US20070208087A1

US20070208087A1 - Compounds, compositions and methods for the treatment of inflammatory diseases

Info

Publication number: US20070208087A1
Application number: US11/704,421
Authority: US
Inventors: Virginia Sanders; Joel Cummings; Alan Snow
Original assignee: ProteoTech Inc
Current assignee: ProteoTech Inc
Priority date: 2001-11-02
Filing date: 2007-02-10
Publication date: 2007-09-06
Also published as: US8754133B2; WO2008097692A1; US20120058998A1

Abstract

The use of a composition comprising a compound:

where R is a C₁-C₁₀alkylene group, in which, when the number of carbon atoms is at least 2, there are optionally 1 or 2 non-adjacent double bonds; 1 to 3 non-adjacent methylene groups are optionally replaced by NR¹(where R¹is H, alkyl, or acyl), O, or S; and 1 or 2 methylene groups are optionally replaced by a carbonyl or hydroxymethylene group for the preparation of a medicament or a pharmaceutical for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Description

This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/503,400 filed Aug. 10, 2006, now abandoned, which claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/707,567 filed Aug. 10, 2005. This application is also a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/077,596 filed Feb. 15, 2002, which is a Continuation-in-Part of application Ser. No. 10/053,625, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,929,808 on Aug. 16, 2005.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds and their methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters, their synthesis, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and their use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, and in the manufacture of medicaments for such treatment.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various forms of inflammation are characterized by activation of macrophages. Macrophages are thought to induce and maintain inflammatory processes mainly by producing various products that, by acting on other cells, bring about the deleterious consequences of inflammation such as the generation of nitric oxide. For example, macrophages produce cytokines. These proteins are central mediators in inflammatory processes, such as the local inflammatory processes characteristic of arthritis or colitis. Cytokines produced by macrophages are also thought to be involved in systemic inflammatory processes, such as endotoxic shock. Macrophage products are more generally involved in pathophysiological mechanisms, such as plasma extravasation, inflammatory cell diapedesis, release of toxic free radicals such as nitric oxide, endothelial injury, and release of tissue degrading enzymes, which result in tissue injury and, ultimately, organ failure.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine associated with macrophage activation. TNF-α is also thought to be involved in inducing most of the pathophysiological events characteristic of inflammation. TNF-α plays an important role in regulating inflammation, cellular immune response, and host defense. TNF-α is a key cytokine associated with the toxic effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin and in the pathogenesis of septic shock, as evidenced by high serum plasma levels of TNF-α after LPS administration to animals or to human volunteers, or in septic subjects. Administration of anti-TNF-α antibodies protects against the lethal effects of LPS and of live bacteria in a variety of animal models. Moreover, TNF-α can be a central target in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Conversely in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease and other chronic disorders of the immune system, excessive levels of TNF-α play a role in the pathophysiology. Indeed, blocking TNF-α can halt disease progression and has led to the search for inhibitors of TNF-α.
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is another macrophage product that has been shown to be involved in the induction of pathology in several inflammatory diseases. These diseases include autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory states such as septic shock and the generalized Schwarzman reaction.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a common rheumatic disease, affecting more than two million people in the United States alone. The disease is three times more prevalent in women as in men but afflicts all races equally. The disease can begin at any age, but most often starts between the ages of forty and sixty. In some families, multiple members can be affected, suggesting a genetic basis for the disorder. The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. It is suspected that certain infections or factors in the environment might trigger the immune system to attack the body's own tissues, resulting in inflammation in various organs of the body. Regardless of the exact trigger, the result is an immune system that is geared up to promote inflammation in the joints and occasionally other tissues of the body, Lymphocytes are activated and cytokines, such as TNF-α and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are expressed in the inflamed areas.
The clinical expression of rheumatoid arthritis is manifested by chronic inflammation of the joints, the tissue surrounding the joints such as the tendons, ligaments, and muscles, as well as other organs in the body such as the eyes. The inflammation process of causes swelling, pain stiffness, and redness in the joints. In some patients with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation leads to the destruction of the cartilage, bone and ligaments causing deformity of the joints. Rheumatic diseases can involve other, seemingly unrelated organs as well, such as eyes, skin and glands. Rheumatic diseases are usually divided into those that primarily involve joints, known as arthritis, and those involving other tissues, generally referred to connective tissue diseases. Arthritis is further subdivided into inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthritis. The more common types of inflammatory arthritis are rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis (associated with the skin condition psoriasis), reactive arthritis, viral or post-viral arthritis (occurring after an infection), and spondylarthritis which affects the spine as well as joints.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, this invention is bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds and their methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compounds are useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
The compounds are:
(1) compounds of the formula:

where:
R is a C₁-C₁₀alkylene group, in which, when the number of carbon atoms is at least 2, there are optionally 1 or 2 non-adjacent double bonds; 1 to 3 non-adjacent methylene groups are optionally replaced by NR′ (where R′ is H, alkyl, or acyl), O, or S; and 1 or 2 methylene groups are optionally replaced by a carbonyl or hydroxymethylene group; and
(2) the compounds that are:
3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin (compound 1); 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin (compound 2); 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane (compound 3); 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane (compound 4); 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propane (compound 5); 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone (compound 6); 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline (compound 7); 4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine (compound 8); 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine (compound 9); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 10); 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 11); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 12); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (compound 13); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane (compound 14); N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 15); 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 16); 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone (compound 17); 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone (compound 18); 2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone (compound 19); tris-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane (compound 20); α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide (compound 21); 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylaminomethylene)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)oxazolin-5-one (compound 22); 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)piperazine (compound 23); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 24); 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 25); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 26); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane (compound 27); 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine (compound 28); 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-1,4-dimethyl-2,5-diketopiperazine (compound 29); N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 30); 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butane (compound 31); 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 32); 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 33); 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)pyridine (compound 34); 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene (compound 35); 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene (compound 36); 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 37); 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 38); 3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane (compound 39); 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (compound 40); 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane (compound 41); 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane (compound 42); trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-cyclopentane (compound 43); N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropylamine (compound 44); 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 45); 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 46); 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 47); 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 48); 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 49); 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine (compound 50), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 51); 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 52); 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 53); 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 54); 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 55); 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 56); 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 57); 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 58); 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 59); 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 60); 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 61); 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 62); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 63); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 64); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 65); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 66); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 67); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 68); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 69); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 70); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 71); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 72); bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 73); N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (compound 74); tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 75); 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea (compound 76); 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea (compound 77); 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea (compound 78); 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 79); 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 80); 2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroacridine (compound 81); 10-aminoanthracene-1,2,7,8-tetraol (compound 82); acridine-1,2,6,7-tetraol (compound 83); phenoxazine-2,3,7,8,10-pentaol (compound 84); dibenzo[c,f][2,7]napthyridine-2,3,10,11-tetraol (compound 85); and 6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,10,11-triol (compound 86);
(3) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters of compounds of (1) and (2); and
(4) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) to (3).
In a second aspect, this invention is pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the first aspect of this invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and, as the sole active ingredient, a compound of the first aspect of the invention.
In a third aspect, this invention is a method of treating inflammatory diseases such as arthritis in mammals, especially humans, by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the first aspect of this invention, for example as a pharmaceutical composition.
In a fourth aspect, this invention is the use of a compound of the first aspect of this invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and use of a compound for inhibition of the inflammatory cascade.
In a fifth aspect, this invention is a method of treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and includes the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention. Preferably the compound is selected from the groups described below with respect to their inhibitory activity of microglial nitric oxide (NO) production and/or TNF-α release.
The various compounds disclosed herein inhibit lipopolysaccharide(LPS)/interferon gamma (IFNγ) induced NO release by microglia. This release by the microglia is in response to LPS/IFNγ pro-inflammatory stimulation. These compounds may prevent oxidative stress induced cell death in addition to the inhibition of NO and TNF-α release by microglia and subsequent inhibition of the inflammatory cascade.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions
In this application, the following terms shall have the following meanings, without regard to whether the terms are used variantly elsewhere in the literature or otherwise in the known art.
The compounds of the invention, i.e. the compounds of the formula shown in the paragraph numbered (1) at the top of page 1 of the application and the compounds on the list immediately following and numbered (2) (compounds #1 to #86), are referred to generally as bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds, or sometimes just as “dihydroxyaryl compounds” and sometimes just “compounds”. It will be noted that compound #84 has an additional hydroxy group, but does have two dihydroxyaryl groups; while compound #86 has only one dihydroxyaryl group but has an additional phenolic hydroxyl moiety.
“Methylenedioxy analogs” refers to the compounds of this invention in which each of the pairs of adjacent hydroxyl moieties of the dihydroxyaryl groups have been replaced by methylenedioxy groups. The methylenedioxy compounds are illustrated and referred to as compounds #1B to #86B. The methylenedioxy groups also are convenient intermediate protecting groups for the dihydroxy moieties and therefore these disclosed compounds are believed to also serve as effective prodrugs. The methylenedioxy analogs #1B to #80B are illustrated in Example 3.
“Pharmaceutically acceptable esters” refers to the compounds of this invention where the hydroxyl moieties of the dihydroxyaryl groups of the compounds are esterified with an acid or acids that result in a pharmaceutically acceptable poly(ester). The compounds are shown in Example 4 as acetylated, and these acetylated compounds are illustrated and referred to as compounds #1C to #86C; but it should be understood that the depiction of acetyl esters in Example 4 is merely illustrative, and all pharmaceutically acceptable esters are included within this invention. The ester groups are expected to serve as intermediate protecting groups for the hydroxyl moieties and therefore the pharmaceutically acceptable esters are expected to serve as effective prodrugs for their underlying bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds.
Chemical structures for each of the compounds of this invention (with the note that the acetates are shown as representative of the pharmaceutically acceptable esters as a class) are shown. The names of the compounds are variously IUPAC names [names derived according to the accepted IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system established by the coalition of the Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry and the Commission on Physical Organic Chemistry, as can be found at http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac], names derived from IUPAC names by addition or substitution (for example, by the use of “3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl” derived from “phenyl” instead of “benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl”), and names derived from the names of reactants (for example, by the use of “3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide” instead of “N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzamide”). However, the names used are explicitly equated to chemical structures, and are believed to be readily understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art.
“Mammal” includes both humans and non-human mammals, such as companion animals (cats, dogs, and the like), laboratory animals (such as mice, rats, guinea pigs, and the like) and farm animals (cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, and the like).
“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that is conventionally useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and desirable, and includes excipients that are acceptable for veterinary use as well as for human pharmaceutical use. Such excipients may be solid, liquid, semisolid, or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous.
“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable and have the desired pharmacological properties. Such salts include salts that may be formed where acidic protons present in the compounds are capable of reacting with inorganic or organic bases. Suitable inorganic salts include those formed with the alkali metals, e.g. sodium and potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum. Suitable organic salts include those formed with organic bases such as the amine bases, e.g. ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like. Such salts also include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids (e.g. hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids) and organic acids (e.g. acetic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, and the alkane- and arene-sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid). When there are two acidic groups present, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be a mono-acid-mono-salt or a di-salt; and similarly where there are more than two acidic groups present, some or all of such groups can be salified.
A “therapeutically effective amount” in general means the amount that, when administered to a subject or animal for treating a disease, is sufficient to affect the desired degree of treatment for the disease. A “therapeutically effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective dosage” preferably inhibits, reduces, disrupts, NO or TNF-α release, or treats a disease associated with these conditions, such as an inflammatory disease, by at least 20%, more preferably by at least 40%, even more preferably by at least 60%, and still more preferably by at least 80%, relative to an untreated subject. Effective amounts of a compound of this invention or composition thereof for treatment of a mammalian subject are about 0.1 to about 1000 mg/Kg of body weight of the subject/day, such as from about 1 to about 100 mg/Kg/day, especially from about 10 to about 100 mg/Kg/day. A broad range of disclosed composition dosages are believed to be both safe and effective.
“Treating” or “treatment” of a disease includes preventing the disease from occurring in a mammal that may be predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or exhibit symptoms of the disease (prophylactic treatment), inhibiting the disease (slowing or arresting its development), providing relief from the symptoms or side-effects of the disease (including palliative treatment), and relieving the disease (causing regression of the disease), such as by disruption of the inflammatory cascade. One such preventive treatment may be use of the disclosed compounds for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
“A pharmaceutical agent” or “pharmacological agent” or “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a compound or combination of compounds used for treatment, preferably in a pure or near pure form. In the specification, pharmaceutical or pharmacological agents include the compounds of this invention. The compounds are desirably purified to 80% homogeneity, and preferably to 90% homogeneity. Compounds and compositions purified to 99.9% homogeneity are believed to be advantageous. As a test or confirmation, a suitable homogeneous compound on HPLC would yield, what those skilled in the art would identify as a single sharp-peak band.
Compounds of the Invention
The compounds of this invention are:
(1) compounds of the formula:

where:
R is a C₁-C₁₀alkylene group, in which, when the number of carbon atoms is at least 2, there are optionally 1 or 2 non-adjacent double bonds; 1 to 3 non-adjacent methylene groups are optionally replaced by NR′ (where R′ is H, alkyl, or acyl), O, or S; and 1 or 2 methylene groups are optionally replaced by a carbonyl or hydroxymethylene group; and
(2) the compounds that are:
3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propane; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline; 4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone; 2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane; α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide; 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylaminomethylene)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)oxazolin-5-one; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-1,4-dimethyl-2,5-diketopiperazine; N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl)proline-3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)pyridine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane; trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)cyclopentane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropylamine; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea; 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin; 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin; 2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroacridine; 10-aminoanthracene-1,2,7,8-tetraol; acridine-1,2,6,7-tetraol; phenoxazine-2,3,7,8,10-pentaol; dibenzo[c,f][2,7]napthyridine-2,3,10,11-tetraol; and 6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,10,11-triol;
(3) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the compounds of (1) and (2); and
(4) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) to (3).
Within the compounds of this invention, a first group of compounds is the compounds selected from the group consisting of:
(1) compounds of the formula:

where:
R is a C₁-C₁₀, especially a C_1-6, alkylene group, in which, when the number of carbon atoms is at least 2, there are optionally 1 or 2 non-adjacent double bonds; 1 to 3 non-adjacent methylene groups are optionally replaced by NR′ (where R′ is H, C_1-3alkyl, or C_2-4acyl), O, or S, especially NH or N—CH₃; and 1 or 2 methylene groups are optionally replaced by a carbonyl or hydroxymethylene group;
(2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable tetraesters thereof; and
(3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) and (2).
Within this first group, a subgroup of compounds is the group of compounds selected from the group consisting of:
(1) compounds of the formula:

where:
R is a C₂-C₁₀, especially a C_2-6, alkylene group, in which there is optionally 1 double bond; and 1 or 2 non-adjacent ethylene groups are replaced by —C(O)NR′— or —NR′C(O)— (where R′ is H or lower alkyl);
(2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable tetraesters thereof; and
(3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of (1) and (2).
Within the compounds of this invention, a second group of compounds is:
(1) the compounds that are:
3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propane; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline; 4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone; 2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane; α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide; 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylaminomethylene)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)oxazolin-5-one; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-1,4-dimethyl-2,5-diketopiperazine; N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl)proline-3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)pyridine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane; trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)cyclopentane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropylamine; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea; 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin; 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin; 2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroacridine; 10-aminoanthracene-1,2,7,8-tetraol; acridine-1,2,6,7-tetraol; phenoxazine-2,3,7,8,10-pentaol; dibenzo[c,f][2,7]napthyridine-2,3,10,11-tetraol; and 6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,10,11-triol;
(2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof; and
(3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) and (2).
Within this second group, a subgroup of compounds is:
(1) the compounds that are:
3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propane; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline; 4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone; 2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane; α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide; 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylaminomethylene)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)oxazolin-5-one; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-1,4-dimethyl-2,5-diketopiperazine; N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl)proline-3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)pyridine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane; trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)cyclopentane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropylamine; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea; 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin; and 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin;
(2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof; and
(3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) and (2).
Within this subgroup, a further subgroup is:
(1) the compounds that are:
3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane; 4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; 2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone; α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea; and 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea;
(2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof; and
(3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) and (2).
Within each of these groups and subgroups, there are especially the compounds of the invention that are the bis- and tris(dihydroxyaryl) compounds (i.e. the compounds of the formula or of the list) and compound #86, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
Synthesis of the Compounds of the Invention
The compounds of this invention may be prepared by methods generally known to the person of ordinary skill in the art, having regard to that knowledge and the disclosure of this application.
The starting materials and reagents used in preparing these compounds are either available from commercial suppliers such as the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, Wis.), Bachem (Torrance, Calif.), Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.), or Lancaster Synthesis Inc. (Windham, N.H.) or are prepared by methods well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, following procedures described in such references as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, vols. 1-17, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1991; Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, vols. 1-5 and supps., Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989; Organic Reactions, vols. 1-40, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1991; March J.: Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.; and Larock: Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, New York, 1989.
In most cases, protective groups for the hydroxy groups are introduced and finally removed. Suitable protective groups are described in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991. A preferred protective group is the methylenedioxy group, as seen in many of Examples 1-23, and a wide variety of methylenedioxyphenyl compounds (such as 3,4-methylenedioxyacetophenone, 3,4-methylenedioxyaniline, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzonitrile, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoyl chloride, 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxynitrobenzene, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylacetonitrile, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl isocyanate, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylmagnesium bromide, and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylmethanol) are commercially available. Other protecting groups, such as the benzyl and methoxymethyl groups, may also be used.
Other starting materials or early intermediates may be prepared by elaboration of the materials listed above, for example, by methods well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
The starting materials, intermediates, and compounds of this invention may be isolated and purified using conventional techniques, including precipitation, filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography, and the like. The compounds may be characterized using conventional methods, including physical constants and spectroscopic methods.
Pharmacology and Utility
The compounds of this invention, either as the dihydroxyaryl compounds per se, or as the methylenedioxy analogs or pharmaceutically acceptable esters (once de-protected either in the body or in vitro), act to inhibit or prevent microglial NO and/or TNF-α. Their activity can be measured in vitro by methods such as those discussed herein.
Compounds of special interest for treating inflammatory diseases such as arthritis are selected from the group consisting of
(1) the compounds that are:
3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea; and 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea;
(2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof; and
(3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) and (2).
Especially of interest are the compounds of (1) above and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration
In general, compounds of the invention will be administered in therapeutically effective amounts by any of the usual modes known in the art, either singly or in combination with at least one other compound of this invention and/or at least one other conventional therapeutic agent for the disease being treated. A therapeutically effective amount may vary widely depending on the disease, its severity, the age and relative health of the animal being treated, the potency of the compound(s), and other factors. As anti-inflammatory agents, therapeutically effective amounts of compounds of this invention may range from 0.1-1000 mg/Kg body weight/day, such as from 1-100 mg/Kg/day; for example, 10-100 mg/Kg/day. A person of ordinary skill in the art will be conventionally able, and without undue experimentation, having regard to that skill and to this disclosure, to determine a therapeutically effective amount of a compound for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
Preferred compositions will contain a compound of this invention that is at least substantially pure. In general “pure” means better than 95% pure, and “substantially pure” means a compound synthesized such that the compound, as made as available for consideration into a therapeutic dosage, has only those impurities that can not readily nor reasonably be removed by conventional purification processes.
In general, the compounds of this invention will be administered as pharmaceutical compositions by one of the following routes: oral, topical, systemic (e.g. transdermal, intranasal, or by suppository), or parenteral (e.g. intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection). Compositions may take the form of tablets, pills, capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, aerosols, or any other appropriate compositions; and comprise at least one compound of this invention in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Suitable excipients are well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, and they, and the methods of formulating the compositions, may be found in such standard references as Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, A. Gennaro, ed., 20th edition, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. Suitable liquid carriers, especially for injectable solutions, include water, aqueous saline solution, aqueous dextrose solution, and glycols.
In particular, the compound(s)—optimally only one such compound is administered in any particular dosage form—can be administered, orally, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspension, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known in the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations.
Tablets contain the compound in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, maize starch or alginic acid; binding agents, for example, maize starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate or stearic acid or tale. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol distearate may be employed. Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the compound is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
Aqueous suspensions contain the compound in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be naturally occurring phosphatides, for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example, heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids such as hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters from fatty acids and a hexitol anhydrides, for example, polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, or one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the compound in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil, or coconut oil or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents, such as those set forth below, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid. Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, a suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already described above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and agents, may also be present.
The compounds of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oils, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsion may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents. Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example, glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
The compounds of the invention can also be administered by injection or infusion, either subcutaneously or intravenously, or intramuscularly, or intrasternally, or intranasally, or by infusion techniques in the form of sterile injectable or oleaginous suspension. The compound may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions. These suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing of wetting agents and suspending agents that have been described above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oils may be conventionally employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables. Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided dosages may be administered daily or the dosage may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.
It is especially advantageous to formulate the compounds in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each containing a therapeutically effective quantity of the compound and at least one pharmaceutical excipient. A drug product will comprise a dosage unit form within a container that is labelled or accompanied by a label indicating the intended method of treatment, such as the treatment of an inflammatory disease such as arthritis.
Sustained Release Formulations
The invention also includes the use of sustained release formulations to deliver the compounds of the present invention to the desired target (i.e. systemic organs) at high circulating levels (between 10⁻⁹and 10⁻⁴M) are also disclosed.
It is understood that the compound levels are maintained over a certain period of time as is desired and can be easily determined by one skilled in the art using this disclosure and compounds of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the invention includes a unique feature of administration comprising a sustained release formulation so that a constant level of therapeutic compound is maintained between 10⁻⁸and 10⁻⁶M between 48 to 96 hours in the sera.
Such sustained and/or timed release formulations may be made by sustained release means of delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 4,008,719; 4,710,384; 5,674,533; 5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556 and 5,733,566, the disclosures of which are each incorporated herein by reference. These pharmaceutical compositions can be used to provide slow or sustained release of one or more of the active compounds using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or the like. Suitable sustained release formulations known to those skilled in the art, including those described herein may be readily selected for use with the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Thus, single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration, such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, caplets, powders and the like, that are adapted for sustained release are encompassed by the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, the sustained release formulation contains active compound such as, but not limited to, microcrystalline cellulose, maltodextrin, ethylcellulose, and magnesium stearate. As described above, all known methods for encapsulation which are compatible with properties of the disclosed compounds are encompassed by this invention. The sustained release formulation is encapsulated by coating particles or granules of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention with varying thickness of slowly soluble polymers or by microencapsulation. In a preferred embodiment, the sustained release formulation is encapsulated with a coating material of varying thickness (e.g. about 1 micron to 200 microns) that allow the dissolution of the pharmaceutical composition about 48 hours to about 72 hours after administration to a mammal. In another embodiment, the coating material is a food-approved additive.
In another embodiment, the sustained release formulation is a matrix dissolution device that is prepared by compressing the drug with a slowly soluble polymer carrier into a tablet. In one preferred embodiment, the coated particles have a size range between about 0.1 to about 300 microns, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,710,384 and 5,354,556, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Each of the particles is in the form of a micromatrix, with the active ingredient uniformly distributed throughout the polymer.
Sustained release formulations such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,384, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, having a relatively high percentage of plasticizer in the coating in order to permit sufficient flexibility to prevent substantial breakage during compression are disclosed. The specific amount of plasticizer varies depending on the nature of the coating and the particular plasticizer used. The amount may be readily determined empirically by testing the release characteristics of the tablets formed. If the medicament is released too quickly, then more plasticizer is used. Release characteristics are also a function of the thickness of the coating. When substantial amounts of plasticizer are used, the sustained release capacity of the coating diminishes. Thus, the thickness of the coating may be increased slightly to make up for an increase in the amount of plasticizer. Generally, the plasticizer in such an embodiment will be present in an amount of about 15 to 30% of the sustained release material in the coating, preferably 20 to 25%, and the amount of coating will be from 10 to 25% of the weight of the active material. Preferably 15 to 20%. Any conventional pharmaceutically acceptable plasticizer may be incorporated into the coating.
The compounds of the invention can be formulated as a sustained and/or timed release formulation. All sustained release pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-sustained counterparts. Ideally, the use of an optimally designed sustained release preparation in medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control the condition. Advantages of sustained release formulations may include: 1) extended activity of the composition, 2) reduced dosage frequency, and 3) increased patient compliance. In addition, sustained release formulations can be used to affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the composition, and thus can affect the occurrence of side effects.
The sustained release formulations of the invention are designed to initially release an amount of the therapeutic composition that promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of other amounts of compositions to maintain this level of therapeutic effect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain this constant level in the body, the therapeutic composition must be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the composition being metabolized and excreted from the body.
The sustained release of an active ingredient may be stimulated by various inducers, for example pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiological conditions or compounds. The term “sustained release component” in the context of the present invention is defined herein as a compound or compounds, including, but not limited to, polymers, polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, liposomes, microspheres, or the like, or a combination thereof, that facilitates the sustained release of the active ingredient.
If the complex is water-soluble, it may be formulated in an appropriate buffer, for example, phosphate buffered saline, or other physiologically compatible solutions. Alternatively, if the resulting complex has poor solubility in aqueous solvents, then it may be formulated with a non-ionic surfactant such as Tween, or polyethylene glycol. Thus, the compounds and their physiologically solvents may be formulated for administration by inhalation or insufflation (either through the mouth or the nose) or oral, buccal, parenteral, or rectal administration, as examples.
Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are formulated as controlled release powders of discrete microparticles that can be readily formulated in liquid form. The sustained release powder comprises particles containing an active ingredient and optionally, an excipient with at least one non-toxic polymer.
The powder can be dispersed or suspended in a liquid vehicle and will maintain its sustained release characteristics for a useful period of time. These dispersions or suspensions have both chemical stability and stability in terms of dissolution rate. The powder may contain an excipient comprising a polymer, which may be soluble, insoluble, permeable, impermeable, or biodegradable. The polymers may be polymers or copolymers. The polymer may be a natural or synthetic polymer. Natural polymers include polypeptides (e.g., zein), polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose), and alginic acid. Representative synthetic polymers include those described, but not limited to, those described in column 3, lines 33-45 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,556, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Particularly suitable polymers include those described, but not limited to those described in column 3, line 46-column 4, line 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,556 which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The sustained release compounds of the invention may be formulated for parenteral administration, e.g., by intramuscular injections or implants for subcutaneous tissues and various body cavities and transdermal devices. In one embodiment, intramuscular injections are formulated as aqueous or oil suspensions. In an aqueous suspension, the sustained release effect is due to, in part, a reduction in solubility of the active compound upon complexation or a decrease in dissolution rate. A similar approach is taken with oil suspensions and solutions, wherein the release rate of an active compound is determined by partitioning of the active compound out of the oil into the surrounding aqueous medium. Only active compounds which are oil soluble and have the desired partition characteristics are suitable. Oils that may be used for intramuscular injection include, but are not limited to, sesame, olive, arachis, maize, almond, soybean, cottonseed and castor oil.
A highly developed form of drug delivery that imparts sustained release over periods of time ranging from days to years is to implant a drug-bearing polymeric device subcutaneously or in various body cavities. The polymer material used in an implant, which must be biocompatible and nontoxic, include but are not limited to hydrogels, silicones, polyethylenes, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, or biodegradable polymers.
General Experimental Procedures
All solvents were distilled before use and were removed by rotary evaporation at temperatures up to 35° C. Octadecyl functionalized silica gel (C18) was used for reversed-phase (RP) flash chromatography, and Merck silica gel 60, 200-400 mesh, 40-63 μm, was used for silica gel flash chromatography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out using Merck DC-plastikfolien Kieselgel 60 F₂₅₄, first visualized with a UV lamp, and then by dipping in a vanillin solution (1% vanillin, 1% H₂SO₄in ethanol), and heating. Optical rotations were measured on a Perkin-Elmer 241 polarimeter. Mass spectra were recorded on a Kratos MS-80 instrument. NMR spectra, at 25° C., were recorded at 500 or 300 MHz for ¹H and 125 or 75 MHz for ¹³C on Varian INOVA-500 or VXR-300 spectrometers. Chemical shifts are given in ppm on the delta scale referenced to the solvent peaks CHCl₃at 7.25 and CDCl₃at 77.0 ppm, (CH₃)₂CO at 2.15 and (CD₃)₂CO at 30.5 ppm, or CH₃OD at 3.30 and CD₃OD at 39.0 ppm.
HPLC Conditions
The analytical HPLC equipment consisted of a Waters 717 autosampler, 600 pump and controller, and a 2487 UV detector controlled by Omega software. Samples were analyzed by using an RP-18 semi-preparative column (Phenomenex Prodigy 5 mm C18 100A, 250×4.6 mm) with a guard column (Phenomenex SecurityGuard cartridge containing a C18 ODS 4×3 mm, 5 mm column) fitted at 30° C. Samples (5 ml) were analyzed using a mobile phase flow rate of 5.0 ml/min, with UV detection at 280 nm.

Method 1

Time (minutes) CH₃CN H₂O containing 0.1% TFA

0 11 89

20 11 89

30 100 0

31 11 89

40 11 89

Method 2

	CH₃CN/H₂O (95:5)
Time (minutes)	containing 0.1% TFA	H₂O containing 0.1% TFA

0	11	89
20	11	89
30	100	0
31	11	89
40	11	89

The following non-limiting Examples are given by way of illustration only and are not considered a limitation of this invention, many apparent variations of which are possible without departing from the spirit or scope thereof.

EXAMPLE 1

Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds of the Invention

This Example describes bis- and tris(dihydroxyaryl) compounds that serve as potent inhibitors of inflammation and in particular the release of NO and TNF-α from microglial cells. A common structural motif that is present in all of the compounds disclosed herein is the presence of two or three dihydroxyaryl groups. These compounds are generally indicated on succeeding pages and identified variously herein by simple number.

EXAMPLE 2

Compounds of the Invention with Rigid Scaffolds

This Example illustrates six further compounds of this invention; compounds #81, 82, 83, 84, 85, and 86. These compounds have relatively rigid scaffold structures.

EXAMPLE 3

Methylenedioxy Analogs

A strategy for the delivery of the dihydroxyaryl compounds of this invention to improve and/or cause more favorable metabolism and bioavailability characteristics involves the protection of the hydroxy groups of the dihydroxyaryl compounds with methylenedioxy groups. This strategy is exemplified in the 80 structures shown below, and is equally applicable to protect the dihydroxyaryl groups of compounds #81-86. Methylenedioxy analogs represent intermediate hydroxy protecting structures that are made to successfully complete the synthesis of the dihydroxyaryl compounds described in the invention. These closed-ring compounds also tend to be more stable, and hydrophobic (water insoluble), and less likely to be altered or degraded due to the oxidation that could occur if hydroxyl groups were present. In addition, these compounds make good prodrugs for delivery. Hydrophobic compounds that are lipid soluble tend to be attractive compounds for delivery since they are usually able to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier.
The methylenedioxy analogs are generally available as intermediates in the synthesis of the corresponding dihydroxyaryl compounds. These compounds are expected to be efficacious once the methylenedioxy structures are cleaved to yield hydroxyl groups. Conversion of the hydroxyl groups to methylenedioxy derivatives also yields prodrugs that are believed to improve toxicity (i.e. being less toxic), metabolism (since the OH groups will be less likely to be altered by methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation), and bioavailability. In this prodrug concept, it is believed that the prodrug conversion takes place in the plasma (following its protection through the gut), and closer to its appropriate target tissue (systemic organs). Enzymes in the blood and appropriate tissues are believed to be able to cleave the methylenedioxy group on these analogs to yield the dihydroxy structures to achieve the observed efficacy.

EXAMPLE 4

Acetylated Compounds

Another potential strategy for the delivery of the bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds of this invention to improve and/or cause more favorable metabolism and bioavailability characteristics, involves methods of protecting the hydroxy groups as their pharmaceutically acceptable esters. Ester groups replacing the hydroxy groups also tend to make the compounds more stable, and less likely to be altered or degraded due to oxidation of the hydroxyl groups.
The compound table below illustrates the acetyl esters of the 86 dihydroxyaryl compounds previously presented herein, and are presented below in which the OH groups are replaced by acetyl groups. The illustration of acetyl esters here is merely exemplary for the class of pharmaceutically acceptable esters that are part of the compounds of this invention and may be prepared by analogous methods. Other compounds disclosed herein also form pharmaceutically acceptable esters in the same manner, and these compounds, though not illustrated in the compound table below, are also compounds of this invention.
These compounds are expected to be efficacious once the ester linkages are cleaved (by enzymes in the plasma or in the brain tissue), and the hydroxyl groups are regenerated. Replacement of the hydroxyl groups with ester groups will yield prodrugs that are believed to improve toxicity (i.e. being less toxic), metabolism (since the OH groups will be less likely to be altered by methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation), and bioavailability. In this prodrug concept, it is believed that the prodrug conversion takes place in the plasma (following its protection through the gut), and closer to its appropriate target tissue. Enzymes in the blood and appropriate tissues are believed to be able to cleave the ester linkages on these pharmaceutically acceptable esters to yield the dihydroxy structures important for the observed efficacy.
The pharmaceutically acceptable esters of compounds #1 through #86 are prepared by methods well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, such as by reaction of the dihydroxyaryl compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, especially in activated form (such as the acyl halides) and/or in the presence of reagents facilitating esterification (such as an acidic catalyst) and/or under conditions favoring esterification (such as by conducting the reaction under conditions where the water formed in the esterification is removed, e.g. by distillation). Methods of esterification of phenolic hydroxyl groups are well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art.
Suitable acids for the formation of pharmaceutically acceptable esters are the C_2-6alkanoic acids (acetic acid, propionic acid, and the like), benzoic acid, arylalkanoic acids (phenylacetic acid, and the like); though many other acids are suitable for the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable esters, and a person of ordinary skill in the art will have no difficulty in choosing a suitable acid.

EXAMPLE 5

Pharmaceutical Formulations

Compositions of Compounds of this Invention.
The compounds of this invention, as mentioned previously, are desirably administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. Suitable pharmaceutical compositions, and the method of preparing them, are well-known to persons of ordinary skill in the art and are described in such treatises as Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, A. Gennaro, ed., 20th edition, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.
Representative compositions are as follows:
Oral Tablet Formulation
An oral tablet formulation of a compound of this invention is prepared as follows:

% w/w

Compound of this invention 10.0

Magnesium stearate 0.5

Starch 2.0

Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 1.0

Microcrystalline cellulose 86.5
The ingredients are mixed to homogeneity, then granulated with the aid of water, and the granulates dried. The granulate is then compressed into tablets sized to give a suitable dose of the compound. The tablet is optionally coated by applying a suspension of a film forming agent (e.g. hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), pigment (e.g. titanium dioxide), and plasticizer (e.g. diethyl phthalate), and drying the film by evaporation of the solvent. The film coat may comprise, for example, 2-6% of the tablet weight.
Oral Capsule Formulation
The granulate from the previous section of this Example is filled into hard gelatin capsules of a size suitable to the intended dose. The capsule is banded for sealing, if desired.
Softgel Formulation
A softgel formulation is prepared as follows:

% w/w

Compound of this invention 20.0

Polyethylene glycol 400 80.0
The compound is dissolved or dispersed in the polyethylene glycol, and a thickening agent added if required. A quantity of the formulation sufficient to provide the desired dose of the compound is then filled into softgels.
Parenteral Formulation
A parenteral formulation is prepared as follows:

% w/w

Compound of this invention 1.0

Normal saline 99.0
The compound is dissolved in the saline, and the resulting solution is sterilized and filled into vials, ampoules, and prefilled syringes, as appropriate.
Controlled-Release Oral Formulation
A sustained release formulation may be prepared by the method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,384, as follows:
One Kg of a compound of this invention is coated in a modified Uni-Glatt powder coater with Dow Type 10 ethyl cellulose. The spraying solution is an 8% solution of the ethyl cellulose in 90% acetone to 10% ethanol. Castor oil is added as plasticizer in an amount equal to 20% of the ethyl cellulose present. The spraying conditions are as follows: 1) speed, 1 liter/hour; 2) flap, 10-15%; 3) inlet temperature, 50° C., 4) outlet temperature, 30° C., 5) percent of coating, 17%. The coated compound is sieved to particle sizes between 74 and 210 microns. Attention is paid to ensure a good mix of particles of different sizes within that range. Four hundred mg of the coated particles are mixed with 100 mg of starch and the mixture is compressed in a hand press to 1.5 tons to produce a 500 mg controlled release tablet.

EXAMPLE 6

NO Release Inhibition by Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds

The purpose of this experiment was to screen compounds 3, 4, 21, 26, 51, 52, 66, and 78 for their ability to inhibit Nitric oxide release from microglia. Previous experiments demonstrated the ability of some compounds to inhibit NO release from LPS/IFNγ stimulated microglia. EOC 13.31 microglia cells were plated into 96 well plates for 24 hours. Confluent cells were treated with 50 μM of the bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds either with or without stimulation at 1 pg/ml LPS, and 1 ng/ml IFNγ. NO release was measured at 24 hours using the Griess reaction which is a spectrophotometric measure of NO release (reagents from Promega).

TABLE 1


Inhibition of NO release from microglia exposed to LPS/IFNγ treated
with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds

Compound
Only	OD Values		uM			Avg	Std. Dev

Media control	0.052	0.06	0.053	0.8750	1.4186	1.0000	1.0979	0.284692
3	0.053	0.054	0.053	1.0000	1.1250	1.0000	1.0417	0.072169
4	0.052	0.058	0.051	0.8750	0.9729	0.7500	0.8660	0.111704
21	0.045	0.046	0.043	0.0000	0.1250	−0.2500	−0.0417	0.190941
26	0.045	0.047	0.043	0.0000	0.2500	−0.2500	0.0000	0.25
51	0.056	0.056	0.053	1.3750	1.3750	1.0000	1.2500	0.216506
52	0.044	0.047	0.043	−0.1250	0.2500	−0.2500	−0.0417	0.260208
66	0.052	0.054	0.049	0.8750	1.1250	0.5000	0.8333	0.314576
78	0.054	0.056	0.053	1.1250	1.3750	1.0000	1.1667	0.190941
L-NAME*	0.067	0.053	0.048	2.9786	1.0000	0.3750	1.4512	1.359164

Compound +									%
LPS/IFNγ									inhibition

Media control	0.192	0.208		17.6020	19.6429		18.6224	1.443075
3	0.094	0.137	0.145	6.0450	10.8259	11.7188	9.5299	3.050835	48.8%
4	0.048	0.055	0.057	0.3750	1.2500	1.5000	1.0417	0.590727	94.4%
21	0.159	0.175	0.189	13.3929	15.4337	17.2194	15.3486	1.914682	17.6%
26	0.169	0.168	0.174	14.6684	14.5408	15.3061	14.8384	0.410019	20.3%
51	0.209	0.218	0.221	19.7704	20.9184	21.3010	20.6633	0.796556	−11.0%
52	0.18	0.174	0.191	16.0714	15.3061	17.4745	16.2840	1.099704	12.6%
66	0.165	0.178	0.183	14.1582	15.8163	16.4541	15.4762	1.18515	16.9%
78	0.251	0.178	0.176	25.000	15.8163	15.5612	18.7925	5.377351	−0.9%
L-NAME*	0.104	0.099	0.104	7.1429	6.5848	7.1429	6.9568	0.322182	62.6%

*L-NAME (nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) is a positive control for NO inhibition

NO was not detected in cells not exposed to LPS/IFNγ. Exposure of cells only to 1 mg/ml LPS and 1 ng/ml IFNγ induced NO release to 18.6 uM. Concurrent treatment with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compound inhibited NO release as set out in table 2. Bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds 3, 4 and 26 were very effective inhibitors of NO release by LPS/IFNγ stimulated microglial cells. Specifically compound 4 caused a significant, (p<0.001) 94.4% inhibition.

TABLE 2

Summary of Inhibition of NO release from microglia

exposed to LPS/IFNγ treated with bis-

and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds

Compound % Inhibition

3 48.8%

4 94.4%

21 17.6%

26 20.3%

51 −11%

52 12.6%

66 16.9%

78 −0.9%

L-name (+control) 62.6%

EXAMPLE 7

Inhibition of NO Release by Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds

In this experiment, additional bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds were screened for their ability to inhibit nitric oxide release from microglial cells. Microglial cells stimulated with LPS/IFNγ release nitric oxide. Previous experiments suggest some bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds block NO release. This is a continuation of screening experiments. EOC 13.31 microglial cells were plated into 96 well plates. At 24 hours and at confluency, cells were treated with 10 μg/ml LPS/10 ng/ml IFNγ+50 uM bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds. NO release was measured by using the Griess reaction at 48 hours and is shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3


NO release from microglia

					Avg. %
			Std.		Inhibi-	Std.
Compound	μM NO release	Avg	Dev.	% inhibition	tion	Dev.

Untreated	0.085	0.08	0.074	4.545	3.835	2.964	3.782	0.792
67	0.117	0.152	0.104	9.455	14.910	7.372	10.579	3.893	65.01	44.82	72.72	60.85	14.4
63	0.205	0.211	0.205	22.892	23.795	22.892	23.193	0.522	15.27	11.93	15.27	14.16	1.93
61	0.189	0.196	0.198	20.482	21.536	21.837	21.285	0.712	24.19	20.29	19.18	21.22	2.63
23	0.215	0.202	0.208	24.398	22.440	23.343	23.394	0.980	9.70	16.95	13.60	13.42	3.63
19	0.226	0.225	0.222	26.087	25.932	25.466	25.828	0.323	3.45	4.02	5.75	4.41	1.20
9	0.216	0.233	0.233	24.548	27.174	27.174	26.299	1.516	9.14	−0.57	−0.57	2.66	5.61
8	0.216	0.218	0.228	24.548	24.849	26.398	25.265	0.992	9.14	8.03	2.30	6.49	3.67
1	0.199	0.203	0.196	21.988	22.590	21.536	22.038	0.529	18.62	16.39	20.29	18.43	1.96
L-NAME*	0.067	0.07	0.072	1.872	2.340	2.652	2.288	0.393	93.07	91.34	90.18	91.53	1.45
LPS	0.239	0.228	0.229	28.106	26.398	26.553	27.019	0.945
Untreated	0.092	0.078	0.09	5.540	3.551	5.256	4.782	1.076
77	0.219	0.211	0.215	25.000	23.795	24.398	24.398	0.602	9.89	14.23	12.06	12.06	2.17
58	0.236	0.219	0.233	27.640	25.000	27.174	26.605	1.409	0.37	9.89	2.05	4.10	5.08
75	0.217	0.192	0.215	24.699	20.934	24.398	23.343	2.092	10.97	24.54	12.06	15.86	7.54
57	0.226	0.207	0.199	26.087	23.193	21.988	23.756	2.107	5.97	16.40	20.74	14.37	7.59
12	0.176	0.173	0.188	18.524	18.072	20.331	18.976	1.195	33.23	34.86	26.72	31.60	4.31
76	0.214	0.202	0.216	24.247	22.440	24.548	23.745	1.140	12.60	19.12	11.52	14.41	4.11
73	0.064	0.06	0.085	1.393	0.964	4.545	2.301	1.956	94.98	96.52	83.62	91.71	7.05
85	0.22	0.192	0.214	25.155	20.934	24.247	23.445	2.222	9.33	24.54	12.660	15.49	8.01
3	0.064	0.055	0.062	1.393	0.429	1.179	1.000	0.506	94.98	98.46	95.75	96.40	1.83
LPS	0.243	0.224	0.243	28.727	25.776	28.727	27.743	1.703

*Positive control

From this experiment, 3, 12, 61, 67 and 73 were compounds that demonstrated the most dramatic effect. L-NAME treated cells appeared exactly like cells that weren't exposed to LPS/IFNγ. Compounds 3, 12, 61, 67 and 73 were effective inhibitors of NO release by LPS/IFNγ stimulated microglia.

EXAMPLE 8

Dose Response Inhibition of NO Release from Microglia by Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds

This experiment was designed to determine dose response inhibition of NO release from microglia by bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds when stimulated with LPS/IFNγ. Earlier experiments demonstrated that some bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds are good inhibitors of NO release from microglia. This experiment is designed to determine a dose response for various bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds. Microglial cells were plated into 96 well plates at 1×10⁵cells/ml. At 48 hours, media was exchanged for media containing 10 ng/ml IFNγ and 10 μg/ml LPS and the following compounds 3, 4, 21, 26 and the positive control L-NAME were used. The doses tested were: 0.75 μM, 1.56 μM, 3.125 μM, 6.25 μM, 12.5 μM, 25 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM and 200 μM. Nitric oxide release was measured after 48 hours using the Griess reaction.

TABLE 4


Dose response

					Avg %
			Std.	% inhibition	Inhibi-	Std.
Dose	μM NO release	Avg	Dev	% inhibition	tion	Dev

Compound 3
LPS	0.178	0.181	0.177	19.688	20.156	19.531	19.792	0.325
0.75	0.2	0.183	0.187	23.125	20.469	21.094	21.563	1.389	−16.84	−3.42	−6.58	−8.947	7.017
1.56	0.188	0.174	0.174	21.250	19.063	19.063	19.792	1.263	−7.37	3.68	3.68	0.000	6.381
3.125	0.186	0.175	0.172	20.938	19.219	18.750	19.635	1.152	−5.79	2.89	5.26	0.789	5.819
6.25	0.177	0.165	0.166	19.531	17.656	17.813	18.333	1.040	1.32	10.79	10.00	7.368	5.257
12.5	0.17	0.166	0.175	18.438	17.813	19.219	18.490	0.705	6.84	10.00	2.89	6.579	3.560
25	0.164	0.15	0.166	17.500	15.313	17.813	16.875	1.362	11.58	22.63	10.00	14.737	6.882
50	0.119	0.117	0.12	10.469	10.156	10.625	10.417	0.239	47.11	48.68	46.32	47.368	1.206
100	0.1	0.097	0.102	7.500	7.031	7.813	7.448	0.393	62.11	64.47	60.53	62.368	1.987
200	0.095	0.092	0.094	6.719	6.250	6.563	6.510	0.239	66.05	68.42	66.84	67.105	1.206
Compound 4
LPS	0.21	0.203	0.21	24.688	23.594	24.688	24.323	0.631
0.75	0.229	0.22	0.222	27.931	26.379	26.724	27.011	0.815	−14.83	−8.45	−9.87	−11.054	3.350
1.56	0.214	0.197	0.2	25.345	22.656	23.125	23.709	1.436	−4.20	6.85	4.93	2.525	5.905
3.125	0.215	0.188	0.191	25.517	21.250	21.719	22.829	2.340	−4.91	12.63	10.71	6.143	9.621
6.25	0.167	0.142	0.145	17.969	14.063	14.531	15.521	2.133	26.12	42.18	40.26	36.188	8.769
12.5	0.083	0.071	0.073	5.125	3.625	3.875	4,208	0.804	78.93	85.10	84.07	82.698	3.304
25	0.071	0.07	0.064	3.625	3.500	2.947	3.357	0.361	85.10	85.61	87.89	86.197	1.484
50	0.071	0.067	0.067	3.625	3.125	3.125	3.292	0.289	85.10	87.15	87.15	86.467	1.187
100	0.078	0.075	0.077	4.500	4.125	4.375	4.333	0.191	81.50	83.04	82.01	82.184	0.785
200	0.092	0.086	0.092	6.250	5.500	6.250	6.000	0.433	74.30	77.39	74.30	75.332	1.780
Compound 21
LPS	0.178	0.181	0.177	19.688	20.156	19.531	19.792	0.325
0.75	0.195	0.199	0.201	22.344	22.969	23.281	22.865	0.477	−12.89	−16.05	−17.63	−15.526	2.412
1.56	0.181	0.189	0.191	20.156	21.406	21.719	21.094	0.827	−1.84	−8.16	−9.74	−6.579	4.178
3.125	0.186	0.184	0.189	20.938	20.625	21.406	20.990	0.393	−5.79	−4.21	−8.16	−6.053	1.987
6.25	0.183	0.175	0.185	20.469	19.219	20.781	20.156	0.827	−3.42	2.89	−.5.00	−1.842	4.178
12.5	0.161	0.172	0.184	17.031	18.750	20.625	18.802	1.797	13.95	5.26	−4.21	5.000	9.082
25	0.179	0.169	0.177	19.844	18.281	19.531	19.219	0.827	−0.26	7.63	1.32	2.895	4.178
50	0.161	0.158	0.165	17.031	16.563	17.656	17.083	0.549	13.95	16.32	10.79	13.684	2.773
100	0.136	0.136	0.136	13.125	13.125	13.125	13.125	0.000	33.68	33.68	33.68	33.684	0.000
200	0.087	0.093	0.092	5.625	6,406	6..250	6.094	0.413	71.58	67.63	68.42	69.211	2.089
Compound 26
LPS	0.21	0.203	0.21	24.688	23.594	24.688	24.323	0.631
0.75	0.21	0.206	0.215	24.688	24.063	25.517	24.756	0.730	−1.50	1.07	−4.91	−1.780	3.000
1.56	0.198	0.193	0.204	22.813	22.031	23.750	22.865	0.861	6.21	9.42	2.36	5.996	3.538
3.125	0.197	0.195	0.204	22.656	22.344	23.750	22.917	0.738	6.85	8.14	2.36	5.782	3.036
6.25	0.208	0.202	0.211	24.375	23.438	24.844	24.219	0.716	−0.21	3.64	−2.14	0.428	2.944
12.5	0.192	0.192	0.192	21.875	21.875	21.875	21.875	0.000	10.06	10.06	10.06	10.064	0.000
25	0.197	0.187	0.192	22.656	21.094	21.875	21.875	0.781	6.85	13.28	10.06	10.064	3.212
50	0.175	0.177	0.179	19.219	19.531	19.844	19.531	0.313	20.99	19.70	18.42	19.700	1.285
100	0.154	0.181	0.178	15.938	20.156	19.688	18.594	2.312	34.48	17.13	19.06	23.555	9.507
200	0.134	0.136	0.145	12.813	13.125	14.531	13.490	0.916	47.32	46.04	40.26	44.540	3.764
Positive
Control
L-name
LPS	0.195	0.195	0.194	22.344	22.344	22.188	22.292	0.090
0.75	0.198	0.201	0.209	22.813	23.281	24.531	23.542	0.888	−2.34	−4.44	−10.05	−5.607	3.986
1.56	0.19	0.198	0.199	21.563	22.813	22.969	22.448	0.771	3.27	−2.34	−3.04	−0.701	3.458
3.125	0.187	0.19	0.193	21.094	21.563	21.031	21.563	0.469	5.37	3.27	1.17	3.271	2.103
6.25	0.179	0.174	01.79	19.844	19.063	19.844	19.583	0.451	10.98	14.49	10.98	12.150	2.023
12.5	0.155	0.159	0.161	16.094	16.719	17.031	16.615	0.477	27.80	25.00	23.60	25.467	2.141
25	0.143	0.132	0.142	14.219	12.500	14.063	13.594	0.950	36.21	43.93	36.92	39.019	4.264
50	0.115	0.112	0.112	9.844	9.375	9.375	9.531	0.271	55.84	57.94	57.94	57.243	1.214
100	0.092	0.088	0.096	6.250	5.750	6.875	6.292	0.564	71.96	74.21	69.16	71.776	2.529
200	0.079	0.077	0.078	4.625	4.375	4.500	4.500	0.125	79.25	80.37	79.81	79.813	0.561

Compounds 3, 4, 21, and to a lesser extent 26 were effective inhibitors of NO release. At the highest concentration tested (200 μM), compounds 3, 4, and 21 inhibited NO release by 67%, 75%, and 69% respectively.

EXAMPLE 9

This experiment was designed to determine the dose response inhibition of NO release from microglia by bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds when stimulated with LPS/IFNγ. Earlier experiments have demonostrated that some bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds are good inhibitors of NO release from microglia. This experiment is designed to determine a dose response for various effective bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds. Microglial cells were plated into 96 well plates at 1×10⁵cells/ml. At 48 hours, media was exchanged for media containing 10 ng/ml IFNγ and 10 μg/ml LPS and the following compounds 3, 4, 21, 26 and the positive control L-NAME. The doses tested were: 0.5 μM, 1.0 μM, 5.0 μM, 10 μM, 25 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, 250 μM, and 500 μM. Nitric oxide release was measured after 48 hours using the Griess reaction.

TABLE 5


Dose Response

				Avg %	Std.
Dose	μM NO release	Avg	% inhibition	Inhibition	Dev

No LPS	0.058	0.059	0.062	1.500	1.600	2.000	1.70
Com-
pound
21
LPS	0.18	0.22	0.184	17.917	23.472	18.472	16.22	21.77	16.77	18.25
0.5	0.193	0.196	0.198	19.722	20.139	20.417	18.02	18.44	18.72		1.27%	−1.01%	−2.54%	−0.76%	0.02
1	0..2	0.191	0.189	20.694	19.444	19.167	18.99	17.74	17.47		−4.06%	2.79%	4.31%	1.01%	0.04
5	0.197	0.195	0.189	20.278	20.000	19.167	18.58	18.30	17.47		−1.78%	−0.25%	4.31%	0.76%	0.03
10	0.199	0.191	0.199	20.556	19.444	20.556	18.86	17.74	18.86		−3.30%	2.79%	−3.30%	−1.27%	0.04
25	0.193	0.187	0.185	19.722	18.889	18.611	18.02	17.19	16.91		1.27%	5.83%	7.36%	4.82%	0.03
50	0.184	0.172	0.176	18.472	16.806	17.361	16.77	15.11	15.66		8.12%	17.25%	14.20%	13.19%	0.05
100	0.156	0.142	0.147	14.583	12.639	13.333	12.88	10.94	11.63		29.42%	40.07%	36.27%	35.25%	0.05
250	0.086	0.077	0.085	5.163	3.940	5.027	3.46	2.24	3.33		81.03%	87.73%	81.77%	83.51%	0.04
500	0.09	0.08	0.091	5.707	4.348	5.842	4.01	2.65	4.14		78.05%	85.49%	77.31%	80.28%	0.05
Com-
pound
26
LPS	0.18	0.22	0.184	17.917	23.472	18.472	16.22	21.77	16.77	18.25
0.5	0.207	0.19	0.203	21.667	19.306	21.111	19.97	17.61	19.41		−9.38%	3.55%	−6.34%	−4.06%	0.07
1	0.193	0.188	0.201	19.722	19.028	20.833	18.02	17.33	19.13		1.27%	5.07%	−4.82%	0.51%	0.05
5	0.195	0.206	0.2	20.000	21.528	20.694	18.30	19.83	18.99		−0.25%	−8.62%	−4.06%	−4.31%	0.04
10	0.196	0.192	0.2	20.139	19.583	20.694	18.44	17.88	18.99		−1.01%	2.03%	−4.06%	−1.01%	0.03
25	0.182	0.183	0.192	18.194	18.333	19.583	16.49	16.63	17.88		9.64%	8.88%	2.03%	6.85%	0.04
50	0.183	0.192	0.183	18.333	19.583	18.333	16.63	17.88	16.63		8.88%	2.03%	8.88%	6.59%	0.04
100	0.172	0.172	0.176	16.806	16.806	17.361	15.11	15.11	15.66		17.25%	17.25%	14.20%	16.23%	0.02
250	0.147	0.146	0.152	13.333	13.194	14.028	11.63	11.49	12.33		36.27%	37.03%	32.46%	35.25%	0.02
500	0.062	0.058	0.061	2.000	1.500	1.867	0.30	−0.20	0.17		98.36%	101.10%	99.09%	99.51%	0.01
Com-
pound
67
LPS	0.23	0.181	0.179	24.861	18.056	17.778	23.16	16.36	16.08	18.53
0.5	0.206	0.197	0.198	21.528	20.278	20.417	19.83	18.58	18.72		−7.00%	−0.25%	−1.00%	−2.75%	0.04
1	0.206	0.19	0.188	21.528	19.306	19.028	19.83	17.61	17.33		−7.00%	5.00%	6.50%	1.50%	0.07
5	0.205	0.192	0.196	21.389	19.583	20.139	19.69	17.88	18.44		−6.25%	3.50%	0.50%	−0.75%	0.05
10	0.216	0.21	0.215	22.917	22.083	22.778	21.22	20.38	21.08		−14.49%	−9.99%	−13.74%	−12.74%	0.02
25	0.209	0.199	0.204	21.944	20.556	21.250	20.24	18.86	19.55		−9.24%	−1.75%	−5.50%	−5.50%	0.04
50	0.214	0.203	0.21	22.639	21.111	22.083	20.94	19.41	20.38		−12.99%	−4.75%	−9.99%	−9.24%	0.04
100	0.18	0.156	0.19	17.917	14.583	19.306	16.22	12.88	17.61		12.49%	30.48%	5.00%	15.99%	0.13
250	0.136	0.136	0.14	11.835	11.835	12.367	10.14	10.14	10.67		45.31%	45.31%	42.44%	44.35%	0.02
500	0.094	0.09	0.092	6.250	5.707	5.978	4.55	4.01	4.28		75.45%	78.38%	76.91%	76.91%	0.01
Com-
pound
73
LPS	0.23	0.181	0.179	24.861	18.056	17.778	23.16	16.36	16.08	18.53
0.5	0.176	0.182	0.181	17.361	18.194	18.056	15.66	16.49	16.36		15.49%	10.99%	11.74%	12.74%	0.02
1	0.173	0.172	0.179	16.944	16.806	17.778	15.25	15.11	16.08		17.74%	18.49%	13.25%	16.49%	0.03
5	0.195	0.192	0.197	20.000	19.583	20.278	18.30	17.88	18.58		1.25%	3.50%	−0.25%	1.50%	0.02
10	0.187	0.198	0.198	18.889	20.417	20.417	17.19	18.72	18.72		7.24%	−1.00%	−1.00%	1.75%	0.05
25	0.189	0.196	0.202	19.167	20.139	20.972	17.47	18.44	19.27		5.75%	0.50%	−4.00%	0.75%	0.05
50	0.191	0.194	0.204	19.444	19.861	21.250	17.74	18.16	19.55		4.25%	2.00%	−5.50%	0.25%	0.05
100	0.155	0.145	0.158	14.444	13.056	14.861	12.74	11.36	13.16		31.23%	38.72%	28.98%	32.98%	0.05
250	0.134	0.129	0.145	11.569	10.904	13.056	9.87	9.20	11.36		46.74%	50.33%	38.72%	45.27%	0.06
500	0.098	0.096	0.101	6.782	6.516	7.181	5.08	4.82	5.48		72.58%	74.01%	70.42%	72.34%	0.02
L-name
LPS	0.205	0.193	0.196	21.389	19.722	20.139	19.69	18.02	18.44	18.72
0.5	0.168	0.162	0.164	16.250	15.417	15.694	14.55	13.72	13.99		22.26%	26.71%	25.23%	24.74%	0.02
1	0.156	0.161	0.159	14.583	15.278	15.000	12.88	13.58	13.30		31.17%	27.46%	28.94%	29.19%	0.02
5	0.139	0.144	0.154	12.234	12.917	14.306	10.53	11.22	12.61		43.72%	40.07%	32.65%	38.81%	0.06
10	0.143	0.144	0.145	12.778	12.917	13.056	11.08	11.22	11.36		40.81%	40.07%	39.33%	40.07%	0.01
25	0.105	0.109	0.113	7.713	8.245	8.777	6.01	6.54	7.08		67.87%	65.03%	62.19%	65.03%	0.03
50	0.085	0.085	0.092	5.027	5.027	5.978	3.33	3.33	4.28		82.22%	82.22%	77.14%	80.53%	0.03
100	0.083	0.084	0.09	4.755	4.891	5.707	3.06	3.19	4.01		83.68%	82.95%	78.59%	81.74%	0.03
250	0.067	0.067	0.071	2.667	2.667	3.125	0.97	0.97	1.43		94.84%	94.84%	92.39%	94.02%	0.01
500	0.063	0.064	0.066	2.133	21.33	2.533	0.43	0.57	0.83		97.68%	96.97%	95.55%	96.73%	0.01

All of the compounds tested were effective inhibitors of NO release. At the highest concentration tested (500 μM, compounds 26, 67, and 73 inhibited NO release by 99%, 76%, and 72% respectively. Compound 21 was most effective at the 250 μM dose.

EXAMPLE 10

Inhibition of NO Release from Microglia Following Pretreatment with Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds

This experiment was designed to determine if pretreatment for 24 hours with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds changes NO inhibition previously observed with concurrent exposure of bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds. Previous screens demonstrated significant inhibition by different bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds of LPS/IFNγ induced nitric oxide release by microglial cells. This study seeks to determine if pretreatment with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds increases NO release inhibition. EOC 13.31 microglia cells were plated at 1×10⁶cells/ml in 96 well plates. After 48 hours, confluent cells were exposed to 50 μM compound (stock 10 mM in DMSO) prepared in fresh cell culture media. After 24 hours, 10 μg/ml LPS and 10 ng/ml IFNγ was added to wells directly without a media change. Cells were incubated for a further 48 hours and nitric oxide release was measured using the Griess Reaction.

TABLE 6


Pretreatment and inhibition of NO release

			Avg %
50 uM			Inhibi-	Std.
Compound	μM NO release	% inhibition	tion	Dev.

4	0.066	0.058	0.057	0.000	0.000	0.000		100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	0.00
73	0.072	0.066	0.065	0.000	0.000	0.000		100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	0.00
57	0.093	0.107	0.094	0.000	0.000	0.000		100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	0.00
77	0.110	0.110	0.136	0.120	0.120	1.625		99.39%	99.39%	91.78%	96.85%	0.04
85	0.117	0.127	0.130	0.540	1.140	1.320		97.27%	94.23%	93.32%	94.94%	0.02
21	0.166	0.160	0.158	3.500	3.125	2.933		82.29%	84.17%	85.16%	83.88%	0.01
19-2	0.135	0.161	0.195	1.620	3.188	5.313		91.80%	83.87%	73.11%	82.93%	0.09
63	0.167	0.167	0.166	3.563	3.563	3.500		81.97%	81.97%	82.29%	82.08%	0.00
52	0.172	0.169	0.179	3.875	3.688	4.313		80.39%	81.34%	78.17%	79.97%	0.02
3	0.206	0.163	0.153	6.000	3.313	2.621		69.63%	83.24%	86.74%	79.87%	0.09
76	0.187	0.177	0.191	4.813	4.188	5.063		75.64%	78.81%	74.38%	76.28%	0.02
58	0.180	0.205	0.206	4.375	5.938	6.000		77.86%	69.95%	69.63%	72.48%	0.05
67	0.242	0.214	0.204	8.125	6.375	5.875		58.88%	67.74%	70.27%	65.63%	0.06
78	0.245	0.210	0.206	8.313	6.125	6.000		57.93%	69.00%	69.63%	65.52%	0.07
66	0.241	0.222	0.210	8.063	6.875	6.250		59.20%	65.21%	68.37%	64.26%	0.05
51-S1	0.264	0.219	0.231	9.500	6.688	7.438		51.92%	66.15%	62.36%	60.14%	0.07
75	0.237	0.248	0.234	7.813	8.500	7.625		60.46%	56.98%	61.41%	59.62%	0.02
51	0.277	0.241	0.235	10.313	8.063	7.688		47.81%	59.20%	61.09%	56.03%	0.07
L-NAME*	0.081	0.091	0.098	0.000	0.000	0.000		100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	0.00
LPS/IFN	0.425	0.457	0.392	19.781	21.843	17.655	19.759

* Positive control

Pretreatment with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds significantly inhibited NO release. All of the compounds tested showed inhibition of NO release by at least 55%. Specifically, compounds 4, 73, 57, 77, 85, 21, 19, 63, 52, 3, and 76 showed greater than 75% inhibition of NO release following pretreatment.

EXAMPLE 11

TNF-α Inhibition by Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds

This experiment was designed to determine if bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds inhibit TNF-α release from microglia immunostimulated with LPS and IFNγ. Previous experiements demonstrated signficant TNF-α release from microglia stimulated with LPS and IFNγ. Also, bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compound's ability to inhibit NO release strongly supports their interference with the inflammatory cascade and utlimately inhibition of inflammation. Microglia cells were plated at 1×10⁵cells/ml into 96 well plates. At day three, they were treated with 50 μM bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compound for 1 hour and then exposed to 10 μg/ml LPS+10 ng/ml IFNγ for 24 hours. 10 μl of media was removed and stored at −80° until TNF-α ELISA assays were performed. Samples were diluted 1:50 before running the TNF-α ELISA (kit commercially available from Sigma).

TABLE 7


TNF-α release from microglia treated with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds and 10 ug LPS and 10 ng IFNγ

			Avg %
50 uM			Inhibi-	Std.
Compound	μM NO release	% inhibition	tion	Dev

No LPS	0.258	0.239	0.221	264.815	230.903	199.653
51-1	0.880	0.883	0.909	1571.111	1577.778	1635.556		−12.94%	−13.42%	−17.57%	−14.64%	0.03
51-4	0.907	0.870	0.925	1631.111	1548.889	1671.111		−17.25%	−11.34%	−20.13%	−16.24%	0.04
51-S1	0.867	0.882	0.865	1542.222	1575.556	1537.778		−10.86%	−13.26%	−10.54%	−11.55%	0.01
51-S3	0.913	0.857	0.808	1644.444	1520.000	1411.111		−18.21%	−9.27%	−1.44%	−9.64%	0.08
51-S4	0.841	0.763	0.802	1484.444	1311.111	1397.778		−6.71%	5.75%	−0.48%	−0.48%	0.06
51-S5	0.432	0.454	0.448	598.739	644.958	632.353		56.96%	53.64%	54.54%	55.05%	0.02
51-S6	0.831	0.791	0.780	1462.222	1373.333	1348.889		−5.11%	1.28%	3.04%	−0.27%	0.04
51-S7	0.923	0.862	0.866	1666.667	1531.111	1540.000		−19.81%	−10.06%	−10.70%	−13.53%	0.05
51-S8	0.901	0.903	1.003	1617.778	1622.222	1844.444		−16.29%	−16.61%	−32.59%	−21.83%	0.09
51-S9	0.471	0.558	0.513	680.672	863.445	768.908		51.07%	37.93%	44.73%	44.58%	0.07
3-2	0.593	0.627	0.623	936.975	1008.889	1000.000		32.65%	27.48%	28.11%	29.41%	0.03
4-3	0.177	0.185	0.199	123.214	137.153	161.458		91.14%	90.14%	88.39%	89.89%	0.01
73	0.996	1.142	1.121	1828.889	2153.333	2106.667		−31.47%	−54.79%	−51.44%	−45.90%	0.13
67	0.887	0.908	0.971	1586.667	1633.333	1773.333		−14.06%	−17.41%	−27.48%	−19.65%	0.07
12	0.641	0.733	0.700	1040.000	1244.444	1171.111		25.24%	10.54%	15.81%	17.20%	0.07
LPS	0.756	0.802	0.839	1295.556	1397.778	1480.000	1391.111
No LPS	0.132	0.143	0.137	45.313	62.500	53.125
61	0.885	0.827	0.802	1582.222	1453.333	1397.778		−17.04%	−7.51%	−3.40%	−9.32	007
26	0.914	0.880	0.857	1646.667	1571.111	1520.000		−21.81%	−16.22%	−12.44%	−16.82	0.05
1	0.885	0.892	0.882	1582.222	1597.778	1575.556		−17.04%	−18.19%	−16.55%	−17.26	0.01
21-2	0.924	0.904	0.939	1668.889	1624.444	1702.222		−23.45%	−20.16%	−25.92%	−23.18	0.03
66-2	0.889	0.838	0.867	1591.111	1477.78	1542.222		−17.70%	−9.32%	−14.08%	−13.70	0.04
75	0.798	0.746	0.766	1388.889	1273.333	1317.778		−2.74%	5.81%	2.52%	1.86	0.04
85	0.897	0.884	0.869	1608.889	1580.000	1546.667		−19.01%	−16.88%	−14.41%	−16.77	0.02
76-2	0.849	0.840	0.834	1502.222	1482.222	1468.889		−11.12%	−9.64%	−8.66%	−9.81	0.01
57	0.802	0.793	0.820	1397.778	1377.778	1437.778		−3.40%	−1.92%	−6.36%	−3.89	0.02
63	0.825	0.842	0.850	1448.889	1486.667	1504.444		−7.18%	−9.97%	−11.29%	−9.48	0.02
23	0.878	0.890	0.926	1566.667	1593.333	1673.333		−15.89%	−17.96%	−23.78%	−19.18	0.04
52	0.943	0.968	0.856	1711.111	1766.667	1517.778		−26.58%	−30.69%	−12.27%	−23.18	0.10
77-1	0.756	0.788	0.753	1295.556	1366.667	1288.889		4.16%	−1.10%	4.66%	2.58	0.03
8-1	0.169	0.174	0.152	108.929	117.857	78.571		91.94%	91.28%	94.19%	92.47	0.02
19-2	0.730	0.708	0.734	1237.778	1188.889	1246.667		8.44%	12.05%	7.78%	9.42	0.02
58	0.862	0.854	0.858	1531.111	1513.333	1522.222		−13.26%	−11.95%	−12.60%	−12.60	0.01
LPS	0.793	0.799	0.752	1377.778	1391.111	1286.667	1351.852

*S numbers indicate analogs and numerals after dashes indicate synthetic batch numbers.

Dexamethasone, the positive control, demonstrated 72.4% inhibition. Some of the bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds like 51-S5 (55% inhibition), 51-S9 (44% inhibition), 4-3 (89% inhibition) and 8-1 (92% inhibition) were good inhibitors of TNF-α release indicating that the compounds are also good inhibitors of the inflammatory cascade.

EXAMPLE 12

Ranking of NO Release Inhibition

The bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds were ranked in order of effectiveness for the inhibition of NO release as set out in Table 8.

TABLE 8


Ranking of effectiveness of compounds
for the inhibition of NO release.

	Compound	% Inhibition at 50 μM

	4	94
	8	92
	67	61
	12	32
	3	30
	61	21
	26	20
	1	18
	21	18
	66	17
	75	16
	85	16
	76	14
	57	14
	63	14
	23	13
	52	13
	77	12
	19	4
	58	4
	9	3
	73	2
	78	−1
	L-NAME	92

The present invention is not limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Various publications are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Claims

1. Use of a composition for treatment of inflammatory diseases, the composition comprising a compound

where:

R is a C₁-C₁₀alkylene group, in which, when the number of carbon atoms is at least 2, there are optionally 1 or 2 non-adjacent double bonds; 1 to 3 non-adjacent methylene groups are optionally replaced by NR¹(where R¹is H, alkyl, or acyl), O, or S; and 1 or 2 methylene groups are optionally replaced by a carbonyl or hydroxymethylene group.

2. The use of the composition of claim 1 where the compound is selected from the group consisting of;

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxybenzoin (compound 1);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin (compound 2);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane (compound 3);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane (compound 4);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propoane (compound 5);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxychalcone (compound 6);

3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline (compound 7);

4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine (compound 8);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine (compound 9);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N¹-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 10);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 11);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 12);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (compound 13);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane (compound 14);

N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 15);

2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3,4-dihydroxyhenethylamide (compound 16);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone (compound 17);

3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone (compound 18);

2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone (compound 19);

tris-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane (compound 20);

α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide (compound 21);

4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylaminomethylene)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyhenyl)oxazolin-5-one (compound 22);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)iperazine (compound 23);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N¹-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 24);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 25);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 26);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane (compound 27);

3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine (compound 28);

3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-1,4-dimethyl-2,5-diketopiperazine (compound 29);

N-(3,4-dihydroxyhenylacetyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 30);

2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyhenyl)butane (compound 31);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 32);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 33);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)yridine (compound 34);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene (compound 35);

2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiohene (compound 36);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 37);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 38);

3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane (compound 39);

2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,7,7-trimethylgicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (compound 40);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane (compound 41);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane (compound 42);

trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-cyclopentane (compound 43);

N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxyropylamine (compound 44);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 45);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 46);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 47);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 48);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 49);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine (compound 50);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 51);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 52);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 53);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 54);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 55);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 56);

3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 57);

3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzaylamide (compound 58);

3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 59);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 60);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 61);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 62);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 63);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamie)(compound 64);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 65);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide)(compound 66);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 67);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 68);

maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 69);

maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 70);

fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 71);

fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 72);

bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 73);

N(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (compound 74);

tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 75);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyhenzyl)urea (compound 76);

1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea (compound 77);

1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea (compound 78);

3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 79);

3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 80);

2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroacridine (compound 81);

10-aminoanthracene-1,2,7,8-tetraol (compound 82);

acridine-1,2,6,7-tetraol (compound 83);

phenoxazine-2,3,7,8,10-pentaol (compound 84);

dibenzo[c,f][2,7]napthyridine-2,3,10,11-tetraol (compound 85);

6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,10,11-triol (compound 86);

and methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters or salts of the compounds.

3. The use of the composition of claim 1 or 2 wherein the inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of ulcerative colitis, endotoxic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, gout, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, viral or post-viral arthritis and ankylosing spondylarthritis.

4. The use of the composition of claim 2 wherein the inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis.

5. Use of a composition for preparation of a medicament for treatment of inflammatory diseases, the composition comprising a compound

where:

6. The use of claim 5 where the compounds are selected from the group consisting of;

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxybenzoin (compound 1);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin (compound 2);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane (compound 3);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane (compound 4);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propoane (compound 5);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxychalcone (compound 6);

3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline (compound 7);

4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine (compound 8);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine (compound 9);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N¹-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 10);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 11);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 12);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (compound 13);

N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 15);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone (compound 17);

3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone (compound 18);

2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone (compound 19);

tris-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane (compound 20);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)iperazine (compound 23);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N¹-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 24);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 25);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 26);

3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine (compound 28);

N-(3,4-dihydroxyhenylacetyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 30);

2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyhenyl)butane (compound 31);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 32);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 33);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)yridine (compound 34);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene (compound 35);

2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiohene (compound 36);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 37);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 38);

3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane (compound 39);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane (compound 41);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane (compound 42);

trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-cyclopentane (compound 43);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 45);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 46);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 47);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 48);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 49);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine (compound 50);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 51);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 52);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 53);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 54);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 55);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 56);

3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 57);

3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzaylamide (compound 58);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 60);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 61);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 62);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 63);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamie)(compound 64);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 65);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide)(compound 66);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 67);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 68);

maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 69);

maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 70);

fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 71);

fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 72);

bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 73);

N(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (compound 74);

tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 75);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyhenzyl)urea (compound 76);

1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea (compound 77);

1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea (compound 78);

3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 79);

3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 80);

2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroacridine (compound 81);

10-aminoanthracene-1,2,7,8-tetraol (compound 82);

acridine-1,2,6,7-tetraol (compound 83);

phenoxazine-2,3,7,8,10-pentaol (compound 84);

dibenzo[c,f][2,7]napthyridine-2,3,10,11-tetraol (compound 85);

7. The use of claims 5 or 6 wherein the inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of ulcerative colitis, endotoxic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, gout, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, viral or post-viral arthritis and ankylosing spondylarthritis.

8. The use of claim 5 wherein the inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis.

9. Use of a composition for inhibition of the inflammatory cascade, the composition comprising a compound

where:

10. The use of the composition of claim 9 where the compound is selected from the group consisting of;

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxybenzoin (compound 1);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin (compound 2);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane (compound 3);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane (compound 4);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propoane (compound 5);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxychalcone (compound 6);

3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline (compound 7);

4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine (compound 8);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine (compound 9);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N¹-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 10);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 11);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 12);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (compound 13);

N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 15);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone (compound 17);

3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone (compound 18);

2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone (compound 19);

tris-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane (compound 20);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)iperazine (compound 23);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N¹-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 24);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 25);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 26);

3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine (compound 28);

N-(3,4-dihydroxyhenylacetyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 30);

2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyhenyl)butane (compound 31);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 32);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 33);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)yridine (compound 34);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene (compound 35);

2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiohene (compound 36);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 37);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 38);

3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane (compound 39);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane (compound 41);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane (compound 42);

trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-cyclopentane (compound 43);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 45);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 46);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 47);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 48);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 49);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine (compound 50);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 51);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 52);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 53);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 54);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 55);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 56);

3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 57);

3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzaylamide (compound 58);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 60);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 61);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 62);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 63);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamie)(compound 64);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 65);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide)(compound 66);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 67);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 68);

maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 69);

maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 70);

fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 71);

fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 72);

bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 73);

N(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (compound 74);

tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 75);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyhenzyl)urea (compound 76);

1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea (compound 77);

1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea (compound 78);

3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 79);

3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 80);

2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroacridine (compound 81);

10-aminoanthracene-1,2,7,8-tetraol (compound 82);

acridine-1,2,6,7-tetraol (compound 83);

phenoxazine-2,3,7,8,10-pentaol (compound 84);

dibenzo[c,f][2,7]napthyridine-2,3,10,11-tetraol (compound 85);

11. Use of a composition for preparation of a medicament for inhibition of the inflammatory cascade, the composition comprising a compound

where:

12. The use of the composition of claim 11 where the compound is selected from the group consisting of;

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxybenzoin (compound 1);

3,4,3¹,4¹tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin (compound 2);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane (compound 3);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane (compound 4);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propoane (compound 5);

3,4,3¹,4¹-tetrahydroxychalcone (compound 6);

3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline (compound 7);

4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine (compound 8);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine (compound 9);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N¹-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 10);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 11);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 12);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (compound 13);

N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 15);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone (compound 17);

3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone (compound 18);

2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone (compound 19);

tris-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane (compound 20);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)iperazine (compound 23);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N¹-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 24);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 25);

N,N¹-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 26);

3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine (compound 28);

N-(3,4-dihydroxyhenylacetyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 30);

2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyhenyl)butane (compound 31);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 32);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 33);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)yridine (compound 34);

2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene (compound 35);

2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiohene (compound 36);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 37);

1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 38);

3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane (compound 39);

1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane (compound 41);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane (compound 42);

trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-cyclopentane (compound 43);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 45);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 46);

3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 47);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 48);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 49);

2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine (compound 50);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 51);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 52);

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 53);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 54);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 55);

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 56);

3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 57);

3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzaylamide (compound 58);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 60);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 61);

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 62);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 63);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamie)(compound 64);

oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 65);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide)(compound 66);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 67);

succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 68);

maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 69);

maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 70);

fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 71);

fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 72);

bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 73);

N(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (compound 74);

tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 75);

1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyhenzyl)urea (compound 76);

1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea (compound 77);

1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea (compound 78);

3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 79);

3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 80);

2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroacridine (compound 81);

10-aminoanthracene-1,2,7,8-tetraol (compound 82);

acridine-1,2,6,7-tetraol (compound 83);

phenoxazine-2,3,7,8,10-pentaol (compound 84);

dibenzo[c,f][2,7]napthyridine-2,3,10,11-tetraol (compound 85);