US20090312312A1 - Heterobicyclic Metalloprotease Inhibitors - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates generally to amide group containing pharmaceutical agents, and in particular, to amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibitor compounds. More particularly, the present invention provides a new class of heterobicyclic MMP-13 inhibiting and MMP-3 inhibiting compounds, that exhibit an increased potency in relation to currently known MMP-13 and MMP-3 inhibitors.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/440,087, filed May 22, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/734,991, filed Nov. 9, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/706,465, filed Aug. 8, 2005, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/683,470, filed May 20, 2005, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates generally to amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds, and more particularly to heterobicyclic MMP-13 inhibiting compounds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases (ADAMTS=a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif) are a family of structurally related zinc-containing enzymes that have been reported to mediate the breakdown of connective tissue in normal physiological processes such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodelling. Over-expression of MMPs and aggrecanases or an imbalance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation has been suggested as factors in inflammatory, malignant and degenerative disease processes. MMPs and aggrecanases are, therefore, targets for therapeutic inhibitors in several inflammatory, malignant and degenerative diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, periodontitis, multiple sclerosis, gingivitis, corneal epidermal and gastric ulceration, atherosclerosis, neointimal proliferation (which leads to restenosis and ischemic heart failure) and tumor metastasis.
• The ADAMTSs are a group of proteases that are encoded in 19 ADAMTS genes in humans. The ADAMTSs are extracellular, multidomain enzymes whose functions include collagen processing, cleavage of the matrix proteoglycans, inhibition of angiogenesis and blood coagulation homoeostasis (Biochem. J. 2005, 386, 15-27; Arthritis Res. Ther. 2005, 7, 160-169; Curr. Med. Chem. Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Allergy Agents 2005, 4, 251-264).
• The mammalian MMP family has been reported to include at least 20 enzymes, (Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2735-2776). Collagenase-3 (MMP-13) is among three collagenases that have been identified. Based on identification of domain structures for individual members of the MMP family, it has been determined that the catalytic domain of the MMPs contains two zinc atoms; one of these zinc atoms performs a catalytic function and is coordinated with three histidines contained within the conserved amino acid sequence of the catalytic domain. MMP-13 is over-expressed in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, breast carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. The principal substrates of MMP-13 are fibrillar collagens (types I, II, III) and gelatins, proteoglycans, cytokines and other components of ECM (extracellular matrix).
• The activation of the MMPs involves the removal of a propeptide, which features an unpaired cysteine residue complexes the catalytic zinc (II) ion. X-ray crystal structures of the complex between MMP-3 catalytic domain and TIMP-1 and MMP-14 catalytic domain and TIMP-2 also reveal ligation of the catalytic zinc (II) ion by the thiol of a cysteine residue. The difficulty in developing effective MMP inhibiting compounds comprises several factors, including choice of selective versus broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors and rendering such compounds bioavailable via an oral route of administration.
• MMP-3 (stromelysin-1; transin-1) is another member of the MMP family (Woesner; FASEB J. 1991; 5:2145-2154). Human MMP-3 was initially isolated from cultured human synoviocytes. It is also expressed by chondrocytes and has been localized in OA cartilage and synovial tissues (Case; Am. J. Pathol. 1989 December; 135(6):1055-64).
• MMP-3 is produced by basal keratinocytes in a variety of chronic ulcers. MMP-3 mRNA and Protein were detected in basal keratinocytes adjacent to but distal from the wound edge in what probably represents the sites of proliferating epidermis. MMP-3 may this prevent the epidermis from healing (Saarialho-Kere, J. Clin. Invest. 1994 July; 94(1):79-88)).
• MMP-3 serum protein levels are significantly elevated in patients with early and long-term rheumatoid arthritis (Yamanaka; Arthritis Rheum. 2000 April; 43(4):852-8) and in osteoarthritis patients (Bramono; Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 November; (428):272-85) as well as in other inflammatory diseases like systemic lupus erythematosis and ankylosing spondylitis (Chen, Rheumatology 2006 April; 45(4):414-20).
• MMP-3 acts on components of the ECM as aggrecan, fibronectin, gelatine, laminin, elastin, fibrillin and others and on collagens of type III, IV, V, VII, KX, X (Bramono; Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 November; (428):272-85). On collagens of type II and IX, MMP-3 exhibits telopeptidase activity (Sandell, Arthritis Res. 2001; 3(2): 107-13; Eyre, Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 October; (427 Suppl):S118-22). MMP-3 can activate other MMP family members as MMP-1; MMP-7; MMP-8; MMP-9 and MMP-13 (Close, Ann Rheum Dis 2001 November; 60 Suppl 3:iii62-7).
• MMP-3 is involved in the regulation of cytokines and chemokines by releasing TGFβ1 from the ECM, activating TNFα, inactivation of IL-1β and release of IGF (Parks, Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 August; 4(8):617-29). A potential role for MMP-3 in the regulation of macrophate infiltration is based on the ability of the enzyme to converse active MCP species into antagonistic peptides (McQuibban, Blood. 2002 Aug. 15; 100(4): 1160-7).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a new class of heterobicyclic amide containing pharmaceutical agents which inhibits metalloproteases. In particular, the present invention provides a new class of metalloprotease inhibiting compounds that exhibit potent MMP-13 inhibiting activity and/or activity towards MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-12, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5.
• The present invention provides several new classes of amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds, of which some are represented by the following general formulas:
• 
• wherein all variables in the preceding Formulas (I) to (VI) are as defined hereinbelow.
• The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be used in the treatment of metalloprotease mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cancer (e.g. but not limited to melanoma, gastric carcinoma or non-small cell lung carcinoma), inflammation, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ocular diseases (e.g. but not limited to ocular inflammation, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration with the wet type preferred and corneal neovascularization), neurologic diseases, psychiatric diseases, thrombosis, bacterial infection, Parkinson's disease, fatigue, tremor, diabetic retinopathy, vascular diseases of the retina, aging, dementia, cardiomyopathy, renal tubular impairment, diabetes, psychosis, dyskinesia, pigmentary abnormalities, deafness, inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes, intestinal bowel syndrome, allergies, Alzheimers disease, arterial plaque formation, oncology, periodontal, viral infection, stroke, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, reperfusion injury, trauma, chemical exposure or oxidative damage to tissues, chronic wound healing, wound healing, hemorroid, skin beautifying, pain, inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain, acne, acute alcoholic hepatitis, acute inflammation, acute pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, adult respiratory disease, airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, alcoholic liver disease, allograft rejections, angiogenesis, angiogenic ocular disease, arthritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, burn therapy, cardiac and renal reperfusion injury, celiac disease, cerebral and cardiac ischemia, CNS tumors, CNS vasculitis, colds, contusions, cor pulmonae, cough, Crohn's disease, chronic bronchitis, chronic inflammation, chronic pancreatitis, chronic sinusitis, crystal induced arthritis, cystic fibrosis, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, duodenal ulcers, dyspnea, early transplantation rejection, emphysema, encephalitis, endotoxic shock, esophagitis, gastric ulcers, gingivitis, glomerulonephritis, glossitis, gout, graft vs. host reaction, gram negative sepsis, granulocytic ehrlichiosis, hepatitis viruses, herpes, herpes viruses, HIV, hypercapnea, hyperinflation, hyperoxia-induced inflammation, hypoxia, hypersensitivity, hypoxemia, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial pneumonitis, ischemia reperfusion injury, kaposi's sarcoma associated virus, liver fibrosis, lupus, malaria, meningitis, multi-organ dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis, osteoporosis, periodontitis, chronic periodontitis, peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), pre-term labor, polymyositis, post surgical trauma, pruritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pulmatory fibrosis, pulmatory hypertension, renal reperfusion injury, respiratory viruses, restinosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, sarcoidosis, septic shock, small airway disease, sprains, strains, subarachnoid hemorrhage, surgical lung volume reduction, thrombosis, toxic shock syndrome, transplant reperfusion injury, traumatic brain injury, ulcerative colitis, vasculitis, ventilation-perfusion mismatching, and wheeze.
• In particular, the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be used in the treatment of MMP-13 mediated osteoarthritis and may be used for other MMP-13 mediated symptoms, inflammatory, malignant and degenerative diseases characterized by excessive extracellular matrix degradation and/or remodelling, such as cancer, and chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, inflammation, multiple sclerosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pain, such as inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain.
• The present invention also provides heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds that are useful as active ingredients in pharmaceutical compositions for treatment or prevention of metalloprotease—especially MMP-13—mediated diseases. The present invention also contemplates use of such compounds in pharmaceutical compositions for oral or parenteral administration, comprising one or more of the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds disclosed herein.
• The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting metalloproteases, by administering formulations, including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, topical, intravenous, parenteral (including, but not limited to, intramuscular, intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), transdermal, inhalative (including, but not limited to, pulmonary, aerosol inhalation), nasal, sublingual, subcutaneous or intraarticular formulations, comprising the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds by standard methods known in medical practice, for the treatment of diseases or symptoms arising from or associated with metalloprotease, especially MMP-13, including prophylactic and therapeutic treatment. Although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient. The compounds from this invention are conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.
• The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with a disease modifying antirheumatic drug, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a COX-2 selective inhibitor, a COX-1 inhibitor, an immunosuppressive, a steroid, a biological response modifier or other anti-inflammatory agents or therapeutics useful for the treatment of chemokines mediated diseases.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• The terms “alkyl” or “alk”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups, preferably having 1 to 10 carbons in the normal chain, most preferably lower alkyl groups. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl (e.g., to form a benzyl group), cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH₂—CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N—CO—wherein R¹⁰ or R¹¹ are as defined below, except that at least one of R¹⁰ or R¹¹ is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH).
• The terms “lower alk” or “lower alkyl” as used herein, denote such optionally substituted groups as described above for alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the normal chain.
• The term “alkoxy” denotes an alkyl group as described above bonded through an oxygen linkage (—O—).
• The term “alkenyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isobutenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH₂—CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N—CO—wherein R¹⁰ or R¹¹ are as defined below, except that at least one of R¹⁰ or R¹¹ is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH).
• The term “alkynyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH₂—CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N—CO—wherein R¹⁰ or R¹¹ are as defined below, except that at least one of R¹⁰ or R¹¹ is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH).
• The term “cycloalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated cyclic hydrocarbon ring systems, containing one ring with 3 to 9 carbons. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, and cyclododecyl. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents.
• The term “bicycloalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated cyclic bridged hydrocarbon ring systems, desirably containing 2 or 3 rings and 3 to 9 carbons per ring. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, adamantyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and cubane. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents.
• The term “spiroalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated hydrocarbon ring systems, wherein two rings of 3 to 9 carbons per ring are bridged via one carbon atom. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, spiro[3.5]nonane, spiro[4.5]decane or spiro[2.5]octane. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents.
• The term “spiroheteroalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated hydrocarbon ring systems, wherein two rings of 3 to 9 carbons per ring are bridged via one carbon atom and at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom independently selected from N, O and S. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, 1,3-diaza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents.
• The terms “ar” or “aryl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, homocyclic aromatic groups, preferably containing 1 or 2 rings and 6 to 12 ring carbons. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more nitro groups, alkyl groups as described above or groups described above as alkyl substituents.
• The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic system” denotes a heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, or heteroaryl group as described herein, which contains carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and including any bicyclic or tricyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to one or more heterocycle, aryl or cycloalkyl groups. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized. The heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom.
• Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, 1H-indazole, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-indolyl, 4-piperidonyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H-quinolizinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, b-carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl, oxindolyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, carbolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, xanthenyl.
• Further examples of heterocycles include, but not are not limited to, “heterobicycloalkyl” groups such as 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 7-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, and 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• “Heterocyclenyl” denotes a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system of about 3 to about 10 atoms, desirably about 4 to about 8 atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms, and which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-nitrogen double bond. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclenyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. The heterocyclenyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclenyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. “Heterocyclenyl” as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960), the contents all of which are incorporated by reference herein. Exemplary monocyclic azaheterocyclenyl groups include, but are not limited to, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrohydropyridine, 1,2-dihydropyridyl, 1,4-dihydropyridyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, and the like. Exemplary oxaheterocyclenyl groups include, but are not limited to, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, dihydrofuranyl, and fluorodihydrofuranyl. An exemplary multicyclic oxaheterocyclenyl group is 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl.
• “Heterocyclyl,” or “heterocycloalkyl,” denotes a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, desirably 4 to 8 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. The heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
• “Heterocyclyl” as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960). Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.
• “Heteroaryl” denotes an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 5 to about 10 atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The “heteroaryl” may also be substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heteroaryl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. A nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl may be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide. Heteroaryl as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960). Exemplary heteroaryl and substituted heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrazinyl, thienyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, thienopyridyl, thienopyrimidyl, pyrrolopyridyl, imidazopyridyl, benzoazaindole, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, benzthiazolyl, dioxolyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazinyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, tetrazinyl, tetrazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, thiatriazolyl, thiazinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, 5-thioxo-1,2,4-diazolyl, thiomorpholino, thiophenyl, thiopyranyl, triazolyl and triazolonyl.
• The phrase “fused” means, that the group, mentioned before “fused” is connected via two adjacent atoms to the ring system mentioned after “fused” to form a bicyclic system. For example, “heterocycloalkyl fused aryl” includes, but is not limited to, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine, 4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one, 3H-Benzooxazol-2-one and 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[f][1,4]oxazepin-5-one.
• The term “amino” denotes the radical —NH₂ wherein one or both of the hydrogen atoms may be replaced by an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group. Exemplary amino groups include, but are not limited to, n-butylamino, tert-butylamino, methylpropylamino and ethyldimethylamino.
• The term “cycloalkylalkyl” denotes a cycloalkyl-alkyl group wherein a cycloalkyl as described above is bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. Cycloalkylalkyl groups may contain a lower alkyl moiety. Exemplary cycloalkylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclopropylpropyl, cyclopentylpropyl, and cyclohexylpropyl.
• The term “arylalkyl” denotes an aryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.
• The term “heteroarylalkyl” denotes a heteroaryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.
• The term “heterocyclylalkyl,” or “heterocycloalkylalkyl,” denotes a heterocyclyl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.
• The terms “halogen”, “halo”, or “hal”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.
• The term “haloalkyl” denotes a halo group as described above bonded though an alkyl, as defined above. Fluoroalkyl is an exemplary group.
• The term “aminoalkyl” denotes an amino group as defined above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.
• The phrase “bicyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated” denotes an 8- to 13-membered fused bicyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic. The ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and benzocycloheptyl.
• The phrase “tricyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated” denotes a 9- to 18-membered fused tricyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic. The ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-7 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, fluorene, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and 2,2a,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclobuta[a]indene.
• The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. Examples therefore may be, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, choline, lysine, arginine or N-methyl-glucamine salts, and the like.
• The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and the like.
• The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Organic solvents include, but are not limited to, nonaqueous media like ethers, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990, p. 1445, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” denotes those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” denotes media generally accepted in the art for the delivery of biologically active agents to mammals, e.g., humans. Such carriers are generally formulated according to a number of factors well within the purview of those of ordinary skill in the art to determine and account for. These include, without limitation: the type and nature of the active agent being formulated; the subject to which the agent-containing composition is to be administered; the intended route of administration of the composition; and, the therapeutic indication being targeted. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include both aqueous and non-aqueous liquid media, as well as a variety of solid and semi-solid dosage forms. Such carriers can include a number of different ingredients and additives in addition to the active agent, such additional ingredients being included in the formulation for a variety of reasons, e.g., stabilization of the active agent, well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, and microspheres (including, but not limited to poly(D,L)-lactide-co-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(caprolactone (PCL) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)). Descriptions of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and factors involved in their selection, are found in a variety of readily available sources, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers particularly suitable for use in conjunction with tablets include, for example, inert diluents, such as celluloses, calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; disintegrating agents, such as croscarmellose sodium, cross-linked povidone, maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as povidone, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.
• Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example celluloses, lactose, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with non-aqueous or oil medium, such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• The compositions of the invention may also be formulated as suspensions including a compound of the present invention in admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for the manufacture of a suspension. In yet another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated as dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of a suspension by the addition of suitable excipients.
• Carriers suitable for use in connection with suspensions include suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycethanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate); and thickening agents, such as carbomer, beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. The suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives such as acetic acid, methyl and/or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate; one or more coloring agents; one or more flavoring agents; and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
• Cyclodextrins may be added as aqueous solubility enhancers. Preferred cyclodextrins include hydroxypropyl, hydroxyethyl, glucosyl, maltosyl and maltotriosyl derivatives of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin. The amount of solubility enhancer employed will depend on the amount of the compound of the present invention in the composition.
• The term “formulation” denotes a product comprising the active ingredient(s) and the inert ingredient(s) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutical carrier.
• The term “N-oxide” denotes compounds that can be obtained in a known manner by reacting a compound of the present invention including a nitrogen atom (such as in a pyridyl group) with hydrogen peroxide or a peracid, such as 3-chloroperoxy-benzoic acid, in an inert solvent, such as dichloromethane, at a temperature between about −10-80° C., desirably about 0° C.
• The term “polymorph” denotes a form of a chemical compound in a particular crystalline arrangement. Certain polymorphs may exhibit enhanced thermodynamic stability and may be more suitable than other polymorphic forms for inclusion in pharmaceutical formulations.
• The compounds of the invention can contain one or more chiral centers and/or double bonds and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers, such as double-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers, or diastereomers. According to the invention, the chemical structures depicted herein, and therefore the compounds of the invention, encompass all of the corresponding enantiomers and stereoisomers, that is, both the stereomerically pure form (e.g., geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure, or diastereomerically pure) and enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures.
• The term “racemic mixture” denotes a mixture that is about 50% of one enantiomer and about 50% of the corresponding enantiomer relative to all chiral centers in the molecule. Thus, the invention encompasses all enantiomerically-pure, enantiomerically-enriched, and racemic mixtures of compounds of Formulas (I) through (VI).
• Enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures of compounds of the invention can be resolved into their component enantiomers or stereoisomers by well-known methods. Examples include, but are not limited to, the formation of chiral salts and the use of chiral or high performance liquid chromatography “HPLC” and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts. See, e.g., Jacques, J., et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen, S. H., et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, E. L., Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962); Wilen, S. H., Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind., 1972); Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Ernest L. Eliel, Samuel H. Wilen and Lewis N. Manda (1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), and Stereoselective Synthesis A Practical Approach, Mihaly Nogradi (1995 VCH Publishers, Inc., NY, N.Y.). Enantiomers and stereoisomers can also be obtained from stereomerically- or enantiomerically-pure intermediates, reagents, and catalysts by well-known asymmetric synthetic methods.
• “Substituted” is intended to indicate that one or more hydrogens on the atom indicated in the expression using “substituted” is replaced with a selection from the indicated group(s), provided that the indicated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. When a substituent is keto (i.e., ═O) group, then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced.
• Unless moieties of a compound of the present invention are defined as being unsubstituted, the moieties of the compound may be substituted. In addition to any substituents provided above, the moieties of the compounds of the present invention may be optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from:
• C₁-C₄ alkyl;
• C₂-C₄ alkenyl;
• C₂-C₄ alkynyl;
• CF₃;
• halo;
• OH;
• O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• OCH₂F;
• OCHF₂;
• OCF₃;
• ONO₂;
• OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• SH;
• S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• NH₂;
• N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(H)C(O)—CF₃;
• N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃;
• N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(H)C(O)NH₂;
• N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• N(H)S(O)₂NH₂);
• N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• N(H)C(S)NH₂;
• NO₂;
• CO₂H;
• CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• C(O)N(H)OH;
• C(O)N(CH₃)OH:
• C(O)N(CH₃)OH;
• C(O)N(CH₃)Q-(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• C(S)N(C₁-C₄alkyl)₂;
• C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• CN;
• CHO;
• CH₂OH;
• CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• CH₂NH₂;
• CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);
• CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;
• aryl;
• heteroaryl;
• cycloalkyl; and
• heterocyclyl.
• In some cases, a ring substituent may be shown as being connected to the ring by a bond extending from the center of the ring. The number of such substituents present on a ring is indicated in subscript by a number. Moreover, the substituent may be present on any available ring atom, the available ring atom being any ring atom which bears a hydrogen which the ring substituent may replace. For illustrative purposes, if variable R^X were defined as being:
• 
• this would indicate a cyclohexyl ring bearing five R^X substituents. The R^X substituents may be bonded to any available ring atom. For example, among the configurations encompassed by this are configurations such as:
• 
• These configurations are illustrative and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
• In one embodiment of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (I):
• 
• wherein:
• R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl,
• wherein R¹ is optionally substituted one or more times, or
• wherein R¹ is optionally substituted by one R¹⁶ group and optionally substituted by one or more R⁹ groups;
• R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times or R¹ and R² when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_x, or NR⁵⁰ and which is optionally substituted one or more times;
• R³ is NR²⁰R²¹;
• R⁴ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of R¹⁰, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, haloalkyl, CF₃, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-COR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NO₂, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-CN, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_yOR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_yNR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰CONR¹¹SO₂R³⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_nR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═NR¹¹)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰SO₂R¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NR¹¹—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, S(O)_x—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, S(O)_x—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)—NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_yNR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_yR¹⁰, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl and O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl,
• wherein each R⁴ group is optionally substituted one or more times, or
• wherein each R⁴ group is optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁴ groups;
• R⁵ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, aryl, arylalkyl, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and C(O)OR¹⁰, wherein alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• R⁹ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of R¹⁰, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, CHF₂, CF₃, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, COOR¹⁰, CH(CH₃)CO₂H, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-COR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NO₂, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-CN, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_yOR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-P(O)₂OH, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_yNR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰CONR¹¹SO₂R³⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_nR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═NR¹¹)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰-alkyl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NR¹¹—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, S(O)_n—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, S(O)_x—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)—NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_yNR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_yR¹¹, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl and O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl,
• wherein each R⁹ group is optionally substituted, or
• wherein each R⁹ group is optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁴ groups;
• R¹⁰ and R¹¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_x, or NR⁵⁰ and which is optionally substituted one or more times;
• R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl and halo, wherein alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and heterocyclylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, (i) and (ii):
• 
• wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times;
• R²¹ is a bicyclic or tricyclic fused ring system, wherein at least one ring is partially saturated, and
• wherein R²¹ is optionally substituted one or more times, or
• wherein R²¹ is optionally substituted by one or more R⁹ groups;
• R²² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, NO₂, NR¹⁰R¹¹, CN, SR¹⁰, SSR¹⁰, PO₃R¹⁰, NR¹⁰NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰N═CR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)OR¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂R¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and fluoroalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, and fluoroalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl are optionally substituted;
• R⁵⁰ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R⁸⁰, C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, SO₂R⁸⁰ and SO₂NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, wherein alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted, or R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_x, —NH, and —N(alkyl) and which is optionally substituted one or more times;
• E is selected from the group consisting of a bond, CR¹⁰R¹¹, O, NR⁵, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, C(═O), N(R¹⁰)(C═O), (C═O)N(R¹⁰), N(R¹⁰)S(═O)₂, S(═O)₂N(R¹⁰), C═N—OR¹¹, —C(R¹⁰R¹¹)C(R¹⁰R¹¹)—, —CH₂—W¹— and
• 
• Q is a 5- or 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times with R⁴;
• D is a member selected from the group consisting of CR²² and N;
• U is selected from the group consisting of C(R⁵R¹⁰), NR⁵, O, S═O and S(═O)₂;
• W¹ is selected from the group consisting of O, NR⁵, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, N(R¹⁰)(C═O), N(R¹⁰)S(═O)₂ and S(═O)₂N(R¹⁰);
• X is selected from the group consisting of a bond and (CR¹⁰R¹¹)_wE(CR¹⁰R¹¹)_w;
• g and h are independently selected from 0-2;
• w is independently selected from 0-4;
• x is selected from 0 to 2;
• y is selected from 1 and 2; and
• N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In another embodiment, compounds of Formula (I) may be selected from Group I(a):
• 

  
• wherein:
• R⁵¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times.
• In still another embodiment, compounds of Formula (I) may be selected from:
• 
• In yet another embodiment, compounds of Formula (I) may be selected from:
• 
• In some embodiments, R³ of the compounds of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 1:
• 
• wherein:
• R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, R⁴ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl and cycloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally two R⁷ groups together at the same carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;
• A and B are independently selected from the group consisting of CR⁹, CR⁹R¹⁰, NR¹⁰, N, O and S(O)_x;
• G, L, M and T are independently selected from the group consisting of CR⁹ and N;
• m and n are independently selected from 0-3, provided that:
• • (1) when E is present, m and n are not both 3;
  • (2) when E is —CH₂—W¹—, m and n are not 3; and
  • (3) when E is a bond, m and n are not 0; and
• p is selected from 0-6;
• wherein the dotted line represents a double bond between one of: carbon “a” and A, or carbon “a” and B.
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the compounds of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 1 as defined hereinabove.
• In some embodiments, R³ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group I(2):
• 

  
• wherein:
• R is selected from the group consisting of C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, COR¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂R¹⁰, CONHCH₃ and CON(CH₃)₂, wherein C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, COR¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂R¹⁰, CONHCH₃ and CON(CH₃)₂ are optionally substituted one or more times; and
• r is selected from 1-4.
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the compounds of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 2, as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 3:
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 3 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, R⁹ may be selected from Substituent Group 4:
• 

  
• wherein:
• R⁵² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, CN, hydroxy, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, haloalkyl, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times.
• For example, in some embodiments, R⁹ of Substituent Group 3 may be selected from Substituent Group 4 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, R³ of the structures of Formula (I) may be Substituent Group 16:
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 16 as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 5:
• 
• wherein:
• R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, halo, CN, alkyl, CO₂H,
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 5 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 6:
• 
• wherein:
• R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CO₂R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• B₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_x;
• D², G², L², M² and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N; and
• Z is a 5- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or a 5- to 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times.
• For example, in another embodiment, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 6 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 7:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 7 as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:
• 

  
• wherein:
• R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and halo, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally R¹² and R¹³ together form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;
• R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally two R¹⁹ groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;
• R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CO₂R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• J and K are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁰R¹⁸, NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_x;
• A₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_x; and
• D², G², J², L², M² and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N.
• For example, some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.
• In a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:
• 

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 10:
• 

  
• wherein:
• R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally two R¹⁹ groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹¹;
• R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CONR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• L², M², and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N;
• D³, G³, L³, M³, and T³ are independently selected from N, CR¹⁸, (i), or (ii),
• 
• with the proviso that one of L³, M³, T³, D³, and G³ is (i) or (ii)
• B₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_x; and
• Q² is a 5- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, which is optionally substituted one or more times with R¹⁹.
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 11:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (I):
• 
• and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof,
• wherein:
• R¹ in each occurrence may be the same or different and is as defined hereinabove;
• R² in each occurrence may be the same or different and is as defined hereinabove; and
• all remaining variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, the compound of Formula (II) may be selected from Group II(a):
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In a further embodiment, the compound of Formula (II) may be selected from:
• 
• In yet a further embodiment, the compound of Formula (II) may be selected from:
• 
• In still a further embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 13:
• 

  
• wherein:
• R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of R⁹, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)OR¹⁰, CH(CH₃)CO₂H, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-COR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NO₂, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-CN, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_yOR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-P(O)₂OH, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_yNR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰CONR¹¹SO₂R³⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_xR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═NR¹¹)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰-alkyl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NR¹¹—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, S(O)_x—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, S(O)_x—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)—NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_yNR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_yR¹¹, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl and O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein each R⁶ group is optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁴ groups;
• R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, halo, CHF₂, CF₃, OR¹⁰, NR¹⁰R¹¹, NO₂, and CN, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times;
• D⁴, G⁴, L⁴, M⁴, and T⁴ are independently selected from CR⁶ and N; and
• all remaining variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Group II(a) may independently be selected from Substituent Group 13 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 14:
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of Group II(a) may independently be selected from Substituent Group 14 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, R⁶ of Substituent Group 14 may be selected from hydrogen, halo, CN, OH, CH₂OH, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, OCHF₂, COCH₃, SO₂CH₃, SO₂CF₃, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHCH₃, SO₂N(CH₃)₂, NH₂, NHCOCH₃, N(COCH₃)₂, NHCONH₂, NHSO₂CH₃, alkoxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, CO₂H,
• 
• R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, CH₃, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, and OCHF₂;
• R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CH₃, COOCH₃, COOH, and CONH₂.
• In yet another embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 15:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 15 as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.
• In a further embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:
• 

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 10:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, one R¹ of Formula (II) may independently be selected from Substituent Group 11:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment, one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.
• In some embodiments:
• A) the first occurrence of R¹ of Formula (II) is selected from Substituent Group 13:
• 

  
• B) the second occurrence R¹ of Formula (II) is selected from Substituent Group 8 and Substituent Group 10:
• 

  

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example in some embodiments, the first occurrence of R¹ of the structures of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 13 as defined hereinabove, and the second occurrence of R¹ may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (III):
• 
• • and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof,
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (III) may be selected from Group III(a):
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (III) may be selected from:
• 
• In a further embodiment, the compounds of Formula (III) may be selected from:
• 
• In yet a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 1:
• 
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group III (a) may be selected from Substituent Group 1 as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 2:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, R³ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 2 as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment, R³ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 3:
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 3 as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment, R⁹ of the structures of Substituent Group 3 may be selected from:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, R³ of Formula (III) may be Substituent Group 16:
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group III(a) may be Substituent Group 16 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, R³ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 5:
• 
• wherein:
• R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, fluoro, halo, CN, alkyl, CO₂H,
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 5 as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, R¹ of the structures of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 6:
• 
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 6 as defined hereinabove.
• In a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 7:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 7 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:
• 

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment, R¹ of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 10.
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 11:
• 

  

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (IV):
• 
• and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof,
• wherein:
• R²³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, NO₂, NR¹⁰R¹¹, CN, SR¹⁰, SSR¹⁰, PO₃R¹⁰, NR¹⁰NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰N═CR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)OR¹⁰, and fluoroalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, and fluoroalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• W is a 5- or 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times with R⁴; and
• all remaining variables are as defined herein above.
• In another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (IV) may be selected from Group IV(a):
• 
• wherein:
• R⁵¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;
• K¹ is O, S(O)_x, or NR⁵¹; and
• all remaining variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (IV) may be selected from Group IV(b):
• 

  
• In still another embodiment, R³ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 1:
• 
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 1 as defined hereinabove.
• In a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 2:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 2 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 3
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 3 as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, R⁹ of Substituent Group 3 may be selected from:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment, R³ of Formula (IV) may be Substituent Group 16:
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be Substituent Group 16 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, R³ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 5:
• 
• wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, fluoro, halo, CN, alkyl, CO₂H,
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 5 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 6:
• 
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 6 as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 7:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 7 as defined hereinabove.
• In a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:
• 

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 10:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 11:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (V):
• 
• and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof,
• wherein:
• R¹ in each occurrence may be the same or different and is as defined hereinabove;
• R² in each occurrence may be the same or different and is as defined hereinabove; and
• all remaining variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In a further embodiment, compounds of Formula (V) may be selected from Group V(a):
• 
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, the compounds of Formula (V) may be selected from Group V(b):
• 

  
• In still a further embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 13:
• 

  

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 13 as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment, at least one R¹ of the compounds of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 14:
• 

  
• For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 14 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, R⁶ of Substituent Group 14 may be selected from hydrogen, halo, CN, OH, CH₂OH, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, OCHF₂, COCH₃, SO₂CH₃, SO₂CF₃, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHCH₃, SO₂N(CH₃)₂, NH₂, NHCOCH₃, N(COCH₃)₂, NHCONH₂, NHSO₂CH₃, alkoxy, alkyl, CO₂H,
• 
• wherein
• R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, CH₃, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, and OCHF₂;
• R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CH₃, COOCH₃, COOH, and CONH₂.
• In yet another embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 15:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 15 as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.
• In a further embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:
• 

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 10:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, each R¹ of Formula (V) may be independently selected from Substituent Group 11:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment, one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.
• In some embodiments:
• A) the first occurrence of R¹ of Formula (V) is selected from Substituent Group 13:
• 

  

  
• and
  B) the second occurrence of R¹ of Formula (V) is selected from Substituent Group 10:
• 

  

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example in some embodiments, the first occurrence of R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 13 as defined hereinabove, and the second occurrence of R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (VI):
• 
• and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof,
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (VI) may be selected from Group VI(a):
• 
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (VI) may be selected from Group VI(b):
• 

  
• In a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 1:
• 
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 1 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 2:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 2 as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 3:
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 3 as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment, each R⁹ of Substituent Group 3 may independently be selected from:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, R³ of Formula (VI) may be Substituent Group 16:
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 16 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, R³ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 5:
• 
• wherein:
• R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, halo, CN, alkyl, CO₂H,
• 
• For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 5 as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, R¹ of the compounds of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 6:
• 
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 6 as defined hereinabove.
• In a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 7:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 7 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.
• In still a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:
• 

  

  

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.
• In one embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 10:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 11:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.
• In yet another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:
• 

  

  
• For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:
• 

  
• wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.
• In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In still a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:
• 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In still a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In still a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:
• 
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• The present invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions which include any of the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloproteases of the invention described hereinabove. In accordance therewith, some embodiments of the present invention provide a pharmaceutical composition which may include an effective amount of an amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• In one embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (I) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (II) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (III) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (IV) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (V) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (VI) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• The present invention is also directed to methods of inhibiting metalloproteases and methods of treating diseases or symptoms mediated by an metalloprotease enzyme, particularly an MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or an ADAMTS-4 enzyme, and more particularly an MMP-13 enzyme and/or an MMP-3 enzyme. Such methods include administering a bicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Examples of diseases or symptoms mediated by an metalloprotease mediated enzyme include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cancer (e.g. but not limited to melanoma, gastric carcinoma or non-small cell lung carcinoma), inflammation, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ocular diseases (e.g. but not limited to ocular inflammation, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration with the wet type preferred and corneal neovascularization), neurologic diseases, psychiatric diseases, thrombosis, bacterial infection, Parkinson's disease, fatigue, tremor, diabetic retinopathy, vascular diseases of the retina, aging, dementia, cardiomyopathy, renal tubular impairment, diabetes, psychosis, dyskinesia, pigmentary abnormalities, deafness, inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes, intestinal bowel syndrome, allergies, Alzheimers disease, arterial plaque formation, oncology, periodontal, viral infection, stroke, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, reperfusion injury, trauma, chemical exposure or oxidative damage to tissues, wound healing, hemorroid, skin beautifying, pain, inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain, acne, acute alcoholic hepatitis, acute inflammation, acute pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, adult respiratory disease, airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, alcoholic-liver disease, allograft rejections, angiogenesis, angiogenic ocular disease, arthritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, burn therapy, cardiac and renal reperfusion injury, celiac disease, cerebral and cardiac ischemia, CNS tumors, CNS vasculitis, colds, contusions, cor pulmonae, cough, Crohn's disease, chronic bronchitis, chronic inflammation, chronic pancreatitis, chronic sinusitis, crystal induced arthritis, cystic fibrosis, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, duodenal ulcers, dyspnea, early transplantation rejection, emphysema, encephalitis, endotoxic shock, esophagitis, gastric ulcers, gingivitis, glomerulonephritis, glossitis, gout, graft vs. host reaction, gram negative sepsis, granulocytic ehrlichiosis, hepatitis viruses, herpes, herpes viruses, HIV, hypercapnea, hyperinflation, hyperoxia-induced inflammation, hypoxia, hypersensitivity, hypoxemia, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial pneumonitis, ischemia reperfusion injury, kaposi's sarcoma associated virus, lupus, malaria, meningitis, multi-organ dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis, osteoporosis, periodontitis, peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), pre-term labor, polymyositis, post surgical trauma, pruritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pulmatory fibrosis, pulmatory hypertension, renal reperfusion injury, respiratory viruses, restinosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, sarcoidosis, septic shock, small airway disease, sprains, strains, subarachnoid hemorrhage, surgical lung volume reduction, thrombosis, toxic shock syndrome, transplant reperfusion injury, traumatic brain injury, ulcerative colitis, vasculitis, ventilation-perfusion mismatching, wheeze
• In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS-4, and more particularly MMP-13, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (I) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS-4, and more particularly MMP-13, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (II) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS-4, and more particularly MMP-13, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (III) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS-4, and more particularly MMP-13 and/or MMP-3, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (IV) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS4, and more particularly MMP-13 and/or MMP-3, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (V) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS-4, and more particularly MMP-13 and/or MMP-3, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (VI) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In still a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (II) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (III) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly MMP-13 mediated disease and/or MMP-3 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (IV) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease and/or MMP-3 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (V) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease and/or MMP-3 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (VI) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.
• Illustrative of the diseases which may be treated with such methods are: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cancer, inflammation, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ocular diseases, neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, thrombosis, bacterial infection, Parkinson's disease, fatigue, tremor, diabetic retinopathy, vascular diseases of the retina, aging, dementia, cardiomyopathy, renal tubular impairment, diabetes, psychosis, dyskinesia, pigmentary abnormalities, deafness, inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes, intestinal bowel syndrome, allergies, Alzheimer's disease, arterial plaque formation, oncology, periodontal, viral infection, stroke, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, reperfusion injury, trauma, chemical exposure or oxidative damage to tissues, wound healing, hemorroids, skin beautifying, pain, inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain.
• In some embodiments, of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds defined above are used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or symptom mediated by an MMP enzyme, particularly an MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or an ADAMTS-4 enzyme, and more particularly an MMP-13 enzyme and/or an MMP-3 enzyme.
• In some embodiments, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds defined above may be used in combination with a drug, active, or therapeutic agent such as, but not limited to: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug, such as, but not limited to, methotrexate, azathioptrineluflunomide, penicillamine, gold salts, mycophenolate, mofetil, and cyclophosphamide; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as, but not limited to, piroxicam, ketoprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, and ibuprofen; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor, such as, but not limited to, rofecoxib, celecoxib, and valdecoxib; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor, such as, but not limited to, piroxicam; (e) an immunosuppressive, such as, but not limited to, methotrexate, cyclosporin, leflunimide, tacrolimus, rapamycin, and sulfasalazine; (f) a steroid, such as, but not limited to, p-methasone, prednisone, cortisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone; (g) a biological response modifier, such as, but not limited to, anti-TNF antibodies, TNF-α antagonists, IL-1 antagonists, anti-CD40, anti-CD28, IL-10, and anti-adhesion molecules; and (h) other anti-inflammatory agents or therapeutics useful for the treatment of chemokine mediated diseases, such as, but not limited to, p38 kinase inhibitors, PDE4 inhibitors, TACE inhibitors, chemokine receptor antagonists, thalidomide, leukotriene inhibitors, and other small molecule inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
• In one embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:
• • A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof;
  • B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and
  • C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
• In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:
• • A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (II) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof;
  • B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and
  • C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
• In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:
• • A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (III) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof;
  • B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and
  • C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
• In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:
• • A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (IV) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof;
  • B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and
  • C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
• In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:
• • A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (V) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof;
  • B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and
  • C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
• In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:
• • A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (VI) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof;
  • B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and
  • C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
Biological Activity
• The inhibiting activity towards different metalloproteases of the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be measured using any suitable assay known in the art. A standard in vitro assay for measuring the metalloprotease inhibiting activity is described in Examples 1700 to 1704. The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds show activity towards MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-12, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and/or ADAMTS-5.
• The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention have an MMP-13 inhibition activity (IC₅₀ MMP-13) ranging from below 0.1 nM to about 20 μM, and typically, from about 0.2 nM to about 2 μM. Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention desirably have an MMP inhibition activity ranging from about 0.2 nM to about 20 nM. Table 1 lists typical examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an MMP-13 activity lower than 5 nM (Group A) and from 5 nM to 20 μM (Group B).

• TABLE 1
  Summary of MMP-13 Activity for Compounds

  Group	Ex. #
  A	32, 37, 49, 63, 66, 73, 115, 159, 235, 317, 318, 319, 322,
  	328, 332, 337, 339, 340, 341, 343, 346, 348, 349, 351, 358,
  	359, 365, 379, 395, 397, 398, 399, 402, 403, 418, 419, 423,
  	425, 428, 430, 440, 442, 443, 449, 453, 459, 469, 476, 480,
  	1748, 1749, 1751, 1758, 1759, 1768, 1778, 1782, 1820, 1861,
  	1864, 1865, 1875, 1876, 1878, 1880, 1887, 1890, 1894, 1912,
  	1920, 1922, 1948, 1949, 2065, 2081, 2093, 2095, 2100, 2182,
  	2188, 2206, 2207, 2212, 2221, 2244, 2328, 2341.
  B	3, 4, 36, 71, 86, 93, 113, 126, 156, 158, 161, 231, 244,
  	246, 280, 308, 323, 347, 355, 363, 367, 400, 411, 420, 432,
  	461, 464, 466, 467, 479, 483, 1767, 1779, 1780, 1787, 1805,
  	1821, 1829, 1872, 1884, 1881, 1891, 1893, 1895, 1911, 1913,
  	1917, 1921, 1923, 1943, 1951, 1952, 2146, 2163, 2165, 2183,
  	2222, 2225, 2227, 2253, 2256, 2258, 2261, 2263, 2267, 2268,
  	2269, 2283, 2284, 2285, 2288, 2291, 2294, 2295, 2297, 2299,
  	2321, 2324, 2332, 2333, 2336, 2338, 2339, 2343, 2346, 2389,
  	2390, 2392.

• Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds, in particular compounds of Formula (V) of the invention have an MMP-3 inhibition activity (IC₅₀ MMP-3) ranging from below 5 nM to about 20 μM, and typically, from about 3 nM to about 2 μM. Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention desirably have an MMP inhibition activity ranging from about 0.2 nM to about 20 nM. Table 2 lists typical examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an MMP-3 activity lower than 100 nM (Group A) and from 100 nM to 20 μM (Group B).

• TABLE 2
  Summary of MMP-3 Activity for Compounds

  	Group	Ex. #
  	A	2300, 2301, 2304, 2309, 2314, 2315, 2319, 2320,
  		2321, 2323, 2330, 2331, 2332, 2333, 2342, 2346.
  	B	159, 318, 328, 346, 348, 349, 395, 397, 419,
  		459, 484, 2346, 2303, 2305, 2310, 2316.

• Some heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention have an MMP-8 inhibition activity (IC₅₀ MMP-8) ranging from about 2 μM to about 20 μM. Examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an MMP-8 activity below 20 μM are Ex. # 31, 318, 346, 395 and 397.
• Some heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention have an MMP-12 inhibition activity (IC₅₀ MMP-12) ranging from below 1 mM to about 20 μM. Examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an MMP-12 activity below 20 μM are Ex. # 318, 322, 346, 395, 397, 418, 430, 440 and 459.
• Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds, in particular compounds of Formula (V) of the invention, show an MMP-3 mediated proteoglycan degradation ranging from below 50 nM to about 20 μM. Typical examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an IC₅₀-range of 20 to 40 nM in the MMP-3 Mediated Proteoglycan Degradation Assay (Ex. #1705) are Ex. #483 and 2343.
• Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds, in particular compounds of Formula (V) of the invention, of the invention show an inhibition of MMP-3 mediated pro-collagenase 3 activation ranging from below 50 nM to about 20 μM. Typical examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an IC₅₀-range of 10 to 30 nM in the Assay for Determining Inhibition of MMP-3 mediated Pro-Collagenase 3 Activation (Ex. #1706) are Ex. #483 and 2343.
• The synthesis of metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention and their biological activity assay are described in the following examples which are not intended to be limiting in any way.
Schemes
• Provided below are schemes according to which compounds of the present invention may be prepared. In schemes described herein, each of R^AR^B and R^CR^D may be the same or different, and each may independently be selected from R¹R² and R²⁰R²¹ as defined hereinabove. Each of X^a, Y^a, and Z^a shown in the schemes below may be the same or different, and each may independently be selected from N and CR⁴. X^b shown in the schemes below in each occurrence may be the same or different and is independently selected from O, S, and NR⁵¹. Y^b shown in the schemes below in each occurrence may be the same and is independently selected from CR⁴ and N.
• In some embodiments the compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are synthesized by the general methods shown in Scheme 1 to Scheme 3.
• 
• Methyl acetopyruvate is condensed (e.g. MeOH/reflux, aqueous HCl/100° C. or glacial AcOH/95° C.) with an amino substituted 5-membered heterocycle (e.g. 1H-pyrazol-5-amine) to afford a bicyclic ring system as a separable mixture of regioisomer A and regioisomer B (Scheme 1).
• 
• The regioisomer A of the bicyclic ring system from Scheme 1 (e.g. 7-methyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester) is oxidized (e.g. selenium dioxide/120-130° C. and then Oxone®/room temperature) to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid (Scheme 2). Activated acid coupling (e.g. oxalyl chloride, PyBOP, PyBrOP, EDCI/HOAt or HATU/HOAt) with R^AR^BNH (e.g. 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine) in a suitable solvent gives the desired amide after purification. Saponification (e.g. aqueous LiOH/dioxane, NaOH/MeOH or TMSnOH/80° C.) and further activated acid coupling (e.g. oxalyl chloride, PyBOP, PyBrOP, EDCI/HOAt, HATU/HOAt, N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methyl-polystyrene or polystyrene-IIDQ) with R^CR^DNH gives the desired bicyclic bisamide inhibitor after purification. If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).
• 
• The regioisomer B of the bicyclic ring system from Scheme 1 (e.g. 5-methyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxylic acid methyl ester) is treated similarly as shown in Scheme 2 to give the desired bicyclic bisamide inhibitor after purification (Scheme 3). If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).
• In some embodiments the compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are synthesized by the general methods shown in Scheme 4 to Scheme 8.
• 
• 2-Chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester is reduced (e.g. NaBH₄/MeOH) to the corresponding alcohol and protected with a suitable protecting group [PG, e.g. (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl] (Scheme 4). The obtained intermediate is stirred with hydrazine hydrate at 70° C. to afford the corresponding hydrazino pyrimidine after concentration. Cyclization with a suitable reagent (e.g. triethylortho formate) gives the protected hydroxymethyl substituted bicyclic ring system as a separable mixture of regioisomer A and regioisomer B.
• 
• The regioisomer A of the protected hydroxymethyl substituted bicyclic ring system from Scheme 4 (e.g. 7-(2-methoxy-ethoxymethoxymethyl)-5-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine) is deprotected (e.g. HCl/THF) and then oxidized (e.g. KMnO₄ in aqueous Na₂CO₃/50° C.) to afford the corresponding carboxy substituted bicyclic ring system (Scheme 5). Esterification (e.g. thionyl chloride/MeOH) and oxidation (e.g. selenium dioxide/70° C.) of this intermediate gives the corresponding carboxylic acid. Activated acid coupling (e.g. oxalyl chloride, PyBOP, PyBrOP, EDCI/HOAt or HATU/HOAt) with R^AR^BNH (e.g. 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine) in a suitable solvent gives the desired amide after purification. Saponification (e.g. aqueous LiOH/dioxane, NaOH/MeOH or TMSnOH/80° C.) and further activated acid coupling (e.g. oxalyl chloride, PyBOP, PyBrOP, EDCI/HOAt, HATU/HOAt) with R^CR^DNH gives the desired bicyclic bisamide inhibitor after purification. If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).
• 
• The regioisomer B of the protected hydroxymethyl substituted bicyclic ring system from Scheme 4 (e.g. 5-(2-methoxy-ethoxymethoxymethyl)-7-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine) is treated similarly as shown in Scheme 5 to give the desired bicyclic bisamide inhibitor after purification (Scheme 6). If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).
• 
• 2-Chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester is oxidized (e.g. selenium dioxide/105° C.) to the corresponding carboxylic acid (Scheme 7). Activated acid coupling (e.g. oxalyl chloride) with R^AR^BNH (e.g. 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine) in a suitable solvent gives the desired amide after purification. Saponification (e.g. aqueous LiOH/THF) and further activated acid coupling (e.g. PyBOP) with R^CR^DNH (e.g. 4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester) gives the corresponding benzotriazol-1-yloxy substituted pyrimidine bisamide.
• 
• A benzotriazol-1-yloxy substituted pyrimidine bisamide from Scheme 7 (e.g. 4-({[2-(benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-6-(4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-pyrimidine-4-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester) is stirred with hydrazine hydrate at room temperature to afford the corresponding hydrazino pyrimidine bisamide after concentration (Scheme 8). Cyclization with a suitable reagent (e.g. phosgene) gives the corresponding bicyclic bisamide inhibitor as a mixture of regioisomer A and regioisomer B. If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).
• In some embodiments the compounds of Formula (IV)-(VI) are synthesized by the general methods shown in Scheme 9 to Scheme 12.
• 
• An ester and amino substituted heterocycle (e.g. 3-amino-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester) is condensed (e.g. EtOH/reflux) with formamidine to give a hydroxy substituted bicyclic ring system (Scheme 9). This intermediate is then converted into the corresponding bromo derivative using a suitable reagent (e.g. POBr₃/80° C.). The resulting bromide is heated to (e.g. 80° C.) with a suitable catalyst (e.g. Pd(OAc)₂, dppf) and base (e.g. Et₃N) under a carbon monoxide atmosphere in a suitable solvent (e.g. MeOH) to give the corresponding bicyclic methylester after purification. Nitration (e.g. concentrated HNO₃/0° C. to room temperature) and saponification (e.g. aqueous LiOH) gives the corresponding nitro substituted bicyclic carboxylic acid. Activated acid coupling (e.g. EDCI/HOAt) with R^AR^BNH (e.g. 6-aminomethyl-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one) in a suitable solvent gives the desired amide. This intermediate is stirred with a suitable catalyst (e.g. Pd/C) and acid (e.g. AcOH) under a hydrogen atmosphere to afford corresponding amino substituted bicyclic amide after purification.
• 
• Commercially available 2-fluoro-3-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester is condensed (e.g. MeOH/reflux) with thiourea to give the corresponding fluoro pyrimidinone derivative (Scheme 10). Removal of the sulphur with a catalyst (e.g. Raney-nickel) at elevated temperature (e.g. 100° C.) in a suitable solvent (e.g. H₂O) gives the corresponding fluoro pyrimidine derivative. This intermediate is converted into the corresponding bromo derivative by heating with base (e.g. K₂CO₃) and a suitable reagent (e.g. POBr₃) in a suitable solvent (e.g. CH₃CN). The resulting bromide is heated to (e.g. 80° C.) with a suitable catalyst (e.g. Pd(OAc)₂, dppf) and base (e.g. Et₃N) under a carbon monoxide atmosphere in a suitable solvent (e.g. MeOH) to give the corresponding fluoro pyrimidine carboxylic acid methyl ester after purification. Oxidation of the methyl group with a suitable reagent (e.g. selenium dioxide) in a suitable solvent (e.g. 1,4-dioxane) at elevated temperature (e.g. 120° C.) in a sealed vessel affords the corresponding fluoro pyrimidine monoacid monoester. Coupling of the acid derivative using an activated acid method (e.g. EDCI, HOAt, DMF, base) with R^AR^BNH (e.g. 3-chloro-4-fluoro benzylamine) affords the desired products after purification. Saponification of the remaining ester moiety with base (e.g. aqueous KOH) affords the corresponding free acid derivatives. This derivatives are converted to the corresponding amides via the formation of their acid chlorides using suitable conditions (e.g. oxalyl chloride, DMF, 0-5° C.), followed by treatment with anhydrous NH₃ (e.g. 0.5M in 1,4-dioxane) and subsequent purification. Dehydration under suitable conditions (e.g. oxalyl chloride, DMF, pyridine, 0-5° C.) affords the corresponding nitriles after workup. Cyclization of these derivatives with a suitable reagent (e.g. hydrazine) in a suitable solvent (e.g. 1,4-dioxane) affords the corresponding 3-hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin derivatives. (Scheme 10).
• 
• The amino substituted bicyclic amide from scheme 9 (e.g. 3-amino-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxylic acid 3-chloro-4-fluoro-benzylamide) and the carbonyl compound (CO)R^CR^D (e.g. 4-fluorobenzaldehyde) is stirred with a suitable reducing agent (e.g. NaCNBH₃) and a small amount of acid (e.g. AcOH) in a suitable solvent (e.g. MeOH) to give the corresponding bicyclic inhibitor after purification (Scheme 11). If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).
• 
• The amino substituted bicyclic amide from scheme 9 (e.g. 7-amino-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-ylmethyl)-amide is stirred with the acid chloride R^CCOCl or with the acid anhydride (R^CCO)₂O (e.g. acetic anhydride) in a suitable solvent (e.g. pyridine) to give the corresponding bicyclic inhibitor after purification (Scheme 12). If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).
EXAMPLES AND METHODS
• All reagents and solvents were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification. Proton spectra (¹H-NMR) were recorded on a 400 MHz and a 250 MHz NMR spectrometer in deuterated solvents. Purification by column chromatography was performed using silica gel, grade 60, 0.06-0.2 mm (chromatography) or silica gel, grade 60, 0.04-0.063 mm (flash chromatography) and suitable organic solvents as indicated in specific examples. Preparative thin layer chromatography was carried out on silica gel plates with UV detection.
• Preparative Examples 1-395, 805 and 836-1051 are directed to intermediate compounds useful in preparing the compounds of the present invention.
Preparative Example 1
• 
Step A
• Under a nitrogen atmosphere a 1M solution of BH₃.THF complex in THF (140 mL) was added dropwise over a 3 h period to an ice cooled solution of commercially available 3-bromo-2-methyl-benzoic acid (20.0 g) in anhydrous THF (200 mL). Once gas evolution had subsided, the cooling bath was removed and mixture stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The mixture was then poured into a mixture of 1N aqueous HCl (500 mL) and ice and then extracted with Et₂O (3×150 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (18.1 g, 97%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.10 (t, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H).
Step B
• Under a nitrogen atmosphere PBr₃ (5.52 mL) was added over a 10 min period to an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step A above (18.1 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL). The cooling bath was removed and mixture stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The mixture was cooled (0-5° C.), quenched by dropwise addition of MeOH (20 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×150 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a viscous oil (23.8 g, 97%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.25 (d, 1H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H).
Step C
• Under a nitrogen atmosphere a 1.5M solution of lithium diispropylamide in cyclohexane (63 mL) was added dropwise to a cooled (−78° C., acetone/dry ice) solution of ^tBuOAc in anhydrous THF (200 mL). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then a solution of the title compound from Step B above (23.8 g) in THF (30 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 12 h while warming to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with Et₂O (300 mL), washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (2×100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a pale-yellow viscous oil (21.5 g, 80%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.25 (d, 1H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 3.00 (t, 2H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 9H).
Step D
• A mixture of the title compound from Step C above (21.5 g) and polyphosphoric acid (250 g) was placed in a preheated oil bath (140° C.) for 10 min while mixing the thick slurry occasionally with a spatula. The oil bath was removed, ice and H₂O (1 L) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with H₂O (2×100 mL) and dried to afford the title compound (16.7 g, 96%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 3.00 (t, 2H), 2.65 (t, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H).
Step E
• Under a nitrogen atmosphere oxalyl chloride (12.0 mL) was added dropwise to an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step D above (11.6 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h and then concentrated. The remaining dark residue was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) and AlCl₃ (6.40 g) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h, cooled and poured into ice water (500 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a light brown solid (10.6 g, 98%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.65 (d, 1H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 3.05 (t, 2H), 2.70 (t, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H).
Step F
• Using a syringe pump, a solution of the title compound from Step E above (9.66 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (70 mL) was added over a 10 h period to a cooled (−20° C., internal temperature) mixture of a 1M solution of (S)-(−)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine in toluene (8.6 mL) and a 1M solution of BH₃.Me₂S complex in CH₂Cl₂ (43.0 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL). The mixture was then quenched at −20° C. by addition of MeOH (100 mL), warmed to room temperature, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, Et₂O/CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (8.7 g, 90%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 5.25 (m, 1H), 3.10 (m, 1H), 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.00 (m, 1H).
Step G
• Under a nitrogen atmosphere NEt₃ (15.9 mL) and methanesulfonyl chloride (4.5 mL) were added subsequently to a cooled (−78° C., acetone/dry ice) solution of the title compound from Step F above (8.7 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 90 min, then NH₃ (˜150 mL) was condensed into the mixture using a dry ice condenser at a rate of ˜3 mL/min and stirring at −78° C. was continued for 2 h. Then the mixture was gradually warmed to room temperature allowing the NH₃ to evaporate. 1N aqueous NaOH (200 mL) was added, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining light brown oil was dissolved in Et₂O (200 mL) and a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) was added. The formed precipitate was collected and dried to give the title compound (9.0 g, 90%). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=209/211.
Step H
• To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step G above (5.2 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) were subsequently added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (5.0 g) and NEt₃ (9.67 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with Et₂O (250 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (7.28 g, 97%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, free base) δ=7.40 (m, H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 4.30 (t, 1H) 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.80 (m, 1H).
Step I
• Under a nitrogen atmosphere a mixture of the title compound from Step H above (7.2 g), Zn(CN)₂ (5.2 g) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (2.6 g) in anhydrous DMF (80 mL) was heated to 100° C. for 18 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (4.5 g, 75%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 5.15 (m, 1H), 4.75 (m, 1H), 2.95 (m, 1H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.50 (s, 9H).
Preparative Example 2
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 1, Step I (1.0 g) was suspended in 6N aqueous HCl (20 mL), heated to 100° C. for 12 h and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid. (834 mg, >99%). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=175.
Step B
• Anhydrous HCl gas was bubbled through an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.0 g) in anhydrous MeOH (20 mL) for 2-3 min. The cooling bath was removed, the mixture was heated to reflux for 12 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid (880 mg, 83%). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=189.
Preparative Example 3
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 5-bromo-indan-1-one (1.76 g), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (636 mg) and NaOAc (751 mg) in MeOH (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and then diluted with H₂O (100 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O (3×20 mL) and dried to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (1.88 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=226/228.
Step B
• Under an argon atmosphere a 1M solution of LiAlH₄ in Et₂O (42.4 mL) was slowly added to a cooled (−78° C., acetone/dry ice) solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.88 g) in Et₂O (20 mL). Then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 h. The mixture was cooled (0-5° C.) and H₂O (1.6 mL), 15% aqueous NaOH (1.6 mL) and H₂O (4.8 mL) were carefully and sequentially added. The resulting mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite® and concentrated to give the title compound as a clear oil (1.65 g, 94%). [MH]⁺=212/214.
Step C
• To a boiling solution of the title compound from Step B above (1.13 g) in MeOH (2.3 mL) was added a hot solution of commercially available N-acetyl-L-leucine (924 mg) in MeOH (3 mL). The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature, which afforded a white precipitate. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with MeOH (2 mL) and recrystallized from MeOH (2×). The obtained solid was dissolved in a mixture of 10% aqueous NaOH (20 mL) and Et₂O (20 mL), the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as a clear oil (99 mg, 18%). [MH]⁺=212/214.
Step D
• To a solution of the title compound from Step C above (300 mg) in THF (10 mL) were subsequently added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (370 mg) and NEt₃ (237 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a clear oil (460 mg, >99%). [MNa]⁺=334/336.
Step E
• Under an argon atmosphere a mixture of the title compound from Step D above (460 mg), Zn(CN)₂ (200 mg) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (89 mg) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was heated in a sealed vial to 110° C. for 18 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with Et₂O (20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (4×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O (3×10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a clear oil (170 mg, 47%). [MH]⁺=259.
Preparative Example 4
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 3, Step E (1.0 g) was suspended in 6N aqueous HCl (50 mL), heated under closed atmosphere to 110-112° C. for 20 h and concentrated to give the title compound (827 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=178.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (827 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous MeOH (150 mL) and saturated with anhydrous HCl gas. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 20 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The remaining oil was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as an oil which slowly crystallized into a light brown solid (660 mg, 89%). [MH]⁺=192.
Preparative Example 5
• 
Step A
• To a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.78 g) in dry MeOH (100 mL) was added a 30 wt % solution of NaOMe in MeOH (7.27 mL). The resulting white suspension was stirred at room temperature for 15 min and a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 3, Step E (5.17 g) in dry MeOH (100 mL) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 20 h (complete conversion checked by HPLC/MS, [MH]⁺=292) and then cooled to room temperature. Diethyl carbonate (48.2 g) and a 30 wt % solution of NaOMe in MeOH (7.27 mL) were added successively and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with 1M aqueous NH₄Cl (200 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (60:40, 500 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (3×200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a white solid (3.89 g, 61%) [MNa]⁺=340.
Preparative Example 6
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 1, Step I (1.37 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 5, Step A to afford the title compound as a white solid (845 mg, 51%). [MNa]⁺=354.
Preparative Example 7
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 2, Step B (5.94 g) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) were subsequently added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.6 g) and NEt₃ (1 mL). The mixture was stirred for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with Et₂O (250 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (7.28 g, 97%). [MNa]⁺=328.
Step B
• To a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (7.28 g) in THF (60 mL) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (60 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with H₂O, adjusted to pH 5 with HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as colorless solid (1.87 g, 27%). [MNa]⁺=314.
Step C
• At 80° C. N,N-dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal (6.2 mL) was added to a solution of the title compound from Step B above (1.87 g) in dry toluene (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 3 h, cooled to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (820 mg, 38%). [MNa]⁺=370.
Step D
• To a solution of the title compound from Step C above (820 mg) in ^tBuOAc (40 mL) was added concentrated H₂SO₄ (0.65 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (640 mg, 99%). [M-NH₂]⁺=231.
Preparative Example 8
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 3, Step E (153 mg) in EtOH (10 mL) were added NEt₃ (0.16 mL) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (81 mg). The mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h, then concentrated, dissolved in THF (5 mL) and pyridine (0.19 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.25 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 16 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a white solid (217 mg, >99%). [MNa]⁺=392.
Preparative Example 9
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 4, Step A (33.7 mg) in 1,4-dioxane/H₂O (1:1, 2 mL) were added NaOH (97.4 mg) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (68.7 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to give a white solid (34.6 mg, 71%). [MNa]⁺=300.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (34.6 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were added oxalyl chloride (33 μL) and DMF (2 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and added to a cold (−78° C.) saturated solution of NH₃ in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, warmed to room temperature, concentrated, redissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), filtered, and concentrated to give a white solid (25.9 mg, 75%). [MNa]⁺=299.
Preparative Example 10
• 
Step A
• To mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 7, Step B (536 mg) and allyl bromide (1.6 mL) in CHCl₃/THF (1:1, 20 mL) were added Bu₄NHSO₄ (70 mg) and a 1M solution of LiOH in H₂O (10 mL) and the resulting biphasic mixture was stirred at 40° C. overnight. The organic phase was separated, concentrated, diluted with CHCl₃, washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (610 mg, >99%). [MNa]⁺=354.
Preparative Example 11
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 9, Step A (97 mg) in dry DMF (5 mL) were added K₂CO₃ (97 mg) and allyl bromide (22 μL). The mixture was stirred overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (81 mg, 68%). [MNa]⁺=340.
Preparative Example 12
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available 2-amino-4-chloro-phenol (5.0 g) and NaHCO₃ (7.7 g) in acetone/H₂O was slowly added 2-bromopropionyl bromide (4 mL) at room temperature, before the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h. The acetone was evaporated and the formed precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with H₂O and dried to afford the title compound as brown crystals (6.38 g, 93%). [MH]⁺=198.
Preparative Example 13
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available 2-amino-4-chloro-phenol (5.0 g) and NaHCO₃ (7.7 g) in acetone/H₂O (4:1, 200 mL) was slowly added 2-bromo-2-methylpropionyl bromide (8.3 mL) at room temperature, before the mixture was heated at ˜90° C. overnight. The acetone was evaporated and the formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with H₂O (100 mL) and recrystallized from acetone/H₂O (1:1) to afford the title compound as a pale brown solid (4.8 g, 33%). [MH]⁺=212.
Preparative Example 14
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one (1.63 g) in THF (20 mL) was added NaH (95%, 0.28 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min, N-phenyl-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (4.0 g) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., diluted with H₂O (40 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (2.29 g, 78%). [MH]⁺=296.
Preparative Example 15
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 5-chloro-2-methylbenzoxazole (1.5 g), KCN (612 mg), dipiperidinomethane (720 μL), Pd(OAc)₂ (80 mg) and 1,5-bis-(diphenylphosphino)pentane (315 mg) were dissolved in dry toluene (20 mL), degassed and heated at 160° C. in a sealed pressure tube under an argon atmosphere for 24 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (372 mg, 26%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.90 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.58 (s, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H).
Preparative Example 16
• 
Step A
• A solution of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzylamine hydrochloride (5.39 g), K₂CO₃ (7.74 g) and benzyl chloroformate (3.8 mL) in THF/H₂O was stirred at room temperature for 90 min. The resulting mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and slurried in pentane. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to give the title compound as colorless needles (7.74 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=338/340.
Preparative Example 17
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of commercially available 5-bromo-2-fluoro-benzoic acid (4.52 g) in dry toluene (200 mL) were added NEt₃ (3.37 mL) and diphenylphosphoryl azide (5.28 mL). The resulting clear solution was heated to reflux for 161/2 h, then benzyl alcohol (2.51 mL) was added and heating to reflux was continued for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (2.96 g, 46%). [MH]⁺=324/326.
Preparative Example 18
• 
Step A
• A solution of commercially available 4-bromophenol (3.36 g), 3-chloro-butan-2-one (2.2 mL) and K₂CO₃ (4 g) in acetone (40 mL) was heated to reflux for 3 h. Then an additional amount of 3-chloro-butan-2-one and K₂CO₃ was added and heating to reflux was continued overnight. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with H₂O, 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The obtained colorless oil was added dropwise at 100° C. to phosphorous oxychloride (4.7 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 1 h, cooled to room temperature and ice, followed by EtOAc was added. The organic layer was separated, washed subsequently with saturated aqueous NaCl and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane) to afford the title compound as a bright yellow solid (2.55 g, 58%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (s, 1H), 7.20-7.30 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H).
Preparative Example 19
• 
Step A
• A 2.5M solution of BuLi in hexane (13.6 mL) was diluted in THF (50 mL) and cooled to −78° C. (dry ice/acetone). To this solution were subsequently added 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (4.8 g) and commercially available 2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (5 g). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h and then a solution of iodine (17.3 g) in THF (50 mL) was added. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the mixture was quenched with 1M aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ (50 mL), the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound as a pale yellow solid (6.3 g, 68%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=8.63 (dd, 1H), 8.36 (d, 1H), 7.20 (dd, 1H).
Step B
• A 2.5M solution of BuLi in hexane (7.2 mL) was diluted in THF (30 mL) and cooled to −78° C. (dry ice/acetone). To this solution were subsequently and dropwise added ⁱPr₂NH (2.5 mL) and the title compound from Step A above (4.9 g). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h, quenched at −78° C. with MeOH (2 mL), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as yellow needles (1.6 g, 32%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=8.40 (d, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, 1H).
Preparative Example 20
• 
Step A
• A suspension of commercially available 6-chloro-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one (3.2 g) and CuCN (2.9 g) in dry N-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (15 mL) was placed in a preheated oil bath (˜250° C.). After stirring at this temperature overnight, the mixture was concentrated, diluted with H₂O (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (2×200 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue crystallized from EtOAc/toluene to afford the title compound as a tan solid (720 mg, 24%). [MH]⁺=175.
Preparative Examples 21-24
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 20, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-1 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-1
  Prep. Ex. #	intermediate	product	yield
  21			39% [MH]+ = 189
  22			45% [MH]+ = 203
  23			74% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 7.30 (d, 1 H), 7.06 (s, 1 H), 7.03 (d, 1 H).
  24			64% [MH]+ = 173

Preparative Example 25
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 18, Step A (2.55 g), Zn(CN)₂ (1.0 g) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (653 mg) in dry DMF (10 mL) was degassed and heated at 85° C. under an argon atmosphere for 40 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless crystals (1.05 g, 54%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.72 (s, 1H), 7.35-7.50 (m, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H).
Preparative Examples 26-30
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 25, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-2 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-2
  Prep. Ex.
  #	intermediate	product	yield
  26			>99% [MNa]+ = 261
  27			94% [MH]+ = 173
  28			86% [MH]+ = 173
  29			98% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 7.10-7.75 (m, 8 H), 5.22 (br s, 1 H), 5.13 (s, 2 H), 4.42 (d, 2 H).
  30			56% [MH]+ = 271

Preparative Example 31
• 
Step A
• A solution of commercially available 3-cyano-benzenesulfonyl chloride (1.07 g) in a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then concentrated to ˜20 mL and placed in an ice bath. The formed precipitate was separated by filtration, washed with H₂O and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (722 mg, 75%). [MH]⁺=183.
Preparative Example 32
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1.0 g) was dissolved in a 7M solution of NH₃ in MeOH and heated in a sealed pressure tube to 50° C. for 16 h. Cooling to room temperature and concentration afforded the title compound (941 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=192.
Step B
• A 2M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (520 μL) was diluted in DMF (3 mL) and then cooled to 0° C. Pyridine (168 μL) and a solution of the title compound from Step A above (100 mg) in DMF (1 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h and then at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (60 mg, 65%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=9.20 (d, 1H), 7.85 (d, 1H).
Preparative Example 33
• 
Step A
• A solution of commercially available 7-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (103 mg) and sulfamide (69 mg) in dry 1,2-dimethoxyethane (10 mL) was heated to reflux overnight, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid (165 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=238.
Preparative Example 34
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 33, Step A (165 mg) in dry MeOH (20 mL) were added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (300 mg) and NiCl₂.6H₂O (20 mg), followed by the careful portionwise addition of NaBH₄ (220 mg). The resulting black mixture was stirred for 20 min at 0-5° C. (ice bath), then the ice bath was removed and stirring at room temperature was continued overnight. Then diethylenetriamine was added and the mixture was concentrated to dryness. The remaining residue was suspended in EtOAc washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (109 mg, 46%). [MNa]⁺=364.
Preparative Example 35
• 
Step A
• A solution of commercially available 7-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (407 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added iodosobenzene (1.13 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH). The obtained intermediate (240 mg) was dissolved in dry DMF (7 mL) and cooled to 0° C. An excess of NaH and methyl iodide were added subsequently and the mixture was stirred for 2 h while warming to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound as a slowly crystallizing oil (104 mg, 22%). [MH]⁺=187.
Preparative Example 36
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available 7-Cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (158 mg) in acetic anhydride (5 mL) was added pyridine (0.2 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated to afford the crude title compound. [MNa]⁺=223.
Preparative Example 37
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 20, Step A (549 mg) was dissolved in dry DMF (7 mL) and cooled to 0° C. An excess of NaH and methyl iodide were added subsequently and the mixture was stirred for 2 h while warming to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless needles (311 mg, 52%). [MH]⁺=189.
Preparative Example 38
• 
Step A
• Under an argon atmosphere a mixture of commercially available 4-fluoro-3-methoxybenzonitrile (5.0 g), AlCl₃ (8.8 g) and NaCl (1.94 g) was heated (melted) to 190° C. for 45 min, cooled, poured on ice (200 mL) and extracted with CHCl₃ (3×). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless needles (3.45 g, 76%). [MH]⁺=138.
Step B
• A suspension of the title compound from Step A above (883 mg) and K₂CO₃ (980 mg) in dry DMF (15 mL) was heated to 50° C. for 10 min and then cooled to −40° C. Chlorodifluoromethane (50 g) was condensed into the mixture and the resulting slurry was stirred at 80° C. with a dry ice condenser for 6 h and then at room temperature overnight without condenser. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the crude title compound as a colorless oil (1.31 g). [MH]⁺=188.
Preparative Example 39
• 
Step A
• To a cooled (−30° C.) solution of ⁱPr₂NH (16.9 mL) in THF (140 mL) was dropwise added a 2.5M solution of BuLi in hexane (43.2 mL). The mixture was stirred between −20° C. and −30° C. for 20 min and then cooled to −78° C. To this solution dry HMPA (72 mL) was added dropwise not allowing the temperature of the mixture to exceed −70° C. The resultant mixture was cooled again to −78° C. and a solution of commercially available dimethylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate (20 g) in THF (20 mL) was added dropwise over a period of ˜10 min. Stirring at −78° C. was continued for 40 min, then 1-bromo-2-chloroethane (10 mL) was added over a period of 5 min, the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The mixture was then quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, the volatiles were removed by evaporation and the mixture was diluted with cyclohexane and H₂O. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with cyclohexane (2×). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was distilled (10⁻² mbar, 100° C.) to give the title compound as a pale yellow oil (17 g, 65%). [MH]⁺=263.
Step B
• To a cooled (−30° C.) solution of ⁱPr₂NH (18.7 mL) in THF (180 mL) was dropwise added a 2.5M solution of BuLi in hexane (53.6 mL). The mixture was stirred between −20° C. and −30° C. for 20 min and then cooled to −78° C. This solution was canulated over a period of 30 min into a cooled (−78° C.) mixture of the title compound from Step A above (32 g) and HMPA (90 mL) in THF (440 mL) not allowing the temperature of the mixture to exceed −70° C. Stirring at −78° C. was continued for 25 min and then the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over a period of 1½ h. The mixture was kept at room temperature for 1 h and then quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The volatiles were removed by evaporation and the mixture was diluted with cyclohexane and H₂O. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with cyclohexane (3×). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was recrystallized from cyclohexane to give the title compound (13.8 g, 50%). [MH]⁺=227.
Step C
• A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (20 g) and KOH (5.5 g) in MeOH/H₂O (10:1, 106 mL) was heated to reflux overnight, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc and extracted with 1N aqueous NaOH (2×100 mL). The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the starting material as a white solid. The combined aqueous phases were adjusted with 2N aqueous HCl to pH 1-2 and extracted with EtOAc (4×250 mL). The combined turbid organic phases were filtered through a fluted filter, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid (13.1 g, 70%). [MH]⁺=213.
Step D
• To a cooled (−40° C.) solution of the title compound from Step C above (500 mg) and NEt₃ (1.23 mL) in THF (50 mL) was slowly added ethyl chloroformate (0.67 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to −25° C. and stirred at this temperature for 1 h. A 7N solution of NH₃ in MeOH (10 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 30 min. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min before it was concentrated. To the remaining residue were added H₂O (10 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL), the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with 1N aqueous KOH (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (458 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=212.
Preparative Example 40
• 
Step A
• To a cooled (0° C.) mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 39, Step A (228 mg) and imidazole (147 mg) in pyridine (10 mL) was slowly added POCl₃ (0.40 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then added to a mixture of ice, NaCl and EtOAc. The organic phase was separated and washed with 1N aqueous HCl until the aqueous phase remained acidic. Drying (MgSO₄), filtration and concentration afforded the title compound (137 mg, 72%). [MH]⁺=194.
Preparative Example 41
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 40, Step A (137 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 34, Step A to afford the title compound (163 mg, 77%). [MNa]⁺=320.
Preparative Example 42
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 41, Step A (2.0 g) in MeOH (10 mL) was added a solution of KOH (753 mg) in H₂O (2 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 15 h, concentrated to approximately half of its volume and diluted with H₂O (50 mL). EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 4.5 and extracted with EtOAc (3×40 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.1 g, 56%). [MNa]⁺=306.
Preparative Example 43
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available norbonene (15 g) and RuCl₃ (0.3 g) in CHCl₃ (100 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Then a solution of NaIO₄ (163 g) in H₂O (1200 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 d. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was saturated with NaCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×500 mL). The combined organic phases were treated with MgSO₄ and charcoal, filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound as thick slightly purple liquid (13.5 g, 53%). [MH]⁺=159.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (11.2 g) in MeOH (250 mL) was added concentrated H₂SO₄ (0.5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was heated to reflux for 15 h, cooled to room temperature, filtrated and concentrated. The remaining residue was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (3×50 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (8.43 g, 64%). [MH]⁺=187.
Step C
• To a cooled (−20° C.) solution of ⁱPr₂NH (17.3 mL) in THF (230 mL) was dropwise added a 2.5M solution of BuLi in hexane (45.3 mL). The mixture was stirred between −20° C. and −30° C. for 20 min and then cooled to −78° C. To this solution dry HMPA (63.2 mL) was added dropwise not allowing the temperature of the mixture to exceed −70° C. The resultant mixture was cooled again to −78° C. and a solution of the title compound from Step B above (8.43 g) in THF (40 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 20 min. Then the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min and cooled again to −78° C. 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane (6.32 mL) was added over a period of 40 min, the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over a period of 2 h. The mixture was then quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (60 mL), concentrated to ⅕ volume and diluted with H₂O (120 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with cyclohexane (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (7.86 g, 82%). [MH]⁺=213.
Step D
• To a solution of the title compound from Step C above (3.5 g) in MeOH (15 mL) was added a solution of KOH (1.6 g) in H₂O (1.75 mL). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated to 140° C. for 25 min before H₂O (30 mL) was added. The aqueous mixture was washed with cyclohexane (2×30 mL), adjusted to pH 1 with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (15 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (2.3 g, 70%). [MH]⁺=199.
Preparative Example 44
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (262 mg) in dry THF (5 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (243 mg). The resulting clear colorless solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then a 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 5 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (250 mg, 97%). [MNa]⁺=279.
Preparative Example 45
• 
Step A
• To a solution of title compound from the Preparative Example 7, Step B (35 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were added HATU (60 mg), HOAt (20 mg) and a 2M solution of MeNH₂ in THF (150 μL). The mixture was stirred for 16 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (35 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=291.
Preparative Examples 46-53
• Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 39 (method A), 44 (method B) or 45 (method C), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table I-3 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-3
  Prep. Ex. #	acid, amine	product	method, yield
  46			A, 79% [MH]+ = 297
  47			B, 90% [MH]+ = 311
  48			B, 44% [MH]+ = 353
  49			A, 51% [MH]+ = 283
  50			A, 37% [MH]+ = 198
  51			B, 99% [MNa]+ = 293
  52			B, 98% [MNa]+ = 307
  53			C, 60% [MH]+ = 305

Preparative Example 54
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 50 (300 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 40, Step A to afford the title compound (250 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=180.
Preparative Example 55
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 39, Step C (1.0 g) in acetone (7.5 mL) was added phenolphthaleine (1 crystal). To this mixture was added 1M aqueous NaOH until the color of the solution changed to red (pH ˜8.5). Then a solution of AgNO₃ (850 mg) in H₂O (1.25 mL) was added. The formed precipitate (Ag-salt) was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O, acetone and Et₂O and dried in vacuo at room temperature for 6 h and at 100° C. for 18 h. The obtained solid (1.28 g) was suspended in hexane (15 mL), bromine (643 mg) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Then the mixture was placed in a preheated oil bath (80° C.) and stirred at the temperature for another 30 min. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with Et₂O (2×30 mL). The combined filtrates were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×25 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (817 mg, 70%). [MH]⁺=247/249.
Preparative Example 56
• 
Step A
• To the title compound from the Preparative Example 55, Step A (600 mg) was added 1% aqueous NaOH (65 mL). The mixture was stirred at 100° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 18 h, concentrated to 15 mL and diluted with 1N aqueous HCl (20 mL). The resulting mixture was acidified to pH 1 with 12N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×75 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was not further purified (340 mg, 82%). [M-CO₂]⁺=188/190.
Preparative Example 57
• 
Step A
• To a cooled (−30° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 56, Step A (540 mg) and NEt₃ (375 μL) in THF (25 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (200 μL). The mixture was stirred at −30° C. for 1 h and then filtered. The precipitated salts were washed with THF (15 mL). The combined filtrates were cooled to −20° C. and a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (7 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 20 min, then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 min. Then the mixture was concentrated and dissolved in THF (12 mL). Pyridine (690 μL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (600 μL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Then the mixture was concentrated to 5 mL, diluted with MeOH (10 mL) and 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2½ h. The MeOH was evaporated and Et₂O/EtOAc (9:1, 80 mL), H₂O (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (15 mL) were added. The organic phase was separated, washed with 0.1N aqueous HCl (30 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was not further purified (222 mg, 86%). [MH]⁺=214/216.
Preparative Examples 58-80
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 34, except using the nitrites indicated in Table I-4 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-4
  Prep. Ex. #	nitrile	product	yield
  58			68% [MNa]+ = 310
  59			73% [MNa]+ = 285
  60			68% [MNa]+ = 298
  61			69% [MNa]+ = 313
  62			41% [MNa]+ = 301
  63			51% [MNa]+ = 315
  64			62% [MNa]+ = 315
  65			n.d. [MNa]+ = 314
  66			98% [MH]+ = 307
  67			67% [MH]+ = 277
  68			18% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 8.80 (d, 1 H), 7.50 (d, 1 H), 5.40 (br s, 1 H), 4.50 (br d, 2 H), 1.40 (s, 9 H)
  69			n.d. [MNa]+ = 309
  70			67% [MH]+ = 292
  71			74% [MH]+ = 243
  72			38% [M-isobutene]+ = 282
  73			24% [M-isobutene]+ = 262
  74			57% [MH]+ = 284
  75			61% [MH]+ = 226
  76			n.d. [MNa]+ = 305
  77			75% [MNa]+ = 299
  78			79% [MH]+ = 277
  79			>99% [MNa]+ = 411
  80			89% [MNa]+ = 397

Preparative Example 81
• 
Step A
• To the title compound from the Preparative Example 55, Step A (677 mg) was added 10% aqueous NaOH (65 mL). The mixture was stirred at 100° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 42 h, concentrated to 15 mL and diluted with 1N aqueous HCl (30 mL). The resulting mixture was acidified to pH 1 with 12N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (5×70 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (540 mg, 89%). [MH]⁺=171.
Preparative Example 82
• 
Step A
• To a cooled (−30° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 81, Step A (540 mg) and NEt₃ (590 μL) in THF (35 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (320 μL). The mixture was stirred at −30° C. for 1 h and then filtered. The precipitated salts were washed with THF (20 mL). The combined filtrates were cooled to −20° C. and a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (10 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 20 min, then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 min. The mixture was concentrated and dissolved in THF/CH₃CN (4:1, 25 mL). Pyridine (1.26 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.10 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Then the mixture was concentrated to 5 mL, diluted with MeOH (18 mL) and 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (9 mL), stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated to 10 mL, acidified to pH 1 with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×75 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (433 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=152.
Preparative Example 83
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of LiAlH₄ (219 mg) in THF (12 mL) was added a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 82, Step A (433 mg) in THF (35 mL) over a period of 20 min. The mixture was heated to reflux for 36 h and then cooled to 0° C. 1N aqueous NaOH (1 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight while warming to room temperature. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® and the filter cake was washed with Et₂O (250 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated to afford the title compound (410 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=156.
Preparative Example 84
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 83, Step A (390 mg) in THF (80 mL) were successively added ⁱPr₂NEt (0.66 mL) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (740 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 d, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed subsequently with H₂O (15 mL), 0.1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (196 mg, 30%). [MNa]⁺=278.
Step B
• To a cooled (−78° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (85 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was added a solution of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (73 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 15 min and then poured on saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (40 mL). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (28 mg, 32%). [MNa]⁺=280.
Preparative Example 85
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 42, Step A (50 mg) in DMF (1.6 mL) were added HATU (67 mg), ⁱPr₂NEt (68 μL) and N-hydroxyacetamidine (˜60%, 22 mg). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed tube to 130° C. for 30 min. Additional HATU (130 mg) and N-hydroxyacetamidine (50 mg) were added and the mixture was again heated to 130° C. (microwave) for 30 min. Additional HATU (130 mg) and N-hydroxyacetamidine (59 mg) were added and the mixture was heated to 140° C. (microwave) for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (18 mg, 32%). [MNa]⁺=322.
Preparative Example 86
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 49 (150 mg) in THF (6 mL) was added methyl N-(triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate [“Burgess reagent”] (316 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h, diluted with EtOAc (15 mL), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (77 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=265.
Preparative Example 87
• 
Step A
• To a cooled (−40° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 42, Step A (60 mg) and NEt₃ (40 μL) in THF (5 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (24 μL). The mixture was stirred at −40° C. for 1 h and then filtered. The precipitated salts were washed with THF (30 mL). The combined filtrates were cooled to 0° C. and a solution of NaBH₄ (24 mg) in H₂O (430 μL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (5 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (22 mg, 39%). [MH]⁺=292.
Preparative Example 88
• 
Step A
• To a ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 42, Step A (95 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) were successively added DMAP (61 mg), EDCI (96 mg) and methane sulfonamide (32 mg). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL), washed with 1M aqueous citric acid (15 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (15 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (63 mg, 51%). [MNa]⁺=383.
Preparative Example 89
• 
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 42, Step A (95 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 88, Step A, except using 4-methoxy-phenyl sulfonamide (64 mg) to afford the title compound (58 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=453.
Preparative Example 90
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available (4-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (229 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were successively added ⁱPrOH (100 μL) and trimethylsilyl isocyanate (154 μL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17½ h. Additional trimethylsilyl isocyanate (154 μL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 75 h. The resulting reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH (5 mL), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (263 mg, 99%). [MH]⁺=266.
Preparative Example 91
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available (4-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (229 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were successively added ⁱPr₂NEt (349 μL) and N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate (355 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with 0.1M aqueous NaOH (3×10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (269 mg, 96%). [MH]⁺=280.
Preparative Example 92
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available (4-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (222 mg) in dry pyridine (1 mL) was added N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (103 μL). The resulting dark red reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17½ h and then diluted with H₂O (10 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL). The organic phase was separated and washed with 1M aqueous NH₄Cl (2×10 mL). The aqueous phases were combined and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (284 mg, 97%). [MH]⁺=294.
Preparative Example 93
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available (3-aminomethyl-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (236 mg) in DMF (3 mL) was added dimethyl-N-cyano-dithioiminocarbonate (146 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, a 7M solution of NH₃ in MeOH (5 mL) and HgCl₂ (300 mg) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 d. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a white solid (260 mg, 85%). [MH]⁺=304.
Preparative Example 94
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available (3-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (97 mg) in DMF (5 mL) were added N-cyano-methylthioiminocarbonate (50 mg) and HgCl₂ (120 mg). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a pale yellow solid (53 mg, 43%). [MH]⁺=290.
Preparative Example 95
• 
Step A
• A solution of commercially available 7-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (2.75 g), K₂CO₃ (3.60 g) and benzylchloroformate (2.7 mL) in THF/H₂O was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (100 mL) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (7.60 g) and NiCl₂.6H₂O (400 mg) was added. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and NaBH₄ (2.60 g) was added in portions. The mixture was allowed to reach room temperature and then vigorously stirred overnight. After the addition of diethylenetriamine (2 mL) the mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (1.81 g, 26%). [MH]⁺=397.
Preparative Example 96
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 95, Step A (1.4 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 200 mg) in MeOH (40 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (960 mg, >99%) [MH]⁺=263.
Preparative Example 97
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 96, Step A (100 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) were successively added ⁱPrOH (500 μL) and trimethylsilyl isocyanate (100 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 70 h, diluted with MeOH (5 mL), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (80 mg, 69%). [MNa]⁺=328.
Preparative Example 98
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 96, Step A (100 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) were successively added ⁱPr₂NEt (132 μL) and N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate (131 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h, diluted with EtOAc (5 mL), washed with 0.1M aqueous NaOH (3×10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (92 mg, 76%). [MNa]⁺=342.
Preparative Example 99
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 96, Step A (100 mg) in dry pyridine (2 mL) was added N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (38 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 70 h, diluted with MeOH (5 mL), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a white solid (40 mg, 32%). [MNa]⁺=356.
Preparative Example 100
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 96, Step A (100 mg) and N-methylmorpholine (145 μL) in dry CH₂Cl₂/THF (5:1, 12 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (88 μL). The mixture was stirred for 2 h, diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (96.3 mg, 74%). [MNa]⁺=363.
Preparative Example 101
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 96, Step A (84 mg) and ⁱPr₂NEt (70 μL) in dry THF (10 μL) was added trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride (50 μL) at −20° C. under an argon atmosphere. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 4 h, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless crystals (47 mg, 37%). [MNa]⁺=417.
Preparative Example 102
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 26 (242 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (2:1, 30 mL) was added sodium perborate tetrahydrate (470 mg). The mixture was heated to 50° C. overnight, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as colorless crystals (220 mg, 85%). [MNa]⁺=279.
Preparative Example 103
• 
Step A
• Commercially available tert-butyl-N-[(5-bromo-2-thienyl)methyl]carbamate (2.0 g), Pd(OAc)₂ (76 mg), dppp (282 mg) and NEt₃ (2.9 mL) were dissolved in dry DMSO/MeOH (3:1, 60 mL) and stirred at 80° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 7 bar over the weekend. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl, H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as colorless crystals (1.73 g, 94%). [MNa]⁺=294.
Preparative Example 104
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled solution of commercially available 5-ethyl-thiophene-3-carboxylic acid (3.0 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) were subsequently added oxalyl chloride (2.3 mL) and DMF (0.4 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then at room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and then slowly added to condensed NH₃ (˜30 mL) at ˜−40° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at ˜−30° C. for 1 h, slowly warmed to room temperature over a period of ˜10 h and then concentrated to give the title compound as a tan solid (2.0 g, 68%). [MH]⁺=156.
Step B
• A vigorously stirred mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.0 g) and Bu₄NBH₄ (4.9 g) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was heated at 55-62° C. for 24 h and then concentrated. The remaining oil was cooled to 0° C. and 1N aqueous HCl (15 mL) was slowly added over a period of 1 h. Then the mixture was heated to 100° C. for 1 h, cooled to room temperature, washed with Et₂O (100 mL), adjusted to pH ˜10 with concentrated aqueous KOH and extracted with Et₂O (100 mL). The organic extract was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as an oil (0.25 g, 27%). [MH]⁺=142.
Preparative Example 105
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled mixture of commercially available 5-bromo-1-indanone (29.84 g) in MeOH (300 mL) was added NaBH₄ (2.67 g). After 10 min the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1½ h and then concentrated. The resulting oil was brought up in EtOAc (300 mL), washed with 1N aqueous NaOH (200 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a white solid (30.11 g, >99%). [M-OH]⁺=195.
Step B
• A solution of the title compound from Step A above (9.03 g) and 4-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (150 mg) in benzene (300 mL) was heated to reflux for 1 h using a Dean Starks trap. Once cooled the reaction solution was washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a clear oil (7.86 g, 95%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.60 (s, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (dtd, J=5.7, 2.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (dt, J=5.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (br s, 2H).
Preparative Example 106
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled vigorously stirred mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 105, Step B (9.99 g), (S,S)-(+)-N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-salicylindene)-1,2-cyclohexane-diaminomanganese(III) chloride (390 mg) and 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide (526 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (6.2 mL) was added a solution of NaOH (425 mg) in 1.25M aqueous NaClO (53.2 mL) by an addition funnel over 2½ h. After the addition was complete, stirring at 0° C. was continued for another 3 h. Hexanes (30 mL) was added, the resulting biphasic mixture was filtered through Celite® and the filter cake was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 mL). The supernatant was placed in a separatory funnel, the aqueous layer was removed and the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The resulting solid was dissolved in EtOH (100 mL) and a 28% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (200 mL) was added. The solution was stirred at 110° C. for 30 min, cooled to room temperature and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (4×200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a dark brown solid (7.50 g). [M-NH₂]⁺=211. This solid was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) and NEt₃ (5.5 mL) and di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (7.87 g) were added subsequently. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at room temperature, then absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give an off-white solid (6.87 g, 41%). [MNa]⁺=350.
Step B
• A solution of the title compound from Step A above (6.87 g), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.20 g) in MeOH (100 mL), DMSO (100 mL) and NEt₃ (14 mL) was stirred at 80° C. under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide (1 atm) for 18 h. Once the mixture was cooled to room temperature, it was placed in a separatory funnel and EtOAc (200 mL) and 1N aqueous HCl (200 mL) were added. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc (200 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with 1N aqueous HCl (200 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (200 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and absorbed on silica. Purification by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) afforded an off-white solid (1.45 g, 23%). [MNa]⁺=330.
Preparative Example 107
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled vigorously stirred mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 105, Step B (3.92 g), (R,R)-(−)-N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-salicylindene)-1,2-cyclohexane-diaminomanganese(III) chloride (76.2 mg) and 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide (103 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2.4 mL) was added a solution of NaOH (122 mg) in 1.25M aqueous NaClO (15.3 mL) by an addition funnel over 2½ h. After the addition was complete, stirring at 0° C. was continued for another 3 h. Hexanes (20 mL) was added, the resulting biphasic mixture was filtered through Celite® and the filter cake was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 mL). The supernatant was placed in a separatory funnel, the aqueous layer was removed and the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining brown solid was suspended in CH₃CN (10 mL) at 40° C., trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (1.2 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 1½ h. H₂O (20 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 5 h, while distilling off the CH₃CN. Once the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, the aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 mL). The organic layers were discarded and the aqueous layer was basified with 3N aqueous NaOH and washed with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The EtOAc phases were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. [M-NH₂]⁺=211. The remaining solid residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and NEt₃ (515 μL) and di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (707 g) were added subsequently. The resulting solution was stirred for 6 h at room temperature, then absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give an off-white solid (774 mg, 12%). [MNa]⁺=350.
Step B
• A solution of the title compound from Step A above (774 mg), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (136 mg) in MeOH (10 mL), DMSO (10 mL) and NEt₃ (1.6 mL) was stirred at 80° C. under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide (1 atm) for 18 h. Once the mixture was cooled to room temperature, it was placed in a separatory funnel and EtOAc (30 mL) and 1N aqueous HCl (30 mL) were added. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc (30 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with 1N aqueous HCl (30 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (30 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and absorbed on silica. Purification by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) afforded an off-white solid (333 mg, 46%). [MNa]⁺=330.
Preparative Example 108
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 107, Step A above (406 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 107, Step B, except using EtOH (10 mL) as the solvent to afford the title compound (353 mg, 89%). [MNa]⁺=344.
Preparative Example 109
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (262 mg) in dry THF (5 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (243 mg). The resulting clear colorless solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then hydrazine monohydrate (219 μL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 17 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH). The isolated white solid was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with 0.01 M aqueous HCl (2×50 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL). The combined HCl layers were saturated with NaCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined EtOAc layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (264 mg, 97%). [MNa]⁺=294.
Preparative Example 110
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 109, Step A (136 mg) in dry MeOH (12.5 mL) were successively added trifluoroacetic anhydride (104 μL) and ⁱPr₂NEt (130 μL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 23 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (66 mg, 43%). [MNa]⁺=390.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (66 mg) in dry THF (3.6 mL) was added methyl N-(triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate [“Burgess reagent”] (88 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was heated in a sealed tube to 150° C. (microwave) for 15 min, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (52 mg, 83%). [MNa]⁺=372.
Preparative Example 111
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 109, Step A (54.3 mg) in trimethyl orthoformate (2 mL) was added dry MeOH (200 μL). The resulting clear solution was heated in a sealed tube to 150° C. (microwave) for 24 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (45.6 mg, 81%). [MNa]⁺=304.
Preparative Example 112
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (262 mg) and N-hydroxyacetamidine (19 mg) in DMF/CH₂Cl₂ (9:1, 2 mL) were added N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (33 mg) and HOBt (36 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed subsequently with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 0.5N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (255 mg, 80%). [MH]⁺=314.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (55 mg) in EtOH (3 mL) was added a solution of NaOAc (12 mg) in H₂O (270 μL). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 120° C. for 50 min. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a colorless oil (24 mg, 46%). [MH]⁺=296.
Preparative Example 113
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (520 mg) and acetic acid hydrazide (178 mg) in DMF (10 mL) were added N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (303 mg) and HOBt (326 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (400 mg, 64%). [MH]⁺=314.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (216 mg) in dry THF (10 mL) was added methyl N-(triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate [“Burgess reagent”] (300 mg). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 150° C. for 15 min. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a colorless oil (143 mg, 70%). [MH]⁺=296.
Preparative Example 114
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 44, Step A (552 mg) in dry THF (11 mL) was added methyl N-(triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate [“Burgess reagent”] (375 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (160 mg, 31%). [MH]⁺=239.
Step B
• To a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in dry MeOH (1 mL) were successively added a 30 wt % solution of NaOMe in MeOH (250 μL) and a solution of the title compound from Step A above (160 mg) in dry MeOH (3 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h and then concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was used without further purification (170 mg, 93%). [MH]⁺=272.
Step C
• To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (170 mg) in toluene (5 mL) were successively added ⁱPr₂NEt (132 μL) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (280 μL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 2½ h, concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (46 mg, 20%). [MH]⁺=350.
Preparative Example 115
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 44, Step A (266 mg) in THF (5 mL) was added 2,4-bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetane 2,4-disulfide [“Lawesson reagent”] (311 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a pale yellow solid (190 mg, 67%). [MH]⁺=273.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (190 mg) in DMF (5 mL) were added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (6 μL) and 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxy-ethane (323 μL). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 100° C. for 25 min. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (50 mg, 24%). [MH]⁺=297.
Preparative Example 116
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl) alanine (227 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were successively added ethyl 2-oximinooxamate (158 mg) and HATU (684 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (163 mg, 45%). [MH]⁺=304.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (163 mg) in EtOH (15 mL) was added a solution of NaOAc (78 mg) in H₂O (1 mL). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 120° C. for 50 min. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a colorless oil (46 mg, 30%). [MH]⁺=286.
Preparative Example 117
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxy-benzonitrile (263 mg) and Bu₄NBH₄ in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was heated to reflux for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with 1M aqueous NaOH, extracted with CH₂Cl₂, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=226.
Preparative Example 118
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 4-chloro-3-trifluoromethoxy-benzonitrile (227 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 117, Step A to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=226.
Preparative Example 119
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 3-cyanobenzaldehyde (263 mg), KCN (130 mg) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (769 mg) in EtOH/H₂O (1:1, 12 mL) was heated to 55° C. overnight, cooled, filtered and concentrated. The remaining aqueous mixture was extracted with Et₂O (3×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give the title compound as a colorless solid (347 mg, 86%). [MH]⁺=202.
Preparative Examples 120-121
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 119, except using the nitrites indicated in Table I-5 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-5
  Prep. Ex. #	protected amine	product	yield
  120			90% [MH]+ = 202
  121			n.d. [MH]+ = 216

Preparative Example 122
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 3-cyanobenzaldehyde (262 mg), hydantoin (220 mg) and KOAc (380 mg) in AcOH (2 mL) was heated to reflux for 3 h and then poured on ice (20 g). The colorless precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with ice water and dried to give the title compound as a yellow solid. [MH]⁺=216.
Preparative Example 123
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 119, Step A above (347 mg), 50% aqueous AcOH (2 mL) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 200 mg) in EtOH was hydrogenated at 50 psi overnight, filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as colorless solid (458 mg, >99%). [M-OAc]⁺=206.
Preparative Examples 124-126
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 123, except using the nitrites indicated in Table I-6 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-6
  Prep. Ex. #	protected amine	product	yield
  124			50% (over 2 steps) [M-OAc]+ 220
  125			n.d. [M-OAc]+ = 220
  126			76% [M-OAc]+ = 206

Preparative Example 127
• 
Step A
• To the solution of commercially available 2-N-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetaldehyde (250 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (1:1, 10 mL) were added KCN (130 mg) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (650 mg). The mixture was stirred at 55° C. overnight, then cooled to room temperature, acidified (pH 2) with 3N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give a white solid (75 mg, 21%). [MH]⁺=230.
Preparative Example 128
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 7, Step B (100 mg), N-methyl-N-methoxyamine hydrochloride (42.2 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and DMF (1 mL) were added EDCI (84.3 mg), HOBt (58 mg) and NaHCO₃ (121 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, washed with saturated aqueous Na₂CO₃ (5 mL) and 1N aqueous HCl (5 mL) and concentrated to give the desired product, which was used without further purification (97 mg, 84%). [MH]⁺=321.
Step B
• To the title compound from Step A above (256 mg) in anhydrous Et₂O (10 mL) was added a 1M solution of LiAlH₄ in Et₂O (4 mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 min and then cooled to 0° C. 1M aqueous NaOH (5 mL) was added dropwise, followed by the addition of Et₂O (10 mL). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL), dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give a white solid (178 mg, 85%). [MH]⁺=262.
Step C
• To the title compound from Step B above (178 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (1:1, 10 mL) were added KCN (67 mg) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (262 mg). The mixture was stirred at 55° C. overnight, then cooled to room temperature, acidified (pH 2) with 3N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give a white solid (170 mg, 73%). [MH]⁺=346.
Preparative Example 129
• 
Step A
• To the solution of commercially available 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (515 mg), N-methyl-N-methoxyamine hydrochloride (390 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) were added PyBOP (1.04 g) and NEt₃ (0.84 mL). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature, washed with saturated aqueous Na₂CO₃ (5 mL) and 1N aqueous HCl (5 mL), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give a white solid (544 mg, 91%). [MH]⁺=323.
Step B
• To the title compound from Step A above (544 mg) in anhydrous Et₂O (10 mL) was added a 1M solution of LiAlH₄ in Et₂O (1.8 mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 min and then cooled to 0° C. 1M aqueous NaOH (5 mL) was added dropwise, followed by the addition of Et₂O (10 mL). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL), dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give a white solid (440 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=242.
Step C
• To the title compound from Step B above (440 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (1:1, 12 mL) was added were added KCN (178 mg) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (670 mg). The mixture was stirred at 55° C. overnight, then cooled to room temperature, acidified (pH 2) with 3N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give a white solid (454 mg, 81%). [MH]⁺=312.
Preparative Example 130
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available 4-N-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanone (0.26 g) in EtOH/H₂O (1:1, 20 mL) were added NaCN (0.10 g) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (0.56 g). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux overnight, partially concentrated, diluted with H₂O and filtered to give a white solid (0.19 g, 56%). [MNa]⁺=320.
Preparative Example 131
• 
Step A
• To a solution of 3,4-diethoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (1.3 mL) in EtOH (40 mL) was added commercially available (3-aminomethyl-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1.39 g). The mixture was stirred for 2 h, a 28% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (40 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 h. Then the mixture was concentrated and slurried in MeOH (20 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to give the title compound (1.6 g, 82%). [MNa]⁺=354.
Preparative Example 132
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available (3-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1.11 g) in EtOH (20 mL) was added 3,4-diethoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (1.30 g). The mixture was heated to reflux for 21/2 h, cooled to room temperature filtered and concentrated. The remaining solid residue was crystallized from refluxing EtOH to afford the title compound (687 mg, 40%). [MNa]⁺=369.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (346 mg) was dissolved in a ˜7N solution of NH₃ in MeOH (14.3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound (316 mg, >99%). [MNa]⁺=340.
Preparative Example 133
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 110, Step B (52 mg) in EtOAc (600 μL) was added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (600 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1½ h and concentrated to afford the title compound (43 mg, 99%). [M-Cl]⁺=250.
Preparative Examples 134-207
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 133, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-7 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-7
  Prep. Ex. #	protected amine	product	yield
  134			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 156
  135			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 159
  136			99% [M-Cl]+ = 218
  137			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 232
  138			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 215
  139			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 201
  140			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 198
  141			99% [M-Cl]+ = 207
  142			64% [M-Cl]+ = 177
  143			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 178
  144			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 195/197
  145			67% (over 2 steps) [M-Cl]+ = 187
  146			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 192
  147			n.d. [M-NH3Cl]+ = 210/212
  148			81% [M-Cl]+ = 222
  149			77% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 253
  150			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 143
  151			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 238
  152			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 191
  153			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 205
  154			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 188
  155			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 163
  156			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 159
  157			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 241
  158			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 295
  159			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 242
  160			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 191
  161			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 162
  162			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 176
  163			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 193
  164			96% [M-Cl]+ = 139
  165			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 157
  166			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 155
  167			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 192
  168			95% [M-Cl]+ = 196
  169			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 182
  170			99% [M-Cl]+ = 157
  171			99% [M-Cl]+ = 171
  172			98% [M-Cl]+ = 185
  173			93% [M-Cl]+ = 130
  174			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 246
  175			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 212
  176			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 191
  177			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 191
  178			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 198
  179			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 197
  180			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 211
  181			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 253
  182			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 223
  183			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 183
  184			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 165
  185			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 170
  186			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 261
  187			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 353
  188			>99% [M-Cl]+ = 184
  189			n.d. [M-Cl]+ = 196
  190			n.d. [M-Cl]+ = 250
  191			n.d. [M-Cl]+ = 197
  192			n.d. [M-Cl]+ = 139
  193			n.d. [M-Cl]+ = 286
  194			n.d. [M-Cl]+ = 286
  195			>99% [M-HCl2]+ = 204
  196			94% [M-HCl2]+ = 190
  197			99% [M-Cl]+ = 206
  198			99% [M-Cl]+ = 220
  199			99% [M-Cl]+ = 134
  200			99% [M-Cl]+ = 205
  201			92% [M-HCl2]+ = 177
  202			>99% [M-HCl2]+ = 177
  203			99% [M-Cl]+ = 166
  204			99% [M-Cl]+ = 180
  205			99% [M-Cl]+ = 194
  206			98% [M-Cl]+ = 232
  207			>99% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 218

Preparative Example 208
• 
Step A
• To a ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 73 (89 mg) in CHCl₃ (3 mL) was added a solution of trifluoroacetic acid (1.5 mL) in CHCl₃ (1.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min, then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1½ h. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in CH₃CN (5 mL), again concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (93 mg, >99%). [M-TFA]⁺=218/220.
Preparative Examples 209-210
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 208, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-8 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-8
  Prep. Ex. #	protected amine	product	yield
  209			>99% [M-TFA]+ = 158
  210			93% [M-(NH2•TFA)]+ = 160

Preparative Example 211
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 3-aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (500 mg) was dissolved in a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (50 mL) and heated in a sealed pressure tube to 90° C. for 20 h. Cooling to room temperature and concentration afforded the title compound (469 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=151.
Preparative Example 212
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 3-aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (100 mg) was dissolved in a 40% solution of MeNH₂ in H₂O (20 mL) and heated in a sealed pressure tube to 90° C. for 20 h. Cooling to room temperature and concentration afforded the title compound (107 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=165.
Preparative Example 213
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 2-hydroxy-5-methylaniline (5.2 g) and N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (6.85 g) in dry THF (60 mL) was heated to reflux for 6 h, cooled to room temperature, poured on ice and adjusted to pH 4 with 6N aqueous HCl. The formed precipitate was isolated by filtration, dried and recrystallized from toluene to afford the title compound as a grey solid (4.09 g, 65%).
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (1.5 g), K₂CO₃ (1.7 g) and methyl iodide (6 mL) were dissolved in dry DMF (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h, concentrated and acidified to pH 4 with 1N HCl. The precipitate was isolated by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (1.48 g, 90%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.05 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H).
Step C
• The title compound from Step B above (1.1 g), N-bromosuccinimide (1.45 g) and α,α′-azoisobutyronitrile (150 mg) were suspended in CCl₄ (50 mL), degassed with argon and heated to reflux for 1 h. The mixture was cooled, filtered, concentrated and dissolved in dry DMF (20 mL). Then NaN₃ (1 g) was added and the mixture was vigorously stirred for 3 h, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless needles (963 mg, 70%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.07 (s, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 3.36 (s, 3H).
Step D
• A mixture of the title compound from Step C above (963 mg) and PPh₃ (1.36 g) in THF (30 mL) were stirred for 14 h, then H₂O was added and stirring was continued for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and coevaporated twice with toluene. The remaining residue was diluted with dry dioxane and a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) was added. The formed precipitate was isolated by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (529 mg, 52%). [M-Cl]⁺=179.
Preparative Example 214
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 95, Step A (1.81 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 200 mg) in EtOH (50 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated to a volume of ˜20 mL. 3,4-Diethoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (0.68 mL) and NEt₃ (0.5 mL) were added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded a slowly crystallizing colorless oil. This oil was dissolved in EtOH (20 mL) and a 28% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (100 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 3 h, concentrated, slurried in H₂O, filtered and dried under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was dissolved in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL), stirred for 14 h, concentrated, suspended in Et₂O, filtered and dried to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (1.08 g, 92%). [M-Cl]⁺=258.
Preparative Examples 215-216
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 214, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-9 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-9
  Ex. #	intermediate
  215
  216

  	Ex. #	product	yield
  	215		n.d. [M-Cl]+ = 250
  	216		67% [M-NH3Cl]+ = 236

Preparative Example 217
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 5-acetyl-thiophene-2-carbonitrile (2.5 g) was stirred with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.6 g) and NaOAc (0.6 g) in dry MeOH (30 mL) for 1½ h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl dried (MgSO₄), filtered and absorbed on silica. Purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a colorless solid (844 mg, 31%). [MH]⁺=167.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (844 mg) in AcOH (30 mL) was added zinc dust (1.7 g). The mixture was stirred for 5 h, filtered, concentrated, diluted with CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄) and filtered. Treatment with a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) and concentration afforded the title compound as an off-white solid (617 mg, 64%). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=136.
Preparative Example 218
• 
Step A
• A suspension of commercially available 2,5-dibromobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.0 g), Na₂SO₃ (0.46 g) and NaOH (0.27 g) in H₂O (10 mL) was heated to 70° C. for 5 h. To the cooled solution was added methyl iodide (4 mL) and MeOH. The biphasic system was stirred vigorously at 50° C. overnight, concentrated and suspended in H₂O. Filtration afforded the title compound as colorless needles (933 mg, 99%). [MH]⁺=313/315/317.
Step B
• Under an argon atmosphere in a sealed tube was heated a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (8.36 g) and CuCN (7.7 g) in degassed N-methylpyrrolidone (30 mL) to 160° C. overnight. Concentration, absorption on silica and purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as beige crystals (1.08 g, 20%).
Step C
• A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (980 mg) and 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (0.72 mL) in degassed DMSO was heated to 50° C. for 45 min under an argon atmosphere. The solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a bright yellow solid (694 mg, 71%). ¹H-NMR (CD₃CN) δ=8.00-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.72 (d, 1H), 5.75 (br s, 2H), 5.70 (s, 1H).
Step D
• A mixture of the title compound from Step C above (892 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 140 mg) in DMF (10 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 2 h and then filtered. Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (440 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded a colorless solid, which was stirred in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) overnight and then concentrated to give the title compound as colorless crystals (69 mg, 8%). [M-Cl]⁺=209.
Preparative Example 219
• 
Step A
• A solution of commercially available 4-bromobenzoic acid (24 g) in chlorosulfonic acid (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then heated to 150° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured on ice (600 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O. To the obtained solid material were added H₂O (300 mL), Na₂SO₃ (20 g) and NaOH (17 g) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 5 h. Then the mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with MeOH (250 mL). Iodomethane (100 mL) was slowly added and the mixture was heated to reflux overnight. Concentration, acidification, cooling and filtration afforded the title compound as a white powder (28.0 g, 84%). [MH]⁺=279/281.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (5.0 g) in dry MeOH (120 mL) was slowly added SOCl₂ (4 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h, concentrated and diluted with NMP (20 mL). CuCN (1.78 g) was added and the resulting mixture was heated in a sealed tube under an argon atmosphere to 160° C. overnight. The mixture was concentrated, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless needles (976 mg, 23%). [MH]⁺=240.
Step C
• To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (1.89 g) in MeOH (40 mL) and was added NaOMe (1.3 g). The mixture was heated to reflux for 90 min, cooled to room temperature, diluted with concentrated HCl (2 mL) and H₂O (10 mL) and heated again to reflux for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless crystals (682 mg, 36%). [MH]⁺=241.
Step D
• A solution the title compound from Step C above (286 mg), NaOAc (490 mg) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (490 mg) in dry MeOH (20 mL) was heated to reflux for 21/2 h. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and concentrated to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (302 mg, 99%). ¹H-NMR (DMSO): δ=12.62 (s, 1H), 8.25-8.28 (m, 2H), 8.04 (d, 1H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H).
Step E
• The title compound from Step D above (170 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and heated to 60° C. Then zinc dust (500 mg) and 6N aqueous HCl (5 mL) were added in portions over a period of 30 min. The mixture was cooled, filtered, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with a saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (128 mg, 80%). [MH]⁺=242.
Preparative Example 220
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available 2-[(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)thio]acetic acid (2.1 g) in DMF (3 drops) was added dropwise oxalyl chloride (5 mL). After 1.5 h the mixture was concentrated, redissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL) and cooled to −10° C. AlCl₃ (1.6 g) was added and the cooling bath was removed. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, poured on ice and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ to afford the crude title compound as a brown solid (2.01 g). [MH]⁺=199.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.01 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was added mCPBA (70-75%, 1.14 g) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a colorless solid (668 mg). [MH]⁺=231.
Step C
• A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (430 mg), NaOAc (800 mg) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (800 mg) in dry MeOH (20 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and concentrated to afford the title compound as colorless crystals (426 mg, 93%). [MH]⁺=246.
Step D
• The title compound from Step C above (426 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and heated to 60° C. Then zinc dust (1.3 g) and 6N aqueous HCl (20 mL) were added in portions over a period of 30 min. The mixture was cooled, filtered, concentrated, diluted with CHCl₃, washed subsequently with a saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (313 mg, 78%). [MH]⁺=232.
Preparative Example 221
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-carbonitrile (0.5 g), AcOH (1 mL) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 200 mg) in THF (20 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound as a brown solid. [M-OAc]⁺=141.
Preparative Example 222
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 5-fluoroindanone (1.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 220, Step C to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (1.3 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=166.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (1.35 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 217, Step B to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (36.5 mg). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=135.
Preparative Example 223
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled solution of commercially available cis-4-hydroxymethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (330 mg) in CH₂Cl₂/pyridine (3:1, 4 mL) was added 4-toluenesulfonic acid chloride (0.49 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, cooled to 0° C., quenched with 2N aqueous HCl (35 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (643 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=327.
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (643 mg) and NaN₃ (636 mg) in DMA (5 mL) was stirred at 70° C. overnight. The mixture was concentrated and diluted with EtOAc (25 mL), H₂O (5 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (299 mg, 77%). [MNa]⁺=220.
Step C
• A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (299 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 50 mg) in MeOH (10 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 4 h, filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was taken up in MeOH (7 mL), treated with 1N HCl in Et₂O (6 mL) and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (248 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=172.
Preparative Example 224
• 
Step A
• Commercially available cis-3-hydroxymethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (330 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 223, Step A to afford the title compound (606 mg, 97%). [MH]⁺=327.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (606 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 223, Step B to afford the title compound (318 mg, 87%). [MNa]⁺=220.
Step C
• The title compound from Step B above (318 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 223, Step C to afford the crude title compound (345 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=172.
Preparative Example 225
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of commercially available (3-cyano-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (50 mg) in CHCl₃ (2 mL) were successively added triethylsilane (0.5 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the crude title compound. [M-TFA]⁺=134.
Preparative Example 226
• 
Step A
• To a stirred solution of KOH (1.2 g) in EtOH (10 mL) was added commercially available bis(tert-butyldicarbonyl) amine (4.5 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then diluted with Et₂O. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with Et₂O (3×10 mL) to afford the title compound (3.4 g, 64%).
Preparative Example 227
• 
Step A
• To a stirred solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 226, Step A (160 mg) in DMF (2 mL) was added a solution of commercially available 5-bromomethyl-benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole (115 mg) in DMF (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (180 mg, 71%). [MH]⁺=366.
Step B
• A solution of the title compound from Step A above (180 mg) in trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h at room temperature and then concentrated to afford the title compound (140 mg, >99%). [M-TFA]⁺=166.
Preparative Example 228
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 5-bromomethyl-benzo[1,2,5]oxadiazole was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 227 to afford the title compound. [M-TFA]⁺=150.
Preparative Example 229
• 
Step A
• Commercially available (S)-(−)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylamine (2.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 3, Step D to afford the title compound as a white solid (2.5 g, 92%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.43 (d, 2H), 7.17 (d, 2H), 4.72 (br s, 2H), 1.35 (br s, 12H).
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (4.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 3, Step E to afford the title compound (2.0 g, 60%). [MH]⁺=247.
Step C
• The title compound from Step B above (2.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 2, Step A to afford the title compound (1.8 g, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=166.
Step D
• The title compound from Step C above (1.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 2, Step B to afford the title compound (310 mg, 35%). [MH]⁺=180.
Preparative Example 230
• 
Step A
• If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 229, except using commercially available (R)-(+)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylamine instead of (S)-(−)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylamine, one would obtain the title compound.
Preparative Example 231
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available 4-bromo-2-methyl-benzoic acid (1.5 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added tert-butyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate (3.0 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h, cooled to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂) to give the desired title compound (1.0 g, 52%). [MH]⁺=271.
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.0 g), Zn(CN)₂ (1.0 g) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.0 g) in anhydrous DMF (15 mL) was heated at 110° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 18 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexane/CH₂Cl₂) to give the desired title compound (0.6 g, 75%). [MH]⁺=218.
Step C
• To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (0.55 g), in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was added Bu₄NBH₄ (1.30 g). The mixture was heated to reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 12 h and then cooled to room temperature. 1N aqueous NaOH (5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 20 min before it was concentrated. The remaining residue was then taken up in Et₂O (150 mL), washed with 1N aqueous NaOH (25 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound (0.50 g, 89%). [MH]⁺=222.
Preparative Example 232
• 
Step A
• A solution of commercially available (R)-amino-thiophen-3-yl-acetic acid (0.50 g), 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyloxyimino)-2-phenylacetonitrile (0.86 g) and NEt₃ (0.65 mL) in 1,4-dioxane/H₂O (3:2, 7 mL) was stirred for 24 h, concentrated to ⅓ volume and diluted with H₂O (100 mL). The resulting aqueous mixture was extracted with Et₂O (100 mL), acidified with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with Et₂O (2×80 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the desired title compound (0.7 g, 86%). [MH]⁺=258.
Step B
• To a stirred mixture of the title compound from Step A above (0.43 g) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (0.48 g) in 1,4-dioxane/DMF (6:1, 3.5 mL) were added pyridine (0.4 mL) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.50 g). The mixture was stirred for 48 h, diluted with EtOAc (40 mL), washed with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the desired title compound, which was not further purified (0.35 g, 86%). [MH]⁺=257.
Step C
• The title compound from Step B above (0.35 g) was taken up in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight and concentrated to give the title compound (0.15 g, n.d.). [MH]⁺=157.
Preparative Examples 233-235
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 232, except using the amino acids indicated in Table I-10 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-10
  Prep. Ex. #	amino acid	product	yield
  233			n.d. [M-Cl]+ = 194
  234			n.d. [M-Cl]+ = 157
  235			n.d. [M-Cl]+ = 113

Preparative Example 236
• 
Step A
• Commercially available (R)-2-amino-4,4-dimethyl-pentanoic acid (250 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 232, Step A to afford the title compound (370 mg, 87%). [MNa]⁺=268.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (370 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 232, Step B to afford the title compound. [MNa]⁺=267.
Step C
• The title compound from Step B above was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 208, Step A to afford the title compound (30 mg, 14% over 2 steps).
• [M-TFA]⁺=145.
Preparative Example 237
• 
Step A
• If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 232, Step A and Step B, except using commercially available (R)-amino-(4-bromo-phenyl)-acetic acid instead of (R)-amino-thiophen-3-yl-acetic acid in Step A, one would obtain the title compound.
Preparative Example 238
• 
Step A
• If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 229, Step B to Step D, except using the title compound from the Preparative Example 237, Step A instead of (R)-amino-thiophen-3-yl-acetic acid, one would obtain the title compound.
Preparative Example 239
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available 1H-pyrazol-5-amine (86.4 g) in MeOH (1.80 L) was added commercially available methyl acetopyruvate (50.0 g). The mixture was heated to reflux for 5 h and then cooled to room temperature overnight. The precipitated yellow needles were collected by filtration and the supernatant was concentrated at 40° C. under reduced pressure to ˜⅔ volume until more precipitate began to form. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the precipitate was collected by filtration. This concentration/precipitation/filtration procedure was repeated to give 3 batches. This material was combined and recrystallized from MeOH to give the major isomer of the title compound (81.7 g, 72%). [MH]⁺=192.
• The remaining supernatants were combined, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the minor isomer of title compound (6.8 g, 6%). [MH]⁺=192.
Preparative Example 240
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the major isomer of the title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (2.0 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) were added acetyl chloride (3.0 mL) and SnCl₄ (10.9 g). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux overnight, cooled and quenched with H₂O (10 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The combined organic phases were concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (1.2 g, 49%). [MH]⁺=234.
Step B
• Trifluoroacetic anhydride (4.6 mL) was added dropwise to an ice cooled suspension of urea hydrogen peroxide (5.8 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 min, then a solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.8 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. NaHSO₃ (1.0 g) was added and the resulting mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (40 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic phases were concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (500 mg, 26%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=8.40 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 2.84 (d, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H).
Preparative Example 241
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 5-amino-3-methylpyrazole (1.44 g) and methyl acetopyruvate (0.97 g) in MeOH (20 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h and then cooled to 0° C. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to give the desired ester (1.78 g, 87%). [MH]⁺=206.
Preparative Example 242
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 5-aminopyrazolone (5 g) and POCl₃ (50 mL) was heated to 210° C. for 5 h, concentrated and quenched with MeOH (10 mL) at 0° C. Purification by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) afforded the desired product (293 mg, 5%). [MH]⁺=118.
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (117 mg) and methyl acetopyruvate (144 mg) in MeOH (5 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h and then cooled to 0° C. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to give the desired ester (200 mg, 89%). [MH]⁺=226.
Preparative Example 243
• 
Step A
• Under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0° C. was slowly added 1,4-dioxane (350 mL) to NaH (60% in mineral oil, 9.6 g) followed by the slow addition of CH₃CN (12.6 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature before ethyl trifluoroacetate (23.8 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, heated at 100° C. for 5 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The remaining solid was taken up in H₂O (400 mL), washed with Et₂O (300 mL), adjusted to pH ˜2 with concentrated HCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL). The CH₂Cl₂ extract was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a brown liquid, which was not further purified (12.5 g, 74%). [M-H]⁻=136.
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (12.5 g) and hydrazine monohydrate (6.0 g) in absolute EtOH (300 mL) was heated to reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 8 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The remaining oil was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the title compound (0.25 g, 2%). [MH]⁺=152.
Step C
• Using a microwave, a mixture of the title compound from Step B above (150 mg) and commercially available methyl acetopyruvate (150 mg) in MeOH (1 mL) in a sealed vial was heated at 120° C. for 12 min, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂) to give the title compound (0.15 g, 58%). [MH]⁺=260.
Preparative Example 244
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of selenium dioxide (9 g) in 1,4-dioxane (35 mL) was added commercially available 5,7-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (3 g). The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h, cooled to room temperature, filtered through a plug of Celite® and concentrated. The remaining solid residue was taken up in MeOH (50 mL), oxone (7 g) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h, cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL), filtered through a plug of Celite® and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in a saturated solution of HCl in MeOH (150 mL), heated to reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 h, filtered through a medium porosity fritted glass funnel, concentrated and partially purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂₁MeOH) to give the title compound, which was not further purified (0.2 g, 4%). [MH]⁺=238.
Preparative Example 245
• 
Step A
• A solution of methyl pyruvate (13.6 mL) in ^tBuOMe (100 mL) was added dropwise to a cooled (−10° C.) solution of pyrrolidine (12.6 mL) in ^tBuOMe (100 mL) over a period of 30 min. The mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 15 min, then trimethylborate (8.0 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 2 min and stirring at −10° C. was continued for 2 h. NEt₃ (55 mL) was added, followed by the dropwise addition of a solution of methyl oxalylchloride (24.6 mL) in ^tBuOMe (100 mL) over a period of 30 min. The resulting thick slurry was stirred for 30 min and then diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (250 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were concentrated to give an oil, which was triturated with ^tBuOMe to afford the title compound as a yellowish solid (15.75 g, 45%). [MH]⁺=242.
Step B
• To mixture of the title compound from Step A above (6 g) and commercially available 2-aminopyrazole (2.1 g) in MeOH (10 mL) was added 3N aqueous HCl (3 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux overnight and cooled. The precipitated title compound was collected by filtration. The supernatant was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexane/EtOAc) to afford additional solid material, which was combined with the collected precipitate to give title compound (3.7 g, 60%). [MH]⁺=250.
Preparative Example 246
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 5-amino-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxylic acid (20.3 g) and methyl acetopyruvate (20.0 g) in glacial AcOH (250 mL) was heated to 95° C. for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated and diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (200 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a pale orange mixture of regioisomers (80:20, 21.3 g, 80%). Recrystallization of the crude material from hot THF (110 mL) afforded the major isomer of the title compound (13.0 g, 49%). [MH]⁺=193.
• The supernatant was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the minor isomer of title compound. [MH]⁺=193.
Preparative Examples 247-248
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 246, except using the amines indicated in Table I-11 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-11
  Prep. Ex. #	amine	product	yield
  247			96% [MH]+ = 208
  248			92% [MH]+ = 236

Preparative Example 249
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the minor isomer of the title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (500 mg) in CH₃CN (10 mL) were added AcOH (2 mL) and 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) [Selectfluor®] (551 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 7 h, cooled to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (149 mg, 27%). [MH]⁺=210.
Preparative Example 250
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the major isomer of the title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (10.0 g) in H₂O (1.0 L) was added 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) [Selectfluor®] (18.6 g). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 18 h, cooled to room temperature and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×350 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (4.25 g, 39%). [MH]⁺=210.
Preparative Example 251
• 
Step A
• To a stirred solution of Bu₄N(NO₃) (1.39 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (579 μL). The resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. and added to an ice cooled solution of the major isomer of the title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (796 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The mixture was allowed to reach room temperature overnight, diluted with CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (200 mg, 20%). [MH]⁺=237.
Preparative Example 252
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the minor isomer of the title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (500 mg) in CHCl₃ (10 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (465 mg). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 1 h, cooled to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (599 mg, 85%). [MH]⁺=270/272.
Preparative Example 253
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the minor isomer of title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (100 mg) and N-chlorosuccinimide (77 mg) in CCl₄ (5 mL) was heated to reflux for 24 h, cooled, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (98 mg, 83%). [MH]⁺=226.
Preparative Example 254
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine (2.0 g) and 2-fluoro-3-oxo-butyric acid methyl ester (4.4 g) in MeOH (15 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 16 h and then cooled to room temperature. The formed precipitate was isolated by filtration and dried to afford the title compound (4.2 g, 84%). [MH]⁺=168.
Step B
• To a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.67 g) in CH₃CN (150 mL) were added K₂CO₃ (4.15 g) and POBr₃ (8.58 g). The mixture was heated to reflux for 16 h, concentrated, diluted with CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (690 mg, 30%). [MH]⁺=230/232.
Step C
• The title compound from Step B above (28 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 103, Step A to afford the title compound (295 mg, 70%). [MH]⁺=210.
Preparative Example 255
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the major isomer of title compound from the Preparative Example 246, Step A (1.34 g) and selenium dioxide (1.78 g) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was heated to 120° C. under closed atmosphere for 12 h, cooled and filtered through Celite®. To the filtrate were added oxone (1.70 g) and H₂O (400 μL) and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound (1 g, 64%). [MH]⁺=223.
Preparative Examples 256-270
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 255, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-12 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-12
  Prep. Ex. #	intermediate	product	yield
  256			69% [MH]+ = 223
  257			70% [MH]+ = 238
  258			77% [MH]+ = 266
  259			34% [MH]+ = 222
  260			24% [MH]+ = 222
  261			60% [MH]+ = 240
  262			71% [MH]+ = 240
  263			87% [MH]+ = 280
  264			46% [MH]+ = 267
  265			n.d. [MH]+ = 300/302
  266			80% [MH]+ = 256
  267			55% [MH]+ = 236
  268			82% [MH]+ = 256
  269			68% [MH]+ = 290
  270			80% [MH]+ = 240

Preparative Example 271
• 
Step A
• A suspension of commercially available methyl acetopyruvate (3.60 g) in H₂O (10 mL) was heated to 40° C., then a mixture of commercially available 1H-tetrazol-5-amine (2.10 g) and concentrated HCl (2 mL) in H₂O (4 mL) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 1 h, before it was cooled to 0° C. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with H₂O, dried in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound as a mixture of regioisomers (˜919, 2.15 g, 45%). [MH]⁺=194.
Step B
• To a mixture of selenium dioxide (780 mg) in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) was added dropwise a 5.5M solution of tert-butyl hydroperoxide in hexanes (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, then the title compound from Step A above (600 mg) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h. The mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite®, concentrated, diluted with H₂O (10 mL) and extracted with CHCl₃. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was used without further purification. [MH]⁺=224.
Preparative Example 272
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 1H-tetrazol-5-amine (2.15 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 271, Step A, except using ethyl acetopyruvate (4.00 g) to afford the title compound as a pale orange mixture of regioisomers (˜75:25, 4.20 g, 80%). [MH]⁺=208.
Step B
• The title compound from Step B above (4.00 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 271, Step B to afford the title compound as a orange red solid (1.30 g, 28%). [MH]⁺=238
Preparative Example 273
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled solution of commercially available 2-chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (20.05 g) in MeOH (500 mL) was added NaBH₄ (8.10 g) in small portions over a period of 3 h. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 h. The mixture was poured into saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (17.26 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=159.
Step B
• To an ice cooled suspension of the title compound from Step A above (17.08 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) were subsequently added ⁱPr₂NEt (30 mL) and (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl chloride (13.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h, additional ⁱPr₂NEt (11 mL) and (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl chloride (6.1 mL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 6 h. Then the mixture was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (10.75 g, 42%). [MH]⁺=247.
Step C
• Under a nitrogen atmosphere a solution of the title compound from Step B above (10.75 g) in MeOH (60 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of hydrazine hydrate (10.60 mL) in MeOH (300 mL) at 70° C. The mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 14 h, cooled and concentrated. The remaining residue was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (10.00 g, 95%). [MH]⁺=243.
Step D
• A suspension of the title compound from Step C above (9.50 g) in (EtO)₃CH (200 mL) was heated to reflux for 6 h. Then AcOH (5 mL) was added at heating to reflux was continued for 6 h. The mixture was cooled, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford major isomer (7.05 g, 71%) and the minor isomer (2.35 g, 24%) of the title compound. [MH]⁺=253.
Preparative Example 274
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the major isomer of title compound from the Preparative Example 273, Step D (9.40 g) in THF (200 mL) was added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (37 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound (8.53 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=165.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (8.53 g) and Na₂CO₃ (4.26 g) were dissolved in H₂O (250 mL). The suspension was heated to 50° C. and KMnO₄ (8.13 g) was added in small portions over a period of 30 min. The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h, cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was used without further purification (13.42 g). [MH]⁺=179.
Step C
• SOCl₂ (10.9 mL) was added dropwise to an ice cooled suspension of the title compound from Step B above (13.4 g) in MeOH (400 mL). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound as an orange solid (2.23 g, 16%). [MH]⁺=193.
Step D
• A mixture of the title compound from Step C above (1.21 g) and selenium dioxide (1.40 g) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was heated to 70° C. for 4 h. Cooling to room temperature, filtration through a pad of Celite® and concentration afforded the crude title compound as a red solid, which was used without further purification (1.4 g). [MH]⁺=223.
Preparative Example 275
• 
Step A
• The minor isomer of title compound from the Preparative Example 273, Step D (2.35 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 274, Step A to afford the title compound (1.53 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=165.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (1.53 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 274, Step B to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=179.
Step C
• The title compound from Step B above was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 274, Step C to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=193.
Step D
• The title compound from Step C above was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 274, Step D to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=223.
Preparative Example 276
• 
Step A
• A suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 255, Step A (2.22 g) in dry toluene (15 mL) was placed in a preheated oil bath (˜80° C.). Then N,N-dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal (9.60 mL) was added carefully over a period of ˜10 min and the resulting black/brown mixture was stirred at −80° C. for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (150 mL), washed with H₂O (2×150 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (150 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (1.39 g, 50%). [MH]⁺=279.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.39 g) in dry 1,2-dichloroethane (50 mL) was added trimethyltin hydroxide (1.01 g). The resulting yellow suspension was placed in a preheated oil bath (˜80° C.) and stirred at this temperature for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (250 mL), washed with 5% aqueous HCl (2×250 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (250 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and vacuum dried for ˜15 h to afford a beige solid, which was used without further purification (756 mg, 57%). [MH]⁺=265.
Preparative Example 277
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 272, Step B (2.37 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 276, Step A to afford the title compound (1.68 g, 57%). [MH]⁺=294.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (1.36 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 276, Step B to afford the title compound as a beige solid (1.20 g, 97%). [MH]⁺=266.
Preparative Example 278
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 259 (94 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were added the title compound from the Preparative Example 7, Step D (94 mg), PyBrOP (216 mg) and ⁱPr₂NEt (123 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (60 mg, 37%). [MH]⁺=451.
Preparative Example 279
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 255, Step A (250 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 214, Step A (329 mg) in DMF (10 mL) were added N-methylmorpholine (170 μL), HATU (570 mg) and HOAt (204 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight while warming to room temperature and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a yellow/brown gummy solid (177 mg, 35%). [MH]⁺=462.
Preparative Example 280
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 267 (236 mg) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (0.32 mL) at 0° C., followed by the addition of anhydrous DMF (0.1 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred for 1 h and concentrated. To the remaining reddish solid residue was added anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at 0° C., followed by the addition of a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 138 (231 mg) and NEt₃ (0.42 mL) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the desired product (150 mg, 34%). [MH]⁺=449.
Preparative Example 281
• 
Step A
• A solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 271, Step B (˜670 mg), PyBOP (2.35 g) and ⁱPr₂NEt (780 μL) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Commercially available 4-fluoro-3-methyl benzylamine (500 mg) and ⁱPr₂NEt (780 μL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued overnight. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound as a single regioisomer (200 mg, 19% over two steps). [MH]⁺=345.
Preparative Example 282
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 260 (506 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 161 (555 mg) in DMF (15 mL) were added N-methylmorpholine (250 μL), EDCI (530 mg) and HOAt (327 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as an orange solid (208 mg, 24%). [MH]⁺=382.
Preparative Examples 283-320
• Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 279 (method A), 280 (method B), 281 (method C), 278 (method D) or 282 (method E), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table I-13 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-13
  Prep. Ex. #	acid, amine	product	method, yield
  283			B, 36% [MH]+ = 431
  284			C, 47% [MH]+ = 388
  285			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 421/423
  286			C, 33% [MH]+ = 440
  287			A, 41% [MH]+ = 347
  288			A, 44% [MH]+ = 347
  289			A, 76% [MH]+ = 458/460
  290			D, 11% [MH]+ = 343
  291			A, 83% [MH]+ = 381
  292			A, 73% [MH]+ = 414
  293			A, 32% [MNa]+ = 491
  294			B, 76% [M − H]− = 452
  295			A, 7% (over 2 steps), [MH]+ = 410
  296			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 344
  297			B, 34% [MH]+ = 364
  298			B, 72% [MH]+ = 363
  299			A, 37% [MH]+ = 395
  300			A, 79% [MH]+ = 381
  301			A, 71% [MH]+ = 364
  302			A, 43% [MH]+ = 435
  303			E, 82% [MH]+ = 400
  304			A, 67% [MNa]+ = 500
  305			A, 73% [MNa]+ = 475
  306			B, 34% [MNa]+ = 449
  307			B, 34% [MNa]+ = 491
  308			B, 73% [M − H]− = 501
  309			A, 20% [MH]+ = 342
  310			A, 21% [MH]+ = 401
  311			A, 10% [MH]+ = 453
  312			A, 73% [MH]+ = 414
  313			A, 71% [MH]+ = 453
  314			A, >99% [MH]+ = 397
  315			A, 70% [MH]+ = 344
  316			A, 33% [MH]+ = 359
  317			A, 54% [MH]+ = 411
  318			A, 60% [MH]+ = 387
  319			A, 47% [MH]+ = 419
  320			A, 29% [MH]+ = 401

Preparative Example 321
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 278, Step A (75 mg) in dry THF (10 mL) were successively added NaH (95%, 10 mg) and methyl iodide (250 μL). The cooling bath was removed and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a colorless solid (52 mg, 69%). [MNa]⁺=473.
Preparative Example 322
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 2-aminoimidazole sulfate (1.0 g), NH₄OAc (1.2 g) and methyl acetopyruvate (1.1 g) in AcOH (10 mL) was stirred at 120° C. for 3 h, then absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, EtOAc/MeOH) to give an off-white solid (396 mg, 14%). [MH]⁺=192.
Step B
• A solution of the title compound from Step A above (14 mg) in THF (100 μL), MeOH (100 μL), and 1N aqueous LiOH (80 μL) was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and then concentrated to give a yellow residue. [MH]⁺=178. A mixture of this residue, PyBOP (42 mg), 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine (11 mg), and NEt₃ (20 μL) in DMF (200 μL) and THF (400 μL) was stirred for 4 h, then absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, EtOAc/MeOH) to give an off-white solid (12 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=299.
Step C
• A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (100 mg) and selenium dioxide (93 mg) in dioxane (1.5 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through Celite®. The filter cake was washed with dioxane (3×1 mL). To the supernatant were added oxone (206 mg) and H₂O (100 μL) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h and then filtered. The supernatant was concentrated and then stirred in a premixed solution of acetyl chloride (100 μL) in MeOH (2 mL) in a sealed vial for 3 h at 65° C. The solution was absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give a yellow solid (40 mg, 35%). [MH]⁺=343.
Preparative Example 323
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 4-nitroimidazole (5 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 500 mg) in a premixed solution of acetyl chloride (4 mL) in MeOH (100 mL) was hydrogenated in a Parr shaker at 35 psi for 5 h. The mixture was filtered through Celite® and concentrated to give a black oil. [MH]⁺=115. This oil and methyl acetylpyruvate (6.4 g) were stirred in AcOH (70 mL) and MeOH (70 mL) at 65° C. for 18 h. The resulting mixture was absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH). Further purification of the resulting residue by chromatography (silica, EtOAc) afforded an orange solid (120 mg, 1.4%). [MH]⁺=192.
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (50 mg) and selenium dioxide (116 mg) in dioxane (1 mL) was heated to 130° C. in a sealed tube for 6 h, cooled and filtered through Celite®. The supernatant was concentrated to give a orange residue. [MH]⁺=222. This residue was stirred with 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine (27 μL), PyBOP (150 mg), and NEt₃ (73 μL) in THF (2 mL) for 3 h, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give a yellow solid (22 mg, 24%). [MH]⁺=343.
Preparative Example 324
• 
Step A
• A solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 262 (0.5 g) and 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl amine (1.6 g) in DMF (2.5 mL) was stirred at 48° C. for 10 h and then concentrated to an oil. The oil was taken up in EtOAc (120 mL), washed with 1N aqueous HCl (2×70 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (70 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining solid was washed with hexanes/Et₂O (1:1) and MeOH to give a yellow solid (0.31 g, 35%). [MH]⁺=401.
Preparative Examples 325-327
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 324, except using the acids and amines indicated in Table I-14 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-14
  Prep. Ex. #	acid, amine	product	yield
  325			n.d. [MNa]+ = 355
  326			33% [MH]+ = 344
  327			65% [MH]+ = 381

Preparative Example 328
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 245, Step B (10 mg), commercially available 4-fluorobenzylamine (5.3 mg) and scandium triflate (1 mg) in anhydrous DMF (1 mL) was heated to 60° C. for 12 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (11.5 mg, 83%). [MH]⁺=329.
Preparative Example 329
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 245, Step B (10 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 328, Step A, except using commercially available 3-chloro-4-fluorobenzylamine instead of 4-fluorobenzylamine to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (11.5 mg, 79%). [MH]⁺=363.
Preparative Example 330
• 
Step A
• Under an argon atmosphere a solution of commercially available [1,3,5]triazine-2,4,6-tricarboxylic acid triethyl ester (818 mg) and 3-aminopyrazole (460 mg) in dry DMF (8 mL) was heated to 100° C. overnight and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (409 mg, 56%). [MH]⁺=265.
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (203 mg) and commercially available 3-chloro-4-fluorobenzylamine (160 mg) in dry DMF (3 mL) was heated to 70° C. overnight and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound from the Example 286 and the separated regioisomers of the title compound. [MH]⁺=378.
Preparative Example 331
• 
Step A
• To a solution of NaOH (24 mg) in dry MeOH (3.2 mL) was added the title compound from the Preparative Example 315 (170 mg). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, acidified with 1N aqueous HCl and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with 1N aqueous HCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (130 mg, 80%). [MH]⁺=330.
Preparative Example 332
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 280, Step A (45 mg) in dioxane (3 mL) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (0.12 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, adjusted to pH 2 and concentrated to give a red solid, which was used without further purification (43 mg, 99%). [MH]⁺=435.
Preparative Example 333
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 281, Step A (23 mg) and trimethyltin hydroxide (30 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc (5 mL), washed with 10% aqueous KHSO₄ (5 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (22 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=331.
Preparative Examples 334-372
• Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 331 (method A), 332 (method B) or 333 (method C), except using the esters indicated in Table I-15 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-15
  Prep. Ex. #	ester	product	method, yield
  334			B, >99% [MH]+ = 415
  335			C, 97% [MH]+ = 374
  336			C, 95% [MNa]+ = 462
  337			A, 98% [MH]+ = 437
  338			A, 78% [MH]+ = 333
  339			A, 93% [MH]+ = 333
  340			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 407/409
  341			A, 98% [MH]+ = 329
  342			A, 96% [MH]+ = 367
  343			B, 61% [MH]+ = 400
  344			A, 96% [MNa]+ = 477
  345			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 396
  346			B, 83% [MH]+ = 350
  347			B, 97% [MH]+ = 349
  348			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 330
  349			A, 67% [MH]+ = 448
  350			A, 91% [MH]+ = 381
  351			A, >99% [MH]+ = 367
  352			B, 85% [MH]+ = 350
  353			A, 93% [MH]+ = 421
  354			B, 96% [MH]+ = 368
  355			B, 82% [MH]+ = 386
  356			B, 98% [MH]+ = 455
  357			B, >99% [MH]+ = 330
  358			B, >99% [MH]+ = 489
  359			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 315
  360			A, 18% [MH]+ = 349
  361			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 345
  362			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 397
  363			B, 61% [MH]+ = 414
  364			B, >99% [MH]+ = 439
  365			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 329
  366			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 329
  367			A, >99% [MH]+ = 383
  368			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 345
  369			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 397
  370			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 373
  371			A, 95% [MH]+ = 405
  372			A, 95% [MH]+ = 387

Preparative Example 373
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 304 (142 mg) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid/H₂O (9:1, 1.5 mL), stirred at room temperature for 1 h and concentrated by co-evaporation with toluene (3×10 mL) to yield a citreous/white solid, which was used without further purification (114 mg, 91%). [MNa]⁺=445.
Preparative Examples 374-375
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 373, except using the esters indicated in Table I-16 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-16
  Prep. Ex. #	ester	product	yield
  374			>99% [MH]+ = 402/404
  375			97% [MH]+ = 419

Preparative Example 376
• 
Step A
• A mixture of NaOMe (5.40 g), thiourea (5.35 g) and commercially available 2-fluoro-3-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester (6.27 mL) in anhydrous MeOH (50 mL) was stirred at 100° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 51/2 h and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The obtained beige suspension was concentrated and diluted with H₂O (50 mL). To the resulting aqueous solution was added concentrated HCl (9 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O (100 mL) to afford the title compound as a pale beige solid (5.6 g, 70%). [MH]⁺=161.
Step B
• A suspension of the title compound from Step A above (5.6 g) and Raney®-nickel (50% slurry in H₂O, 8 mL) in H₂O (84 mL) was heated to reflux for 16 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then filtered. The filter cake was washed successively with MeOH and EtOAc and the combined filtrates were concentrated. The obtained viscous oily residue was diluted with EtOAc and concentrated to afford the title compound as a reddish solid (3.6 g, 80%). [MH]⁺=129.
Step C
• A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (3.6 g), K₂CO₃ (11.6 g) and POBr₃ (24.0 g) in anhydrous CH₃CN (200 mL) was heated to reflux for 19 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. A mixture of ice (180 g) and H₂O (30 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The aqueous mixture was extracted with CHCl₃ (2×150 mL) and EtOAc (2×150 mL) and the combined organic extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow liquid (3.15 g, 58%). [MH]⁺=191/193.
Step D
• Under a carbon monoxide atmosphere (7 bar) a mixture of the title compound from Step C above (2.91 g), Pd(OAc)₂ (142 mg), 1,1′-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (284 mg) and Et₃N (4.2 mL) in anhydrous DMA MeOH (1:1, 150 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 17 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, absorbed on silica (500 mg) and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a beige solid (1.53 g, 59%). [MH]⁺=171.
Step E
• The title compound from Step D above (473 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 255, Step A to afford the title compound (514 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=201.
Preparative Example 377
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 376, Step E (360 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 279, Step A, except using commercially available 3-chloro-4-fluoro-benzylamine instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 214, Step A to afford the title compound (195 mg, 32%). [MH]⁺=342.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (195 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 331, Step A to afford the title compound (175 mg, 93%). [MH]⁺=328.
Step C
• The title compound from Step B above (175 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 280, Step A, except using a commercially available 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 138 to afford the title compound (160 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=327.
Step D
• A 2M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (450 μL) was diluted in DMF (8 mL) and then cooled to 0° C. Pyridine (144 μL) and a solution of the title compound from Step C above (146 mg) in DMF (2 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h and then at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (57 mg, 41%). [MH]⁺=309.
Step E
• To a stirring solution of the title compound from Step D above (9 mg) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was added a 1M solution of hydrazine hydrate in 1,4-dioxane (45 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound (10 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=321.
Preparative Example 378
• 
Step A
• A suspension of commercially available 3-amino-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride (5.06 g) and formamidine acetate (4.20 g) in EtOH (35 mL) was heated to reflux overnight and cooled to room temperature. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with EtOH and dried to afford the title compound as colorless needles (3.65 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=136.
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (491 mg) and POBr₃ (4 g) was heated to 80° C. for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with CHCl₃. The organic extracts were concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (276 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=198/200.
Step C
• Under a carbon monoxide atmosphere (7 bar) a mixture of the title compound from Step B above (276 mg), Pd(OAc)₂ (13 mg), 1,1′-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (31 mg) and Et₃N (370 μL) in anhydrous DMA/MeOH (1:2, 15 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 3 d. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a brown solid (260 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=178.
Step D
• To the ice cooled title compound from Step C above (120 mg) was added concentrated HNO₃ (ρ=1.5, 1 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. (ice bath) for 30 min, the cooling bath was removed and stirring was continued for 30 min. Ice was added and the formed precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a brown solid (87 mg, 58%). [MH]⁺=223.
Step E
• To the title compound from Step D above (87 mg) was added a solution of LiOH (47 mg) in H₂O. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h and then acidified with 1N aqueous HCl. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a brown solid (93 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=209.
Preparative Example 379
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative 378, Step E above (93 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 161 (110 mg) in DMF (5 mL) were added N-methylmorpholine (40 μL), EDCI (120 mg) and HOAt (60 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated. 10% aqueous citric acid was added and the formed precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a brown solid (91.5 mg, 63%). [MH]⁺=369.
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (91 mg), AcOH (200 μL) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 55 mg) in THF/MeOH was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered, concentrated and diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a brown solid (12 mg, 9%). [MH]⁺=339.
Preparative Example 380
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 4-bromo-3-hydroxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (500 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 32, Step A to afford the title compound (475 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=216.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (475 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 32, Step B to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (316 mg, 73%). [MH]⁺=298.
Preparative Example 381
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 5-bromo-2-fluoro-benzamide (500 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 25, Step A to afford the title compound as colorless needles (196 mg, 52%). [MH]⁺=165.
Preparative Example 382
• 
Step A
• At room temperature commercially available 4-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid (4.90 g) was slowly added to a 90% solution of HNO₃ (10 mL). H₂SO₄ (12 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The mixture was poured on a mixture of ice (250 g) and H₂O (50 mL). After 30 min the precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O and air dried. Purification by chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/cyclohexane/AcOH) afforded the title compound as regioisomer A (2.30 g, 38%) and regioisomer B (1.44 g, 23%). ¹H-NMR (acetone-d₆) regioisomer A: δ=8.36 (s, 1H), 8.13-8.25 (m, 2H), regioisomer B: δ=8.58 (s, 1H), 8.50 (m, 1H), 8.20 (d, 1H).
Step B
• A mixture of the regioisomer A from Step A above (1.44 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 400 mg) in MeOH (150 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 1 h and filtered. The filter cake was washed with MeOH (50 mL) and the combined filtrates were concentrated to afford the title compound (1.20 g, 95%). [MH]⁺=206.
Step C
• To a cooled to (0-5° C.) mixture of the title compound from Step B above (1.2 g) and concentrated H₂SO₄ (6 mL) in H₂O (34 mL) was slowly added a solution of NaNO₃ (420 mg) in H₂O (6 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for 45 min and then added to a mixture of H₂O (48 mL) and concentrated H₂SO₄ (6 mL), which was kept at 135° C. (temperature of the oil bath). The resulting mixture was stirred at 135° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 2½ h, cooled to room temperature, diluted with ice water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/cyclohexane/AcOH) to afford the title compound (797 mg, 66%). [MH]⁺=207.
Step D
• To a cooled (−30° C.) solution of the title compound from Step C above (790 mg) and NEt₃ (1.4 mL) in THF (45 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (790 μL). The mixture was stirred at −30° C. to −20° C. for 1 h and then filtered. The precipitated salts were washed with THF (20 mL). The combined filtrates were cooled to −20° C. and a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (20 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 20 min, then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 min. Then the mixture was concentrated and dissolved in THF (25 mL) and CH₃CN (6 mL). Pyridine (3.15 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (2.73 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. Then the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with MeOH (22 mL) and 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (22 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 48 h. The mixture was concentrated to ˜20 mL, acidified (pH ˜1) with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (490 mg, 67%). [MH]⁺=188.
Preparative Examples 383-386
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 34, except using the nitriles indicated in Table I-17 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-17
  Prep. Ex. #	nitrile	product	yield
  383			51% 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 7.78 (d, 1H), 7.58 (t, 1H), 7.38 (d, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 4.25 (d, 2H), 1.52 (s, 9H), 1.40 (s, 9H)
  384			53% [MNa]+ = 324/326
  385			n.d. [MNa]+ = 291
  386			n.d. [MH]+ = 292

Preparative Examples 387-389
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 133, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-18 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-18
  Prep. Ex. #	protected amine	product	yield
  387			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 201/203
  388			n.d. [M − Cl]+ = 169
  389			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 192

Preparative Example 390
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 383 (42 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 208, Step A to afford the title compound (32 mg, 98%). [M-TFA]⁺=165.
Preparative Example 391
• 
Step A
• A solution of title compound from the Preparative Example 39, Step C (1.0 g) in SOCl₂ (5 mL) was heated to reflux for 3 h, concentrated and coevaporated several times with cyclohexane to afford the corresponding acid chloride. A mixture of magnesium turnings (127 mg) and EtOH (100 μL) in dry benzene (2 mL) was heated to reflux until the dissolution of the magnesium started. A mixture of diethyl malonate (810 μl) and EtOH (700 μL) in benzene (3 mL) was added over a period of 30 min and heating to reflux was continued for 3 h (complete dissolution of the magnesium). The EtOH was then removed by azeotropic distillation with fresh portions of benzene and the volume was brought to ˜5 mL by addition of benzene. The mixture was heated to reflux, a solution of the acid chloride in benzene (5 mL) was added over a period of 30 min and heating to reflux was continued for 3½ h. The resulting viscous mixture was poured on a mixture of ice and 6N aqueous HCl. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted was benzene (2×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was diluted with AcOH (25 mL) and concentrated HCl (25 mL), heated to reflux for 16 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (665 mg, 76%). [MH]⁺=197.
Step B
• A mixture of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (807 mg) and pyridine (4.5 mL) in EtOH (4.5 mL) was heated to reflux for 5 min, the title compound from Step A above (759 mg) was added and heating to reflux was continued for 3 h. The mixture was cooled, concentrated and diluted with cold 3N aqueous HCl (30 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O and air dried to afford the title compound (590 mg, 72%). [MH]⁺=212.
Step C
• A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (440 mg), 6N aqueous HCl (5 mL) and PtO₂ (95 mg) in 90% aqueous EtOH (40 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 36 h, filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound as a colorless solid (436 mg, 80%). [M-Cl]⁺=226.
Preparative Examples 392-393
• Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 280, except using the acids and amines indicated in Table I-19 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-19
  Prep. Ex. #	acid, amine	product	yield
  392			69% [MH]+ = 330
  393			41% [MH]+ = 429

Preparative Examples 394-395
• Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 331, except using the esters indicated in Table I-20 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-20
  Prep. Ex. #	ester	product	yield
  394			95% [MH]+ = 316
  395			95% [MH]+ = 415

• The Preparative Example numbers 396 to 804 were intentionally excluded.
Preparative Example 805
• 
Step A
• To a cooled (40° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 39, Step C (1.0 g) and NEt₃ (890 μL) in THF (50 mL) was slowly added ethyl chloroformate (490 μL). The mixture was stirred at −25° C. for 1 h and then filtered. The precipitated salts were washed with THF (40 mL). The combined filtrates were cooled to 0° C. and a solution of NaBH₄ (528 mg) in H₂O (9.4 mL) was added carefully. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 45 min, the cooling bath was removed and stirring was continued at room temperature for 45 min. Then the mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (40 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (40 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (910 mg, 97%). [MH]⁺=199.
Step B
• To a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (20 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml) was added IBX-polystyrene (500 mg) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (19 mg, 97%). [MH]⁺=197.
• The Preparative Example numbers 806 to 835 and the Table numbers I-21 to II-30 were intentionally excluded.
Preparative Example 836
• 
Step A
• To a mixture of the commercial available 1-chloro-3-iodo-2-methylbenzene (2 52 g), tert.-butyl acrylate (4.35 mL) and NaOAc (1.65 g) in DMF (10 mL) was added Ru/Al₂O₃ (5 wt %, 1.00 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 150° C. for 12 h, extracted with EtOAc and Et₂O, washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by short pad filtration (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a liquid (2.40 g, 95%). [MH]⁺=253.
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (2.4 g) and Pt/C (10 wt %, 200 mg) in MeOH (10 mL) was hydrogenated at 1.5 bar overnight, filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by short pad filtration (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a liquid (2.39 g, 95%). [MH]⁺=255.
Step C
• To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (2.1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) was added dropwise pure CSA (2.5 mL) The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc and Et₂O and carefully added to ice water. The organic phase was separated, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a white solid (1.26 g, 85%). [MH]⁺=181.
Step D
• Under an argon atmosphere a pressure reactor was charged with the title compound from Step C above (1.0 g), Na₂CO₃ (1.1 g), Pd(OAc)₂ (120 mg), H₂O (2 mL), dppp (410 mg) and DMA (20 mL). The reactor was purged with carbon monoxide, the reactor pressure was adjusted to 1 bar and placed in a preheated oil bath (135° C.). The reactor vessel was pressurized with carbon monoxide (6 bar) and heating to 135° C. was continued overnight. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, purged with argon, diluted with H₂O (15 mL) and hexane (15 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 15 min. Activated carbon was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 20 min. The mixture was filtered through a pad Celite®, adjusted to pH=1-2 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and slurried in Et₂O. Filtration and drying in vacuo afforded the title compound (840 mg, 80%). [MH]⁺=191.
Step E
• A mixture of the title compound from Step D above (100 g) and Na₂CO₃ (55.7 g) in DMF (500 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then quenched at 0-5° C. (ice bath) with H₂O (600 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O (2×200 mL), dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (91 mg, 85%). [MH]⁺=205.
Step F
• A solution of the title compound from Step E above (21.7 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was added over a 10 h period to a cooled (−20° C.) mixture of a 1M solution of (S)-(−)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine in toluene (21.2 mL) and a 1M solution of BH₃.Me₂S complex in CH₂Cl₂ (107 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL). The mixture was then quenched at −20° C. by addition of MeOH (210 mL), warmed to room temperature and concentrated. The obtained solid residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (210 mL), washed with 1M aqueous H₃PO₄ (2×100 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (21 g, 96%, ˜99% ee). [MH]⁺=207.
Step G
• To an cooled (0° C.) mixture of the title compound from Step F above (50 g) and diphenylphosphoryl azide (70 mL) in toluene was added DBU (55 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and then at 20° C. for 16 h. The resulting biphasic mixture was washed with H₂O (750 mL), 1M aqueous H₃PO₄ (650 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (650 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (650 mL), dried (MgSO₄) and filtered. The obtained filtrate was agitated with charcoal (25 g), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound. [MH]⁺=232.
Step H
• A mixture of the title compound from Step G above (2.5 g) and Pt/C (10 wt %, 250 mg) in toluene (78 mL) was hydrogenated at 200 psi for 21 h, filtered through Celite® and extracted with 1M aqueous HCl. The aqueous phase was washed with EtOAc, basified with 1M aqueous K₃PO₄ (400 ml), extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.8 g, 81%, 98.8% ee). [MH]⁺=206.
Preparative Example 837
• 
Step A
• A suspension of commercially available 3,4-dihydroxybenzonitrile (2.00 g) and Na₂CO₃ (4.91 g) in dry DMF (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Into this mixture was condensed commercially available chlorodifluoromethane (˜50 g) using a dry ice condenser. The resulting slurry was stirred at 160° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 5 h, cooled and stirred at room temperature overnight without condenser. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with 5% aqueous NaOH, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as an oil (49 mg, 1%). [MH]⁺=236.
Preparative Example 838
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of commercially available 3-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)benzoic acid (500 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added a 2M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (1.83 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h and then concentrated to dryness. A 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 16 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with 1,4-dioxane (20 mL), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (374 mg, 75%). [MH]⁺=205.
Step B
• To a suspension of the title compound from Step A above (376 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (566 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 d, an additional portion of trifluoroacetic anhydride (566 μL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 1 d. The mixture was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (63.1 mg, 18%). [MH]⁺=187.
Preparative Example 839
• 
Step A
• In a sealed pressure tube a mixture of commercially available 2-chloropyridine-4-carbonitrile (1.00 g) in morpholine (30 mL) was heated to 130° C. for 13 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) to afford the title compound (256 mg, 19%). [MH]⁺=190.
Preparative Example 840
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 4-fluoro-3-nitro-benzonitrile (1.5 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 400 mg) in EtOH (10 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.2 g, >99%.) [MH]⁺=137.
Preparative Example 841
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 840, Step A (566 mg), ⁱPr₂NEt (2.15 mL) and commercially available 1-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-bromoethane (627 μL) was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h and at 140° C. for 6 h. An additional portion of 1-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-bromoethane (627 μL) was added and stirring was continued at 160° C. for 6 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=207.
Preparative Example 842
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the commercially available cubane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (1.65 g) and KOH (300 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (10:1, 11 mL) was heated to reflux overnight, cooled to room temperature, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc and extracted with 1N aqueous NaOH (2×10 mL). The combined aqueous phases were adjusted to pH 1-2 with 2N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (4×25 mL). The combined turbid organic phases were filtered through a fluted filter, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid (500 mg, 32%). [MH]⁺=207.
Step B
• To a cooled (−40° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (490 mg) and NEt₃ (400 μL) in THF (20 mL) was slowly added ethyl chloroformate (240 μL). The mixture was allowed to warm to −25° C. and stirred at this temperature for 1 h. A 0.5N solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane (5.5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 30 min. The cooling bath was removed and stirring was continued for 15 min. The mixture was concentrated diluted H₂O (10 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (1×20 mL, 2×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (208 mg, 42%). [MH]⁺=206.
Step C
• DMF (10 mL) was cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath) and a 2M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (650 μL) was added followed by a solution of the title compound from Step B above (208 mg) in DMF (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 5 h, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (140 mg, 75%). [MH]⁺=188.
Preparative Example 843
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) suspension of commercially available 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (5 g) in MeOH (50 mL) was dropwise added thionyl chloride (10.9 mL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h, before it was concentrated to afford the title compound as a solid (5.34 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=168.
Step B
• To a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (5.34 g) and NaHCO₃ (10 g) in acetone/H₂O (1:1, 120 mL) was slowly added 2-bromopropionyl bromide (3 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h, cooled and stirred at 25° C. overnight. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed several times with H₂O to afford the title compound (3.6 g, 50%). [MH]⁺=208.
Step C
• To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (3.55 g) in THF/MeOH (2:1, 120 mL) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (50 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, adjusted to pH 2 with 1M aqueous HCl and concentrated. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O to afford the crude title compound, which used without further purification (3.0 g, 90%). [MH]⁺=194.
Step D
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from Step C above (1.00 g) in DMF (10 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (1.44 g). The resulting solution was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 50 min, then a 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was added, the ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (795 mg, 80%). [MH]⁺=193.
Step E
• DMF (10 mL) was cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath) and a 2M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL) was added followed by a solution of the title compound from Step D above (795 mg) in DMF (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 5 h, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (140 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=175.
Preparative Example 844
• 
Step A
• At room temperature dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (3 5 mL) was added to a solution of the commercially available 2-amino-5-cyanopyridine (2.4 g) in ⁱPrOH (10 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h and then cooled to 50° C. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.8 g) was added and the mixture was aged under sonication at 50° C. for 6 h. All volatile components were evaporated and the remaining residue was purified by chromatography (silica, EtOAc/MeOH) to afford the title compound (2.6 g, 80%). [MH]⁺=163.
Step B
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (2.6 g) in 1,4-dioxane/DMF (1:1, 60 mL) trifluoroacetic anhydride (2.5 mL) was slowly added over a period of 10 min, keeping the internal temperature below 20° C. After the complete addition the ice bath was removed and the mixture was heated to 90° C. for 48 h. The mixture was cooled, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, EtOAc/MeOH) to afford the title compound (322 mg, 11%). [MH]⁺=145.
Preparative Example 845
• 
Step A
• To a cooled (−78° C.) solution of the commercial available 2-hydroxy-isonicotinonitrile (1.08 g) in THF/DMF (1:1, 40 mL) was added NaH (260 mg) in portions. The mixture was stirred at −25° C. for 2 h and then cooled to −78° C. again. Iodomethane (680 μL) was added, the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 10% aqueous KHSO₄ (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (600 mg, 49%). [MH]⁺=135.
Preparative Example 846
• 
Step A
• Commercially available chlorodifluoromethane was passed through a cooled (−78° C.) suspension of the commercial available 2-hydroxy-isonicotinonitrile (230 mg) and Cs₂CO₃ (650 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane/DMA (10:1, 11 mL) for 30 min. The reaction vessel was sealed and—using a microwave—the chlorodifluoromethane saturated mixture was heated at 150° C. for 5 h. Then the mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CHCl₃ (20 mL), washed with H₂O (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (200 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=171.
Preparative Example 847
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 4-bromomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (500 mg) and KCN (354 mg) in DMA (9 mL) was stirred at 60-70° C. (temperature of the oil bath) overnight, concentrated and diluted with Et₂O (200 mL) and H₂O (80 mL). The organic phase was separated, washed with H₂O (2×80 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (273 mg, 71%). [MH]⁺=176.
Preparative Examples 848-854
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 25, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-31 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-31
  Prep. Ex. #	intermediate	product	yield
  848			n.d. [MH]+ = 144
  849			[MH]+ = 144
  850			67% [MH]+ = 175
  851			n.d.
  852			61% [MH]+ = 161
  853			n.d.
  854			93% [MH]+ = 175

Preparative Examples 855-859
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 37, except using the intermediates and reagents indicated in Table I-32 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-32
  Prep. Ex. #	intermediate, reagent	product	yield
  855			99% [MH]+ = 175
  856			73% [MH]+ = 189
  857			22% [MH]+ = 203
  858			80% [MH]+ = 203
  859			n.d. [MH]+ = 217

Preparative Example 860
• 
Step A
• A solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 840, Step A (100 mg) in acetic anhydride (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a white solid (77.6 mg, 60%). [MH]⁺=179.
Preparative Example 861
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 840, Step A (100 mg) in pyridine (2 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (67.8 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight while warming to room temperature, cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath) again, neutralized with 1M aqueous HCl, diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (47.4 mg, 30%). [MH]⁺=215.
Preparative Example 862
• 
Step A
• To a mixture of morpholinomethyl polystyrene (295 mg) in 1,2-dichlorethane (1 mL) were added commercially available 4-cyanobenzene-1-sulfonylchloride (50 mg) and commercially available 2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid tert.-butyl ester hydrochloride (52 mg). The mixture was agitated at room temperature overnight, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as pale yellow solid, which was used without further purification. (75 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=339.
Preparative Examples 863-867
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 862, except using the acids and acid chlorides indicated in Table I-33 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-33
  Prep. Ex. #	amine, acid chloride	product	yield
  863			92% [MH]+ = 339
  864			86% [MH]+ = 339
  865			88% [MH]+ = 339
  866			88% [MH]+ = 339
  867			87% [MH]+ = 339

Preparative Example 868
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 3,4-diamino-benzonitrile (1.02 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step A to afford the title compound as a brown solid (1.18 g, 97%). [MH]⁺=160.
Step B
• Title compound from Step A above (1.18 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step B to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (1.14 g, 80%). [MH]⁺=188.
Step C
• The title compound from Step A above (1.32 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step C to afford the title compound as a white solid (496 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=191.
Step D
• The title compound from Step C above (1.32 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step D to afford the title compound as white crystals (264 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=165.
Preparative Example 869
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 29 (1.10 g) in DMF (8 mL) were added NaH (102 mg) and iodomethane (500 μL). The ice bath was removed and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.02 g, 88%). [MH]⁺=299
Preparative Examples 870-901
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 34, except using the nitriles indicated in Table I-34 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-34
  Prep. Ex. #	nitrile	product	yield
  870			69% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 248
  871			n.d. [MH]+ = 248
  872			25% [MNa]+ = 362
  873			66% [MNa]+ = 313
  874			n.d. [MH]+ = 294
  875			53% [MH]+ = 311
  876			42% [MH]+ = 279
  877			50% [MH]+ = 292
  878			35% [MH]+ = 301
  879			50% [MH+ = 271
  880			70% [MH+ = 278
  881			n.d. [MNa]+ = 261
  882			n.d. [MNa]+ = 297
  883			50% (over 2 steps) [MNa]+ = 298
  884			40% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 7.96 (d, 2H), 7.24 (d, 2H), 4.98 (br s, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.30-3.40 (m, 2H), 2.82 (t, 2H), 1.40 (s, 9H).
  885			99% [MNa]+ = 274
  886			45% [MH]+ = 443
  887			62% [MH]+ = 443
  888			49% [MH]+ = 443
  889			68% [MH]+ = 443
  890			62% [MH]+ = 443
  891			64% [MH]+ = 443
  892			89% [MH]+ = 279
  893			52% [MH]+ = 293
  894			>99%   [MH]+ = 307
  895			53% [MNa]+ = 329
  896			81% [MNa]+ = 343
  897			n.d. [MNa]+ = 300
  898			n.d. [MNa]+ = 301
  899			n.d. [MNa]+ = 425
  900			8% [MNa]+ = 286
  901			80% [MNa]+ = 314

Preparative Example 902
• 
Step A
• A mixture of The title compound from the Preparative Example 885 (507 mg), ⁱPr₂NEt (6.5 mL) and iodomethane (700 μL) in DMF (8 mL) was stirred at room temperature over the weekend, concentrated and diluted with EtOAc (60 mL) and H₂O (20 mL). The organic phase was separated, washed with 0.1M aqueous HCl (15 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (15 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (430 mg, 80%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.95 (d, 1H), 7.45-7.49 (m, 2H) 7.29-7.37 (m, 1H), 5.55 (br s, 1H), 4.49 (d, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 9H).
Preparative Example 903
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-methionine (2.50 g), tert-butylamine (1.06 mL), EDCI (2.02 g), HOBt (1.99 g) and ⁱPr₂NEt (7.62 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight and then diluted with H₂O. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and 1M aqueous HCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (2.89 g, 95%). [MH]⁺=305.
Preparative Example 904
• 
Step A
• Commercially available N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanine (1.00 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 903, Step A to afford the title compound as a white solid (1.38 g, >99%). [MNa]⁺=267.
Preparative Example 905
• 
Step A
• A solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 903, Step A (1.89 g) in iodomethane (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (2.67 g, 97%). [M-S(CH₃)₂I]⁺=257.
Step B
• Under an argon atmosphere NaH (166 mg, 60% in mineral oil) was added at once to an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.85 g) in DMF (25 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 15 min and at room temperature for 2 h, diluted with H₂O and saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (800 mg, 75%). [MNa]⁺=279.
Preparative Example 906
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 79 (2.50 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 96, Step A to afford the title compound as an oil (1.63 g, >99%). [MNa]⁺=277.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (1.63 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 97, Step A to afford the title compound as a white solid (1.43 g, 68%). [MNa]⁺=320.
Preparative Example 907
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of commercially available (3-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (400 mg) in pyridine (5 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (170 μL) before the stirring mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. The resulting mixture was cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath), carefully neutralized with 1M aqueous HCl, diluted with H₂O and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic phase was washed H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless crystals (407 mg, 75%). [MNa]⁺=323.
Preparative Example 908
• 
Step A
• To a solution of 3,4-diethoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (790 μL) in MeOH (20 mL) was added commercially available (3-aminomethyl-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (840 mg). The mixture was stirred for 2 h, 30% aqueous solution of methylamine (30 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 h. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to afford the title compound as a white solid (1.17 g, 95%). [MNa]⁺=368.
Preparative Example 909
• 
Step A
• Commercially available (3-aminomethyl-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1.39 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 907, Step A, except using a 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF instead of 30% aqueous methylamine to afford the title compound as black needles (632 mg, 88%). [MNa]⁺=382.
Preparative Examples 910-911
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 7, Step C, except using the acids indicated in Table I-35 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-35
  Prep. Ex. #	acid	product	yield
  910			>99% [MH]+ = 308
  911			35% [MNa]+ = 356

Preparative Example 912
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 39, Step C (500 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 17, Step A to afford the title compound (460 mg, 60%). [MNa]⁺=306.
Preparative Example 913
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 805, Step B (339 mg), 30% aqueous NH₄OH (240 μL) and KCN (124 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (2:1, 15 mL) was added NH₄Cl (104 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. overnight, diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (330 mg, 86%). [MH]⁺=223.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (330 mg) in THF (10 mL) were subsequently added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (487 mg) and NaHCO₃ (249 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (385 mg, 85%). [MNa]⁺=345.
Step C
• To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (385 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (2:1, 15 mL) was added sodium perborate tetrahydrate (552 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. overnight, concentrated and diluted with EtOAc and saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The organic phase was separated, washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (393 mg, 97%). [MNa]⁺=363.
Preparative Examples 914-946
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 133, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-36 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-36
  Prep. Ex. #	protected amine	product	yield
  914			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 148
  915			>99% (over 3 steps) [M − Cl]+ = 148
  916			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 240
  917			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 191
  918			>99% [M − HCl2]+ = 194
  919			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 211
  920			>99% [M − NH3Cl]+ = 162
  921			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 158
  922			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 156
  923			99% [M − Cl]+ = 192
  924			99% [M − Cl]+ = 179
  925			99% [M − Cl]+ = 149
  926			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 156
  927			n.d. [M − Cl]+ = 139
  928			n.d. [M − Cl]+ = 175
  929			95% [M − Cl]+ = 176
  930			>99% [M − NH3Cl]+ = 162
  931			>99% [M − NH3Cl]+ = 176
  932			>99% [M − NH3Cl]+ = 190
  933			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 157
  934			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 145
  935			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 207
  936			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 221
  937			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 184
  938			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 241
  939			57% (over 3 steps) [M − NH3Cl]+ = 161
  940			37% (over 2 steps) [M − NH3Cl]+ = 162
  941			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 198
  942			>99% [M − NH3Cl]+ = 184
  943			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 164
  944			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 192
  945			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 246
  946			88% [M − Cl]+ = 260

Preparative Example 947
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 852 (127 mg), Pd/C (10 wt %, 93 mg) and 50% aqueous AcOH (1 mL) in EtOH (5 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was diluted with a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL), stirred at room temperature for 1 h and concentrated to afford the title compound as a white solid (148 mg, 93%). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=148.
Preparative Examples 948-949
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 947, except using the nitrites indicated in Table I-37 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-37
  Prep. Ex. #	nitrile	product	yield
  948			>99% [M − NH3Cl]+ = 156
  949			27% [M − NH3Cl]+ = 202

Preparative Examples 950-951
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 214, except using the intermediates and amines indicated in Table I-38 below instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 95, Step A and NH₃, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-38
  Prep. Ex. #	intermediate, amine	product	yield
  950			n.d. [M − Cl]+ = 264
  951			50% (over 3 steps) [M − Cl]+ = 264

Preparative Example 952
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (500 mg) was dissolved in a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (50 mL) and heated in a sealed pressure tube to 90° C. for 20 h. Cooling to room temperature and concentration afforded the title compound. [M-Cl]⁺=151.
Preparative Example 953
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 6-acetyl-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one (2.36 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 217, Step A to afford the title compound as a colorless fluffy needles (2.19 g, 86%). [MH]⁺=207.
Step B
• The title compound from Step B above (888 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 217, Step B to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (163 mg, 32%). [MH]⁺=193.
Preparative Example 954
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 2-hydroxy-4-methylaniline (4.64 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step A to afford the title compound as black needles (5.00 g, 89%).
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.03 g) in acetic anhydride (20 mL) was heated to 80° C. for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with toluene (2×), concentrated (2×) and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as brown crystals (1.32 g, >99%).
Step C
• The title compound from Step A above (1.32 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step C to afford the title compound as a white solid (496 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=191.
Step D
• The title compound from Step C above (1.32 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step D to afford the title compound as white crystals (264 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=165.
Preparative Example 955
• 
Step A
• The title compound from Preparative Example 954, Step C (240 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step B to afford the title compound as a white solid (243 mg, 94%). [MH]⁺=205.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (243 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step D to afford the title compound as a white solid (118 mg, 44%). [M-Cl]⁺=179.
Preparative Examples 956-957
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 208, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-39 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-39
  Prep. Ex. #	protected amine	product	yield

  956			>99% [M − TFA]+ = 180
  957			>99% [M − TFA]+ = 164

Preparative Examples 958-965
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 7, Step D, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-40 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-40
  Prep. Ex. #	protected amine	product	yield

  958			58% [MH]+ = 208
  959			20% [M-NH2]+ = 217
  960			84% [MH]+ = 343
  961			63% [MH]+ = 343
  962			55% [MH]+ = 343
  963			51% [MH]+ = 343
  964			50% [MH]+ = 343
  965			50% [MH]+ = 343

Preparative Example 966
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 4-bromomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (500 mg) and NaN₃ (666 mg) in DMA (9 mL) was stirred at 60-70° C. (temperature of the oil bath) overnight, concentrated and diluted with Et₂O (200 mL) and H₂O (80 mL). The organic phase was separated, washed with H₂O (2×80 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (375 mg, 90%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=8.03 (d, 2H), 7.39 (d, 2H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H).
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (375 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 150 mg) in MeOH (100 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 1 h, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (291 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=166.
Preparative Examples 967-968
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 245, Step B, except using the aminopyrazoles indicated in Table I-41 below instead of 2-aminopyrazole, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-41
  Prep. Ex. #	aminopyrazole	product	yield
  967			6% [MH]+ = 312
  968			13% [MH]+ = 318

Preparative Example 969
• 
Step A
• A mixture of title compound from the Preparative Example 262 (100 mg), di-tert.-butyl dicarbonate (182 mg) and DMAP (15 mg) in THF (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford title compound as yellow solid (84 mg, 68%). [MNa]⁺=318.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A (77 mg) in THF/MeOH (1:1, 2 mL) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (340 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was used without further purification (85 mg). [(M-Li)HNa]⁺=304.
Preparative Example 970
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 262 (50 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 969, Step B to afford the title compound. [(M-]⁻=224.
Preparative Example 971
• 
Step A
• To the title compound from the Preparative Example 278, Step A (462 mg) in CHCl₃ (5 mL) was added N-iodosuccinimide (277 mg). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 16 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (587 mg, >99%). [MNa]⁺=599.
Preparative Example 972
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 971, Step A (520 mg), Pd(OAc)₂ (20 mg), dppf (200 mg) and KOAc (354 mg) were dissolved in dry DMSO (5.4 mL) and stirred at 60° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 1 atm for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a yellow solid (391 mg, 88%). [M-H]⁻=588.
Preparative Example 973
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 288 (210 mg) in CHCl₃ (5 mL) was added N-iodosuccinimide (167 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 1 h, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (365 mg, 97%). [MH]⁺=473.
Preparative Example 974
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 973, Step A (95 mg), Pd(OAc)₂ (4.5 mg), dppf (45 mg) and KOAc (79 mg) were dissolved in dry DMSO (1.5 mL) and stirred at 60° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 1 atm for 4 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl (2×) and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was use with out further purification (92 mg). [MH]⁺=391.
Preparative Example 975
• 
Step A
• A mixture of commercially available 5-nitro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1.45 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 106 mg) in MeOH (25 mL) was hydrogenated at 25 psi for 2 h, filtered through Celite® and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.25 g, 88%). [MH]⁺=142.
Step B
• A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (325 mg) and methyl acetopyruvate (330 mg) in MeOH (10 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h and then cooled to room temperature. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a white solid (356 mg, 62%). [MH]⁺=250.
Step C
• To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (229 mg) in 1,4-dioxane/MeOH (5:1, 12 mL) was added 1M aqueous NaOH (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then acidified. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to afford the crude title compound as a white solid. (177 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=236.
Step D
• The title compound from Step C above (172 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 280, Step A to afford the title compound (171 mg, 65%). [MH]⁺=361.
Step E
• The title compound from Step D above (151 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 274, Step D to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=391.
Preparative Examples 976-982
• Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 279 (method A), 280 (method B), 281 (method C), 278 (method D) or 282 (method E), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table I-42 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-42
  Prep. Ex. #	acid, amine	product	method, yield
  976			E, 68% [MNa]+ = 435
  977			E, 67% [M − H]− = 602
  978			E, 95% [MH]+ = 382
  979			E, 84% [MH]+ = 221
  980			B, 42% (over 2 steps) [M − H]− = 500
  981			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 387
  982			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 444

Preparative Examples 983-986
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 328, Step A, except using the esters and nucleophiles indicated in Table I-43 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-43
  Prep. Ex. #	ester, nucleophile	product	yield
  983			39% [MH]+ = 423
  984			32% [MH]+ = 429
  985			80% [MH]+ = 298
  986			94% [MH]+ = 304

Preparative Examples 987-993
• Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 331 (method A), 332 (method B) or 333 (method C), except using the esters indicated in Table I-44 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-44
  Prep. Ex. #	ester	product	method, yield

  987			A, >99% [MH]+ = 207
  988			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 376
  989			B, 99% [MH]+ = 486
  990			C, 70% [MH]+ = 409
  991			C, 67% [MH]+ = 415
  992			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 373
  993			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 430

Preparative Example 994
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 976 was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 373 to afford the title compound (>99%). [MH]⁺=357
Preparative Examples 995-996
• Following a similar procedures as described in the Preparative Example 324, Step A, except using the esters and amines indicated in Table I-45 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-45
  Prep. Ex. #	ester, amine	product	yield
  995			74% [MH]+ = 409
  996			87% [MH]+ = 415

Preparative Example 997
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 339 (50 mg) and HSO₃Cl (500 μL) was stirred at 90° C. for 1 h, cooled and the cautiously poured onto ice (5 g). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, dried in vacuo and then added to a premixed solution of acetyl chloride (100 μL) in MeOH (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 1 h and concentrated to afford the title compound (42 mg, 65%). [M-H]⁻=425.
Preparative Example 998
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 339 (168 mg) and HSO₃Cl (2 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h, cooled and the cautiously poured onto ice (15 g). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, dried in vacuo and then added to solution of commercially available 2-chloroaniline (100 μL) in CHCl₃ (5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 18 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford a residue containing the title compound (9 mg). [M-H]⁻=519.
Preparative Example 999
• 
Step A
• At 100° C. N,N-dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal (3.6 mL) was added to a solution of commercial available pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid 5-methyl ester (1.36 g) in dry toluene (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 3 h, cooled to room temperature, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (726 mg, 40%). [MH]⁺=238.
Step B
• Using a microwave, a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (600 mg) and trimethyltin hydroxide (1.35 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CHCl₃ (30 mL), washed with 10% aqueous KHSO₄ (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (307 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=224.
Preparative Example 1000
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the commercial available trans-dimethylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate (1 g) and KOH (300 mg) in THF/H₂O (10:1, 30 mL) was stirred at 100° C. overnight, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc and adjusted to pH 1-2 with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (820 mg, 88%). [MH]⁺=187.
Preparative Example 1001
• 
Step A
• Using a microwave, a suspension of commercially available 4-bromo-3-methyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (1.5 g) and CuCN (490 mg) in dry N-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (10 mL) was heated at 230° C. for 10 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with 35% aqueous NH₃ (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a solid (590 mg, 67%). [MH]⁺=176.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (590 mg) in THF/MeOH (2:1, 60 mL) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, adjusted to pH 2 and concentrated to afford the crude title compound as a solid, which was used without further purification (540 mg, 99%). [MH]⁺=162.
Preparative Examples 1002-1007
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 805, Step A, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-46 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-46
  Prep. Ex. #	intermediate	product	yield
  1002			52% [MH]+ = 210
  1003			57% [MH]+ = 168
  1004			51% [MH]+ = 199
  1005			52% [MH]+ = 173
  1006			61% [MH]+ = 148
  1007			18% [MH]+ = 188

Preparative Examples 1008-1013
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 805, Step B, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-47 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-47
  Prep. Ex. #	intermediate	product	yield
  1008			99% [MH]+ = 208
  1009			99% [MH]+ = 166
  1010			92% [MH]+ = 197
  1011			95% [MH]+ = 171
  1012			95% [MH]+ = 146
  1013			87% [MH]+ = 186

Preparative Example 1014
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) suspension of commercially available 4-bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid (3.22 g) in MeOH (60 mL) was dropwise added thionyl chloride (3.2 mL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with H₂O (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a solid (2.94 g, 86%). [MH]⁺=230.
Step B
• Using a microwave, a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.37 g), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (135 mg) and tributyl(vinyl)tin (2.1 mL) in 1,4-dioxane (15 mL) was heated at 120° C. for 5 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and Florisil® was added. The resulting mixture was allowed to stand for 2 h and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with H₂O and EtOAc. The combined filtrates were washed with H₂O (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (800 mg, 75%). [MH]⁺=177.
Step C
• A slow flow of ozone was passed through a cooled (−78° C.) solution of the title compound from Step B above (627 mg) in CHCl₃ (50 mL) over a period of 20 min. The mixture was purged with nitrogen and dimethylsulfide (1 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, allowed to warm to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (570 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=179.
Preparative Example 1015
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) mixture of commercially available L-prolinamide (25 g), NEt₃ (30 mL) and DMAP (1.9 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.2 L) was added fumaryl chloride (11.7 ml). The ice bath was removed and the resulting dark mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was cooled again to 0-5° C. (ice bath), trifluoroacetic anhydride (77 mL) was dropwise added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 2 d while warming to room temperature. Ice (500 g) was added followed by cautious addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (600 mL). After the evolution of gas had ceased, the organic phase was separated and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (350 mL), H₂O (350 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (28.6 g, 98%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.26 (s, 2H), 4.72-4.83 (m, 2H), 3.73-3.89 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.69 (m, 2H), 2.12-2.30 (m, 8H).
Step B
• A slow flow of ozone was passed through a cooled (−78° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (9.6 g) in CHCl₃/MeOH (1:1, 180 mL) over a period of 3 h. The mixture was purged with nitrogen and dimethylsulfide (6 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, allowed to warm to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a ˜9:1 mixture of the corresponding methoxy hemiacetal and the free aldehyde (8.9 g, 69%). ¹H-NMR (D₂O) δ=7.90 (s, 1/10H), 5.50 (s, 9/10H), 4.72-4.81 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.32 (s, 3H), 2.10-2.38 (m, 4H).
Preparative Example 1016
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) mixture of commercially available thiazolidine (1 g), NEt₃ (780 μL) and DMAP (136 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (56 mL) was added fumaryl chloride (604 μl). The ice bath was removed and the resulting dark mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (2.69 g, 98%). [MH]⁺=259.
Step B
• A slow flow of ozone was passed through a cooled (−78° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (833 mg) in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (1:1, 16 mL) over a period of 45 min. The mixture was purged with nitrogen and dimethylsulfide (1.2 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, allowed to warm to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, EtOAc/MeOH) to afford the title compound (293 mg, 23%).
Preparative Example 1017
• 
Step A
• Commercially available 4-formyl-benzenesulfonyl chloride (70 mg) was suspended in 1 M aqueous HCl (3 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound, which was used without further purification.
Preparative Example 1018
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available trans-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (1.5 g) in MeOH (50 mL) was added thionyl chloride (2.3 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow liquid (1.79 g, >99%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=3.67 (s, 6H), 3.33-3.43 (m, 2H), 2.11-2.19 (m, 4H).
Preparative Example 1019
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available trans-cyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (1.0 g) in MeOH/H₂O (10:1, 7.7 mL) was added KOH (354 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h, diluted with H₂O (40 mL), washed with cyclohexane (2×30 mL), acidified to pH˜1 with a 1M aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×40 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (685 mg, 75%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=3.70 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.27 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.52 (m, 2H).
Preparative Examples 1020-1021
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 1019, except using the bisesters indicated in Table I-48 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-48
  Prep. Ex. #	bisester	product	yield
  1020			80% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 3.70 (s, 3H), 2.06-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.30-1.40 (m, 1H).
  1021			69% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.38-3.48 (m, 2H), 2.15-2.23 (m, 4H).

Preparative Example 1022
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of commercially available phthalic acid monomethyl ester (900 mg) in toluene (6 mL) were added DMF (1 drop) and thionyl chloride (2.3 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at 95° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 1½ h, concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as a pale yellow oil (964 mg, 97%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.81-7.87 (m, 1H), 7.72-7.76 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.64 (m, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H).
Preparative Examples 1023-1026
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 1022, except using the acids indicated in Table I-49 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-49
  Prep. Ex. #	acid	product	yield
  1023			92% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 8.73 (t, 1H), 8.32 (dt, 1H), 8.27 (dt, 1H), 7.60 (t, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H).
  1024			87% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 3.74 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.48 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.70 (m, 2H).
  1025			91% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.37 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.40-1.50 (m, 1H).
  1026			91% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 3.84 (q, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.84 (q, 1H), 2.10-2.38 (m, 4H).

Preparative Example 1027
• 
Step A
• To a solution of commercially available tert.-butylamine (66 μL) in pyridine (3 mL) was added the title compound from the Preparative Example 1024 (100 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and diluted with EtOAc (40 mL) and H₂O (15 mL). The organic phase was separated, washed with 1M aqueous HCl (15 mL) and H₂O (15 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (67.6 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=200.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (67.6 mg) in THF/H₂O (1:1, 6 mL) was added a 1M aqueous KOH (680 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Additional 1M aqueous KOH (680 μL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated, acidified to pH˜1 with a 1M aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a white solid (60 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=186.
Preparative Examples 1028-1029
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 1027, except using the acids indicated in Table I-50 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-50
  Prep. Ex. #	acid	product	yield
  1028			59% [MH]+ = 174
  1029			37% [MH]+ = 186

Preparative Example 1030
• 
Step A
• To a solution of potassium 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-disilazane (3.29 g) in DMF (40 mL) was added a solution of commercially available (4-bromo-phenyl)-acetic acid ethyl ester (3.6 g) in DMF (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min, before bromoacetaldehyde diethylacetal (3.25 g) was added dropwise. After complete addition the mixture was heated at 45° C. for 1 h, cooled (ice bath), diluted with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (5 mL) and ice water (45 mL) and extracted with cyclohexane (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were concentrated, suspended in H₂O (7.5 mL) and cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath). A 1:1 mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and CHCl₃ (45 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The mixture was poured into a mixture of 1M aqueous K₂CO₃ (115 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) and the pH was adjusted to pH˜7.5 by addition of solid K₂CO₃. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (120 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O (200 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, petroleum ether/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (3.35 g, 79%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=9.77 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.22 (m, 2H), 4.02-4.25 (m, 3H), 3.36 (dd, 1H), 2.78 (dd, 1H), 1.20 (t, 3H).
Preparative Example 1031
• 
Step A
• Commercially available phenyl-acetic acid ethyl ester was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 1030, Step A to afford the title compound (88%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=9.78 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.38 (m, 5H), 4.02-4.25 (m, 3H), 3.39 (dd, 1H), 2.80 (dd, 1H), 1.20 (t, 3H).
Preparative Example 1032
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 378, Step A (4 g) was added in portions to an ice cooled mixture of 90% HNO₃ (8 mL) and 65% HNO₃ (4 mL). After complete addition, conc. H₂SO₄ (13.6 mL) was added slowly keeping the reaction temperature below 12° C. After the complete addition, the mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 2 h. The obtained clear yellow solution was then poured onto a mixture of ice (30 g) and H₂O (60 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O (160 mL) and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (4.78 g, 89%). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ=13.50 (s, 1H), 12.58 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H).
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (4.78 g) was grinded in a mortar and added at 110-115° C. in portions to neat POBr₃ (40 g). The obtained mixture was stirred at 110-115° C. overnight, cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath) and hydrolyzed by careful addition with ice water (450 mL). The mixture was adjusted to pH˜8 by careful addition of solid NaHCO₃ and then extracted with EtOAc (6×400 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.30 g, 20%). [MH]⁺=243/245. The remaining aqueous phase was acidified (pH ˜1) by addition of 37% HCl. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O and dried in vacuo to afford a solid residue (2.7 g) containing a mixture of the title compound (70%) and the unreacted title compound from Step A (30%).
Step C
• To a slurry of a mixture (2.7 g) of the title compound from Step B above (70%) and the title compound from Step A (30%) in MeOH/DMA (60:40, 125 mL) and MeOH (75 ml) was added NEt₃ (3.5 mL). The resulting mixture was sonicated for 25 min while a stream of N₂ was passed through the mixture. Pd(OAc)₂ (130 mg) and dppf (252 mg) were added and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 6.5 bar until the bromo starting material was consumed. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with MeOH. The combined filtrate concentrated in vacuo, coated on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as an orange solid (1 g, 41%). [MH]⁺=223.
Preparative Example 1033
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1032, Step C (832 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 300 mg) in MeOH (80 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 30 min, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a red solid residue (719 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=193.
Preparative Example 1034
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1033, Step A (540 mg), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (590 mg) and NEt₃ (400 μL) in THF/ACN (1:1, 24 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, coated on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (300 mg, 32%). [MH]⁺=293.
Preparative Example 1035
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1033, Step A (100 mg), acetyl chloride (32 μL) and NEt₃ (67 μL) in THF/ACN (1:1, 100 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as an orange solid (58.5 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=235.
Preparative Examples 1036-1039
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 1035, except using the acid chlorides indicated in Table I-51 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-51
  Prep. Ex. #	acid chloride	product	yield
  1036			n.d. [MH]+ = 297
  1037			n.d. [MH]+ = 355
  1038			n.d. [MH]+ = 355
  1039			n.d. [MH]+ = 355

Preparative Example 1040
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1034, Step A (50 mg) in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then concentrated. The remaining residue was added to solution of NaBH₃CN (25 mg) in THF/MeOH (1:1, 1 mL). To the resulting solution was slowly added a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1030, Step A (50 mg) in THF/MeOH (1:1, 1 mL) over a period of 2 h. Then the mixture was concentrated, diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (23 mg, 28%). [MH]⁺=461/463.
Step B
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (13 mg) in THF (1 mL) was added a 1M solution of tert.-butyl magnesium chloride (60 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 1½ h, diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a brown solid (7 mg, 60%). [MH]⁺=429/431.
Preparative Example 1041
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1034, Step A (150 mg) in THF/ACN/H₂O (1:1:1, 12.9 mL) was added a 1M aqueous KOH (770 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (162 mg, >99%). [(M-K)H₂]⁺=279.
Preparative Examples 1042-1046
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 1041, except using the esters indicated in Table I-52 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE I-52
  Prep. Ex. #	ester	product	yield
  1042			n.d. [(M − K)H2]+ = 221.
  1043			n.d. [(M − K)H2]+ = 283
  1044			n.d. [(M − K)H2]+ = 341
  1045			n.d. [(M − K)H2]+ = 341
  1046			n.d. [(M − K)H2]+ = 401/403

Preparative Example 1047
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1038 (24.6 mg) in THF/ACN/H₂O (1:1:1, 1.8 mL) was added a 1M aqueous KOH (69 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford a ˜1:1 mixture of the carboxylate I ([(M-K)H₂]⁺=341) and the carboxylate II ([(M-K2)H₃]⁺=327).
Preparative Example 1048
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 376, Step E (400 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 279, Step A, except using the title compound from the Preparative Example 7, Step D (500 mg) instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 214, Step A to afford the title compound (287 mg, 33%). [MH]⁺=430.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (287 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 331, Step A to afford the title compound (260 mg, 94%). [MH]+=416.
Step C
• The title compound from Step B above (260 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 280, Step A, except using a commercially available 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 138 to afford the title compound (196 mg, 76%). [MH]⁺=415.
Step D
• The title compound from Step C above (196 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step D to afford the title compound (113 mg, 61%). [MH]⁺=397.
Step E
• The title compound from Step D above (113 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step E to afford the title compound (110 mg, 98%). [MH]⁺=409.
Preparative Example 1049
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 376, Step E (2.93 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 279, Step A, except using the title compound from the Preparative Example 161 (3.35 g) instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 214, Step A to afford the title compound (1.89 g, 36%). [MH]⁺=361.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (1.89 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 331, Step A to afford the crude title compound (2.0 g). [MH]⁺=347.
Step C
• The crude title compound from Step B above (2.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 280, Step A, except using a commercially available 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 138 to afford the crude title compound (5.0 g). [MH]⁺=346.
Step D
• The crude title compound from Step C above (4.6 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step D to afford the title compound (233 mg, 5% over 3 steps). [MH]⁺=328.
Step E
• The title compound from Step D above (233 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step E to afford the title compound (245 mg, 96%). [MH]⁺=340.
Preparative Example 1050
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 376, Step E (1.19 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 279, Step A, except using commercially available 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-benzylamine instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 214, Step A to afford the title compound (1.42 g, 64%). [MH]⁺=376.
Step B
• The title compound from Step A above (1.42 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 331, Step A to afford the crude title compound (1.36 g, 99%). [MH]⁺=347.
Step C
• The title compound from Step B above (1.36 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 280, Step A, except using a commercially available 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 138 to afford the crude title compound (969 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=361.
Step D
• The crude title compound from Step C above (969 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step D to afford the title compound (152 mg, 24%). [MH]⁺=343.
Step E
• The title compound from Step D above (110 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step E to afford the title compound (123 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=355.
Preparative Example 1051
• 
Step A
• The title compound from Preparative Example 377, Step D (22 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step E, except using commercially available methylhydrazine instead of hydrazine to afford the title compound (26 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=335.
Example 1
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 335 (40 mg) in DMF (2 mL) were added the title compound from the Preparative Example 4, Step B (34 mg), PyBOP (84 mg) and ⁱPr₂NEt (46 μL). The mixture was stirred overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (23 mg, 40%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=10.50 (br d, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.85 (s, 1H), 8.30 (br t, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, 2H), 7.40 (d, 2H), 7.25-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.95 (m, 1H), 5.80 (m, 1H), 4.65 (d, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.20-2.70 (m, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 1H).
Example 2
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 373, Step A (30 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 228, Step A (30 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were added N-methylmorpholine (40 μL), EDCI (25 mg) and HOAt (13 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (35 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=553.
Example 3
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 331, Step A (31 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 218, Step D (27 mg) in DMF (5 mL) were added N-methylmorpholine (13 μL), HATU (57 mg) and HOAt (16 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (57 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=520.
Example 4
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 349 (21.5 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were added cyclohexanemethylamine (30 μL), PyBrOP (29 mg) and HOAt (8 mg). The mixture was stirred over the weekend and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (11.9 mg, 46%). [MH]⁺=543.
Example 5
• 
Step A
• To a mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 324, Step A (106 mg), DMF (20 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL) at 0° C. was added oxalyl chloride (116 μL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 45 min and concentrated. The resulting residue was brought up in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) and canulated into a mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 176, Step A (75 mg) and NEt₃ (122 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h and concentrated. The remaining solid was washed with MeOH (10 mL). The supernatant was concentrated and the resulting solid was washed with MeOH (10 mL). The yellow solids were combined to give the title compound (51 mg, 33%). [M-H]⁻=588.
Example 6
• 
Step A
• To a mixture of N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methyl-polystyrene (43 mg) in DMF (100 μL) were added a 0.2M solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 331, Step A in DMF (150 μL) and a 0.5M solution of HOBt in DMF (60 μL). The mixture was agitated for 30 min, then a 0.5M solution of (1,1-dioxidotetrahydrothien-3-yl)-methylamine in DMF (54 μL) was added and agitation at room temperature was continued for 12 h. The mixture was filtered, concentrated and dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (200 μL). (Polystyrylmethyl)-trimethylammonium bicarbonate (16 mg) was added and the mixture was agitated at room temperature for 2 h. Filtration and concentration afforded the title compound (13.1 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=461.
Example 7
• 
Step A
• To a mixture of polystyrene-IIDQ (131 mg) in DMF (800 μL) were added the title compound from the Preparative Example 331, Step A (39 mg) and a 0.5M solution of commercially available 4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid (40 mg). The mixture was agitated for 24 h, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (40 mg, 73%). [MH]⁺=463.
Examples 8-277
• Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 1 (method A), 2 (method B), 3 (method C), 4 (method D), 5 (method E), 6 (method F) or 7 (method G), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table II-1 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-1
  Ex. #	acid, amine	product	method, yield

  8			B, 90% [MH]+ = 579
  9			B, 80% [MH]+ = 644
  10			B, 86% [MH]+ = 698
  11			B, >99% [MH]+ = 645
  12			B, 98% [MH]+ = 542
  13			B, >99% [MH]+ = 594
  14			B, 95% [MH]+ = 582
  15			B, >99% [MH]+ = 596
  16			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 577
  17			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 560
  18			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 566
  19			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 536
  20			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 536
  21			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 591
  22			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 556
  23			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 596
  24			B, 92% [MH]+ = 483
  25			B, 85% [MH]+ = 502
  26			B, 79% [MH]+ = 606
  27			B, 88% [MH]+ = 592
  28			B, 95% [MH]+ = 599
  29			B, 18% [MH]+ = 489
  30			B, 95% [MH]+ = 595
  31			B, 41% [MH]+ = 385
  32			B, 87% [MH]+ = 539
  33			B, 45% [MH]+ = 507
  34			B, 77% [MH]+ = 481
  35			B, 65% [MH]+ = 399
  36			B, 35% [MH]+ = 413
  37			B, 97% [MH]+ = 547
  38			B, 84% [MH]+ = 581
  39			B, 81% [MH]+ = 612
  40			B, 85% [MH]+ = 578
  41			B, n.d. % [MH]+ = 554
  42			B, 68% [MH]+ = 560
  43			C, 95% [MH]+ = 543
  44			C, 56% [MH]+ = 468
  45			D, >99% [MH]+ = 557
  46			D, 47% [MH]+ = 590
  47			D, >99% [MH]+ = 521
  48			D, >99% [MH]+ = 507
  49			D, 76% [MH]+ = 501
  50			D, >99% [MH]+ = 519
  51			D, 30% [MH]+ = 501
  52			D, 77% [MH]+ = 594
  53			C, 62% [MNa]+ = 661
  54			C, 76% [MH]+ = 636
  55			C, 85% [MH]+ = 582
  56			C, 77% [MH]+ = 557
  57			C, 91% [MNa]+ = 562
  58			C, 85% [M-Boc]+ = 412
  59			C, 98% [M-Boc]+ = 412
  60			C, 92% [MH]+ = 468
  61			C, 71% [MH]+ = 482
  62			C, 86% [MH]+ = 496
  63			C, 75% [MH]+ = 483
  64			C, 81% [MH]+ = 566
  65			C, 97% [MH]+ = 580
  66			C, 87% [MH]+ = 544
  67			C, 88% [MH]+ = 598
  68			C, 71% [MH]+ = 530
  69			E, 23% [MH]+ = 517
  70			E, 39% [MH]+ = 517
  71			E, 82% [MH]+ = 441
  72			E, 59% [MH]+ = 557
  73			E, 21% [MH]+ = 523
  74			E, 73% [MH]+ = 576
  75			E, 73% [MH]+ = 576
  76			E, 38% [MH]+ = 596
  77			E, 33% [M − H]− = 588
  78			E, 40% [M − H]− = 588
  79			E, 30% [M − H]− = 568
  80			E, 42% [M − H]− = 568
  81			E, 42% [M − H]− = 588
  82			E, 26% [M − H]− = 554
  83			E, 60% (over 2 steps), [M − H]− = 556
  84			E, 11% (over 2 steps), [M − H]− = 556
  85			C, 77% [MH]+ = 483
  86			C, 66% [MH]+ = 483
  87			C, >99% [MH]+ = 614
  88			C, >99% [MH]+ = 612
  89			C, 48% [MNa]+ = 634
  90			C, 54% [MH]+ = 410
  91			F, 87% [MH]+ = 397
  92			F, >99% [MH]+ = 399
  93			F, 61% [MH]+ = 441
  94			F, 67% [MH]+ = 409
  95			F, 40% [MH]+ = 437
  96			F, 36% [MH]+ = 433
  97			F, 54% [MH]+ = 463
  98			F, 52% [MH]+ = 437
  99			F, 48% [MH]+ = 437
  100			F, 51% [MH]+ = 420
  101			F, 56% [MH]+ = 459
  102			F, 56% [MH]+ = 518
  103			F, 23% [MH]+ = 504
  104			F, 68% [MH]+ = 439
  105			F, 56% [MH]+ = 439
  106			F, 95% [MH]+ = 465
  107			F, 93% [MH]+ = 447
  108			G, 87% [MH]+ = 451
  109			G, >99% [MH]+ = 462
  110			G, 99% [MH]+ = 425
  111			G, 85% [MH]+ = 426
  112			F, 64% [MH]+ = 439
  113			F, 97% [MH]+ = 447
  114			G, 94% [MH]+ = 427
  115			G, 26% [MH]+ = 491
  116			G, 40% [MH]+ = 505
  117			C, 54% [MH]+ = 411
  118			C, 86% [MH]+ = 437
  119			C, 21% [MH]+ = 477
  120			C, 57% [MH]+ = 454
  121			C, 31% [MH]+ = 544
  122			C, 66% [MH]+ = 518
  123			C, 26% [MH]+ = 518
  124			C, 14% [MH]+ = 494
  125			C, 41% [MH]+ = 483
  126			C, 75% [MH]+ = 450
  127			C, 78% [MH]+ = 507
  128			C, 61% [MH]+ = 507
  129			C, 75% [MH]+ = 483
  130			C, 59% [MH]+ = 497
  131			C, 52% [MH]+ = 503
  132			C, 31% [MH]+ = 527
  133			C, 77% [MH]+ = 527
  134			C, 26% [MH]+ = 544
  135			C, 51% [MH]+ = 598
  136			C, 33% [MH]+ = 546
  137			C, 80% [MH]+ = 483
  138			C, 72% [MH]+ = 483
  139			C, 48% [MH]+ = 532
  140			C, 83% [MH]+ = 608
  141			C, 94% [MH]+ = 609
  142			C, 80% [MH]+ = 623
  143			C, 78% [MH]+ = 637
  144			C, 90% [MH]+ = 593
  145			C, 59% [MH]+ = 607
  146			C, 30% [MH]+ = 564
  147			C, 76% [MH]+ = 554
  148			C, 64% [MH]+ = 597
  149			C, 84% [MH]+ = 597
  150			C, 78% [MH]+ = 597
  151			C, 49% [MH]+ = 566
  152			C, 75% [M-“indene”]+ = 362
  153			C, 82% [MH]+ = 495
  154			C, 29% [MH]+ = 553
  155			C, 26% [MH]+ = 496
  156			C, 56% [MH]+ = 518
  157			C, 5% [MH]+ = 514
  158			C, 52% [MH]+ = 506
  159			C, 38% [MH]+ = 610
  160			C, 19% [MH]+ = 702
  161			C, 25% [MH]+ = 549/551
  162			C, 48% [MH]+ = 504
  163			C, 41% [MH]+ = 546
  164			C, 48% [MH]+ = 509
  165			C, 55% [MH]+ = 528
  166			C, 20% [MH]+ = 528
  167			C, 71% [MH]+ = 508
  168			C, 72% [MH]+ = 526
  169			C, 41% [MH]+ = 565
  170			C, 68% [MH]+ = 512
  171			C, 72% [MH]+ = 530
  172			C, 78% [MH]+ = 580
  173			C, 79% [MH]+ = 512
  174			C, 75% [MH]+ = 596
  175			C, 83% [MH]+ = 560
  176			C, 82% [MH]+ = 578
  177			C, 21% [MH]+ = 546
  178			C, 15% [MH]+ = 580
  179			E, 21% [M − H]− = 515
  180			E, 23% [M − H]− = 529
  181			E, 24% [M − H]− = 529
  182			E, 11% [M − H]− = 526
  183			E, 34% [MH]+ = 507
  184			E, 52% [MH]+ = 563
  185			E, n.d. [MH]+ = 644
  186			E, n.d. [MH]+ = 644
  187			E, 57% [M − H]− = 628
  188			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 627
  189			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 597
  190			D, 72% [MH]+ = 628
  191			A, 54% [MH]+ = 612
  192			A, 27% [MH]+ = 578
  193			A, 28% [MH]+ = 612
  194			A, 33% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 10.50 (br d, 1 H), 9.00 (s, 1 H), 8.85 (s, 1 H), 8.35 (br t, 1 H), 8.00 (s, 1 H), 7.95 (d, 1 H), 7.25-7.00 (m, 2 H), 7.00-6.90 (m, 1 H), 5.80 (m, 1 H), 4.65 (br d, 2 H), 3.90 (s, 3 H), 3.20-2.70 (m, 3 H), 2.25 (s, 3 H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 1 H).
  195			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 594/596
  196			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 528/530
  197			A, 43% [MH]+ = 558
  198			C, 66% [MH]+ = 562
  199			C, 44% [MH]+ = 562
  200			C, 48% [MH]+ = 613
  201			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 550
  202			C, 65% [MH]+ = 523/525
  203			C, 52% [MH]+ = 543/545
  204			C, 54% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 10.25 (br d, 1 H), 8.60 (s, 1 H), 8.10 (m, 1 H), 8.00 (d, 1 H), 7.60 (d, 1 H), 7.30 (d, 1 H), 7.20-7.10 (m, 2 H), 7.10-7.00 (m, 1 H), 5.70 (m, 1 H), 4.55 (d, 2 H), 3.10-2.60 (m, 3 H), 2.40 (s, 9 H), 2.00-1.90 (m, 1 H).
  205			C, 70% [MH]+ = 595
  206			C, 79% [MH]+ = 599
  207			C, 55% [MH]+ = 522
  208			C, 59% [MH]+ = 536
  209			C, 63% [MH]+ = 598
  210			C, 32% [M-“indene”]+ = 398
  211			C, 66% [MH]+ = 623
  212			C, 61% [MH]+ = 571
  213			C, 86% [MH]+ = 585
  214			E, 60% [M − H]− = 520
  215			E, 65% [M − H]− = 520
  216			E, 49% [MH]+ = 539/541
  217			E, 90% [MH]+ = 533
  218			E, 80% [MH]+ = 550
  219			C, 45% [MH]+ = 452
  220			C, 43% [MH]+ = 461
  221			C, 46% [MH]+ = 572
  222			C, 47% [MH]+ = 586
  223			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 569
  224			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 517
  225			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 459
  226			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 546
  227			C, n.d. [MNa]+ = 584
  228			C, n.d. [MNa]+ = 669
  229			C, n.d. [MNa]+ = 696
  230			C, n.d. [MNa]+ = 624
  231			C, 60% (over 2 steps), [MH]+ = 517
  232			A, 51% [MH]+ = 530
  233			A, 7% (over 2 steps), [MH]+ = 451
  234			A, 20% (over 2 steps), [MH]+ = 451
  235			E, 35% [M − H]− = 502
  236			E, 29% [M − H]− = 488
  237			A, 98% [MH]+ = 471
  238			A, 16% [MH]+ = 517
  239			E, 52% [MNa]+ = 566
  240			E, 31% [M − H]− = 576
  241			A, n.d. [MH]+ = 599
  242			E, 51% [MH]+ = 533
  243			E, 50% [MH]+ = 462
  244			E, 40% [MH]+ = 428
  245			E, 30% [MH]+ = 469
  246			E, 10% [MH]+ = 426
  247			E, 34% [MH]+ = 442
  248			E, 20% [MH]+ = 468
  249			E, 30% [MH]+ = 456
  250			E, 25% [MH]+ = 424
  251			E, 30% [MH]+ = 468
  252			E, 34% [MH]+ = 525
  253			E, 18% [MH]+ = 516
  254			E, n.d. [MH]+ = 579
  255			E, 42% [MH]+ = 444
  256			E, 70% [MH]+ = 630
  257			C, 10% [MH]+ = 518
  258			C, 29% [MH]+ = 518
  259			C, 96% [MH]+ = 564
  260			C, 91% [MH]+ = 547
  261			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 597
  262			C, 93% [MH]+ = 547
  263			C, 81% [MH]+ = 529
  264			C, 86% [MH]+ = 529
  265			C, 76% [MH]+ = 545
  266			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 543
  267			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 543
  268			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 537
  269			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 537
  270			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 557
  271			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 595
  272			C, 38% [MH]+ = 540
  273			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 537
  274			C, n.d. [MNa]+ = 584
  275			C, n.d. [MNa]+ = 602
  276			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 594
  277			C, n.d. [MH]+ = 614

Example 278
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 315 (67 mg) in anhydrous DMF (500 μL) was added a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 229, Step D (75 mg). The resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 15 h, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the desired title compound (39 mg, 41%). [MH]⁺=491.
Examples 279-284
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 278, except using the esters and amines indicated in Table II-2 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-2
  Ex. #	ester, amine	product	yield

  279			47% [MH]+ = 477
  280			48% [MH]+ = 462
  281			43% [MH]+ = 439
  282			60% [MH]+ = 552
  283			50% [MH]+ = 458
  284			53% [MH]+ = 442

Example 285
• 
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 244, Step A (200 mg) in anhydrous DMF (2 mL) was added commercially available 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine (120 mg). The resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 24 h, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the title compound (30 mg, 8%). [MH]⁺=452.
Example 286
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound Preparative Example 330, Step A (203 mg) and commercially available 3-chloro-4-fluorobenzylamine (160 mg) in dry DMF (3 mL) was heated to 70° C. overnight and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (111 mg, 29%). [MH]⁺=492.
Example 287
• 
Step A
• A solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 331, Step A (26 mg) in a 7M solution of NH₃ in MeOH (1 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The formed precipitate was isolated by filtration to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (8.6 mg, 34%). [MH]⁺=329.
Example 288
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 294 (9.7 mg) and commercially available 4-aminomethyl-phenylamine (10 mg) were dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (0.5 mL). The mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 160° C. (microwave) for 15 min, diluted with EtOAc, washed with aqueous LiCl, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (9.6 mg, 84%). [M-H]⁻=540.
Example 289
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 294 (154 mg) and commercially available 3-aminomethyl-phenylamine (57 mg) were dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (3 mL). The mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 160° C. (microwave) for 55 min, diluted with EtOAc, washed with aqueous LiCl, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (110 mg, 84%). [M-H]⁻=540.
Example 290
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 289, Step A (19.1 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were successively added pyridine (0.1 mL) and methanesulfonyl chloride (8.1 mg). The mixture was stirred for 1 d, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (13.1 mg, 60%). [M-H]⁻=618.
Example 291
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 342 (51 mg) in THF (5 mL) were added the title compound from the Preparative Example 149, EDCI (53 mg), HOBt (38 mg) and K₂CO₃ (44 mg). The mixture was stirred for 16 h, absorbed on silica (500 mg) and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a solid (79.3 mg, 92%). [M-H]⁻=616.
Example 292
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 291, Step A (50 mg) in MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, 2 mL) was added hydrazine (26 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 d, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid. (37.1 mg, 74%). [M-H]⁻=615.
Example 293
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 179 (2.5 mg) in toluene/MeOH (3:1, 2 mL) was added a 2M solution of (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane in Et₂O (portions à 10 μL) until complete consumption of the starting material. The mixture was concentrated and then triturated with Et₂O (4×) to give the title compound as a yellow solid (1.0 mg, 40%). [M-H]⁻=529.
Example 294
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Example 196 (52 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 20 mg) in MeOH/EtOAc (1:1, 4 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 18 h, filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (19 mg, 43%). [MH]⁺=450.
Example 295
• 
Step A
• Under an argon atmosphere a mixture of commercially available 2-chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (9.38 g) and selenium dioxide (8.93 g) in 1,4-dioxane (50 mL) was stirred at 105° C. for 12 h. The mixture was filtered twice through Celite®, the filter cake was rinsed with 1,4-dioxane (2×100 mL) and the combined filtrates were concentrated to afford the title compound as viscous orange oil (8.0 g, 74%). [MH]⁺=217.
Step B
• To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step A above (900 mg) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) were subsequently and slowly added oxalyl chloride (870 μL) and DMF (3 drops). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until gas evolution ceased. The mixture was then concentrated and diluted with CH₂Cl₂. Pyridine (340 μL) and commercially available 4-fluoro-3-methylbenzylamine (530 μL) were added subsequently and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Filtration, absorption onto silica and purification by chromatography (silica, hexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a yellow solid (670 mg, 48%). [MH]⁺=338.
Step C
• To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step B above (670 mg) in THF (20 mL) was slowly added 1M aqueous LiOH (3.98 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h, quenched with 1M aqueous HCl (4.0 mL), warmed to room temperature and concentrated. The remaining residue was triturated with THF, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as an orange solid. [MH]⁺=324.
Step D
• The title compound from Step C above (256 mg), commercially available 4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (160 mg), PyBOP (800 mg) and NEt₃ (202 μL) were dissolved in THF/DMF (2:1, 15 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂acetone) to afford the title compound (196 mg, 44%). [MH]⁺=570.
Step E
• To a stirred solution of the title compound from Step D above (50 mg) in anhydrous THF (5 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate (40 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) and cooled to 0° C. A 20% solution of phosgene in toluene (500 μL) was added, the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Concentration afforded the crude title compound as a mixture of two isomers, which was used without further purification. [MH]⁺=493.
Step F
• To a solution of the title compound from Step E above (30 mg) in THF/MeOH (2:1, 1.5 mL) was added 1N aqueous LiOH (0.2 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, adjusted to pH 4.5 with 2N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a mixture of two isomers (3 mg, 8% over 2 steps). [MH]⁺=479.
Example 296
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 331, Step A (329 mg) in DMF (10 mL) were successively added HATU (427 mg), HOAt (153 mg), commercially available trans-(4-aminomethyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (291 mg) and ⁱPr₂NEt (191 μL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Additional HATU (427 mg), trans-(4-aminomethyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (291 mg) and ⁱPr₂NEt (191 μL) were successively added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with 0.01N aqueous HCl (3×100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄) and filtered. The filter cake was rinsed with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (95:5, 500 mL) and the combined filtrates were concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (493 mg, 91%). [MNa]⁺=562.
Step B
• To a suspension of the title compound from Step A above (436 mg) in EtOAc (3.22 mL) was added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (3.22 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2½ h, diluted with MeOH (10 mL), concentrated, suspended in CH₃CN/MeOH (4:1, 20 mL) and concentrated again to afford the title compound (384 mg, 99%). [M-Cl]⁺=440.
Examples 297-299
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 296, Step B, except using the protected amines indicated in Table II-3 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-3
  Ex. #	protected amine	product	yield

  297			>99% [M − Cl]+ = 426
  298			98% [M − Cl]+ = 412
  298			98% [M − Cl]+ = 412

Example 299
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Example 296, Step B (23.8 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were added a 1M solution of acetyl chloride in dry CH₂Cl₂ (50 μL) and ⁱPr₂NEt (26.1 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a beige/white solid (24.1 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=482.
Examples 300-309
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 299, except using the amines and the acid chlorides indicated in Table II-4 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-4
  Ex. #	amine, acid chloride	product	yield

  300			92% [MH]+ = 524
  301			99% [MH]+ = 518
  302			73% [MH]+ = 468
  303			75% [MH]+ = 504
  304			97% [MH]+ = 454
  305			94% [MH]+ = 490
  306			89% [MH]+ = 454
  307			95% [MH]+ = 490
  308			71% [MH]+ = 544
  309			83% [MH]+ = 519

Example 310
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 298 (22.4 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (500 μL) were added ⁱPr₂NEt (17.4 μL) and sulfamide (10.8 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was heated in a sealed tube to 140° C. (microwave) for 2 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (11.7 mg, 48%). [MH]⁺=491.
Example 311
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Example 296, Step B (23.8 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (500 μL) was added KOtBu (6.4 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min, then ⁱPrOH (50 μL) and trimethylsilyl isocyanate (13.9 μL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 19 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (5 mL), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (15 mg, 62%). [MH]⁺=483.
Example 312
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 296, Step B (20 mg) in DMF (2.5 mL) were successively added ⁱPr₂NEt (15 μL) and 2-iodoethanol (3.5 μL). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 100° C. for 10 min. The mixture was concentrated and dissolved in dry THF (1 mL). Methyl N-(triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate [“Burgess reagent”] (27 mg) was added and using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 130° C. for 7 min. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a colorless solid (1.7 mg, 6%). [MH]⁺=603.
Example 313
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Example 297 (23.1 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (500 μL) was added KO^tBu (6.4 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min, then ⁱPrOH (50 μL) and trimethylsilyl isocyanate (13.9 μL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (5 mL), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (10 mg, 43%). [MH]⁺=469.
Example 314
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 25 (43.9 mg) in THF (10 mL) was added a solution of LiOH (18 mg) in H₂O (10 mL). The solution was stirred for 5 h, acidified, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a bright yellow solid (16.4 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=488.
Example 315
• 
Step A
• Using a microwave, a mixture of the title compound from the Example 5 (51 mg) and trimethyltin hydroxide (236 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) in a sealed vial was stirred at 160° C. for 1 h. The contents were loaded onto a silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give a yellow solid (18 mg, 35%). [M-H]⁻=574.
Examples 316-361
• Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 314 (method A) or 315 (method B), except using the esters indicated in Table II-5 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-5
  			method,
  Ex. #	ester	product	yield

  316			A, 60% [MH]+ = 576
  317			A, 8% [MH]+ = 525
  318			B, 40% [MH]+ = 533
  319			B, 54% [MH]+ = 564
  320			B, 40% [MH]+ = 546
  321			A, 60% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 10.50 (br d, 1 H), 9.00 (s, 1 H), 8.90 (s, 1 H), 8.25 (d, 1 H), 7.95 (s, 1 H), 7.90 (d, 1 H), 7.35 (d, 1 H), 7.25-7.10 (m, 2 H), 7.00 (m, 1 H), 5.75 (m, 1 H), 4.70 (d, 2 H), 3.20- 2.80 (m, 3 H), 2.25 (s, 3 H), 2.25-2.00 (m, 1 H).
  322			A, 31% [MH]+ = 488
  323			A, 37% [MH]+ = 533
  324			B, 66% [M − H]− = 506
  325			B, 71% [M − H]− = 506
  326			B, 70% [M − H]− = 531
  327			B, 82% [M − H]− = 522
  328			B, 45% [MH]+ = 503
  329			B, 18% [MH]+ = 622
  330			B, 15% [MH]+ = 543
  331			B, 14% [M − H]− = 501
  332			B, 50% [MH]+ = 477
  333			B, 32% [MH]+ = 463
  334			A, 86% [MH]+ = 504
  335			A, 51% [MH]+ = 504
  336			B, 34% [M − H]− = 574
  337			B, 46% [M − H]− = 554
  338			B, 29% [M − H]− = 554
  339			B, 45% [M − H]− = 540
  340			B, 44% [M − H]− = 540
  341			B, 52% [MH]+ = 532
  342			B, 42% [MH]+ = 495
  343			B, 40% [MH]+ = 514
  344			B, 35% [MH]+ = 494
  345			B, 43% [MH]+ = 512
  346			B, 39% [MH]+ = 551
  347			B, 21% [MH]+ = 481
  348			B, 41% [MH]+ = 498
  349			B, 39% [MH]+ = 516
  350			B, 32% [MH]+ = 566
  351			B, 37% [MH]+ = 498
  352			B, 44% [MH]+ = 582
  353			B, 42% [MH]+ = 546
  354			B, 46% [MH]+ = 564
  355			B, 15% [MH]+ = 532
  356			A, 11% [MH]+ = 504
  357			B, 10% [MH]+ = 504
  358			B, 68% [MH]+ = 489
  359			B, 66% [MH]+ = 469
  360			B, 94% [MH]+ = 469
  361			B, 95% [MH]+ = 469

Example 362
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 184 (109 mg) in THF (4 mL) were added morpholine (0.17 mL) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (23.8 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3/2 h, diluted with a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (490 μL) and concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) and preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the title compound as a yellow solid (39.4 mg, 39%). [M-H]⁻=521.
Examples 363-435
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 362, except using the esters indicated in Table II-6 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-6
  Ex. #	ester
  363
  364
  365
  366
  367
  368
  369
  370
  371
  372
  373
  374
  375
  376
  377
  378
  379
  380
  381
  382
  383
  384
  385
  386
  387
  388
  389
  390
  391
  392
  393
  394
  395
  396
  397
  398
  399
  400
  401
  402
  403
  404
  405
  406
  407
  408
  409
  410
  411
  412
  413
  414
  415
  416
  417
  418
  419
  420
  421
  422
  423
  424
  425
  426
  427
  428
  429
  430
  431
  432
  433
  434
  435

  Ex. #	product	yield
  363		53% [M − H]− = 588
  364		n.d. [MH]+ = 609
  365		n.d. [MH]+ = 557
  366		42% [MH]+ = 573
  367		42% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 550
  368		37% [MH]+ = 555
  369		48% [MH]+ = 558
  370		90% [MH]+ = 572
  371		49% [MH]+ = 583
  372		59% [MNa]+ = 553
  373		40% [MNa]+ = 567
  374		37% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 529
  375		20% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 477
  376		34% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 419
  377		29% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 506
  378		90% [MH]+ = 579
  379		90% [MH]+ = 579
  380		41% [MH]+ = 604
  381		77% [MH]+ = 658
  382		71% [MH]+ = 605
  383		67% [MH]+ = 502
  384		75% [MH]+ = 554
  385		18% [MH]+ = 542
  386		62% [MH]+ = 556
  387		33% [MH]+ = 537
  388		69% [MH]+ = 520
  389		22% [MH]+ = 526
  390		8% [MH]+ = 496
  391		77% [MH]+ = 496
  392		71% [MH]+ = 551
  393		65% [MH]+ = 516
  394		46% [MH]+ = 556
  395		98% [MH]+ = 559
  396		80% [MH]+ = 554
  397		58% [MH]+ = 541
  398		90% [MH]+ = 572
  399		95% [MH]+ = 554
  400		77% [MH]+ = 621
  401		68% [MH]+ = 542
  402		86% [MH]+ = 536
  403		87% [MH]+ = 556
  404		50% [MH]+ = 524
  405		45% [MH]+ = 507
  406		30% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 557
  407		n.d. [MH]+ = 507
  408		90% [MH]+ = 489
  409		78% [MH]+ = 489
  410		86% [MH]+ = 505
  411		57% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 503
  412		57% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 503
  413		20% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 497
  414		29% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 497
  415		36% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 517
  416		19% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 555
  417		7% (over 2 steps) 8 MH]+ = 497
  418		82% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 554
  419		82% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 614
  420		40% [M − H]− = 588
  421		60% [MH]+ = 540
  422		94% [MH]+ = 574
  423		98% [MH]+ = 572
  424		45% [MH]+ = 568
  425		20% [MH]+ = 569
  426		51% [MH]+ = 583
  427		15% [MH]+ = 597
  428		24% [MH]+ = 553
  429		31% [MH]+ = 567
  430		>99% [MH]+ = 524
  431		46% [MH]+ = 514
  432		64% [MH]+ = 557
  433		78% [MH]+ = 557
  434		65% [MH]+ = 557
  435		71% [MH]+ = 526

Example 436
• 
Step A
• A solution of the title compound from the Example 83 (20 mg) in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (100 μL) and CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL) was stirred for 30 min and then concentrated. The remaining residue was washed with Et₂O (200 μL) to give a yellow solid (17 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=502.
Examples 437-464
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 436, except using the esters as indicated in Table II-7 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-7
  Ex. #	ester
  437
  438
  439
  440
  441
  442
  443
  444
  445
  446
  447
  448
  449
  450
  451
  452
  453
  454
  455
  456
  457
  458
  459
  460
  461
  462
  463
  464

  Ex. #	product	yield
  437		n.d. [M − H]− = 586
  438		n.d. [M − H]− = 586
  439		95% [MH]+ = 572
  440		89% [MH]+ = 522
  441		98% [MH]+ = 556
  442		35% [MH]+ = 506
  443		98% [MH]+ = 506
  444		96% [MH]+ = 540
  445		74% [MH]+ = 502
  446		96% [MH]+ = 486
  447		79% [M − H]− = 562
  448		56% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 506
  449		63% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 590
  450		32% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 618
  451		10% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 546
  452		90% [MH]+ = 550
  453		90% [MH]+ = 536
  454		73% [M − H]− = 488
  455		53% [M − H]− = 501
  456		36% [MH]+ = 477
  457		50% [MH]+ = 523
  458		50% [MH]+ = 496
  459		67% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 506
  460		65% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 524
  461		56% [MH]+ = 502
  462		83% [M − H]− = 520
  463		>99% [MH]+ = 556
  464		>99% [M-“indene”]+ = 362

Example 465
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 360 (50 mg) in THF (1.5 mL) was added N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (26 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, then a 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a colorless solid (29 mg, 60%). [MH]⁺=468.
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 361 (45 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 465, Step A to afford the title compound (21 mg, 48%). [MH]⁺=468.
Example 467
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Example 321 (10 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 5 mg) in EtOH was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 5 h, filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) to afford the title compound (1 mg, 10%). [MH]⁺=503.
Example 468
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 381 (26 mg) in DMF (3 mL) was added morpholine (80 μL), EDCI (10 mg) and HOAt (5 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (9.9 mg, 34%). [MH]⁺=727.
Example 469
• 
Step A
• In a sealed vial was a mixture of the title compound from the Example 3, Step A (54 mg), dibutyltin oxide (15 mg) and azidotrimethylsilane (400 μL) in toluene (10 mL) under an argon atmosphere heated at 110° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with MeOH, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the title compound as an off-white solid (8.6 mg, 15%). [MH]⁺=563.
Examples 470-477
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 469, except using the nitrites indicated in Table II-8 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-8
  Ex. #	nitrile
  470
  471
  472
  473
  474
  475
  476
  477

  Ex. #	product	yield
  470		74% [MH]+ = 526
  471		34% [MH]+ = 600
  472		38% [MH]+ = 564
  473		40% [MH]+ = 550
  474		55% [MH]+ = 514
  475		27% [MH]+ = 487
  476		46% [MH]+ = 485
  477		53% [MH]+ = 583

Example 478
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 477 (80 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were added iodomethane (9 μL) and K₂CO₃ (19 mg) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Additional iodomethane (8 μL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, EtOAc) to afford the major isomer (30 mg, 37%) and the minor isomer (15 mg, 18%) of the title compound. [MH]⁺=597.
Example 479
• 
Step A
• To a stirring solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 377, Step E (9 mg) in MeOH (3 mL) were added AcOH (a few drops), a 1M solution of commercially available 4-fluorobenzaldehyde in MeOH (30 μL) and NaBH(OAc)₃ (5 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (5 mg, 42%). [MH]⁺=429.
Example 480-482
• Following similar procedures as described in the Example 479, except using the aldehydes indicated in Table II-9 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-9
  Ex. #	aldehyde	product	yield
  480			>99% [MH]+ = 455
  481			63% [MH]+ = 455
  482			n.d. [MH]+ = 417

Example 483
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 379, Step G (7 mg) in anhydrous pyridine (1 mL) was added Ac₂O (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, concentrated and slurried in MeOH. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a brown solid (5.1 mg, 64%). [MH]⁺=381.
Example 484
• 
Step A
• A stirring solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 377, Step G (9 mg) in MeOH/H₂O/THF (3:2:1, 6 mL) was adjusted to pH 6 with 3M aqueous NaOAc. 4-Formylbenzoic acid (6 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaBH₃CN (5 mg) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued overnight. The mixture was concentrated and diluted with 0.1N aqueous HCl (5 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 0.1N aqueous HCl (8 mL) and dried to afford the title compound as an orange solid (7.8 mg, 61%). [MH]⁺=473.
Example 485
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 377, Step G (9 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 484, except using cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (0.04 mL) instead of 4-formylbenzoic acid to afford the title compound as a reddish glass (6.5 mg, 45%). [MH]⁺=531.
Examples 486-504
• Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 1 (method A), 2 (method B), 3 (method C), 4 (method D), 5 (method E), 6 (method F) or 7 (method G), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table II-10 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-10
  Ex. #	acid, amine
  486
  487
  488
  489
  490
  491
  492
  493
  494
  495
  496
  497
  498
  499
  500
  501
  502
  503
  504

  		method,
  Ex. #	product	yield
  486		B, n.d. [MH]+ = 526
  487		B, 34% [MH]+ = 739
  488		B, 75% [MH]+ = 738
  489		B, n.d. [MH]+ = 1015
  490		B, 31% [MH]+ = 491
  491		C, 77% [MH]+ = 562
  492		C, 69% [MH]+ = 494
  493		C, 71% [MH]+ = 542
  494		C, 69% [MH]+ = 560
  495		C, 54% [MH]+ = 545
  496		C, 55% [MH]+ = 563
  497		C, 90% [MH]+ = 529
  498		C, 90% [MH]+ = 495
  499		C, n.d. [MH]+ = 522
  500		C, 33% [M-“indene”]+ = 408
  501		C, n.d. [MH]+ = 571
  502		C, n.d. [MH]+ = 612
  503		C, 40% [MNa]+ = 618
  504		C, 40% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 10.34 (d, 1 H), 8.69 (s, 1 H), 8.08 (t, 1 H), 8.06 (d, 1 H), 7.78 (d, 1 H), 7.47 (d, 1 H), 7.20-7.24 (m, 1 H), 6.95-7.02 (m, 2 H), 5.93-6.08 (m, 2 H), 5.72-5.82 (m, 1 H), 5.37 (dd, 1 H), 5.25 (dd, 1 H), 4.78 (d, 2 H), 4.67 (d, 2 H), 3.00-3.16 (m, 1 H), 2.71-2.95 (m, 2 H), 2.50 (s, 3 H), 1.96-2.10 (m, 1 H)

Examples 505-513
• Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 314 (method A) or 315 (method B), except using the esters indicated in Table II-11 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-11
  Ex. #	ester
  505
  506
  507
  508
  509
  510
  511
  512
  513

  		method,
  Ex. #	product	yield
  505		A, 41% [MH]+ = 548
  506		A, 49% [MH]+ = 480
  507		A, 39% [MH]+ = 528
  508		A, 49% [MH]+ = 546
  509		A, n.d. [MH]+ = 531
  510		A, n.d. [MH]+ = 549
  511		B, n.d. [MH]+ = 515
  512		B, n.d. [MH]+ = 481
  513		A, n.d. [MH]+ = 508

Examples 514-518
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 362, except using the esters indicated in Table II-12 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-12
  Ex. #	ester
  514
  515
  516
  517
  517
  518

  Ex. #	product	yield
  514		n.d.% [MH]+ = 486
  515		17% [M- “indene”]+ = 408
  516		n.d. [MH]+ = 549
  517		n.d. [MH]+ = 572
  517		>99% [MH]+ = 556
  518		69% 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ = 12.20-13.20 (brs, 1 H), 10.40-10.70 (br s, 1 H), 10.06 (d, 1 H), 9.73 (t, 1 H), 8.68 (d, 1 H), 8.07 (s, 1 H), 7.72 (d, 1 H), 7.49 (d, 1 H), 7.32 (d, 1 H), 7.04 (s, 1 H), 6.93 (d, 1 H), 5.61-5.71 (m, 1 H), 4.52 (d, 2 H), 2.80-3.11 (m, 2 H), 2.61-2.72 (m, 1 H), 2.50 (s, 3 H), 1.96-2.10 (m, 1 H)

Example 519
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 487 (42 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 296, Step B to afford the title compound (44 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=639.
• The Example numbers 520 to 1699 and the Table numbers II-13 to II-38 were intentionally excluded.
Example 1700 Assay for Determining MMP-13 Inhibition
• The typical assay for MMP-13 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 50 nM stock solution of catalytic domain of MMP-13 enzyme (produced by Alantos) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μL of a 12.5 μM stock solution of MMP-13 fluorescent substrate (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 444235). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by automatic plate multireader. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.
Example 1701 Assay for Determining MMP-3 Inhibition
• The typical assay for MMP-3 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM MES, pH 6.0, 10 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 100 nM stock solution of the catalytic domain of MMP-3 enzyme (Biomol, Cat. No. SE-109) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μL of a 12.5 μM stock solution of NFF-3 fluorescent substrate (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 480455). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 330 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by an automatic plate multireader. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.
Example 1702 Assay for Determining MMP-8 Inhibition
• The typical assay for MMP-8 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 50 nM stock solution of activated MMP-8 enzyme (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 444229) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at 37° C. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μL of a 10 μM stock solution of OmniMMP fluorescent substrate (Biomol, Cat. No. P-126). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by an automatic plate multireader at 37° C. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.
Example 1703 Assay for Determining MMP-12 Inhibition
• The typical assay for MMP-12 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 50 nM stock solution of the catalytic domain of MMP-12 enzyme (Biomol, Cat. No. SE-138) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μL of a 12.5 μM stock solution of OmniMMP fluorescent substrate (Biomol, Cat. No. P-126). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by automatic plate multireader at 37° C. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.
Example 1704 Assay for Determining Aggrecanase-1 Inhibition
• The typical assay for aggrecanase-1 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 75 nM stock solution of aggrecanase-1 (Invitek) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed. The reaction is started by addition of 40 μL of a 250 nM stock solution of aggrecan-IGD substrate (Invitek) and incubation at 37° C. for exact 15 min. The reaction is stopped by addition of EDTA and the samples are analysed by using aggrecanase ELISA (Invitek, InviLISA, Cat. No. 30510111) according to the protocol of the supplier. Shortly: 100 μL of each proteolytic reaction are incubated in a pre-coated micro plate for 90 min at room temperature. After 3 times washing, antibody-peroxidase conjugate is added for 90 min at room temperature. After 5 times washing, the plate is incubated with TMB solution for 3 min at room temperature. The peroxidase reaction is stopped with sulfurous acid and the absorbance is red at 450 nm. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the absorbance signal corresponding to residual aggrecanase activity.
Example 1705 Assay for Determining Inhibition of MMP-3 Mediated Proteoglycan Degradation
• The assay for MMP-3 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM MES, pH 6.0, 10 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Articular cartilage is isolated fresh from the first phalanges of adult cows and cut into pieces (˜3 mg). Bovine cartilage is incubated with 50 nM human MMP-3 (Chemikon, cat. #25020461) in presence or absence of inhibitor for 24 h at 37° C. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (aggrecan) degradation products (sGAG) are detected in supernatant, using a modification of the colorimetric DMMB (1,9-dimethylmethylene blue dye) assay (Billinghurst et al., 2000, Arthritis & Rheumatism, 43 (3), 664). 10 μL of the samples or standard are added to 190 μL of the dye reagent in microtiter plate wells, and the absorbance is measured at 525 nm immediately. All data points are performed in triplicates.
Example 1706 Assay for Determining Inhibition of MMP-3 Mediated Pro-Collagenase 3 Activation
• The assay for MMP-3 mediated activation of pro-collagenase 3 (pro-MMP-13) is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM MES, pH 6.0, 10 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35 (Nagase; J. Biol. Chem. 1994 Aug. 19; 269(33):20952-7).
• Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 5 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 100 nM stock solution of trypsin-activated (Knauper V., et al., 1996 J. Biol. Chem. 271 1544-1550) human pro-MMP-3 (Chemicon; CC1035) is added to the compound solution. To this mixture, 35 μL of a 286 nM stock solution of pro-collagenase 3 (Invitek; 30100803) is added to the mixture of enzyme and compound. The mixture is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 5 h at 37° C. Upon the completion of incubation, 10 μL of the incubation mixture is added to 50 μL assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35 and the mixture is thoroughly mixed.
• The assay to determine the MMP-13 activity is started by addition of 40 μL of a 10 μM stock solution of MMP-13 fluorogenic substrate (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 444235) in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35 (Knauper, V., et al., 1996. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 1544-1550). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by an automatic plate multireader at room temperature. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.
Example 1707
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Example 418 (130 mg), NEt₃ (71 μL) and diphenylphosphoryl azide (104 μL) in ^tBuOH (4 mL) was heated to 70° C. overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (43 mg, 30%). [MH]⁺=645.
Step B
• A solution of the title compound from Step A above (43 mg) in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, diluted with CH₃CN (3 mL) and then concentrated. The remaining residue was diluted with 0.1M aqueous HCl, concentrated, again diluted with 0.1M aqueous HCl and concentrated to afford the title compound (39 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=581.
Example 1708
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Example 418 (40 mg), 2-chloro-N,N-dimethylacetamide (7.9 μL), NaI (11 mg) and NEt₃ (10.5 μL) in EtOAc (3 mL) was heated to reflux for 3 h, cooled, filtered, washed with saturated aqueous NaS₂O₃, half saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (25 mg, 72%). [MH]⁺=659.
Example 1709
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 968 (109 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 328, Step A, except using commercially available 3,4-difluorobenzylamine instead of 4-fluorobenzylamine to afford title compound from the Preparative Example 984 (47 mg, 32%, [MH]⁺=429) and the title compound (4.1 mg, 3%). [M-H]⁻=538.
Example 1710
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 355 (50 mg) in MeOH (5 m/L) was added thionyl chloride (150 μL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in EtOH (10 mL), hydrazine monohydrate (100 μL) was added and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h and then cooled to room temperature. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to afford the title compound (69 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=400.
Example 1711
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 1710, Step A (35 mg) in CHCl₃ (2 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (1 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to 50° C. for 3 h, concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (47 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=496.
Examples 1712-1829
• Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 1 (method A), 2 (method B), 3 (method C), 4 (method D), 5 (method E), 6 (method F) or 7 (method G), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table II-39 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-39
  Ex. #	acid, amine
  1712
  1713
  1714
  1715
  1716
  1717
  1718
  1719
  1720
  1721
  1722
  1723
  1724
  1725
  1726
  1727
  1728
  1729
  1730
  1731
  1732
  1733
  1734
  1735
  1736
  1737
  1738
  1739
  1740
  1741
  1742
  1743
  1744
  1745
  1746
  1747
  1748
  1749
  1750
  1751
  1752
  1753
  1754
  1755
  1756
  1757
  1758
  1759
  1760
  1761
  1762
  1763
  1764
  1765
  1766
  1767
  1768
  1769
  1770
  1771
  1772
  1773
  1774
  1775
  1776
  1777
  1778
  1779
  1780
  1781
  1782
  1783
  1784
  1785
  1786
  1787
  1788
  1789
  1790
  1791
  1792
  1793
  1794
  1795
  1796
  1797
  1798
  1799
  1800
  1801
  1802
  1803
  1804
  1805
  1806
  1807
  1808
  1809
  1810
  1811
  1812
  1813
  1814
  1815
  1816
  1817
  1818
  1819
  1820
  1821
  1822
  1823
  1824
  1825
  1826
  1827
  1828
  1829

  		method,
  Ex. #	product	yield
  1712		C, 53% [MH]+ = 482
  1713		B, 83% [MH]+ = 630
  1714		E, 29% [MH]+ = 506
  1715		E, 45% [MH]+ = 448
  1716		E, 30% [MH]+ = 448
  1717		E, 35% [MH]+ = 448
  1718		E, 55% [MH]+ = 436
  1719		E, 55% [MH]+ = 436
  1720		E, 40% [MH]+ = 462
  1721		E, 26% [MH]+ = 536
  1722		E, 25% [MH]+ = 487
  1723		E, 55% [MH]+ = 446
  1724		E, 40% [MH]+ = 456
  1725		E, n.d. [MH]+ = 522
  1726		E, 25% [MH]+ = 506
  1727		C, 76% [MNa]+ = 632
  1728		C, 76% [MH]+ = 584
  1729		C, 67% [MH]+ = 584
  1730		C, 47% [MNa]+ = 698
  1731		B, 91% [M-tBu]+ = 555
  1732		C, 48% [MNa]+ = 594
  1733		C, 90% [MNa]+ = 611
  1734		C, 77% [MNa]+ = 614
  1735		C, 53% [MNa]+ = 631
  1736		C, n.d. [MH]+ = 565
  1737		C, 20% [MH]+ = 615
  1738		C, n.d. [MH]+ = 467
  1739		C, n.d. [MH]+ = 518
  1740		C, 58% [MH]+ = 550
  1741		C, 36% [MH]+ = 518
  1742		C, 19% [MH]+ = 564
  1743		C, 86% [MH]+ = 507
  1744		C, 89% [MH]+ = 493
  1745		C, >99% [MH]+ = 525
  1746		C, 95% [MH]+ = 523
  1747		C, 72% [MH]+ = 533
  1748		C, 26% [MH]+ = 423
  1749		C, 32% [MH]+ = 439
  1750		C, 25% [MH]+ = 475
  1751		C, 51% [MH]+ = 493
  1752		C, n.d. [MH]+ = 547
  1753		B, 70% [MH]+ = 462
  1754		E, n.d. [MH]+ = 488
  1755		G, 70% [MH]+ = 561
  1756		G, 83% [MH]+ = 574
  1757		G, 66% [MH]+ = 554
  1758		G, 97% [MH]+ = 559
  1759		G, 79% [MH]+ = 516
  1760		G, 90% [MNa]+ = 619
  1761		G, 87% [MNa]+ = 596
  1762		G, 89% [MH]+ = 567
  1763		G, n.d. [MNa]+ = 614
  1764		G, n.d. [MNa]+ = 633
  1765		B, 91% [MH]+ = 637
  1766		B, 50% [MH]+ = 456
  1767		B, >99% [MNa]+ = 549
  1768		B, 83% [MNa]+ = 521
  1769		B, 82% [MNa]+ = 535
  1770		B, 86% [MNa]+ = 535
  1771		B, 87% [MNa]+ = 535
  1772		B, 55% [MH]+ = 457
  1773		B, 87% [MH]+ = 568
  1774		B, 84% [MH]+ = 468
  1775		B, 94% [MNa]+ = 563
  1776		B, 91% [MH]+ = 456
  1777		B, 98% [M-Boc]+ = 471
  1778		B, 93% [M-Boc]+ = 473
  1779		B, 78% [MH]+ = 509
  1780		B, 77% [MH]+ = 482
  1781		B, n.d. [MNa]+ = 652
  1782		B, 82% [MH]+ = 485
  1783		B, 68% [MH]+ = 491/493
  1784		B, n.d. [MNa]+ = 634
  1785		B, n.d. [MNa]+ = 636
  1786		B, n.d. [MNa]+ = 646
  1787		B, 88% [MH]+ = 524
  1788		B, 72% [MH]+ = 581
  1789		B, n.d. [MH]+ = 595
  1790		B, 88% [MH]+ = 367
  1791		E, 23% [MNa]+ = 642
  1792		C, 59% [MH]+ = 533
  1793		C, 79% [MH]+ = 533
  1794		C, 44% [MH]+ = 533
  1795		C, 59% [MH]+ = 547
  1796		C, 75% [MH]+ = 539
  1797		E, 67% [M − H]− = 636
  1798		E, 85% [M − H]− = 642
  1799		E, 55% [M − H]− = 520
  1800		E, 65% [M − H]− = 636
  1801		E, 44% [M − H]− = 642
  1802		E, 81% [M − H]− = 560
  1803		E, 31% [MH]+ = 411
  1804		E, n.d. [M − H]− = 749
  1805		C, 17% [MH]+ = 452
  1806		C, 7% [(M-iPr2NEt)H]+ = 453
  1807		F, 74% [MH]+ = 761
  1808		F, 73% [MH]+ = 761
  1809		F, 74% [MH]+ = 761
  1810		F, 58% [MH]+ = 761
  1811		F, 58% [MH]+ = 761
  1812		F, 68% [MH]+ = 761
  1813		C, 43% [MNa]+ = 623
  1814		C, 50% [MNa]+ = 637
  1815		C, 99% [MNa]+ = 651
  1816		C, 85% [MH]+ = 665
  1817		C, 50% [MNa]+ = 641
  1818		C, 47% [MNa]+ = 677
  1819		B, 19% [MH]+ = 456
  1820		B, 64% [MH]+ = 512
  1821		B, 74% [MH]+ = 524
  1822		C, n.d. [MH]+ = 529
  1823		C, 70% [MH]+ = 480
  1824		C, >99% [MH]+ = 579
  1825		C, 63% [MH]+ = 593
  1826		C, n.d. [MNa]+ = 607
  1827		C, n.d. [MH]+ = 538
  1828		C, 42% [MH]+ = 538
  1829		C, 17% [MH]+ = 537

Example 1830
• 
• To the title compound from the Example 1799 (500 mg) in CHCl₃ (10 mL) was added N-iodosuccinimide (259 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 1 h, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (485 mg, 78%). [M-H]⁻=644.
Example 1831
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 1802 (309 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 1830, Step A to afford the title compound (365 mg, 97%). [M-H]⁻=686.
Example 1832
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Example 1830, Step A (30 mg), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (5 mg) and NEt₃ (50 μL) in DMSO/MeOH (1:1, 400 μL) was stirred at 80° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 1 atm for 18 h, diluted with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were washed with 1N aqueous HCl (2×) and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (27 mg, 99%). [M-H]⁻=576.
Example 1833
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 1831, Step A (393 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 1832, Step A to afford the title compound (195 mg, 55%). [M-H]⁻=618.
Example 1834
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 1831, Step A (188 mg), Pd(OAc)₂ (4.6 mg), dppf (32.2 mg) and KOAc (110 mg) were dissolved in dry DMSO (1.5 mL) and stirred at 60° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 1 atm for 18 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl (2×) and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (150 mg, 85%). [M-H]⁻=604.
Example 1835
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Example 1830, Step A (30 mg), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (3 mg) and commercially available trimethyl(phenyl)tin (5 μL) in THF (250 μL) was stirred at 80° C. under an argon atmosphere for 2 d, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (9 mg, 66%). [M-H]⁻=594.
Example 1836
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 1830, Step A (15 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 1835, Step A, except using commercially available (tributylstannyl)thiophene instead of trimethyl(phenyl)tin to afford the title compound (14 mg, 99%). [M-H]⁻=600.
Example 1837
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Example 1753 (7.8 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 10 mg) in MeOH (5 mL) was hydrogenated at 30 psi for 12 h, filtered through Celite® and concentrated to afford the title compound (6.0 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=356.
Examples 1838-1853
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Examples 288, except using the esters and amines indicated in Table II-40 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-40
  Ex. #	ester, amine
  1838
  1839
  1840
  1841
  1842
  1843
  1844
  1845
  1846
  1847
  1848
  1849
  1850
  1851
  1852
  1853

  	product	yield
  1838		18% [MH]+ = 570
  1839		65% [M − H]− = 721
  1840		>99% [M − H]− = 601
  1841		48% [M − H]− = 601
  1842		37% [M − H]− = 678
  1843		40% [M − H]− = 748
  1844		67% [M − H]− = 641
  1845		73% [M − H]− = 669
  1846		63% [M − H]− = 683
  1847		68% [M − H]− = 681
  1848		62% [M − H]−= 677
  1849		70% [M − H]− = 677
  1850		47% [M − H]− = 705
  1851		42% [M − H]− = 732
  1852		50% [MH]+ = 367
  1853		n.d. [MNa]+ = 755

Example 1854
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) mixture of the title compound from the Example 1834, Step A (150 mg) and DMF (2 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (108 μL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 2 h and then concentrated. The resulting residue was brought up in acetone (1.5 mL) and cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath). A solution of NaN₃ (100 mg) in H₂O (500 μL) was added and the ice bath was removed. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, diluted with H₂O (5 mL) and extracted with toluene (3×5 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and diluted with toluene/tert.-butanol (1:1, 2 mL). Molecular sieves 4 Å (100 mg) were added and the resulting mixture was heated to 100° C. for 1½ h. Filtration, absorption onto silica and purification by chromatography (silica) to afforded the title compound (88 mg, 52%). [M-H]⁻=675.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step a above (88 mg) in ^tBuOAc (1 mL) was added concentrated H₂SO₄ (35 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (4 mL) and EtOAc (2 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with EtOAc (2×) and CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (36 mg, 50%). [MH]⁺=577.
Example 1855
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of commercially available benzenesulfonyl chloride (3.5 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL) were added NEt₃ (6 μL) and a solution of the title compound from the Example 1854, Step B (12 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (3.1 mg, 21%). [M-H]⁻=715.
Example 1856
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Example 1854, Step B (12 mg) and commercially available phenyl isocyanate (3 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 μL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 d, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (11 mg, 76%). [M-H]⁻=694.
Example 1857
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of commercially available benzoyl chloride (3 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL) were added NEt₃ (6 μL) and a solution of the title compound from the Example 1854, Step B (12 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (11.2 mg, 79%). [M-H]⁻=679.
Example 1858
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example HK119 (36 mg) in THF/H₂O (3:1, 2.4 mL) was added a 1M aqueous KOH (210 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, concentrated and diluted with EtOAc (150 mL) and 10% aqueous citric acid (40 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (20.9 mg, 56%). [MH]⁺=525.
Example 1859
• 
Step A
• A solution of the title compound from the Example 1835, Step A (6 mg) and AlBr₃ (7 mg) in tetrahydrothiophene was stirred at room temperature for 16 h, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (3 mg, 52%). [M-H]⁻=580.
Examples 1860-1879
• Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 314 (method A), 315 (method B), 1858 (method C) or 1859 (method D), except using the esters indicated in Table II-41 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-41
  Ex. #	ester
  1860
  1861
  1862
  1863
  1864
  1865
  1866
  1867
  1868
  1869
  1870
  1871
  1872
  1873
  1874
  1875
  1876
  1877
  1878
  1879

  		method,
  Ex. #	product	yield
  1860		B, 50% [M − H]− = 490
  1861		A, n.d. [MH]+ = 533
  1862		B, 90% [MH]+ = 570
  1863		B, 43% [MH]+ = 560
  1864		B, 66% [MH]+ = 554
  1865		B, 20% [MH]+ = 545
  1866		B, 86% [MNa]+ = 628
  1867		C, 21% [MH]+ = 519
  1868		C, 56% [MH]+ = 519
  1869		C, 6% [MH]+ = 519
  1870		C, 15% [MH]+ = 533
  1871		D, 43% [M − H]− = 562
  1872		D, 28% [M − H]− = 586
  1873		B, 17% [MH]+ = 515
  1874		A, 21% [MH]+ = 466
  1875		A, 12% [MH]+ = 565
  1876		A, 34% [MH]+ = 579
  1877		A, 19% [MH]+ = 593
  1878		A, n.d. [MH]+ = 524
  1879		A, 29% [MH]+ = 523

Examples 1880-1884
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 362, except using the esters indicated in Table II-42 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-42
  Ex. #	ester
  1880
  1881
  1882
  1883
  1884

  Ex. #	product	yield
  1880		75% [MH]+ = 532
  1881		43% [MH]+ = 571
  1882		43% [MH]+ = 574
  1883		19% [MH]+ = 591
  1884		28% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 555

Example 1885
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 1767 (27.5 mg) was stirred in formic acid (4 mL) at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (15.5 mg; 63%). [MH]⁺=471.
Examples 1886-1954
• Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 436 (method A) or 1885 (method B), except using the esters as indicated in Table II-43 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-43
  Ex. #	ester
  1886
  1887
  1888
  1889
  1890
  1891
  1982
  1893
  1894
  1895
  1896
  1897
  1898
  1899
  1900
  1901
  1902
  1903
  1904
  1905
  1906
  1907
  1908
  1909
  1910
  1911
  1912
  1913
  1914
  1915
  1916
  1917
  1918
  1919
  1920
  1921
  1922
  1923
  1924
  1925
  1926
  1927
  1928
  1929
  1930
  1931
  1932
  1933
  1934
  1935
  1936
  1937
  1938
  1939
  1940
  1941
  1942
  1943
  1944
  1945
  1946
  1947
  1948
  1949
  1950
  1951
  1952
  1953
  1954

  		method,
  Ex. #	product	yield
  1886		A, 95% [M − H]− = 478
  1887		A, 77% [M − H]− = 388
  1888		A, 16% (over 2 steps) [M − H]− = 464
  1889		A, 62% [M − H]− = 450
  1890		A, >99% [MH]+ = 554
  1891		A, >99% [MH]+ = 528
  1882		A, >99% [MH]+ = 528
  1893		A, >99% [MH]+ = 620
  1894		A, >99% [MH]+ = 555
  1895		A, 6% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 509
  1896		A, >99% [MH]+ = 559
  1897		A, 99% [MH]+ = 514
  1898		A, 94% [M − H]− = 665
  1899		A, >99% [M − H]− = 601
  1900		A, >99% [M − (TFA + H)]− = 636
  1901		A, >99% [M − (TFA + H)]− = 622
  1902		A, >99% [M − H]− = 692
  1903		A, >99% [M − H]− = 585
  1904		A, >99% [M − H]− = 613
  1905		A, 94% [M − H]− = 627
  1906		A, >99% [M − H]− = 625
  1907		A, 86% [M − H]− = 621
  1908		A, 79% [M − H]− = 653
  1909		A, 68% [M − H]− = 649
  1910		A, >99% [M − (TFA + H)]− = 676
  1911		A, 98% [MH]+ = 541
  1912		A, 89% [MH]+ = 518
  1913		A, 13% [MH]+ = 511
  1914		A, 12% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 536
  1915		A, 18% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 555
  1916		B, 73% [MH]+ = 443
  1917		B, 87% [MH]+ = 457
  1918		B, 59% [MH]+ = 457
  1919		B, 80% [MH]+ = 457
  1920		B, 74% [MH]+ = 512
  1921		B, 59% [MH]+ = 574
  1922		B, 56% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 556
  1923		B, 34% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 558
  1924		B, 53% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 568
  1925		A, 99% [MH]+ = 564
  1926		A, n.d. [M − H]− = 675
  1927		A, 78% [M − H]− = 580
  1928		A, 78% [M − H]− = 586
  1929		A, 68% [M − H]− = 580
  1930		A, 62% [M − H]− = 586
  1931		A, 25% [M − H]− = 693
  1932		A, 99% [M − H]− = 561
  1933		A, 82% [M − H]− = 617
  1934		A, 99% [M − H]− = 637
  1935		A, 99% [M − H]− = 657
  1936		A, 99% [M − H]− = 548
  1937		A, 99% [M − H]− = 562
  1938		A, 99% [M − H]− = 547
  1939		A, 63% [M − H]− = 659
  1940		A, 94% [M − H]− = 638
  1941		A, n.d.% [M − H]− = 623
  1942		B, 46% [MH]+ = 649
  1943		B, 53% [MH]+ = 649
  1944		B, 39% [MH]+ = 649
  1945		B, 52% [MH]+ = 649
  1946		B, 62% [MH]+ = 649
  1947		B, 57% [MH]+ = 649
  1948		A, 99% [MH]+ = 545
  1949		A, 90% [MH]+ = 559
  1950		A, 48% [MH]+ = 573
  1951		A, 34% [MH]+ = 587
  1952		A, 90% [MH]+ = 563
  1953		A, 99% [MH]+ = 599
  1954		B, n.d. [MH]+ = 587

Example 1955
• 
Step A
• To a mixture of N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methyl-polystyrene (30 mg) in DMA (340 μL) were added a 0.2M solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 337 in DMA (85 μL) and a 0.5M solution of HOBt in DMA (45 μL). The mixture was agitated for 15 min, then a 0.5M solution of morpholine in DMA (30 μL) was added and the mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. (microwave) for 5 min. (Plystyrylmethyl)-trimethylammonium bicarbonate (20 mg) was added and the mixture was agitated at room temperature for 3 h. Then the mixture was filtered, concentrated, diluted with formic acid (100 μL) and stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Concentration afforded the title compound as a pale yellow solid, which was used without further purification. [MH]⁺=450.
Examples 1956-2138
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 1955, except using amines indicated in Table II-44 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-44
  Ex. #	amine
  1956
  1957
  1958
  1959
  1960
  1961
  1962
  1963
  1964
  1965
  1966
  1967
  1968
  1969
  1970
  1971
  1972
  1973
  1974
  1975
  1976
  1977
  1978
  1979
  1980
  1981
  1982
  1983
  1984
  1985
  1986
  1987
  1988
  1989
  1990
  1991
  1992
  1993
  1994
  1995
  1996
  1997
  1998
  1999
  2000
  2001
  2002
  2003
  2004
  2005
  2006
  2007
  2008
  2009
  2010
  2011
  2012
  2013
  2014
  2015
  2016
  2017
  2018
  2019
  2020
  2021
  2022
  2023
  2024
  2025
  2026
  2027
  2028
  2029
  2030
  2031
  2032
  2033
  2034
  2035
  2036
  2037
  2038
  2039
  2040
  2041
  2042
  2043
  2044
  2045
  2046
  2047
  2048
  2049
  2050
  2051
  2052
  2053
  2054
  2055
  2056
  2057
  2058
  2059
  2060
  2061
  2062
  2063
  2064
  2065
  2066
  2067
  2068
  2069
  2070
  2071
  2072
  2073
  2074
  2075
  2076
  2077
  2078
  2079
  2080
  2081
  2082
  2083
  2084
  2085
  2086
  2087
  2088
  2089
  2090
  2091
  2092
  2093
  2094
  2095
  2096
  2097
  2098
  2099
  2100
  2101
  2102
  2103
  2104
  2105
  2106
  2107
  2108
  2109
  2110
  2111
  2112
  2113
  2114
  2115
  2116
  2117
  2118
  2119
  2120
  2121
  2122
  2123
  2124
  2125
  2126
  2127
  2128
  2129
  2130
  2131
  2132
  2133
  2134
  2135
  2136
  2137
  2138

  Ex. #	product	yield
  1956		n.d. [MH]+ = 438
  1957		n.d. [MH]+ = 514
  1958		n.d. [MH]+ = 550
  1959		n.d. [MH]+ = 460
  1960		n.d. [MH]+ = 500
  1961		n.d. [MH]+ = 488
  1962		n.d. [MH]+ = 434
  1963		n.d. [MH]+ = 488
  1964		n.d. [MH]+ = 544
  1965		n.d. [MH]+ = 448
  1966		n.d. [MH]+ = 450
  1967		n.d. [MH]+ = 422
  1968		n.d. [MH]+ = 448
  1969		n.d. [MH]+ = 470
  1970		n.d. [MH]+ = 476
  1971		n.d. [MH]+ = 478
  1972		n.d. [MH]+ = 408
  1973		n.d. [MH]+ = 462
  1974		n.d. [MH]+ = 451
  1975		n.d. [MH]+ = 492
  1976		n.d. [MH]+ = 548
  1977		n.d. [MH]+ = 394
  1978		n.d. [MH]+ = 464
  1979		n.d. [MH]+ = 590
  1980		n.d. [MH]+ = 500
  1981		n.d. [MH]+ = 500
  1982		n.d. [MH]+ = 484
  1983		n.d. [MH]+ = 464
  1984		n.d. [MH]+ = 464
  1985		n.d. [MH]+ = 498
  1986		n.d. [MH]+ = 461
  1987		n.d. [MH]+ = 452
  1988		n.d. [MH]+ = 508
  1989		n.d. [MH]+ = 502
  1990		n.d. [MH]+ = 463
  1991		n.d. [MH]+ = 520
  1992		n.d. [MH]+ = 568
  1993		n.d. [MH]+ = 481
  1994		n.d. [MH]+ = 512
  1995		n.d. [MH]+ = 510
  1996		n.d. [MH]+ = 437
  1997		n.d. [MH]+ = 471
  1998		n.d. [MH]+ = 484
  1999		n.d. [MH]+ = 484
  2000		n.d. [MH]+ = 463
  2001		n.d. [MH]+ = 549
  2002		n.d. [MH]+ = 480
  2003		n.d. [MH]+ = 466
  2004		n.d. [MH]+ = 502
  2005		n.d. [MH]+ = 551
  2006		n.d. [MH]+ = 460
  2007		n.d. [MH]+ = 465
  2008		n.d. [MH]+ = 418
  2009		n.d. [MH]+ = 549
  2010		n.d. [MH]+ = 554
  2011		n.d. [MH]+ = 528
  2012		n.d. [MH]+ = 482
  2013		n.d. [MH]+ = 651
  2014		n.d. [MH]+ = 527.622
  2015		n.d. [MH]+ = 502
  2016		n.d. [MH]+ = 502
  2017		n.d. [MH]+ = 530
  2018		n.d. [MH]+ = 546
  2019		n.d. [MH]+ = 500
  2020		n.d. [MH]+ = 500
  2021		n.d. [MH]+ = 528
  2022		n.d. [MH]+ = 528
  2023		n.d. [MH]+ = 528
  2024		n.d. [MH]+ = 510
  2025		n.d. [MH]+ = 491
  2026		n.d. [MH]+ = 510
  2027		n.d. [MH]+ = 596
  2028		n.d. [MH]+ = 496
  2029		n.d. [MH]+ = 496
  2030		n.d. [MH]+ = 610
  2031		n.d. [MH]+ = 500
  2032		n.d. [MH]+ = 547
  2033		n.d. [MH]+ = 464
  2034		n.d. [MH]+ = 555
  2035		n.d. [MH]+ = 555
  2036		n.d. [MH]+ = 511
  2037		n.d. [MH]+ = 545
  2038		n.d. [MH]+ = 516
  2039		n.d. [MH]+ = 534
  2040		n.d. [MH]+ = 492
  2041		n.d. [MH]+ = 459
  2042		n.d. [MH]+ = 477
  2043		n.d. [MH]+ = 436
  2044		n.d. [MH]+ = 528
  2045		n.d. [MH]+ = 528
  2046		n.d. [MH]+ = 521
  2047		n.d. [MH]+ = 572
  2048		n.d. [MH]+ = 526
  2049		n.d. [MH]+ = 538
  2050		n.d. [MH]+ = 544
  2051		n.d. [MH]+ = 538
  2052		n.d. [MH]+ = 484
  2053		n.d. [MH]+ = 513
  2054		n.d. [MH]+ = 520
  2055		n.d. [MH]+ = 484
  2056		n.d. [MH]+ = 538
  2057		n.d. [MH]+ = 488
  2058		n.d. [MH]+ = 490
  2059		n.d. [MH]+ = 490
  2060		n.d. [MH]+ = 464
  2061		n.d. [MH]+ = 450
  2062		n.d. [MH]+ = 476
  2063		n.d. [MH]+ = 555
  2064		n.d. [MH]+ = 501
  2065		n.d. [MH]+ = 550
  2066		n.d. [MH]+ = 526
  2067		n.d. [MH]+ = 540
  2068		n.d. [MH]+ = 527
  2069		n.d. [MH]+ = 541
  2070		n.d. [MH]+ = 541
  2071		n.d. [MH]+ = 541
  2072		n.d. [MH]+ = 554
  2073		n.d. [MH]+ = 594
  2074		n.d. [MH]+ = 549
  2075		n.d. [MH]+ = 622
  2076		n.d. [MH]+ = 538
  2077		n.d. [MH]+ = 608
  2078		n.d. [MH]+ = 612
  2079		n.d. [MH]+ = 626
  2080		n.d. [MH]+ = 626
  2081		n.d. [MH]+ = 620
  2082		n.d. [MH]+ = 560
  2083		n.d. [MH]+ = 512
  2084		n.d. [MH]+ = 498
  2085		n.d. [MH]+ = 498
  2086		n.d. [MH]+ = 498
  2087		n.d. [MH]+ = 450
  2088		n.d. [MH]+ = 468
  2089		n.d. [MH]+ = 436
  2090		n.d. [MH]+ = 436
  2091		n.d. [MH]+ = 490
  2092		n.d. [MH]+ = 464
  2093		n.d. [MH]+ = 526
  2094		n.d. [MH]+ = 555
  2095		n.d. [MH]+ = 510
  2096		n.d. [MH]+ = 569
  2097		n.d. [MH]+ = 554
  2098		n.d. [MH]+ = 471
  2099		n.d. [MH]+ = 485
  2100		n.d. [MH]+ = 555
  2101		n.d. [MH]+ = 568
  2102		n.d. [MH]+ = 554
  2103		n.d. [MH]+ = 517
  2104		n.d. [MH]+ = 478
  2105		n.d. [MH]+ = 519
  2106		n.d. [MH]+ = 512
  2107		n.d. [MH]+ = 534
  2108		n.d. [MH]+ = 567
  2109		n.d. [MH]+ = 495
  2110		n.d. [MH]+ = 460
  2111		n.d. [MH]+ = 476
  2112		n.d. [MH]+ = 462
  2113		n.d. [MH]+ = 512
  2114		n.d. [MH]+ = 534
  2115		n.d. [MH]+ = 556
  2116		n.d. [MH]+ = 556
  2117		n.d. [MH]+ = 528
  2118		n.d. [MH]+ = 544
  2119		n.d. [MH]+ = 544
  2120		n.d. [MH]+ = 555
  2121		n.d. [MH]+ = 532
  2122		n.d. [MH]+ = 539
  2123		n.d. [MH]+ = 512
  2124		n.d. [MH]+ = 477
  2125		n.d. [MH]+ = 486
  2126		n.d. [MH]+ = 480
  2127		n.d. [MH]+ = 519
  2128		n.d. [MH]+ = 519
  2129		n.d. [MH]+ = 569
  2130		n.d. [MH]+ = 539
  2131		n.d. [MH]+ = 528
  2132		n.d. [MH]+ = 501
  2133		n.d. [MH]+ = 484
  2134		n.d. [MH]+ = 563
  2135		n.d. [MH]+ = 438
  2136		n.d. [MH]+ = 438
  2137		n.d. [MH]+ = 513
  2138		n.d. [MH]+ = 513

Example 2139
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 1925 (3.6 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 314, except using NaOH instead of LiOH to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (2.2 mg, 60%). [MH]⁺=550.
Example 2140
• 
Step A
• A solution of the title compound from the Example 1791 (5 mg) in a 7M solution of NH₃ in MeOH (1 mL) was heated to reflux overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (4.5 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=605.
Example 2141
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Preparative Example 974, Step A (6.4 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 2140, Step A to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (5.6 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=485.
Example 2142
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 1833, Step A (15 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 2140, Step A to afford the title compound (2.5 mg, 17%). [M-H]⁻=603.
Examples 2143-2213
• Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 1 (method A), 2 (method B), 3 (method C), 4 (method D), 5 (method E), 6 (method F) or 7 (method G), except using the acids and amines or alcohols indicated in Table II-45 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-45
  			method,
  Ex. #	acid, amine or alcohol	product	yield
  2143			B, 74% [MH]+ = 629
  2144			B, 79% [MH]+ = 685
  2145			B, 77% [MH]+ = 741
  2146			B, 54% [MH]+ = 686
  2147			B, 95% [MH]+ = 624
  2148			B, 92% [MH]+ = 654
  2149			B, 94% [MNa]+ = 727
  2150			B, >99% [MH]+ = 572
  2151			B, 78% [MH]+ = 743
  2152			E, 68% [(MH2)/ 2]+ =399
  2153			E, n.d. [M − H]− = 679
  2154			E, n.d. [M − H]− = 714
  2155			E, n.d. [M − H]− = 709
  2156			E, 40% [M − H]− = 686
  2157			E, 39% [M − H]− = 693
  2158			E, 25% [M − H]− = 714
  2159			E, 35% [M − H]− = 714
  2160			E, 41% [M − H]− = 669
  2161			E, 12% [M − H]− = 737
  2162			E, 76% [M − H]− = 705
  2163			E, 40% [MNa]+ = 610
  2164			E, 41% [MNa]+ = 624
  2165			E, 9% [MH]+ = 687
  2166			E, 62% [M − H]− = 671
  2167			E, 87% [M − H]− = 651
  2168			E, 99% [M − H]− = 655
  2169			E, 78% [M − H]− = 667
  2170			E, 65% [M − H]− = 667
  2171			E, >99% [M − H]− = 685
  2172			E, 83% [M − H]− = 697
  2173			E, 80% [M − H]− = 747
  2174			E, 77% [M − H]− = 697
  2175			E, 59% [M − H]− = 747
  2176			E, 76% [M − H]− = 693
  2177			E, 85% [M − H]− = 680
  2178			E, 65% [M − H]− = 695
  2179			E, 70% [M − H]− = 695
  2180			B, 39% [MH]+ = 498
  2181			B, 35% [MH]+ = 484
  2182			D, 40% [MH]+ = 590
  2183			B, 11% [MH]+ = 601
  2184			B, 22% [MH]+ = 671
  2185			B, 10% [MNa]+ = 713
  2186			B, 92% [MH]+ = 687
  2187			B, 76% [MH]+ = 568
  2188			B, 4% [MH]+ = 598
  2189			E, 4% 1H-NMR (DMSO- d6) δ = 10.07 (t, 1 H), 9.73 (t, 1 H), 8.60 (d, 1 H), 8.11 (s, 1 H), 7.58 (d, 1 H), 7.39 (d, 2 H), 7.15 (d, 1 H), 4.52 (d, 2 H), 4.00 (t, 1 H), 3.29 (d, 2 H), 2.31-2.12 (m, 4 H), 1.75-1.12 (m, 20 H).
  2190			E, 73% [MNa]+ = 710.
  2191			A, 99% [MH]+ = 695
  2192			E, 99% [MH]+ = 659
  2193			E, n.d. [MNa]+ = 681
  2194			A, 67% [MNa]+ = 671
  2195			E, 20% [MH]+ = 595
  2196			E, 20% [MH]+ = 633
  2197			E, 17% [MH]+ = 599
  2198			E, 75% [MH]+ = 701
  2199			E, 35% [MH]+ = 689
  2200			E, n.d. [MH]+ = 619
  2201			E, 66% [M − H]− = 617
  2202			E, 73% [M − H]− = 673
  2203			E, 72% [M − H]− = 693
  2204			E, 65% [M − H]− = 713
  2205			E, 23% [MNa]+ = 710
  2206			C, 30% [MH]+ = 524
  2207			C, 12% [MH]+ = 578
  2208			C, n.d. [MNa]+ = 604
  2209			C, 77% [MH]+ = 476
  2210			C, 46% [MH]+ = 526
  2211			C, 34% [MH]+ = 564
  2212			C, 40% [MH]+ = 539
  2213			C, 91% [MH]+ = 524

Example 2214
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 2208 was treated similarly as described in the Example 296, Step B to afford the title compound. [M-Cl]⁺=482.
Example 2215
• 
Step A
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from the Example 1834 (25 mg) in THF (1 mL) was added BH₃.THF complex (120 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 24 h while warming to room temperature, cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath), hydrolyzed with 1M aqueous HCl (2 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×5 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (5 mg, 23%). [MH]⁺=592.
Step B
• To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (5 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were sequentially added molecular sieves 4 Å (100 mg), N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (2 mg) and TPAP (0.5 mg). The resulting black mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, filtered through Celite® and concentrated to afford the title compound (5 mg, 98%). [MH]⁺=590.
Step C
• To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (5 mg) in MeOH (2 mL) were added NaBH₃CN (1.6 mg) and AcOH (50 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (2 mg, 35%). [MNa]⁺=723.
Examples 2216-2220
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 1859, except using the esters indicated in Table II-46 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-46
  Ex. #	ester	product	yield
  2216			40% [M − H]− = 657
  2217			34% [M − H]− = 653
  2218			55% [M − H]− = 637
  2219			40% [M − H]− = 637
  2220			B, 35% [MH]+ = 619

Examples 2221-2255
• Following similar procedures as described in the Example 436 (method A) and the Example 1885 (method B), except using the esters as indicated in Table II-47 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-47
  			method,
  Ex. #	ester	product	yield
  2221			B, 92% [MH]+ = 598
  2222			B, 96% [MH]+ = 671
  2223			B, >99% [MH]+ = 671
  2224			B, 93% [MH]+ = 687
  2225			A, 17% (over 2 steps) [M − H]− = 623
  2226			A, 42% (over 2 steps) [M − H]− = 658
  2227			A, 45% (over 2 steps) [M − H]− = 653
  2228			A, 91% [M − H]− = 630
  2229			A, 82% [M − H]− = 637
  2230			A, 50% [M − H]− = 658
  2231			A, 50% [M − H]− = 658
  2232			A, 95% [M − H]− = 613
  2233			A, 70% [M − H]− = 681
  2234			A, 97% [M − H]− = 649
  2235			A, 85% [M − H]− = 629
  2236			A, >99% [M − H]− = 641
  2237			A, >99% [M − H]−= 691
  2238			A, 69% [M − H]− = 641
  2239			A, 59% [M − H]− = 691
  2240			A, >99% [M − H]−= 637
  2241			A, 79% [M − (TFA + H)]− = 624
  2242			A, >99% [M − H]− = 639
  2243			A, >99% [M − H]− = 639
  2244			B, 68% [MH]+ = 631
  2245			B, 83% [MH]+ = 632
  2246			A, 99% [MH]+ = 549
  2247			A, 99% [MH]+ = 639
  2248			A, 99% [MH]+ = 603
  2249			A, 99% [MH]+ = 625
  2250			A, 99% [MH]+ = 593
  2251			A, 99% [MH]+ = 654
  2252			A, 99% [MH]+ = 543
  2253			A, 99% [MH]+ = 645
  2254			A, 99% [MH]+ = 633
  2255			A, n.d. [M − H]− = 561

Example 2256
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 2205 (11 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was added a 50% aqueous solution of trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (8.5 mg, 81%). [MNa]⁺=670.
Example 2257
• 
Step A
• To a degassed solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 377, Step E (30 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 19, Step B (25 mg) in DMF (2 mL) were added Pd(OAc)₂ (1 mg), BINAP (3 mg) and KOtBu (10 mg). The resulting mixture was heated to 180° C. (microwave) for 30 min, cooled, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with 0.1M aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (6.5 mg, 15%). [MH]⁺=466.
Examples 2258-2296
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 479, except using the amines and carbonyl compounds indicated in Table II-48 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-48
  	amine,
  Ex. #	carbonyl compound	product	yield
  2258			13% [MH]+ = 428
  2259			53% [MH]+ = 501
  2260			14% [MH]+ = 461
  2261			46% [MH]+ = 482
  2262			51% [MH]+ = 475
  2263			42% [MH]+ = 485
  2264			50% [MH]+ = 479
  2265			27% [MH]+ = 441
  2266			22% [MH]+ = 450
  2267			32% [MH]+ = 496
  2268			95% [MH]+ = 490
  2269			54% [MH]+ = 547
  2270			n.d. [MH]+ = 483
  2271			n.d. [MH]+ = 469
  2272			n.d. [MH]+ = 534
  2273			n.d. [MNa]+ = 573
  2274			n.d. [MNa]+ = 607
  2275			n.d. [MNa]+ = 557
  2276			n.d. [MNa]+ = 592
  2277			73% [MH]+ = 474
  2278			24% [MH]+ = 494
  2279			n.d. [MH]+ = 520
  2280			14% [MH]+ = 519
  2281			10% [MH]+ = 493
  2282			89% [MH]+ = 489
  2283			86% [MH]+ = 497
  2284			15% [MH]+ = 535
  2285			80% [MH]+ = 491
  2286			52% [MH]+ = 413
  2287			82% [MH]+ = 463
  2288			58% [MH]+ = 466
  2289			82% [MH]+ = 379
  2290			78% [MH]+ = 469
  2291			40% [MH]+ = 412
  2292			38% [MH]+ = 461
  2293			67% [MH]+ = 433
  2294			5% [MH]+ = 491
  2295			7% [MH]+ = 377
  2296			52% [MH]+ = 363

Example 2297
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from Example 2268 (10 mg) in anhydrous CH₃CN (1.5 mL) was added trimethylsilyl bromide (2.6 μL) at 25° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, concentrated and purified by HPLC (RP-C18, AcCN/H₂O) to afford the title compound (1.0 mg, 11%). [MH]⁺=491.
Example 2298
• 
Step A
• The crude ˜1:1 mixture of the carboxylate I and the carboxylate II from the Preparative Example 1047 was treated similarly as described in the Example 2 to afford the title compound I (5.3 mg, 16%, [MH]⁺=468) and the title compound II (4.8 mg, 11%, [MH]⁺=647).
Examples 2299-2312
• Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 1 (method A), 2 (method B), 3 (method C), 4 (method D), 5 (method E), 6 (method F) or 7 (method G), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table II-49 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-49
  Ex. #	acid, amine	product	method, yield
  2299			B, 50% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 460
  2300			B, 34% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 354
  2301			B, 31% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 368
  2302			B, 46% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 352
  2303			B, 47% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 390
  2304			B, 40% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 350
  2305			B, 32% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 310
  2306			B, 24% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 323
  2307			B, 30% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 323
  2308			B, 8.8% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 297
  2309			B, 20% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 335
  2310			B, 37% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 335
  2311			B, 88% [MH]+ = 439
  2312			B, 95% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 561/563

Example 2313
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Example 2311 (53 mg) in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then concentrated. The remaining residue was added to solution of NaBH₃CN (16 mg) in MeOH (2 mL). To the resulting solution was slowly added a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1031, Step A (25 mg) in THF/MeOH (1:1, 1 mL) over a period of 7 h. Then the mixture was concentrated, diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (23 mg, 36%). [MH]⁺=529.
Step B
• To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (9 mg) in THF (2 mL) was added a 1M solution of tert.-butyl magnesium chloride (60 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 1½ h, diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a light yellow solid (1.7 mg, 20%). [MH]⁺=483.
Example 2314
• 
Step A
• To the title compound from the Example 2311 (23.2 mg) was added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (940 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then concentrated. The obtained residue was suspended in pyridine (800 μL), the title compound from Preparative Example 1022 (10.5 μL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with 10% aqueous citric acid (5 mL), sonicated for ˜1 min and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O (5 mL) and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as yellow solid (16.8 mg, 63%). [MH]⁺=501.
Examples 2315-2322
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 2314, except using the acid chlorides indicated in Table II-50 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-50
  Ex. #	acid chloride	Product	yield
  2315			96% [MH]+ = 407
  2316			14% [MH]+ = 439
  2317			24% [MH]+ = 453
  2318			52% [MH]+ = 467
  2319			45% [MH]+ = 465
  2320			47% [MH]+ = 465
  2321			35% [MH]+ = 423
  2322			50% [MH]+ = 479

Example 2323
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 2314, Step A (13 mg) in THF/H₂O (1:1, 2 mL) was added a 1M aqueous KOH (140 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with a 0.1M aqueous HCl (3 mL), sonicated for 1 min and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O (5 mL) and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (11.7 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=487.
Examples 2324-2336
• Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 314 (method A), 315 (method B) or 2314 (method C), except using the esters indicated in Table II-51 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-51
  			method,
  Ex. #	ester	product	yield
  2324			A, 57% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 456
  2325			A, 32% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 469
  2326			A, 100% [MH]+ = 487
  2327			B, 78% [MH]+ = 487
  2328			A, 98% [MH]+ = 480
  2329			A, 18% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 506,
  2330			C, 29% [MH]+ = 487
  2331			C, 9% [MH]+ = 487
  2332			C, 98% [MH]+ = 439
  2333			C, 69% [MH]+ = 453
  2334			C, 91% [MH]+ = 451
  2335			C, 92% [MH]+ = 465
  2336			A, >99% [MH]+ = 521

Examples 2337-2341
• Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 436, except using the esters indicated in Table II-52 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-52
  Ex. #	ester	Product	yield
  2337			66% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 456
  2338			23% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 495
  2339			18% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 529
  2340			52% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 479
  2341			32% (over 2 steps) [MH]+ = 514

Example 2342
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Example 2311 (939 mg) in EtOAc (17.1 mL) was added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (17.1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h and concentrated to afford the title compound (850 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=339.
Example 2343
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 2311 (22.5 mg) in CHCl₃ (500 μL) was added and a 1:1 mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and CHCl₃ (500 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, concentrated and dried in vacuo. The obtained residue was dissolved in DMF (500 μL) and ⁱPr₂NEt (10.2 μL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and diluted with EtOAc and 10% aqueous citric acid. The organic phase was separated, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as pale yellow solid (12.5 mg; 56%). [MH]⁺=435.
Example 2344
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1028 (4.5 mg) in THF (1 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (5.4 mg). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 90 min, then a solution of the title compound from the Example 2342, Step A (8.1 mg) in DMF (1 mL) and ⁱPr₂NEt (5 μL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued overnight. Additional 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (5.4 mg) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 8 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with a 0.1M aqueous HCl (3 mL) and H₂O (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (1.1 mg; 9%). [MH]⁺ 494.
Example 2345
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 2342, Step A (10.2 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 2344, Step A, except using the title compound from the Preparative Example 1029 instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1028 to afford the title compound (1.1 mg, 7.9%). [MH]⁺=506.
Example 2346
• 
Step A
• Using a microwave, a mixture of the title compound from Preparative Example 1049, Step E (3 mg), CsCO₃ (9 mg) and acetyl chloride (3 μL) in 1,4-dioxane/CH₃CN (1:1, 1 ml) was heated at 110° C. for 20 min and then cooled to room temperature. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with MeOH/H₂O (1:1) and then dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as orange solid (1.6 mg, 47%). [MH]⁺=382.
Example 2347
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the title compound from the Example 2342, Step A (2.8 mg) in dry pyridine (75 μL) was added a 0.1M solution of thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride in 1,2-dichlorethane (75 μL). The resulting mixture was agitated (−800 rpm) at room temperature for 15 h, concentrated and dried in vacuo for 12 h to afford the crude title compound. [MH]⁺=449.
Examples 2348-2387
• Following similar procedures as described in the Example 2346 (method A) or 2347 (method B), except using the amines and acid chlorides indicated in Table II-53 below, the following compounds were prepared.

• TABLE II-53
  			method,
  Ex. #	amine, acid chloride	product	yield
  2348			A, 31% [MH]+ = 469
  2349			A, 61% [MH]+ = 393
  2350			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 533
  2351			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 493
  2352			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 409
  2353			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 471
  2354			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 457
  2355			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 487
  2356			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 473
  2357			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 487
  2358			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 468
  2359			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 527
  2360			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 489
  2361			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 486
  2362			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 395
  2363			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 461
  2364			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 475
  2365			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 491
  2366			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 463
  2367			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 425
  2368			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 519
  2369			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 449
  2370			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 461
  2371			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 421
  2372			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 463
  2373			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 467
  2374			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 483
  2375			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 473
  2376			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 435
  2377			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 449
  2378			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 478
  2379			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 499
  2380			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 449
  2381			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 462
  2382			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 487
  2383			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 468
  2384			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 465
  2385			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 499
  2386			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 478
  2387			B, n.d. [MH]+ = 445

Example 2388
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 2286 (4.5 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 2, Step A, except using commercially available tert-butylamine instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 228, Step A to afford the title compound (1.9 mg, 37%). [MH]⁺=468.
Example 2389
• 
Step A
• To a solution of the title compound from the Example 2289 (20 mg) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (35 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath). A 2M solution of methylamine in THF (1 m/L) was added and the ice bath was removed. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with H₂O and 10% aqueous citric acid and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were washed saturated aqueous NaCl (200 μL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (14 mg, 85%). [MH]⁺=392.
Example 2390
• 
Step A
• The title compound from the Example 2289 (20 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 2389, Step A, except using a 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF instead of a 2M solution of methylamine in THF to afford the title compound (17.9 mg, 83%). [MH]⁺=406.
Example 2391
• 
Step A
• A mixture of the title compound from the Example 2285 (8.5 mg) and conc. HCl (4.5 mL) in THF (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 6 h, concentrated, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound I (1.3 mg, 15%, [MH]⁺=509) and title compound II (4 mg, 47%, [MH]⁺=492).
Example 2392
• 
Step A
• To a suspension of the Preparative Example 377, Step E (30 mg) in cyclohexane (5 mL) were added tert-butyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate (44 mg) and BF₃.Et₂O (2 drops). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (10.2 mg, 34%). [MH]⁺=377.

Claims (18)

1-173. (canceled)

174. A compound having the structure:

R⁵¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl,

R¹ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl,

wherein R¹ is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or

wherein R¹ is optionally substituted by one R¹⁶ group and optionally substituted by one or more R⁹ groups;

wherein optionally two hydrogen atoms on the same atom of one or more R¹ groups are replaced with ═O;

R⁴ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, and

R⁵ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, aryl, arylalkyl, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and C(O)OR¹⁰, wherein alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R⁹ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of R¹⁰, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, CHF₂, CF₃, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, COOR¹⁰, CH(CH₃)CO₂H, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-COR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NO₂, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-CN, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_yOR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-P(O)₂OH, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_yNR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰SO₂R³⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_xR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═NR¹¹)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰-alkyl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NR¹¹—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, S(O)_n—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, S(O)_n—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)—NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_yNR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_yR¹¹, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl and O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl,

wherein each R⁹ group is optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or

wherein each R⁹ group is optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁴ groups;

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_x, or NR⁵⁰ and which is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl and halo, wherein alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(H)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, (i) and (ii):

wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R²³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, and fluoroalkyl;

R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl are optionally substituted by a substituent selected from halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxyl, —COOH, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, NH₂—CO—, (R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N—CO— wherein R¹⁰ or R¹¹ are as defined below, except that at least one of R¹⁰ or R¹¹ is not hydrogen, amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino and thiol;

R⁵⁰ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R⁸⁰, C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, SO₂R⁸⁰ and SO₂NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, wherein alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_x, —NH, and —N(alkyl) and which is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

E is selected from the group consisting of a bond, CR¹⁰R¹¹, O, NR⁵, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, C(═O), N(R¹⁰)(C═O), (C═O)N(R¹⁰), N(R¹⁰)S(═O)₂, S(═O)₂N(R¹⁰), C═N—OR¹¹, —C(R¹⁰R¹¹)C(R¹⁰R¹¹)—, —CH₂—W¹— and

W is a 5- or 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times with R⁴;

aryl is an aromatic group containing 1 or 2 rings and 6 to 12 ring carbon atoms;

heteroaryl is an aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or bicyclic ring having 5 to 10 atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring are selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur;

heterocycloalkyl is a 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system are selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur;

heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system are selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur;

arylalkyl an aryl bonded through an alkyl;

heteroarylalkyl is a heteroaryl bonded through an alkyl;

heterocyclylalkyl is a heterocyclyl bonded through an alkyl;

U is selected from the group consisting of C(R⁵R¹⁰), NR⁵, O, S, S═O and S(═O)₂;

W¹ is selected from the group consisting of O, NR⁵, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, N(R¹⁰)(C═O), N(R¹⁰)S(═O)₂ and S(═O)₂N(R¹⁰);

X is selected from the group consisting of a bond and (CR¹⁰R¹¹)_wE(CR¹⁰R¹¹)_w;

g and h are independently selected from 0-2;

w is independently selected from 0-4;

x is selected from 0 to 2;

y is selected from 1 and 2; or

pharmaceutically acceptable salts, racemic mixtures or stereoisomers thereof.

175. The compound of claim 174, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of R⁹, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)OR¹⁰, CH(CH₃)CO₂H, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-COR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NO₂, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-CN, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_yOR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-P(O)₂OH, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_yNR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰CONR¹¹SO₂R³⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_nR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═NR¹¹)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰-alkyl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NR¹¹CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, S(O)_x—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, S(O)_x—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)—NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_yNR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_yR¹¹, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl and O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein each R⁶ group is optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁴ groups;

R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, halo, CHF₂, CF₃, OR¹⁰, NR¹⁰R¹¹, NO₂, and CN, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxyl, —COOH, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, NH₂—CO—, (R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N—CO— wherein R¹⁰ or R¹¹ are as defined below, except that at least one of R¹⁰ or R¹¹ is not hydrogen, amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino and thiol;

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CO₂R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

B₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_x;

D⁴, G⁴, L⁴, M⁴, and T⁴ are independently selected from CR⁶ and N; and

Z is a 5- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or a 5- to 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl.

176. The compound of claim 175, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

177. The compound of claim 176, wherein:

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, CN, OH, CH₂OH, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, OCHF₂, COCH₃, SO₂CH₃, SO₂CF₃, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHCH₃, SO₂N(CH₃)₂, NH₂, NHCOCH₃, N(COCH₃)₂, NHCONH₂, NHSO₂CH₃, alkoxy, alkyl, CO₂H,

wherein

R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, CH₃, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, and OCHF₂;

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CH₃, COOCH₃, COOH, and CONH₂.

178. The compound of claim 174, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and halo, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or optionally R¹² and R¹³ together form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;

R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or optionally two R¹⁹ groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CO₂R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

J and K are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁰R¹⁸, NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_x;

A₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_x; and

D², G², J², L², M² and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N.

179. The compound of claim 178, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

180. The compound of claim 174, wherein one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or optionally two R¹⁹ groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CONR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

L², M², and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N;

D³, G³, L³, M³, and T³ are independently selected from N, CR¹⁸, (i), or (ii),

with the proviso that one of L³, M³, T³, D³, and G³ is (i) or (ii)

B₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_x; and

Q² is a 5- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, which is optionally substituted one or more times with R¹⁹.

181. The compound of claim 180, wherein one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

182. The compound of claim 181, wherein one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

183. The compound of claim 174, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of:

184. A compound according to claim 174 selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

185. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 174 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

186. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:

a) a compound according to claim 174;

b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and

c) a member selected from the group consisting of: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

187. A compound having the structure:

R⁵¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl;

R¹ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R⁴ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, and CF₃;

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_x, or NR⁵⁰ and which is optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl and halo, wherein alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and heterocyclylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl.

R²³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, and fluoroalkyl;

R⁵⁰ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R⁸⁰, C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, SO₂R⁸⁰ and SO₂NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, wherein alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R⁸⁰, C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, SO₂R⁸⁰ and SO₂NR⁸⁰R⁸¹ are optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_x, —NH, and —N(alkyl) and which is optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

aryl is an aromatic group containing 1 or 2 rings and 6 to 12 ring carbon atoms;

heteroaryl is an aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or bicyclic ring having 5 to 10 atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring are selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur;

heterocycloalkyl is a 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system are selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur;

heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system are selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur;

arylalkyl an aryl bonded through an alkyl;

heteroarylalkyl is a heteroaryl bonded through an alkyl;

heterocyclylalkyl is a heterocyclyl bonded through an alkyl;

W is a 5- or 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times with R⁴;

x is selected from 0 to 2;

y is selected from 1 and 2; or

pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, racemic mixtures or stereoisomers thereof.

188. The compound of claim 187, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from:

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, CN, OH, CH₂OH, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, OCHF₂, COCH₃, SO₂CH₃, SO₂CF₃, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHCH₃, SO₂N(CH₃)₂, NH₂, NHCOCH₃, N(COCH₃)₂, NHCONH₂, NHSO₂CH₃, alkoxy, alkyl, CO₂H,

R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, CH₃, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, and OCHF₂; and

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CH₃, COOMe, COOH, and CONH₂.

189. The compound of claim 187, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from:

wherein:

R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and halo, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or optionally R¹² and R¹³ together form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;

R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or optionally two R¹⁹ groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

J and K are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁰R¹⁸, NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_x;

A₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S; and

D², G², L², M² and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N.

190. The compound of claim 187, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from: