US20100050668A1 - Refrigerant Charge Storage - Google Patents
Refrigerant Charge Storage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20100050668A1 US20100050668A1 US12/516,250 US51625006A US2010050668A1 US 20100050668 A1 US20100050668 A1 US 20100050668A1 US 51625006 A US51625006 A US 51625006A US 2010050668 A1 US2010050668 A1 US 2010050668A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- refrigerant
- heat exchanger
- flowpath
- compressor
- expansion device
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B45/00—Arrangements for charging or discharging refrigerant
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
- F25B9/008—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
- F25B2309/06—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
- F25B2309/061—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide with cycle highest pressure above the supercritical pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2345/00—Details for charging or discharging refrigerants; Service stations therefor
- F25B2345/004—Details for charging or discharging refrigerants; Service stations therefor with several tanks to collect or charge a cycle
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/16—Receivers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/17—Control issues by controlling the pressure of the condenser
Definitions
- the invention relates to refrigeration. More particularly, the invention relates to transcritical refrigeration systems used for transport or commercial refrigeration.
- An exemplary frozen goods temperature is about ⁇ 10° F. or less and an exemplary non-frozen perishable temperature is 34-38° F.
- the operator will predetermine appropriate temperature for each of the two modes. Prior to a trip or series, the technician or driver will enter the appropriate one of the two temperatures. Other operators may have broader requirements (e.g., an exemplary overall range of ⁇ 40-57° F.).
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,096,679 discloses heating/cooling a reservoir to modulate the amount of refrigerant returned. Heating increases the heat load on the system, thereby making the system less efficient. The heating and cooling may increase the power consumption in the system.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,385,980 discloses a flash tank economizer. If the flash tank economizer vapor line is closed for some operating conditions, then the pressure inside the flash tank may increase as described above.
- Other systems include an accumulator at the downstream end of the evaporator as a charge storage device. These may suffer from excessive oil build up in the bottom of the accumulator and liquid sloshing into the compressor at system startup.
- this present disclosure may address one to all the above problems, and provide means for regulating charge in the system over same to the entire operating envelope of typical transport and commercial applications.
- FIG. 1 is a partially schematic view of a first refrigeration system.
- FIG. 2 is a partially schematic view of a second refrigeration system.
- An exemplary expansion device 26 is an electronic expansion valve (commonly identified as an EEV or EXV).
- An electronic expansion valve typically comprises a stepper motor attached to a needle valve to vary the effective valve opening or flow capacity.
- the opening of the valve may be electronically controlled by a controller 66 which may also control operation of the compressor and other system components.
- the controller may operate in response to input from one or more user input devices 68 (e.g., switches, electronic controls, and the like) and one or more sensors (e.g., evaporator outlet temperature and/or pressure, discharge pressure and/or temperature, ambient and controlled space temperatures).
- the evaporator temperature goes down, the liquid refrigerant density in the evaporator increases and greater mass of refrigerant gets stored in the evaporator. In the absence of intervention, the mass flow rate of the circulating charge decreases. At that condition it is desirable to store the least amount of refrigerant in the system 80 . Similarly, when the heat exchangers are at their highest temperatures, the evaporator will store a relatively low amount of refrigerant. To avoid overpressurizing the system 20 , it is desirable to store the most refrigerant in the storage system 80 . Thus, during system startup and pulldown it is desirable to have a maximum amount of charge in the storage system 80 . As the evaporator temperature goes down, the storage system 80 may be controlled to unload progressively more charge into the active cycle.
- the exemplary system includes a plurality of reservoirs 82 , 83 , and 84 whose chambers 85 , 86 , and 87 are fluidically coupled in parallel with each other and with the expansion device.
- the reservoirs may each be opened and closed to the primary flowpath 40 by valves at high and low pressure ends of the reservoirs.
- each reservoir is shown having an associated first (high pressure) valve 90 , 91 , and 92 between that reservoir's inlet 93 , 94 , and 95 and the expansion device inlet location/condition 60 .
- Each reservoir further has an associated second (low pressure) valve 96 , 97 , and 98 between a second port 99 , 100 , and 101 of that reservoir and the expansion device outlet location/condition 62 .
- various of the first valves may be integrated with each other, first and second valves may be integrated with each other, or other combinations (e.g., using four-way or greater valve structures).
- opening and closing of the first and second valves is controlled by the controller responsive to a combination of measured/sensed conditions and/or user-entered parameters (e.g., set temperatures).
- a combination of measured/sensed conditions and/or user-entered parameters e.g., set temperatures.
- each reservoir under normal operating conditions, has exactly one of its two valves open while the other valve is closed. The selection of the appropriate combination of open and closed valves will determine the effective charge storage of the system 80 .
- a condition of maximum stored charge and minimum circulating charge is associated with all of the first valves being open and all of the second valves being closed.
- a condition of minimum stored charge and maximum circulating charge is associated with all of the first valves being closed and all of the second valves being open.
- Other combinations of closed and open valves provide one or more intermediate conditions. The nature of those intermediate conditions will depend upon the relative and absolute sizes of the reservoirs.
- the relative sizes of the first and second reservoirs are selected so that the effective capacity of the second reservoir is twice that of the first reservoir (i.e., the difference in charge amount held by the second reservoir between its two conditions is twice that of the first).
- the third reservoir is selected to have an effective capacity twice that of the second.
- the absolute sizes of the reservoirs are selected so that the combined effective capacities provide a desired overall charge storage/buffering capacity. With this exemplary combination of reservoir sizes, six evenly separated intermediate conditions may be obtained between the minimum stored charge and maximum stored charge conditions.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
- Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
A refrigeration system includes a compressor, first and second heat exchangers, and an expansion device. A refrigerant recirculating flowpath extends sequentially downstream through the compressor, first heat exchanger, expansion device, and second heat exchanger The system includes a charge storage system. The charge storage system includes first and second refrigerant storage chambers. At least one valve is coupled to the storage chambers to permit the storage chambers to each be individually placed in alternative communication with the flowpath upstream and downstream of the expansion device.
Description
- The invention relates to refrigeration. More particularly, the invention relates to transcritical refrigeration systems used for transport or commercial refrigeration.
- As a natural and environmentally benign refrigerant, CO2 (R-744) is attracting significant attention. The critical temperature for CO2 is 87.8° F. In most air-conditioning and refrigerating operating conditions, the heat rejection occurs above this temperature so that CO2 systems operate in transcritical mode.
- Different applications will require different ranges of operation (e.g., ranges of gas cooler and evaporator conditions). For example, a beverage cooler may have an essentially fixed desired interior condition (e.g., very close to 34-38° F., to avoid risk of frezing, but still provide cooling). This temperature essentially fixes the steady state compressor suction pressure. It is unlikely any operator would seek to run a beverage cooler at a different temperature. Other applications, such as transport refrigeration units (e.g., truck boxes, trailers, cargo containers, and the like), require broader capabilities. A given unit configuration may be made manufactured for multiple operators with different needs. Many operators will have the need to, at different times, use a given unit for transport of frozen goods and non-frozen perishables. An exemplary frozen goods temperature is about −10° F. or less and an exemplary non-frozen perishable temperature is 34-38° F. The operator will predetermine appropriate temperature for each of the two modes. Prior to a trip or series, the technician or driver will enter the appropriate one of the two temperatures. Other operators may have broader requirements (e.g., an exemplary overall range of −40-57° F.).
- Typically with variation in operating conditions, the mass flow rates and densities of the refrigerant vary greatly. For a system with fixed amount of active (circulating) charge this might cause uneven refrigerant pressure and temperature control and interfere with system performance. Additionally, the sensitivity of CO2 to operating conditions, the relatively high pressures of operation, and the lack of two-phase state at typical charge storage points, can cause more problems. Accordingly, various charge storage systems have been proposed to permit selective withdrawal of refrigerant from circulation to allow the system to be operated more advantageously. Besides operational issues, the storage vessel, if isolated from the system, could be exposed to very high ambient temperatures. If loaded with charge, the high ambient temperatures may cause significant pressure increases. The pressure increases could cause vessel rupture.
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,096,679 discloses heating/cooling a reservoir to modulate the amount of refrigerant returned. Heating increases the heat load on the system, thereby making the system less efficient. The heating and cooling may increase the power consumption in the system. U.S. Pat. No. 6,385,980 discloses a flash tank economizer. If the flash tank economizer vapor line is closed for some operating conditions, then the pressure inside the flash tank may increase as described above. Other systems include an accumulator at the downstream end of the evaporator as a charge storage device. These may suffer from excessive oil build up in the bottom of the accumulator and liquid sloshing into the compressor at system startup.
- Thus, this present disclosure may address one to all the above problems, and provide means for regulating charge in the system over same to the entire operating envelope of typical transport and commercial applications.
- Accordingly, one aspect of the invention involves a refrigeration system including a compressor, first and second heat exchangers, and an expansion device. A refrigerant recirculating flowpath extends sequentially downstream through the compressor, first heat exchanger, expansion device, and second heat exchanger. The system includes a charge storage system. The charge storage system includes first and second refrigerant storage chambers. At least one valve is coupled to the storage chambers to permit the storage chambers to each be individually placed in alternative communication with the flowpath upstream and downstream of the expansion device.
- The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
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FIG. 1 is a partially schematic view of a first refrigeration system. -
FIG. 2 is a partially schematic view of a second refrigeration system. -
FIG. 3 is a view of a refrigerated transport unit. - Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.
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FIG. 1 schematically shows a transcriticalvapor compression system 20 utilizing CO2 as working fluid (refrigerant). The system comprises a compressor 22 (e.g., a reciprocating, a scroll, or screw compressor having an electric motor), a heat rejection heat exchanger (gas cooler) 24, anexpansion device 26, and a heat absorption heat exchanger (evaporator) 28 in sequential order along a recirculating primary flowpath. The exemplary gas cooler and evaporator may each take the form of a refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger. - Airflows across one or both of these heat exchangers may be forced. For example, one or
more fans respective airflows primary refrigerant flowpath 40 include asuction line 42 extending from anoutlet 44 of theevaporator 28 to aninlet 46 of thecompressor 22. Adischarge line 48 extends from anoutlet 50 of the compressor to aninlet 52 of the gas cooler.Additional lines gas cooler outlet 58 toexpansion device inlet 60 andexpansion device outlet 62 toevaporator inlet 64. - An
exemplary expansion device 26 is an electronic expansion valve (commonly identified as an EEV or EXV). An electronic expansion valve typically comprises a stepper motor attached to a needle valve to vary the effective valve opening or flow capacity. The opening of the valve may be electronically controlled by acontroller 66 which may also control operation of the compressor and other system components. The controller may operate in response to input from one or more user input devices 68 (e.g., switches, electronic controls, and the like) and one or more sensors (e.g., evaporator outlet temperature and/or pressure, discharge pressure and/or temperature, ambient and controlled space temperatures). - For a desired operating condition of the system, and depending on the performance of individual components of the system, there will be a particular discharge pressure at which the system operates at maximum efficiency and there will be a particular discharge pressure where the system operates at maximum capacity. While the system is going through a pulldown process, it might be advantageous that the system follow the discharge pressure which provides maximum capacity. When a steady state is reached, it might be advantageous that the system follow the discharge pressure which provides optimal efficiency (or be somewhere in between the two pressures to be optimized for a combination of efficiency and capacity). Both for operating the cycle at a given condition and for maintaining the system at the desired discharge pressure for that condition, there will be an associated optimal amount of refrigerant circulating along the
flowpath 40. Because the total system charge is fixed, acharge storage system 80 is used to store refrigerant fromflowpath 40 and return refrigerant to theflowpath 40 so that the circulating charge will more closely correspond to the optimal charge as may be appropriate to maintain desired system performance. - In general, as the evaporator temperature goes down, the liquid refrigerant density in the evaporator increases and greater mass of refrigerant gets stored in the evaporator. In the absence of intervention, the mass flow rate of the circulating charge decreases. At that condition it is desirable to store the least amount of refrigerant in the
system 80. Similarly, when the heat exchangers are at their highest temperatures, the evaporator will store a relatively low amount of refrigerant. To avoid overpressurizing thesystem 20, it is desirable to store the most refrigerant in thestorage system 80. Thus, during system startup and pulldown it is desirable to have a maximum amount of charge in thestorage system 80. As the evaporator temperature goes down, thestorage system 80 may be controlled to unload progressively more charge into the active cycle. - The exemplary system includes a plurality of
reservoirs chambers primary flowpath 40 by valves at high and low pressure ends of the reservoirs. For purposes of illustration, each reservoir is shown having an associated first (high pressure)valve inlet condition 60. Each reservoir further has an associated second (low pressure)valve second port condition 62. As is discussed further below, various of the first valves may be integrated with each other, first and second valves may be integrated with each other, or other combinations (e.g., using four-way or greater valve structures). - In an exemplary method of operation, opening and closing of the first and second valves is controlled by the controller responsive to a combination of measured/sensed conditions and/or user-entered parameters (e.g., set temperatures). In the exemplary method, under normal operating conditions, each reservoir has exactly one of its two valves open while the other valve is closed. The selection of the appropriate combination of open and closed valves will determine the effective charge storage of the
system 80. - For each reservoir, the amount of charge stored in the reservoir will be determined by system conditions at whichever of its first and second valves (or associated ports) is open. If the first valve is open, the reservoir will be exposed to the relatively high pressure expansion device inlet conditions. The reservoir will, therefore, hold a relatively high charge amount. If, however, the second valve is open, the reservoir will be exposed to relatively low pressure suction conditions and a relatively small amount of charge will be stored.
- Thus, a condition of maximum stored charge and minimum circulating charge is associated with all of the first valves being open and all of the second valves being closed. Likewise, a condition of minimum stored charge and maximum circulating charge is associated with all of the first valves being closed and all of the second valves being open. Other combinations of closed and open valves provide one or more intermediate conditions. The nature of those intermediate conditions will depend upon the relative and absolute sizes of the reservoirs.
- In an exemplary reservoir sizing, the relative sizes of the first and second reservoirs are selected so that the effective capacity of the second reservoir is twice that of the first reservoir (i.e., the difference in charge amount held by the second reservoir between its two conditions is twice that of the first). Similarly, the third reservoir is selected to have an effective capacity twice that of the second. The absolute sizes of the reservoirs are selected so that the combined effective capacities provide a desired overall charge storage/buffering capacity. With this exemplary combination of reservoir sizes, six evenly separated intermediate conditions may be obtained between the minimum stored charge and maximum stored charge conditions.
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FIG. 2 shows a more basic system with just the first and second reservoirs so that a total of four charge storage conditions can be achieved. -
FIG. 3 shows a refrigerated transport unit (system) 220 in the form of a refrigerated trailer. The trailer may be pulled by atractor 222. The exemplary trailer includes a container/box 224 defining an interior/compartment 226. Anequipment housing 228 mounted to a front of thebox 224 may contain an electric generator system including an engine 230 (e.g., diesel) and anelectric generator 232 mechanically coupled to the engine to be driven thereby. Therefrigeration system 20 may be electrically coupled to thegenerator 232 to receive electrical power. The evaporator and its associated fan may be positioned in or otherwise in thermal communication with thecompartment 226. - By configuring the system (either mechanically or via controller programming or hardwiring) so that one port of each reservoir is always open, the possibility of reservoir overpressure is substantially eliminated. This may allow omission of special means for preventing overpressure (e.g., separate systems for cooling the reservoirs).
- Although basic systems have been illustrated, more complex implementations are possible involving further features of either the reservoirs or the basic refrigeration circuit. Additional components, flowpaths, etc., may be present.
- One or more embodiments of the present invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, when implemented in the retrofit/remanufacture of an existing system or a reengineering of the existing system configuration, details of the existing configuration may influence details of the particular implementation. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims (17)
1. A refrigeration system (20) comprising:
a compressor (22);
a first heat exchanger (24);
an expansion device (26); and
a second heat exchanger (28), a refrigerant recirculating flowpath (40) extending sequentially downstream through the compressor, first heat exchanger, expansion device, and second heat exchanger,
characterized by:
a first refrigerant storage chamber (85);
a second refrigerant storage chamber (86), and
at least one valve (90, 91, 96, 97) coupled to the first refrigerant storage chamber and second refrigerant storage chamber to permit the first and second refrigerant storage chambers to each be individually placed in alternative communication with the flowpath upstream and downstream of the expansion device.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein:
the second refrigerant storage chamber is larger than the first refrigerant storage chamber.
3. The system of claim 2 further comprising:
a third refrigerant storage chamber (87), larger than the second refrigerant storage chamber.
4. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a third refrigerant storage chamber (87).
5. The system of claim 1 wherein:
there are no additional refrigerant storage chambers.
6. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a control system (66) coupled to the at least one valve and configured to:
select a charge storage condition from a plurality of pre-determined conditions; and
operate the at least one valve to place the system in the selected charge storage condition.
7. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a transport container (224) having a compartment (226) positioned in thermal communication with the second heat exchanger.
8. The system of claim 7 further comprising:
an internal combustion engine-powered generator (230, 232) coupled to the compressor to power the compressor.
9. The system of claim 1 wherein:
a refrigerant charge of the system is at least 50% carbon dioxide by weight.
10. A refrigeration system (20) comprising:
a compressor (22);
a first heat exchanger (24);
an expansion device (26);
a second heat exchanger (28), a refrigerant recirculating flowpath (40) extending sequentially downstream through the compressor, first heat exchanger, expansion device, and second heat exchanger; and
means (90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98) for selectively diverting refrigerant from the flowpath to a plurality of chambers (85, 86, 87) and returning the refrigerant to the flowpath while maintaining the chambers at pressure below a peak pressure of the flowpath
11. The system of claim 10 wherein:
a refrigerant charge of the system is at least 50% carbon dioxide by weight.
12. The system of claim 10 further comprising:
a transport container (224) having a compartment (226) positioned in thermal communication with the second heat exchanger.
13. A refrigeration system operating method comprising:
compressing a refrigerant;
passing the compressed refrigerant through a first heat exchanger (24) downstream of a compressor (22) along a refrigerant flowpath (40);
expanding the refrigerant downstream of the first heat exchanger along the refrigerant flowpath;
passing the expanded refrigerant through a second heat exchanger (26);
returning the refrigerant to the compressor; and
diverting refrigerant to a storage unit (80) and returning the refrigerant from the storage system,
characterized in that:
the storage unit has a plurality of chambers (85, 86, 87);
the storage unit includes at least one valve (90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98) positioned to selectively place each chamber in communication with the flowpath; and
the diverting and returning comprises actuating the at least one valve to place each of the chambers in communication with the flowpath either upstream of or downstream of the expansion device.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the diverting and returning comprises:
determining a desired charge storage condition from a plurality of predetermined conditions; and
actuating the at least one valve to achieve the desired charge storage condition.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein:
the compressed refrigerant is passed through the first heat exchanger in a supercritical condition.
16. The method of claim 13 wherein:
the diverting and returning comprises operating with eight different nominal charge storage configurations.
17. The method of claim 13 wherein:
the diverting and returning comprises operating with four to eight different nominal charge storage configurations.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/US2006/045823 WO2008066530A2 (en) | 2006-11-30 | 2006-11-30 | Refrigerant charge storage |
Publications (1)
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US20100050668A1 true US20100050668A1 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
Family
ID=39468395
Family Applications (1)
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US12/516,250 Abandoned US20100050668A1 (en) | 2006-11-30 | 2006-11-30 | Refrigerant Charge Storage |
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US (1) | US20100050668A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2087298A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2010520985A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101548142B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008066530A2 (en) |
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US20100199707A1 (en) * | 2009-02-11 | 2010-08-12 | Star Refrigeration Limited | Refrigeration system |
JPWO2016189698A1 (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2017-09-07 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Compressor and refrigeration cycle apparatus |
US9776473B2 (en) | 2012-09-20 | 2017-10-03 | Thermo King Corporation | Electrical transport refrigeration system |
US10543737B2 (en) | 2015-12-28 | 2020-01-28 | Thermo King Corporation | Cascade heat transfer system |
DE102018129131A1 (en) * | 2018-11-20 | 2020-06-04 | Vaillant Gmbh | Working fluid management |
CN114674094A (en) * | 2022-03-16 | 2022-06-28 | 青岛海尔空调器有限总公司 | Air conditioner, method and device for regulating and controlling air conditioner refrigerant and storage medium |
CN114674095A (en) * | 2022-03-16 | 2022-06-28 | 青岛海尔空调器有限总公司 | Air conditioner, method and device for controlling air conditioner refrigerant and storage medium |
US11644221B1 (en) * | 2019-03-05 | 2023-05-09 | Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. | Open cycle thermal management system with a vapor pump device |
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DE102014104709A1 (en) | 2014-04-02 | 2015-10-08 | Krones Ag | Container treatment plant with refrigeration system and method for starting up a refrigeration system of a container treatment plant |
DE102014223956B4 (en) * | 2014-11-25 | 2018-10-04 | Konvekta Ag | Method for monitoring a charge of a refrigerant in a refrigerant circuit of a refrigeration system |
AT515240B1 (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2016-04-15 | Avl Ditest Gmbh | Air conditioning service unit and method for discharging refrigerant from an air conditioner |
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US20100199707A1 (en) * | 2009-02-11 | 2010-08-12 | Star Refrigeration Limited | Refrigeration system |
US10377209B2 (en) | 2012-09-20 | 2019-08-13 | Thermo King Corporation | Electrical transport refrigeration system |
US9776473B2 (en) | 2012-09-20 | 2017-10-03 | Thermo King Corporation | Electrical transport refrigeration system |
US11313593B2 (en) | 2015-05-27 | 2022-04-26 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Compressor and refrigeration cycle apparatus |
JPWO2016189698A1 (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2017-09-07 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Compressor and refrigeration cycle apparatus |
US10543737B2 (en) | 2015-12-28 | 2020-01-28 | Thermo King Corporation | Cascade heat transfer system |
US11351842B2 (en) | 2015-12-28 | 2022-06-07 | Thermo King Corporation | Cascade heat transfer system |
DE102018129131A1 (en) * | 2018-11-20 | 2020-06-04 | Vaillant Gmbh | Working fluid management |
US11644221B1 (en) * | 2019-03-05 | 2023-05-09 | Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. | Open cycle thermal management system with a vapor pump device |
US11761685B1 (en) | 2019-03-05 | 2023-09-19 | Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. | Open cycle thermal management system with a vapor pump device and recuperative heat exchanger |
US11801731B1 (en) | 2019-03-05 | 2023-10-31 | Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. | Thermal management systems |
US11835271B1 (en) | 2019-03-05 | 2023-12-05 | Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. | Thermal management systems |
CN114674094A (en) * | 2022-03-16 | 2022-06-28 | 青岛海尔空调器有限总公司 | Air conditioner, method and device for regulating and controlling air conditioner refrigerant and storage medium |
CN114674095A (en) * | 2022-03-16 | 2022-06-28 | 青岛海尔空调器有限总公司 | Air conditioner, method and device for controlling air conditioner refrigerant and storage medium |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2010520985A (en) | 2010-06-17 |
WO2008066530A3 (en) | 2009-04-30 |
WO2008066530A2 (en) | 2008-06-05 |
CN101548142B (en) | 2013-04-24 |
CN101548142A (en) | 2009-09-30 |
EP2087298A2 (en) | 2009-08-12 |
EP2087298A4 (en) | 2012-04-04 |
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