression does not play a role in ignition.
  • the fuel is encapsulated in such a way as to prevent ignition through pressure.
  • the encapsulation allows for a significantly higher compression ratio easily surpassing the maximum for most fuels of 25:1 and significantly increasing the power of the engine.
  • both diesel and gasoline can perform in the same way as they are both ignited only when the capsules are ruptured by laser irradiation.
  • diesel fuel can be used without laser irradiation by using weaker microcapsules specifically designed to rupture at a predetermined compression ratio to ignite the fuel through pressure, effectively eliminating the use of the laser ignition.
  • Thermite such as aluminum powder and a metal oxide
  • an increase in energy can be achieved in certain engines.
  • Thermite causes the combustion to burn with increased temperatures.
  • an oxidizer such as permanganate
  • the engine is able to operate in oxygen free environments.
  • the fuel capsules are constructed with magnetic nanoparticles, the fuel can be manipulated with a magnetic field. This can be useful to clean up spills or create a more viscous solution for storage and transportation.
  • This method is significantly safer and better for the environment than non-encapsulated fuels.
  • the fuel burns more completely and produces fewer harmful byproducts.
  • During transportation, storage, and distribution encapsulated fuels are less prone to accidental combustion and the fuel creates no harmful fumes due to evaporation.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)

Abstract

A method for oil-based fuel dispersion in the form of micron and submicron Droplets with typical size distribution 0.5-20 microns where said Droplets are coated with a polymer-based shell containing metal nanoparticles that enable the droplets to absorb laser irradiation and utilize laser energy to initialize fuel burning. These encapsulated fuel Droplets are used primarily within engines to increase the power, efficiency, and stability of the engine.

Description

    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
  • Before the compression cycle of the two-stroke piston engine in FIG. 1, the encapsulated fuel is injected into the engine as it normally would. At full compression, the fuel is activated through laser induced ignition. The activation and burning of the fuel creates expansion and pushes the cylinder up. The exhaust is released at the top of the piston stroke. This operates the same way as a normal two-stroke engine but with the fuel burning initialized with a laser rather than a spark plug or other heat source.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The recently developed technology of microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation allows emulsion of liquid fuel, such as benzene, diesel fuel, sunflower oil and other water non-mixable hydrocarbons of different sort. Practically, the size of emulsion droplets is about 0.5-20 microns and can be optimized for particular needs. The essential advantage of this encapsulation technology is coating each emulsion drop with a composite nanoparticle polymeric shell. Metallic nanoparticles of silver or gold and carbon nanotubes are susceptible to laser irradiation and produce enough heat locally to ignite fuel droplets. The laser initializes burning of the fuel in a controllable way. The quantity of fuel and release of energy are determined by injection of capsules upon each cycle of the working piston. An oxidizer such as oxygen or even water soluble oxidizers must be supplied together with fuel capsules for continuous burning of fuel.
  • The laser beam is conducted via optical waveguide to the combustion chamber receiving the fuel droplets. The laser impulse is synchronized with the fully extended position of the piston when the volume occupied by the fuel and oxidizer is minimized. Laser induced burning of the fuel droplets is done in this position once each cycle of the piston engine. This burning produces energy from the fuel. The energy causes expansion and pushes the piston creating mechanical energy. Products of burning fuel are exhausted each cycle of the engine and new encapsulated fuel and an oxidizer is supplied to restart the cycle. Utilizing encapsulated fuel is not limited to a two-stroke engine but can be used in any engine that normally operates with an oil-based fuel including four-stroke, diesel, rotary, and jet engines.
  • Preliminary data shows that a wide range of fuel can be encapsulated and burned via laser induced ignition in the presence of an oxidizer. Gasolines such as petroleum diesel, autogas (liquified petroleum gas), compressed natural gas, and jet fuel; coal based fuels such as methanol; heating oils; and biofuels like biobutanol, biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethanol, biogas, ethanol, peanut oil, and other vegoils have all been encapusalted effectively. This method of encapsulation can also be used for jet fuels which need to remain stable up to 980 degrees Fahrenheit. After encapsulation, the type of fuel would no longer matter to the operation of the engine as the only variable is the laser's ability to ignite the fuel through its polymeric shell. All oil or gas based fuels can be encapsulated and used in a single engine without the need for modification.
  • Laser ignition of encapsulated fuel droplets decreases combustion and exhaust waste as each encapsulated fuel particle is ignited individually and is able to burn completely. This method of encapsulating fuel can be used to create energy efficient engines, turbines, heaters, furnaces, and others devices which produce energy from oil based fuels. The method requires significantly less laser energy to initiate burning with microcapsules. The laser can activate a few capsules and ignites the fuel inside rather than igniting the entire amount of fuel in the combustion chamber. Within an internal combustion engine, the laser can be more precisely timed electronically rather than mechanically. Through better timing, it is possible to increase engine lifespan, reduce vibration, reduce fuel consumption, and create cleaner exhaust. Additionally, electronic timing of ignition removes the necessity of idling when the engine is not in use. Ignition can take place at any position of the piston to start the engine instantly. Being able to stop the engine rather than keep it idle increases fuel efficiency in automobiles which often undergo start and stop operation.
  • Through the encapsulation, the maximum compression ratio for the fuel is increased drastically, since fuel is added in a liquid encapsulated form and starts to burn only from an externally synchronized laser impulse. The minimum volume of the engine chamber during full compression does not play a role in ignition. The fuel is encapsulated in such a way as to prevent ignition through pressure. The encapsulation allows for a significantly higher compression ratio easily surpassing the maximum for most fuels of 25:1 and significantly increasing the power of the engine. As compression no longer plays a role in the engine operation, both diesel and gasoline can perform in the same way as they are both ignited only when the capsules are ruptured by laser irradiation. Additionally, diesel fuel can be used without laser irradiation by using weaker microcapsules specifically designed to rupture at a predetermined compression ratio to ignite the fuel through pressure, effectively eliminating the use of the laser ignition.
  • With the increase in efficiency, smaller fuel tanks are possible to yield the same energy production. In vehicles, this will lighten the load and increase fuel economy. Through adding Thermite such as aluminum powder and a metal oxide, an increase in energy can be achieved in certain engines. Thermite causes the combustion to burn with increased temperatures. By adding an oxidizer such as permanganate to the combustion chamber, the engine is able to operate in oxygen free environments. If the fuel capsules are constructed with magnetic nanoparticles, the fuel can be manipulated with a magnetic field. This can be useful to clean up spills or create a more viscous solution for storage and transportation.
  • This method is significantly safer and better for the environment than non-encapsulated fuels. The fuel burns more completely and produces fewer harmful byproducts. During transportation, storage, and distribution encapsulated fuels are less prone to accidental combustion and the fuel creates no harmful fumes due to evaporation. In case of spills into bodies of water or the ground it has fewer consequences to the environment as the encapsulation makes the fuel inactive and thus reduces the cost of decontamination.

Claims (9)

1. An oil based fuel encapsulated with a polymer-based shell containing metal nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes for use in energy production
2. The method of claim 1 where said encapsulated fuel is ignited through the application of pressure, heat or an open flame
3. The method of claim 1 where said polymer-based shell is enabled to absorb laser irradiation and transform laser energy to initialize fuel burning
4. The method of claim 3 where said encapsulated fuel is ignited using a mechanically or electronically controlled laser
5. The method of claim 4 where said laser is programmed to be synchronized with the movement of a piston to ignite said encapsulated fuel within a combustion chamber
6. The method of claim 1 where an oxidizer is used in conjunction with fuel capsules
7. The method of claim 1 where Thermite is used in conjunction with fuel capsules
8. The method of claim 7 where a combination of Thermitee and fuel is placed within individual capsules
9. The method of claim 1 where droplets can be coated with a shell containing magnetic nanoparticles for capsule navigation with an applied magnetic field
US12/325,224 2007-12-01 2008-11-30 Engine based burning of microencapsulated fuel Abandoned US20100095582A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/325,224 US20100095582A1 (en) 2007-12-01 2008-11-30 Engine based burning of microencapsulated fuel
CN200910136286A CN101747950A (en) 2008-11-30 2009-05-05 Engine based burning of microencapsulated fuel

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US99171607P 2007-12-01 2007-12-01
US12/325,224 US20100095582A1 (en) 2007-12-01 2008-11-30 Engine based burning of microencapsulated fuel

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US20100095582A1 true US20100095582A1 (en) 2010-04-22

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012082911A2 (en) * 2010-12-15 2012-06-21 Xiaolin Zheng Distributed ignition of fuels using nanoparticles
RU2533832C1 (en) * 2013-06-18 2014-11-20 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Московский авиационный институт (национальный исследовательский университет)" (МАИ) Unitary fuel
WO2015171712A1 (en) * 2014-05-07 2015-11-12 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Fuel modifiers for natural gas reciprocating engines

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040121073A1 (en) * 2000-06-21 2004-06-24 George Steven M. Nanocoated primary particles and method for their manufacture
US20060175230A1 (en) * 2005-02-09 2006-08-10 Headwaters Nanokinetix, Inc. Organically complexed nanocatalysts for improving combustion properties of fuels and fuel compositions incorporating such catalysts
US20060260580A1 (en) * 2005-05-18 2006-11-23 Hitoshi Yoshimoto Devices and methods for conditioning or vaporizing liquid fuel in an internal combustion engine

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040121073A1 (en) * 2000-06-21 2004-06-24 George Steven M. Nanocoated primary particles and method for their manufacture
US20060175230A1 (en) * 2005-02-09 2006-08-10 Headwaters Nanokinetix, Inc. Organically complexed nanocatalysts for improving combustion properties of fuels and fuel compositions incorporating such catalysts
US20060260580A1 (en) * 2005-05-18 2006-11-23 Hitoshi Yoshimoto Devices and methods for conditioning or vaporizing liquid fuel in an internal combustion engine

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012082911A2 (en) * 2010-12-15 2012-06-21 Xiaolin Zheng Distributed ignition of fuels using nanoparticles
WO2012082911A3 (en) * 2010-12-15 2012-11-22 Xiaolin Zheng Distributed ignition of fuels using nanoparticles
RU2533832C1 (en) * 2013-06-18 2014-11-20 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Московский авиационный институт (национальный исследовательский университет)" (МАИ) Unitary fuel
WO2015171712A1 (en) * 2014-05-07 2015-11-12 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Fuel modifiers for natural gas reciprocating engines

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