US20050016461A1 - Thermal physical vapor deposition source using pellets of organic material for making oled displays - Google Patents
Thermal physical vapor deposition source using pellets of organic material for making oled displays Download PDFInfo
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- US20050016461A1 US20050016461A1 US10/624,311 US62431103A US2005016461A1 US 20050016461 A1 US20050016461 A1 US 20050016461A1 US 62431103 A US62431103 A US 62431103A US 2005016461 A1 US2005016461 A1 US 2005016461A1
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- vapor deposition
- housing
- deposition source
- plate
- physical vapor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/12—Organic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
- C23C14/243—Crucibles for source material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
- C23C14/246—Replenishment of source material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
- C23C14/26—Vacuum evaporation by resistance or inductive heating of the source
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/16—Deposition of organic active material using physical vapour deposition [PVD], e.g. vacuum deposition or sputtering
- H10K71/164—Deposition of organic active material using physical vapour deposition [PVD], e.g. vacuum deposition or sputtering using vacuum deposition
Definitions
- the present invention relates to physical vapor deposition of organic material to form an organic layer, which will form part of an organic light-emitting display (OLED). More particularly, the present invention relates to using an improved vapor deposition physical vapor deposition source wherein pellets of compacted organic materials are used.
- An organic light-emitting device also referred to as an organic electroluminescent device, can be constructed by sandwiching two or more organic layers between first and second electrodes.
- a passive matrix organic light-emitting device of conventional construction, a plurality of laterally spaced light-transmissive anodes, for example indium-tin-oxide (ITO) anodes, are formed as first electrodes on a light-transmissive substrate such as, for example, a glass substrate. Two or more organic layers are then formed successively by vapor deposition of respective organic materials from respective sources, within a chamber held at reduced pressure, typically less than 10 ⁇ 3 torr (1.33 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 pascal).
- ITO indium-tin-oxide
- typical organic layers used in making OLED displays are doped or undoped organic hole-injecting material, doped or undoped organic hole-transporting material, and doped or undoped organic electron-transporting material, where doping refers to adding a minor constituent to enhance the electrical performance, optical performance, stability, or life time of a given material or device constructed thereof.
- a plurality of laterally spaced cathodes is deposited as second electrodes over an uppermost one of the organic layers. The cathodes are oriented at an angle, typically at a right angle, with respect to the anodes.
- an electrical potential also referred to as a drive voltage
- Applying an electrical potential operates such conventional passive matrix organic light-emitting devices between appropriate columns (anodes) and, sequentially, each row (cathode).
- an electrical potential also referred to as a drive voltage
- a cathode is biased negatively with respect to an anode, light is emitted from a pixel defined by an overlap area of the cathode and the anode, and emitted light reaches an observer through the anode and the substrate.
- an array of anodes are provided as first electrodes by thin-film transistors (TFTs) which are connected to a respective light-transmissive portion.
- TFTs thin-film transistors
- Two or more organic layers are formed successively by vapor deposition in a manner substantially equivalent to the construction of the aforementioned passive matrix device.
- a common cathode is deposited as a second electrode over an uppermost one of the organic layers.
- imaging devices such as imaging phosphors for computed radiography and x-ray photoconductive devices for digital radiography, depend on the ability to coat the active materials uniformly over large areas. While the following discussion pertains to OLED displays, it should be readily apparent that the same invention can be applied to the deposition of alkalihalide phosphors, amorphous semiconductors, and other luminescent or photoactive layers, as well as a variety of other materials used in devices based on such luminescence or photoactive layers.
- a point source approach can be implemented wherein the material to be deposited emanates from a localized heated crucible and the substrate is placed sufficiently far from the localized region of vaporization that the coating is sufficiently far from the localized region of vaporization that the coating is sufficiently uniform along the substrate.
- rotary or planetary motion of the substrate relative to the localized source is often required to produce the desired uniformity.
- the desired uniformity can be attained at considerably smaller working distances and thus considerably higher rates and better materials utilization, if desired.
- Scaling of such a process to large areas is considerably easier than for point sources.
- the source disclosed by Spahn includes a housing, which defines an enclosure for receiving solid organic material, which can be vaporized.
- the housing is further defined by a top plate which defines a vapor efflux slit-aperture for permitting organic vapors to pass through the slit onto a surface of a structure spaced apart from the elongated source.
- the housing defining the enclosure is connected to the top plate.
- the source disclosed by Spahn further includes a conductive baffle member attached to the top plate.
- This baffle member provides line-of-sight covering of the slit in the top plate so that organic vapors can pass around the baffle member and through the slit onto the substrate or structure while particles of organic materials are prevented from passing through the slit by the baffle member when an electrical potential is applied to the housing to cause heat to be applied to the solid organic material in the enclosure causing the solid organic material to vaporize.
- Such spatially non-uniform orientation of opposing slit edges can be thought of as a deviation of planarity of opposing edges which, in turn, can promote a greater fraction of organic vapors to exit the vapor deposition source through a central portion of the slit, with a correspondingly lower fraction of organic vapors exiting the source through remaining portions of the slit along its length dimension.
- Such non-uniform vapor flux directed at a substrate or structure, will cause the formation of an organic layer thereon which will have a non-uniform layer thickness in correspondence with the non-uniform vapor flux.
- any nonuniformities in heat generation from the heater or heat absorption by the material to be deposited or distribution of the material within the source can give rise to nonuniformity in deposition along the length of the source.
- Yet another source of nonuniformity is unintended leaks in the source enclosure other than the apertures used to deliver the organic vapor. If such leak exists at the ends of the source, the flow of vapor from center to end of the source can cause pressure gradients within the source, thereby causing nonuniformity in the resultant deposition.
- Forrest et al U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102B1 disclosed a method of vaporizing organic materials and organic precursors and delivering them to a reactor vessel wherein the substrate is situated and delivery of the vapors generated from solids or liquids is accomplished by use of carrier gases.
- Forrest et al located the substrates within a suitably large reactor vessel, and the vapors carried thereto mix and react or condense on the substrate.
- Another embodiment of their invention is directed towards applications involving coating of large area substrates and putting several such deposition processes in serial fashion with one another.
- Forrest et al disclosed the use of a gas curtain fed by a gas manifold (defined as “hollow tubes having a line of holes”) in order to form a continuous line of depositing material perpendicular to the direction of substrate travel.
- vapor delivery as disclosed by Forrest et al can be characterized as “remote vaporization” wherein a material is converted to vapor in an thermal physical deposition source external to the deposition zone and more likely external to the deposition chamber.
- Organic vapors alone or in combination with carrier gases are conveyed into the deposition chamber and ultimately to the substrate surface.
- Great care must be taken using this approach to avoid unwanted condensation in the delivery lines by use of appropriate heating methods. This problem becomes even more critical when contemplating the use of inorganic materials that vaporize to the desired extent at substantially higher temperatures.
- the delivery of the organic vapor for coating large areas uniformly requires the use of gas manifolds.
- Each one, or a combination, of the aforementioned aspects of organic powders, flakes, or granules can lead to nonuniform heating of such organic materials in physical vapor deposition sources with attendant spatially non-uniform sublimation or vaporization of organic material and can, therefore, result in potentially non-uniform vapor-deposited organic layers formed on a structure.
- a thermal physical vapor deposition source for vaporizing pellets containing organic materials onto a surface of a substrate in forming a display, comprising:
- a feature of the present invention is the provision of the thermal physical vapor deposition source, which is designed to make use of compacted pellets of organic material that is capable of depositing thin layers to form a part of an OLED display.
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source is capable of depositing uniform organic layers which include at least one host component and at least one dopant component on a relatively large structure.
- the compacted pellet of mixed organic materials can be evaporated for a longer time from a single thermal physical vapor deposition source rather than co-evaporation from a multiple deposition sources as in single component powders.
- FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a thermal physical vapor deposition source in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the thermal physical vapor deposition source of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a thermal physical vapor deposition source.
- FIG. 4 is an exploded view of a thermal physical vapor deposition source having a different electrical heater structure.
- substrate denotes at least a portion of an OLED display, which includes one or more layers onto which another organic layer is to be formed.
- FIG. 1 a thermal physical deposition source 100 is illustrated, wherein a housing 110 , defining a plurality of spaced passages 120 , each spaced passage 120 having a closed first end 112 and an open second end 114 is shown.
- the spaced passages 120 can be of any shape and size and are fabricated such that compacted pellets 215 (see FIG. 2 ) of organic materials can be inserted through the open second end 114 .
- the housing 110 can be formed from thermally insulating materials such as high temperature glasses like quartz, alumino-boro-silicate glass and ceramics like alumina, zirconia, boron nitride, or magnesia.
- thermally insulating materials such as high temperature glasses like quartz, alumino-boro-silicate glass and ceramics like alumina, zirconia, boron nitride, or magnesia.
- the purpose of using thermally insulating materials is to manage the thermal characteristics of the housing 110 when compacted pellets 215 used have more than one organic component, the details of which will be described hereinafter.
- the housing 110 can be made using thermally conductive materials such as stainless steel, tantalum, tungsten, or molybdenum.
- the temperature of the housing 110 can be controlled using a variety of different methods, including controlling the temperature source (not shown), using integrated cooling or heating lines (not shown) to pass liquid or gaseous fluids through the housing 110 or integrating one or more heating elements (not shown) in the housing 110 .
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 100 further includes a cover plate 130 disposed over the housing 110 .
- the cover plate 130 defines a first plurality of openings 134 , each opening 134 corresponding to one of the spaced passages 120 of the housing 110 .
- the cover plate 130 can be made of electrically insulating materials such as alumina, high temperature glass like Pyrex®, silicon carbide or silicon nitride.
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 100 further includes an electrical heater structure 140 .
- the electrical heater structure 140 includes an electrically conductive heater plate 141 disposed over the cover plate 130 .
- the electrical heater structure 140 can be either a single unit as shown in FIG. 1 or it can be a heating array 442 (see FIG. 4 ) of heating elements 443 (see FIG. 4 ).
- the heating elements 443 are driven by a DC power supply 148 .
- the heater plate 141 includes a second plurality of openings 144 , each one of the second plurality of openings 144 corresponds to each one of the first plurality of openings 134 of the cover plate 130 .
- the DC power supply 148 provides drive current through the heater plate 141 .
- thermal radiation is produced which is absorbed by the upper portions of the compacted pellets 215 causing vaporization of portions of the compacted pellets 215 in a vaporization zone 235 (see FIG. 2 ).
- Vaporization occurs in the vaporization zone 235 , which is disposed between the heater plate 141 and the housing 110 .
- the heater plate 141 can be made from electrically conductive materials, such as a metal or a conductive alloy. The conductive materials included in the heater plate 141 are selected to prevent condensation of the vaporized materials during operation of the thermal physical deposition source 100 .
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 100 further includes an electrically insulating spacer member 150 disposed between the heater plate 141 and an aperture plate 160 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 150 has at least one opening 154 , corresponding to the second plurality of openings 144 of the heater plate 141 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 150 is located between the aperture plate 160 and the heater plate 141 to electrically insulate the aperture plate 160 from the current passing through the heater plate 141 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 150 can be made from electrically insulating materials such as ceramic, glass and mica.
- a mixing zone 255 (see FIG. 2 ) is disposed between the heater plate 141 and the aperture plate 160 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 150 can also include materials selected to remove any potential for internal vaporized material condensing on the spacer member 150 .
- the aperture plate 160 having at least one aperture 164 to permit vapors of organic materials to pass through the aperture plate 160 and deposit on a substrate 270 (see FIG. 2 ).
- the shape and number of the apertures 164 is selected to control the rate and pattern of vapor efflux and to promote sufficient deposition thickness uniformity on the substrate 270 .
- the aperture plate 160 can include refractory metals like W, Ta or Mo or ceramics like alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or high temperature glass like quartz or Pyrex®.
- the power supply 148 drives current through the heater plate 141 sufficient heat is generated in the vaporization zone 235 to cause a portion of the compacted pellet 215 to vaporize.
- the vapor of organic material produced in the vaporization zone 235 sequentially passes through the first plurality of openings 134 in the cover plate 130 , the second plurality of openings 144 in the heater plate 141 , the electrically insulating spacer member 150 and the apertures 164 of the aperture plate 160 .
- additional heating elements may be placed on or near the cover plate 130 , spacer member 150 , and aperture plate 160 to prevent vaporous material from condensing on the cover plate 130 , the spacer member 150 , or the aperture plate 160 .
- FIG. 2 a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a thermal physical deposition source 200 is shown.
- the compacted pellets 215 are placed in a plurality of spaced passages 220 of a housing 210 the details of which have been described hereinbefore (see FIG. 1 ).
- the spaced passages 220 can include multiple shapes, having an open first end 212 and an open second end 214 and each spaced passage 220 is adapted to receive the compacted pellet 215 .
- the spaced passages 220 are formed so that compacted pellets 215 can be inserted through the open second end 214 of the spaced passages 220 .
- a way of advancing the compacted pellets 215 so that the top portion of the compacted pellets 215 are in the vaporization zone 235 includes a plurality of push rods 225 .
- the push rods 225 are insertable into the open first ends 212 of the spaced passages 220 and engage the compacted pellets 215 in the spaced passages 220 in order to adjust the position of the compacted pellets 215 to compensate for material loss during vaporization in the vaporization zone 235 .
- the vaporization zone 235 is defined as the region between the housing 210 and the electrical heater structure 240 .
- the compacted pellets 215 are inserted into the spaced passages 220 and the push rods 225 are inserted into the open first ends 212 of the spaced passages 220 until the push rods 225 engage the compacted pellets 215 .
- the top portion of the compacted pellet 215 is vaporized in the vaporization zone 235 .
- the push rods 225 move the compacted pellets 215 through the spaced passages 220 and expose the compacted pellets 215 to the vaporization zone 235 until the pellets 215 are completely vaporized.
- the push rods 225 are engaged by a thumb screw assembly 227 which can be manually adjusted to change the position of the push rods.
- Alternative embodiments can be used to position the push rods 225 including barreled screws, a common base connected to each of the push rods 225 being driven by a single screw, a hydraulic or pneumatic jack pushing all the push rods 225 at the same time, or an automatic or computer controlled system for operating the movement of the push rods 225 .
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 200 further includes a cover plate 230 over the housing 210 .
- the cover plate 230 defines a first plurality of openings 234 , each opening 234 corresponding to each one of the spaced passages 220 of the housing 210 .
- the cover plate 230 can be made of thermally conducting and electrically insulating materials such as alumina, high temperature glass like Pyrex®, silicon carbide or silicon nitride.
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 200 further includes an electrical heater structure 240 .
- the electrical heater structure 240 includes an electrically conductive heater plate 241 disposed over the cover plate 230 .
- the heater plate 241 includes a second plurality of openings 244 , wherein each one of the second plurality of openings 244 corresponding to each one of the first plurality of openings 234 of the cover plate 230 .
- a DC power supply 148 (see FIG. 1 ) provides a drive current through the heater plate 241 .
- thermal radiation is produced from the heater plate 241 .
- the thermal radiation is absorbed by the upper portion of the compacted pellets 215 causing vaporization of the compacted pellets 215 .
- the heater plate 241 can include electrically conductive materials, such as quartz bulbs, strip tantalum, cartridge heaters, and other metals. The materials of the heater plate 241 can be selected to prevent condensation of the vaporized materials during operation of the thermal physical deposition source 200 .
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 200 further includes an electrically insulating spacer member 250 located over the heater plate 241 and an aperture plate 260 located over the electrically insulating spacer member 250 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 250 has at least one opening 254 , corresponding to the second plurality of openings 244 of the heater plate 241 first plurality of openings 234 of the cover plate 230 and the spaced passages 220 of the housing 210 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 250 is located between the aperture plate 260 and the heater plate 241 to electrically insulate the aperture plate 260 from the current passing through the heater plate 241 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 250 can be made of electrically insulating materials such as ceramic, glass and mica.
- the mixing zone 255 is disposed between the heater plate 241 and the aperture plate 260 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 250 can include materials selected to remove any potential for internal vaporized material condensing on the spacer member 250 .
- the aperture plate 260 having at least one aperture 264 to permit vapors of organic materials to pass through the aperture plate 260 and deposit on the substrate 270 .
- the shape and number of the apertures 264 is selected to control the rate and pattern of vapor efflux and promote sufficient deposition thickness uniformity on the substrate 270 .
- the compacted pellets 215 made of organic material are vaporized in the vaporization zone 235 .
- the vapor of organic material passes sequentially through the first plurality of openings 234 in the cover plate 230 , the second plurality of openings 244 in the heater plate 241 , the electrically insulating spacer member 250 and the apertures 264 of the aperture plate 260 .
- the aperture plate 260 can include refractory metals like W, Ta or Mo or ceramics like alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or high temperature glass like quartz or Pyrex®.
- the materials of the aperture plate 260 can be selected to prevent condensation of vaporized material during vaporization of the compacted pellets 215 .
- additional heating elements may be placed on or near the cover plate 230 , electrically insulating spacer member 250 , and aperture plate 260 to prevent vaporous material from condensing on the cover plate 230 , the spacer member 250 , or the aperture plate 260 .
- FIG. 3 another embodiment of a thermal physical deposition source 300 is illustrated, wherein compacted pellets 315 are placed in a plurality of spaced passages 320 of a housing 310 .
- the spaced passages 320 can include multiple shapes and have an open first end 312 and an open second end 314 and are adapted to receive the compacted pellets 315 .
- the spaced passages 320 include both large cross-sectional area spaced passages 321 and small cross-sectional area spaced passages 322 to receive the compacted pellets 315 of different sizes and different compositions.
- pellets including a host organic material can be contained in the large cross-sectional area spaced passages 321 and pellets including a dopant organic material can be contained in the small cross-sectional area spaced passages 322 to support the deposition of multi-component thin films.
- host and dopant organic materials will mix upon vaporization and be deposited on a substrate in the proportions controlled by the cross-sectional area of the spaced passages 320 and the rate of vaporization.
- the housing 310 can be made of thermally and electrically insulating or conductive materials such as graphite, quartz, tantalum, ceramics, and metals. Further, the temperature of the housing 310 can be controlled using a variety of different methods, including controlling the temperature source (not shown), using integrated cooling or heating lines (not shown) to pass liquid or gaseous fluids through the housing 310 or integrating one or more heating elements (not shown) in the housing 310 .
- the spaced passages 320 are formed so that compacted pellets 315 can be inserted into the open second ends 314 of the spaced passages 320 .
- a way of advancing the pellets so that the top portion of the compacted pellets 315 are in the vaporization zone 335 includes a plurality of push rods 325 .
- the push rods 325 are insertable into the open first ends 312 of the spaced passages 320 and engage the pellets 315 in the spaced passages 320 in order to adjust the position of the pellets 315 to compensate for material loss during vaporization in the vaporization zone 335 .
- the vaporization zone 335 is defined as the region between the housing 310 and the electrical heater structure 340 .
- the compacted pellets 315 are inserted into the spaced passages 320 and the push rods 325 are inserted into the open first ends 312 of the spaced passages 320 until the push rods 325 engage the compacted pellets 315 .
- the top portion of the pellets 315 are vaporized in the vaporization zone 335 .
- the push rods 325 move the compacted pellets 315 through the spaced passages 320 and expose the compacted pellets 315 to the vaporization zone 335 until the pellets 315 are completely vaporized.
- the push rods 325 are engaged by a thumb screw assembly 327 , which can be manually adjusted to change the position of the push rods 325 .
- Alternative embodiments can be used to position the push rods 325 including barreled screws, a common base connected to each of the push rods 325 being driven by a single screw, a hydraulic or pneumatic jack pushing all the push rods 325 at the same time, or an automatic or computer controlled system for operating the movement of the push rods 325 .
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 300 further includes a cover plate 330 over the housing 320 .
- the cover plate 330 includes a first plurality of openings 334 , each one of the first plurality of openings 334 , corresponding to each one of the spaced passages 320 of the housing 310 .
- the cover plate 330 can include thermally conducting and electrically insulating materials such as alumina, high temperature glass like Pyrex®, silicon carbide or silicon nitride.
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 300 further includes an electrical heater structure 340 .
- the electrical heater structure 340 includes an electrically conductive heater plate 341 disposed over the cover plate 330 .
- the heater plate 341 includes a second plurality of openings 344 , each one of the second plurality of openings 344 corresponding to the first plurality of openings 334 of the cover plate 330 .
- a DC power supply 148 (see FIG. 1 ) provides drive current through the heater plate 341 .
- thermal radiation is produced from the heater plate 341 .
- the thermal radiation is absorbed by the upper portion of the compacted pellets 315 causing vaporization of the compacted pellets 315 .
- the heater plate 341 can include electrically conductive materials, such as quartz bulbs, strip tantalum, cartridge heaters, and other metals. The materials of the heater plate 341 can be selected to prevent condensation of the vaporized materials during operation of the thermal physical deposition source 300 .
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 300 further includes an electrically insulating spacer member 350 located over the heater plate 341 and an aperture plate 360 located over the electrically insulating spacer member 350 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 350 has at least one opening 354 , corresponding to the second plurality of openings 344 of the heater plate 341 , first plurality of openings 334 of the cover plate 330 and the spaced passages 320 of the housing 310 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 350 is located between the aperture plate 360 and the electrical heater structure 340 to electrically insulate the aperture plate 360 from the current passing through the heater plate 341 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 350 can be made from electrically insulating materials such as ceramic, glass and mica.
- the mixing zone 355 is disposed between the heater plate 341 and the aperture plate 360 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 350 can also include materials selected to remove any potential for internal vaporized material condensing on the spacer member 350 .
- the aperture plate 360 includes at least one aperture 364 to permit vapors of organic materials to pass through the aperture plate 360 and deposit on the substrate 270 (see FIG. 2 ).
- the shape and number of the apertures 364 is selected to control the rate and pattern of vapor efflux and promote sufficient deposition thickness uniformity on the substrate 270 .
- compacted pellets 315 made of organic material are vaporized in the vaporization zone 335 .
- the vapor of organic material passes sequentially through the first plurality of openings 334 in the cover plate 330 , the second plurality of openings 344 in the heater plate 341 , the electrically insulating spacer member 350 and the apertures 364 of the aperture plate 360 .
- the aperture plate 360 can include refractory metals like W, Ta or Mo or ceramics like alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or high temperature glass like quartz or Pyrex®.
- the materials of the aperture plate 360 can be selected to prevent condensation of vaporized materials during the vaporization of the compacted pellets 315 .
- additional heating elements may be placed on or near the cover plate 330 , spacer member 350 , and aperture plate 360 to prevent vaporous material from condensing on the cover plate 330 , the electrically insulating spacer member 350 , or the aperture plate 360 .
- FIG. 4 another embodiment of a thermal physical vapor deposition source 400 is illustrated, wherein the compacted pellets 215 ( FIG. 2 ) are placed in a plurality of spaced passages 420 of a housing 410 .
- the spaced passages 420 can include multiple shapes and sizes and have an open first end 412 and an open second end 414 and are adapted to receive the compacted pellet 215 .
- the housing 410 can include thermally and electrically insulating materials such as quartz, tantalum, ceramics, and glass-ceramics.
- the spaced passages 420 are formed so that compacted pellets 215 can be inserted into the open second ends 414 of the spaced passages 420 .
- a way of advancing the compacted pellets 215 so that the top portion of the compacted pellets 215 are in the vaporization zone 235 includes the push rods 225 as described hereinbefore.
- the push rods 225 are insertable into the open first ends 412 of the spaced passages 420 and engage the compacted pellets 215 in the spaced passages 420 in order to adjust the position of the compacted pellets 215 to compensate for material loss during vaporization in the vaporization zone 235 .
- the vaporization zone 235 is defined as the region between the housing 410 and the electrical heater structure 440 .
- the compacted pellets 215 are inserted into the spaced passages 420 and the push rods 225 are inserted into the open first end 412 of the spaced passages 420 until the push rods 225 engage the compacted pellets 215 .
- the top portion of the pellet 215 is vaporized in the vaporization zone 235 .
- the push rods 225 move the compacted pellets 215 through the spaced passages 420 and expose the compacted pellets 215 to the vaporization zone 235 until the pellets 215 are completely vaporized.
- the push rods 225 are engaged by a thumb screw assembly 227 , which can be manually adjusted to change the position of the push rod.
- Alternative embodiments can be used to position the push rods 225 including barreled screws, a common base connected to all the push rods 225 being driven by a single screw, a hydraulic or pneumatic jack pushing all the push rods 225 at the same time, or an automatic or computer controlled system for operating the movement of the push rods 225 .
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 400 further includes a cover plate 430 over the housing 410 .
- the cover plate 430 includes a first plurality of openings 434 , each one of the first plurality of openings 434 corresponding to the each one of the spaced passages 420 of the housing 410 .
- the cover plate 430 can include thermally conducting and electrically insulating materials such as alumina, high temperature glass like Pyrex®, silicon carbide or silicon nitride. The materials of the cover plate 430 can be selected to prevent condensation of vaporized materials onto the surface of the cover plate 430 during vaporization of the compacted pellets 215 .
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 400 further includes an electrical heater structure 440 .
- the electrical heater structure 440 includes a heater plate 441 disposed over the cover plate, having a second plurality of openings 444 corresponding to the first plurality of openings 434 of the cover plate 430 and the spaced passages 420 of the housing 410 .
- the electrical heater structure 440 further includes a heating array 442 , which includes a plurality of heating elements 443 over the heater plate 441 , each such heating element 443 corresponding to each opening in the heater plate 441 .
- a DC power supply 148 (see FIG. 1 ) provides a drive current through the heating elements 443 .
- thermal radiation is produced from the heating elements 443 proportional to the current applied to the individual heating element 443 .
- the thermal radiation is absorbed by the portion of the compacted pellets 215 in the vaporization zone causing vaporization of the compacted pellets 215 .
- the heating elements 443 in the heating array 442 and the heater plate 441 include quartz bulbs, strip tantalum, cartridge heaters, and other metals.
- the materials of the electrical heater structure 440 can be selected to prevent condensation of the vaporized materials during operation of the thermal physical deposition source 400 .
- the advantages of using the individually-controlled heating elements 443 include producing varying radiation profiles thereby controlling temperature gradients in the heater structure and resulting in better control in the rate of vaporization of individual compacted pellets 215 .
- Combining the embodiment of FIG. 4 with the embodiment of FIG. 3 can produce improved controlled deposition by improved control of internal mixing behavior and improved control of the vapor composition deposited on the substrate 270 .
- the thermal physical vapor deposition source 400 further includes an electrically insulating spacer member 450 located over the electrical heater structure 440 and an aperture plate 460 located over the electrically insulating spacer member 450 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 450 has at least one opening 454 , corresponding to the second plurality of openings 444 of the electrical heater structure 440 , first plurality of openings 434 of the cover plate 430 and the spaced passages 420 of the housing 410 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 450 is located between the aperture plate 460 and the electrical heater structure 440 to electrically insulate the aperture plate 460 from the electrical potential and resulting current passed through the electrical heater structure 440 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 450 can be made from electrically insulating materials such as ceramic, glass and mica.
- the mixing zone 255 is disposed between the heater plate 441 and the aperture plate 460 .
- the electrically insulating spacer member 450 can also include materials selected to remove any potential for internal vaporized material condensing on the spacer member 450 .
- the aperture plate 460 includes at least one aperture 464 to permit vapors of organic materials to pass through the aperture plate 460 and deposit on a substrate 270 .
- the shape and number of the apertures 464 is selected to control the rate and pattern of vapor efflux and promote deposition thickness uniformity on the substrate 270 .
- the compacted pellets 215 made of organic material are vaporized in the vaporization zone 235 .
- the vapor of organic material passes sequentially through the first plurality of openings 434 in the cover plate 430 , the second plurality of openings 444 in the heater plate 441 , the electrically insulating spacer member 450 and the apertures 464 of the aperture plate 460 .
- the aperture plate 460 can include refractory metals like W, Ta or Mo or ceramics like alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or high temperature glass like quartz or Pyrex®.
- the materials of the aperture plate 460 can be selected to prevent condensation of vaporized materials during the vaporization of the compacted pellets 215 .
- additional heating elements may be placed on or near the cover plate 430 , spacer member 450 , and aperture plate 460 to prevent vaporous material from condensing on the cover plate 430 , the spacer member 450 , or the aperture plate 460 .
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Abstract
Description
- Reference is made to commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/352,558 filed Jan. 28, 2003, entitled “Method of Designing a Thermal Physical Vapor Deposition System” By Grace et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/093,739 filed Mar. 8, 2002 entitled “Elongating Thermal Physical Vapor Deposition Source with Plural Apertures for Making an Organic Light-Emitting Device” by Freeman et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/898,369 filed Jul. 3, 2001, entitled “Method of Handling Organic Material in Making An Organic Light-Emitting Device” by VanSlyke et al.; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/073,690 filed Feb. 11, 2002, entitled “Using Organic Materials in Making An Organic Light-Emitting Device” by Ghosh et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein.
- The present invention relates to physical vapor deposition of organic material to form an organic layer, which will form part of an organic light-emitting display (OLED). More particularly, the present invention relates to using an improved vapor deposition physical vapor deposition source wherein pellets of compacted organic materials are used.
- An organic light-emitting device, also referred to as an organic electroluminescent device, can be constructed by sandwiching two or more organic layers between first and second electrodes.
- In a passive matrix organic light-emitting device (OLED) of conventional construction, a plurality of laterally spaced light-transmissive anodes, for example indium-tin-oxide (ITO) anodes, are formed as first electrodes on a light-transmissive substrate such as, for example, a glass substrate. Two or more organic layers are then formed successively by vapor deposition of respective organic materials from respective sources, within a chamber held at reduced pressure, typically less than 10−3 torr (1.33×10−1 pascal). In addition to doped or undoped organic light-emitting material, typical organic layers used in making OLED displays are doped or undoped organic hole-injecting material, doped or undoped organic hole-transporting material, and doped or undoped organic electron-transporting material, where doping refers to adding a minor constituent to enhance the electrical performance, optical performance, stability, or life time of a given material or device constructed thereof. A plurality of laterally spaced cathodes is deposited as second electrodes over an uppermost one of the organic layers. The cathodes are oriented at an angle, typically at a right angle, with respect to the anodes.
- Applying an electrical potential (also referred to as a drive voltage) operates such conventional passive matrix organic light-emitting devices between appropriate columns (anodes) and, sequentially, each row (cathode). When a cathode is biased negatively with respect to an anode, light is emitted from a pixel defined by an overlap area of the cathode and the anode, and emitted light reaches an observer through the anode and the substrate.
- In an active matrix organic light-emitting device (OLED), an array of anodes are provided as first electrodes by thin-film transistors (TFTs) which are connected to a respective light-transmissive portion. Two or more organic layers are formed successively by vapor deposition in a manner substantially equivalent to the construction of the aforementioned passive matrix device. A common cathode is deposited as a second electrode over an uppermost one of the organic layers. The construction and function of an active matrix organic light-emitting device is described in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,066, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
- Organic materials, thicknesses of vapor-deposited organic layers, and layer configurations, useful in constructing an organic light-emitting device, are described, for example, in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,356,429; 4,539,507; 4,720,432, and 4,769,292, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
- Other kinds of imaging devices, such as imaging phosphors for computed radiography and x-ray photoconductive devices for digital radiography, depend on the ability to coat the active materials uniformly over large areas. While the following discussion pertains to OLED displays, it should be readily apparent that the same invention can be applied to the deposition of alkalihalide phosphors, amorphous semiconductors, and other luminescent or photoactive layers, as well as a variety of other materials used in devices based on such luminescence or photoactive layers.
- For sufficiently small substrates, a point source approach can be implemented wherein the material to be deposited emanates from a localized heated crucible and the substrate is placed sufficiently far from the localized region of vaporization that the coating is sufficiently far from the localized region of vaporization that the coating is sufficiently uniform along the substrate. As substrate size increases or working distance increases, rotary or planetary motion of the substrate relative to the localized source is often required to produce the desired uniformity.
- By elongating the vaporization source and providing for translation of source and substrate relative to one another, the desired uniformity can be attained at considerably smaller working distances and thus considerably higher rates and better materials utilization, if desired. Scaling of such a process to large areas (i.e. substrates greater than 15 cm in at least one dimension) is considerably easier than for point sources.
- An elongated source for thermal physical vapor deposition of organic layers onto a structure for making an organic light-emitting device has been disclosed by Spahn in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,237,529. The source disclosed by Spahn includes a housing, which defines an enclosure for receiving solid organic material, which can be vaporized. The housing is further defined by a top plate which defines a vapor efflux slit-aperture for permitting organic vapors to pass through the slit onto a surface of a structure spaced apart from the elongated source. The housing defining the enclosure is connected to the top plate. The source disclosed by Spahn further includes a conductive baffle member attached to the top plate. This baffle member provides line-of-sight covering of the slit in the top plate so that organic vapors can pass around the baffle member and through the slit onto the substrate or structure while particles of organic materials are prevented from passing through the slit by the baffle member when an electrical potential is applied to the housing to cause heat to be applied to the solid organic material in the enclosure causing the solid organic material to vaporize.
- In using the thermal physical vapor deposition source disclosed by Spahn to form an organic layer of a selected organic material on a substrate or structure, it has been found that the vapor efflux slit-aperture causes non-uniform vapor flux of organic material to emanate along a length dimension of the slit. There is a problem when the width dimension of the slit is reduced, for example, to a width dimension less than 0.5 mm. Such spatially non-uniform orientation of opposing slit edges can be thought of as a deviation of planarity of opposing edges which, in turn, can promote a greater fraction of organic vapors to exit the vapor deposition source through a central portion of the slit, with a correspondingly lower fraction of organic vapors exiting the source through remaining portions of the slit along its length dimension. Such non-uniform vapor flux, directed at a substrate or structure, will cause the formation of an organic layer thereon which will have a non-uniform layer thickness in correspondence with the non-uniform vapor flux.
- In addition, any nonuniformities in heat generation from the heater or heat absorption by the material to be deposited or distribution of the material within the source can give rise to nonuniformity in deposition along the length of the source. Yet another source of nonuniformity is unintended leaks in the source enclosure other than the apertures used to deliver the organic vapor. If such leak exists at the ends of the source, the flow of vapor from center to end of the source can cause pressure gradients within the source, thereby causing nonuniformity in the resultant deposition.
- Forrest et al (U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102B1) disclosed a method of vaporizing organic materials and organic precursors and delivering them to a reactor vessel wherein the substrate is situated and delivery of the vapors generated from solids or liquids is accomplished by use of carrier gases. In one embodiment of their invention, Forrest et al located the substrates within a suitably large reactor vessel, and the vapors carried thereto mix and react or condense on the substrate. Another embodiment of their invention is directed towards applications involving coating of large area substrates and putting several such deposition processes in serial fashion with one another. For this embodiment, Forrest et al disclosed the use of a gas curtain fed by a gas manifold (defined as “hollow tubes having a line of holes”) in order to form a continuous line of depositing material perpendicular to the direction of substrate travel.
- The approach to vapor delivery as disclosed by Forrest et al can be characterized as “remote vaporization” wherein a material is converted to vapor in an thermal physical deposition source external to the deposition zone and more likely external to the deposition chamber. Organic vapors alone or in combination with carrier gases are conveyed into the deposition chamber and ultimately to the substrate surface. Great care must be taken using this approach to avoid unwanted condensation in the delivery lines by use of appropriate heating methods. This problem becomes even more critical when contemplating the use of inorganic materials that vaporize to the desired extent at substantially higher temperatures. Furthermore, the delivery of the organic vapor for coating large areas uniformly requires the use of gas manifolds.
- Each one, or a combination, of the aforementioned aspects of organic powders, flakes, or granules can lead to nonuniform heating of such organic materials in physical vapor deposition sources with attendant spatially non-uniform sublimation or vaporization of organic material and can, therefore, result in potentially non-uniform vapor-deposited organic layers formed on a structure.
- It is an object of the present invention to provide a thermal physical vapor deposition source which is capable of coating thin uniform layer of organic material.
- It is another object of the present invention to provide a thermal physical vapor source that is particularly suited for coating large areas.
- It is another object of the present invention to make effective use of pellets of organic material that can be vaporized by the thermal physical vapor deposition source.
- The above objects are achieved by a thermal physical vapor deposition source for vaporizing pellets containing organic materials onto a surface of a substrate in forming a display, comprising:
-
- (a) a housing defining a plurality of spaced passages each for receiving compacted pellets of organic materials;
- (b) a cover plate over the housing, with a first plurality of openings corresponding to the spaced passages of the housing;
- (c) an electrical heater structure disposed over the cover plate;
- (d) an aperture plate, disposed over the electrical heater structure and having at least one aperture;
- (e) an electrically insulating spacer member located between the electrical heater structure and engaging the aperture plate, such electrically insulating spacer member having at least one opening, corresponding to the first plurality of openings of the cover plate and the spaced passages of the housing; and
- (f) means for applying current to the electrical heater structure to produce heat sufficient to vaporize the pellets and permit vapor efflux of materials to pass through the first plurality of openings of the cover plate, the heater structure, the electrically insulating spacer member and the apertures of the aperture plate, onto the substrate.
- A feature of the present invention is the provision of the thermal physical vapor deposition source, which is designed to make use of compacted pellets of organic material that is capable of depositing thin layers to form a part of an OLED display.
- Another feature of the present invention is that the thermal physical vapor deposition source is capable of depositing uniform organic layers which include at least one host component and at least one dopant component on a relatively large structure.
- Yet, another beneficial feature of the present invention is that the compacted pellet of mixed organic materials can be evaporated for a longer time from a single thermal physical vapor deposition source rather than co-evaporation from a multiple deposition sources as in single component powders.
-
FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a thermal physical vapor deposition source in accordance with the present invention; -
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the thermal physical vapor deposition source ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a thermal physical vapor deposition source; and -
FIG. 4 is an exploded view of a thermal physical vapor deposition source having a different electrical heater structure. - The term “substrate” denotes at least a portion of an OLED display, which includes one or more layers onto which another organic layer is to be formed.
- Turning to
FIG. 1 , a thermalphysical deposition source 100 is illustrated, wherein ahousing 110, defining a plurality of spacedpassages 120, each spacedpassage 120 having a closedfirst end 112 and an opensecond end 114 is shown. The spacedpassages 120 can be of any shape and size and are fabricated such that compacted pellets 215 (seeFIG. 2 ) of organic materials can be inserted through the opensecond end 114. - The
housing 110 can be formed from thermally insulating materials such as high temperature glasses like quartz, alumino-boro-silicate glass and ceramics like alumina, zirconia, boron nitride, or magnesia. The purpose of using thermally insulating materials is to manage the thermal characteristics of thehousing 110 when compactedpellets 215 used have more than one organic component, the details of which will be described hereinafter. Alternatively, if the thermal physicalvapor deposition source 100 is used primarily for depositing organic layers from the compactedpellet 215 including a single component, thehousing 110 can be made using thermally conductive materials such as stainless steel, tantalum, tungsten, or molybdenum. Further, the temperature of thehousing 110 can be controlled using a variety of different methods, including controlling the temperature source (not shown), using integrated cooling or heating lines (not shown) to pass liquid or gaseous fluids through thehousing 110 or integrating one or more heating elements (not shown) in thehousing 110. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 100 further includes acover plate 130 disposed over thehousing 110. Thecover plate 130 defines a first plurality ofopenings 134, each opening 134 corresponding to one of the spacedpassages 120 of thehousing 110. Thecover plate 130 can be made of electrically insulating materials such as alumina, high temperature glass like Pyrex®, silicon carbide or silicon nitride. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 100 further includes anelectrical heater structure 140. In this embodiment, theelectrical heater structure 140 includes an electricallyconductive heater plate 141 disposed over thecover plate 130. Theelectrical heater structure 140 can be either a single unit as shown inFIG. 1 or it can be a heating array 442 (seeFIG. 4 ) of heating elements 443 (seeFIG. 4 ). Theheating elements 443 are driven by aDC power supply 148. Theheater plate 141 includes a second plurality ofopenings 144, each one of the second plurality ofopenings 144 corresponds to each one of the first plurality ofopenings 134 of thecover plate 130. - The
DC power supply 148 provides drive current through theheater plate 141. As current passes through theheater plate 141, thermal radiation is produced which is absorbed by the upper portions of the compactedpellets 215 causing vaporization of portions of the compactedpellets 215 in a vaporization zone 235 (seeFIG. 2 ). Vaporization occurs in thevaporization zone 235, which is disposed between theheater plate 141 and thehousing 110. Theheater plate 141 can be made from electrically conductive materials, such as a metal or a conductive alloy. The conductive materials included in theheater plate 141 are selected to prevent condensation of the vaporized materials during operation of the thermalphysical deposition source 100. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 100 further includes an electrically insulatingspacer member 150 disposed between theheater plate 141 and anaperture plate 160. The electrically insulatingspacer member 150 has at least oneopening 154, corresponding to the second plurality ofopenings 144 of theheater plate 141. The electrically insulatingspacer member 150 is located between theaperture plate 160 and theheater plate 141 to electrically insulate theaperture plate 160 from the current passing through theheater plate 141. The electrically insulatingspacer member 150 can be made from electrically insulating materials such as ceramic, glass and mica. - A mixing zone 255 (see
FIG. 2 ) is disposed between theheater plate 141 and theaperture plate 160. The electrically insulatingspacer member 150 can also include materials selected to remove any potential for internal vaporized material condensing on thespacer member 150. - The
aperture plate 160 having at least oneaperture 164 to permit vapors of organic materials to pass through theaperture plate 160 and deposit on a substrate 270 (seeFIG. 2 ). The shape and number of theapertures 164 is selected to control the rate and pattern of vapor efflux and to promote sufficient deposition thickness uniformity on thesubstrate 270. Theaperture plate 160 can include refractory metals like W, Ta or Mo or ceramics like alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or high temperature glass like quartz or Pyrex®. - When the
power supply 148 drives current through theheater plate 141 sufficient heat is generated in thevaporization zone 235 to cause a portion of the compactedpellet 215 to vaporize. The vapor of organic material produced in thevaporization zone 235 sequentially passes through the first plurality ofopenings 134 in thecover plate 130, the second plurality ofopenings 144 in theheater plate 141, the electrically insulatingspacer member 150 and theapertures 164 of theaperture plate 160. Further, additional heating elements may be placed on or near thecover plate 130,spacer member 150, andaperture plate 160 to prevent vaporous material from condensing on thecover plate 130, thespacer member 150, or theaperture plate 160. - Turning to
FIG. 2 , a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a thermalphysical deposition source 200 is shown. Thecompacted pellets 215 are placed in a plurality of spacedpassages 220 of ahousing 210 the details of which have been described hereinbefore (seeFIG. 1 ). The spacedpassages 220 can include multiple shapes, having an openfirst end 212 and an opensecond end 214 and each spacedpassage 220 is adapted to receive the compactedpellet 215. - The spaced
passages 220 are formed so that compactedpellets 215 can be inserted through the opensecond end 214 of the spacedpassages 220. In this embodiment, a way of advancing thecompacted pellets 215 so that the top portion of the compactedpellets 215 are in thevaporization zone 235 includes a plurality ofpush rods 225. Thepush rods 225 are insertable into the open first ends 212 of the spacedpassages 220 and engage the compactedpellets 215 in the spacedpassages 220 in order to adjust the position of the compactedpellets 215 to compensate for material loss during vaporization in thevaporization zone 235. Thevaporization zone 235 is defined as the region between thehousing 210 and theelectrical heater structure 240. - The
compacted pellets 215 are inserted into the spacedpassages 220 and thepush rods 225 are inserted into the open first ends 212 of the spacedpassages 220 until thepush rods 225 engage the compactedpellets 215. During vaporization of the compactedpellets 215 the top portion of the compactedpellet 215 is vaporized in thevaporization zone 235. Thepush rods 225 move the compactedpellets 215 through the spacedpassages 220 and expose the compactedpellets 215 to thevaporization zone 235 until thepellets 215 are completely vaporized. To this end, thepush rods 225 are engaged by athumb screw assembly 227 which can be manually adjusted to change the position of the push rods. - Alternative embodiments can be used to position the
push rods 225 including barreled screws, a common base connected to each of thepush rods 225 being driven by a single screw, a hydraulic or pneumatic jack pushing all thepush rods 225 at the same time, or an automatic or computer controlled system for operating the movement of thepush rods 225. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 200 further includes acover plate 230 over thehousing 210. Thecover plate 230 defines a first plurality ofopenings 234, each opening 234 corresponding to each one of the spacedpassages 220 of thehousing 210. Thecover plate 230 can be made of thermally conducting and electrically insulating materials such as alumina, high temperature glass like Pyrex®, silicon carbide or silicon nitride. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 200 further includes anelectrical heater structure 240. In this embodiment, theelectrical heater structure 240 includes an electricallyconductive heater plate 241 disposed over thecover plate 230. Theheater plate 241 includes a second plurality ofopenings 244, wherein each one of the second plurality ofopenings 244 corresponding to each one of the first plurality ofopenings 234 of thecover plate 230. - A DC power supply 148 (see
FIG. 1 ) provides a drive current through theheater plate 241. As current passes through theheater plate 241, thermal radiation is produced from theheater plate 241. The thermal radiation is absorbed by the upper portion of the compactedpellets 215 causing vaporization of the compactedpellets 215. Theheater plate 241 can include electrically conductive materials, such as quartz bulbs, strip tantalum, cartridge heaters, and other metals. The materials of theheater plate 241 can be selected to prevent condensation of the vaporized materials during operation of the thermalphysical deposition source 200. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 200 further includes an electrically insulatingspacer member 250 located over theheater plate 241 and anaperture plate 260 located over the electrically insulatingspacer member 250. The electrically insulatingspacer member 250 has at least oneopening 254, corresponding to the second plurality ofopenings 244 of theheater plate 241 first plurality ofopenings 234 of thecover plate 230 and the spacedpassages 220 of thehousing 210. The electrically insulatingspacer member 250 is located between theaperture plate 260 and theheater plate 241 to electrically insulate theaperture plate 260 from the current passing through theheater plate 241. The electrically insulatingspacer member 250 can be made of electrically insulating materials such as ceramic, glass and mica. - The mixing
zone 255 is disposed between theheater plate 241 and theaperture plate 260. The electrically insulatingspacer member 250 can include materials selected to remove any potential for internal vaporized material condensing on thespacer member 250. - The
aperture plate 260 having at least oneaperture 264 to permit vapors of organic materials to pass through theaperture plate 260 and deposit on thesubstrate 270. The shape and number of theapertures 264 is selected to control the rate and pattern of vapor efflux and promote sufficient deposition thickness uniformity on thesubstrate 270. - In this embodiment, the
compacted pellets 215 made of organic material are vaporized in thevaporization zone 235. The vapor of organic material passes sequentially through the first plurality ofopenings 234 in thecover plate 230, the second plurality ofopenings 244 in theheater plate 241, the electrically insulatingspacer member 250 and theapertures 264 of theaperture plate 260. Theaperture plate 260 can include refractory metals like W, Ta or Mo or ceramics like alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or high temperature glass like quartz or Pyrex®. The materials of theaperture plate 260 can be selected to prevent condensation of vaporized material during vaporization of the compactedpellets 215. Further, additional heating elements may be placed on or near thecover plate 230, electrically insulatingspacer member 250, andaperture plate 260 to prevent vaporous material from condensing on thecover plate 230, thespacer member 250, or theaperture plate 260. - Turning to
FIG. 3 , another embodiment of a thermalphysical deposition source 300 is illustrated, whereincompacted pellets 315 are placed in a plurality of spacedpassages 320 of ahousing 310. The spacedpassages 320 can include multiple shapes and have an openfirst end 312 and an opensecond end 314 and are adapted to receive the compactedpellets 315. - In this embodiment, the spaced
passages 320 include both large cross-sectional area spacedpassages 321 and small cross-sectional area spacedpassages 322 to receive the compactedpellets 315 of different sizes and different compositions. For example, pellets including a host organic material can be contained in the large cross-sectional area spacedpassages 321 and pellets including a dopant organic material can be contained in the small cross-sectional area spacedpassages 322 to support the deposition of multi-component thin films. Such host and dopant organic materials will mix upon vaporization and be deposited on a substrate in the proportions controlled by the cross-sectional area of the spacedpassages 320 and the rate of vaporization. - The
housing 310 can be made of thermally and electrically insulating or conductive materials such as graphite, quartz, tantalum, ceramics, and metals. Further, the temperature of thehousing 310 can be controlled using a variety of different methods, including controlling the temperature source (not shown), using integrated cooling or heating lines (not shown) to pass liquid or gaseous fluids through thehousing 310 or integrating one or more heating elements (not shown) in thehousing 310. - The spaced
passages 320 are formed so that compactedpellets 315 can be inserted into the open second ends 314 of the spacedpassages 320. In this embodiment, a way of advancing the pellets so that the top portion of the compactedpellets 315 are in thevaporization zone 335 includes a plurality ofpush rods 325. Thepush rods 325 are insertable into the open first ends 312 of the spacedpassages 320 and engage thepellets 315 in the spacedpassages 320 in order to adjust the position of thepellets 315 to compensate for material loss during vaporization in thevaporization zone 335. Thevaporization zone 335 is defined as the region between thehousing 310 and theelectrical heater structure 340. - The
compacted pellets 315 are inserted into the spacedpassages 320 and thepush rods 325 are inserted into the open first ends 312 of the spacedpassages 320 until thepush rods 325 engage the compactedpellets 315. During vaporization of the compactedpellets 315 the top portion of thepellets 315 are vaporized in thevaporization zone 335. Thepush rods 325 move the compactedpellets 315 through the spacedpassages 320 and expose the compactedpellets 315 to thevaporization zone 335 until thepellets 315 are completely vaporized. To this end, thepush rods 325 are engaged by athumb screw assembly 327, which can be manually adjusted to change the position of thepush rods 325. - Alternative embodiments can be used to position the
push rods 325 including barreled screws, a common base connected to each of thepush rods 325 being driven by a single screw, a hydraulic or pneumatic jack pushing all thepush rods 325 at the same time, or an automatic or computer controlled system for operating the movement of thepush rods 325. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 300 further includes acover plate 330 over thehousing 320. Thecover plate 330 includes a first plurality of openings 334, each one of the first plurality of openings 334, corresponding to each one of the spacedpassages 320 of thehousing 310. Thecover plate 330 can include thermally conducting and electrically insulating materials such as alumina, high temperature glass like Pyrex®, silicon carbide or silicon nitride. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 300 further includes anelectrical heater structure 340. In this embodiment, theelectrical heater structure 340 includes an electrically conductive heater plate 341 disposed over thecover plate 330. The heater plate 341 includes a second plurality ofopenings 344, each one of the second plurality ofopenings 344 corresponding to the first plurality of openings 334 of thecover plate 330. - A DC power supply 148 (see
FIG. 1 ) provides drive current through the heater plate 341. As current passes through the heater plate 341, thermal radiation is produced from the heater plate 341. The thermal radiation is absorbed by the upper portion of the compactedpellets 315 causing vaporization of the compactedpellets 315. The heater plate 341 can include electrically conductive materials, such as quartz bulbs, strip tantalum, cartridge heaters, and other metals. The materials of the heater plate 341 can be selected to prevent condensation of the vaporized materials during operation of the thermalphysical deposition source 300. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 300 further includes an electrically insulatingspacer member 350 located over the heater plate 341 and anaperture plate 360 located over the electrically insulatingspacer member 350. The electrically insulatingspacer member 350 has at least oneopening 354, corresponding to the second plurality ofopenings 344 of the heater plate 341, first plurality of openings 334 of thecover plate 330 and the spacedpassages 320 of thehousing 310. The electrically insulatingspacer member 350 is located between theaperture plate 360 and theelectrical heater structure 340 to electrically insulate theaperture plate 360 from the current passing through the heater plate 341. The electrically insulatingspacer member 350 can be made from electrically insulating materials such as ceramic, glass and mica. - The mixing
zone 355 is disposed between the heater plate 341 and theaperture plate 360. The electrically insulatingspacer member 350 can also include materials selected to remove any potential for internal vaporized material condensing on thespacer member 350. - The
aperture plate 360 includes at least oneaperture 364 to permit vapors of organic materials to pass through theaperture plate 360 and deposit on the substrate 270 (seeFIG. 2 ). The shape and number of theapertures 364 is selected to control the rate and pattern of vapor efflux and promote sufficient deposition thickness uniformity on thesubstrate 270. - In this embodiment, compacted
pellets 315 made of organic material are vaporized in thevaporization zone 335. The vapor of organic material passes sequentially through the first plurality of openings 334 in thecover plate 330, the second plurality ofopenings 344 in the heater plate 341, the electrically insulatingspacer member 350 and theapertures 364 of theaperture plate 360. Theaperture plate 360 can include refractory metals like W, Ta or Mo or ceramics like alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or high temperature glass like quartz or Pyrex®. The materials of theaperture plate 360 can be selected to prevent condensation of vaporized materials during the vaporization of the compactedpellets 315. Further, additional heating elements may be placed on or near thecover plate 330,spacer member 350, andaperture plate 360 to prevent vaporous material from condensing on thecover plate 330, the electrically insulatingspacer member 350, or theaperture plate 360. - Turning to
FIG. 4 , another embodiment of a thermal physicalvapor deposition source 400 is illustrated, wherein the compacted pellets 215 (FIG. 2 ) are placed in a plurality of spacedpassages 420 of ahousing 410. The spacedpassages 420 can include multiple shapes and sizes and have an openfirst end 412 and an opensecond end 414 and are adapted to receive the compactedpellet 215. Thehousing 410 can include thermally and electrically insulating materials such as quartz, tantalum, ceramics, and glass-ceramics. - The spaced
passages 420 are formed so that compactedpellets 215 can be inserted into the open second ends 414 of the spacedpassages 420. In this embodiment, a way of advancing thecompacted pellets 215 so that the top portion of the compactedpellets 215 are in thevaporization zone 235 includes thepush rods 225 as described hereinbefore. Thepush rods 225 are insertable into the open first ends 412 of the spacedpassages 420 and engage the compactedpellets 215 in the spacedpassages 420 in order to adjust the position of the compactedpellets 215 to compensate for material loss during vaporization in thevaporization zone 235. Thevaporization zone 235 is defined as the region between thehousing 410 and theelectrical heater structure 440. - The
compacted pellets 215 are inserted into the spacedpassages 420 and thepush rods 225 are inserted into the openfirst end 412 of the spacedpassages 420 until thepush rods 225 engage the compactedpellets 215. During vaporization of the compactedpellets 215 the top portion of thepellet 215 is vaporized in thevaporization zone 235. Thepush rods 225 move the compactedpellets 215 through the spacedpassages 420 and expose the compactedpellets 215 to thevaporization zone 235 until thepellets 215 are completely vaporized. To this end, thepush rods 225 are engaged by athumb screw assembly 227, which can be manually adjusted to change the position of the push rod. - Alternative embodiments can be used to position the
push rods 225 including barreled screws, a common base connected to all thepush rods 225 being driven by a single screw, a hydraulic or pneumatic jack pushing all thepush rods 225 at the same time, or an automatic or computer controlled system for operating the movement of thepush rods 225. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 400 further includes acover plate 430 over thehousing 410. Thecover plate 430 includes a first plurality ofopenings 434, each one of the first plurality ofopenings 434 corresponding to the each one of the spacedpassages 420 of thehousing 410. Thecover plate 430 can include thermally conducting and electrically insulating materials such as alumina, high temperature glass like Pyrex®, silicon carbide or silicon nitride. The materials of thecover plate 430 can be selected to prevent condensation of vaporized materials onto the surface of thecover plate 430 during vaporization of the compactedpellets 215. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 400 further includes anelectrical heater structure 440. In this embodiment, theelectrical heater structure 440 includes aheater plate 441 disposed over the cover plate, having a second plurality ofopenings 444 corresponding to the first plurality ofopenings 434 of thecover plate 430 and the spacedpassages 420 of thehousing 410. Theelectrical heater structure 440 further includes aheating array 442, which includes a plurality ofheating elements 443 over theheater plate 441, eachsuch heating element 443 corresponding to each opening in theheater plate 441. - A DC power supply 148 (see
FIG. 1 ) provides a drive current through theheating elements 443. As current passes through theheating elements 443, thermal radiation is produced from theheating elements 443 proportional to the current applied to theindividual heating element 443. The thermal radiation is absorbed by the portion of the compactedpellets 215 in the vaporization zone causing vaporization of the compactedpellets 215. Theheating elements 443 in theheating array 442 and theheater plate 441 include quartz bulbs, strip tantalum, cartridge heaters, and other metals. The materials of theelectrical heater structure 440 can be selected to prevent condensation of the vaporized materials during operation of the thermalphysical deposition source 400. - The advantages of using the individually-controlled
heating elements 443, include producing varying radiation profiles thereby controlling temperature gradients in the heater structure and resulting in better control in the rate of vaporization of individual compactedpellets 215. Combining the embodiment ofFIG. 4 with the embodiment ofFIG. 3 can produce improved controlled deposition by improved control of internal mixing behavior and improved control of the vapor composition deposited on thesubstrate 270. - The thermal physical
vapor deposition source 400 further includes an electrically insulatingspacer member 450 located over theelectrical heater structure 440 and anaperture plate 460 located over the electrically insulatingspacer member 450. The electrically insulatingspacer member 450 has at least one opening 454, corresponding to the second plurality ofopenings 444 of theelectrical heater structure 440, first plurality ofopenings 434 of thecover plate 430 and the spacedpassages 420 of thehousing 410. The electrically insulatingspacer member 450 is located between theaperture plate 460 and theelectrical heater structure 440 to electrically insulate theaperture plate 460 from the electrical potential and resulting current passed through theelectrical heater structure 440. The electrically insulatingspacer member 450 can be made from electrically insulating materials such as ceramic, glass and mica. - The mixing
zone 255 is disposed between theheater plate 441 and theaperture plate 460. The electrically insulatingspacer member 450 can also include materials selected to remove any potential for internal vaporized material condensing on thespacer member 450. - The
aperture plate 460 includes at least oneaperture 464 to permit vapors of organic materials to pass through theaperture plate 460 and deposit on asubstrate 270. The shape and number of theapertures 464 is selected to control the rate and pattern of vapor efflux and promote deposition thickness uniformity on thesubstrate 270. - In this embodiment, the
compacted pellets 215 made of organic material are vaporized in thevaporization zone 235. The vapor of organic material passes sequentially through the first plurality ofopenings 434 in thecover plate 430, the second plurality ofopenings 444 in theheater plate 441, the electrically insulatingspacer member 450 and theapertures 464 of theaperture plate 460. Theaperture plate 460 can include refractory metals like W, Ta or Mo or ceramics like alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or high temperature glass like quartz or Pyrex®. The materials of theaperture plate 460 can be selected to prevent condensation of vaporized materials during the vaporization of the compactedpellets 215. Further, additional heating elements may be placed on or near thecover plate 430,spacer member 450, andaperture plate 460 to prevent vaporous material from condensing on thecover plate 430, thespacer member 450, or theaperture plate 460. - The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
-
- 100 thermal physical vapor deposition source
- 110 housing
- 112 closed first end
- 114 open second end
- 120 spaced passages
- 130 cover plate
- 134 first plurality of openings
- 140 electrical heater structure
- 141 heater plate
- 144 second plurality of openings
- 148 power supply
- 150 electrically insulating spacer member
- 154 opening
- 160 aperture plate
- 164 aperture(s)
- 200 thermal physical vapor deposition source
- 210 housing
- 212 open first end
- 214 open second end
- 215 compacted pellets
- 220 spaced passages
- 225 push rods
- 227 thumb screw assembly
- 230 cover plate
- 234 first plurality of openings
- 235 vaporization zone
- 240 electrical heater structure
- 241 heater plate
- 244 second plurality of openings
List Cont'd - 250 electrically insulating spacer member
- 254 opening
- 255 mixing zone
- 260 aperture plate
- 264 aperture(s)
- 270 substrate
- 300 thermal physical vapor deposition source
- 310 housing
- 312 open first end
- 314 open second end
- 315 compacted pellets
- 320 spaced passages
- 321 large cross-sectional area spaced passages
- 322 small cross-sectional area spaced passages
- 325 push rods
- 327 thumb screw assembly
- 330 cover plate
- 334 first plurality of openings
- 335 vaporization zone
- 340 electrical heater structure
- 341 heater plate
- 344 second plurality of openings
- 350 electrically insulating spacer member
- 354 opening
- 355 mixing zone
- 360 aperture plate
- 364 aperture(s)
- 400 thermal physical vapor deposition source
- 410 housing
List Cont'd - 412 open first end
- 414 open second end
- 420 spaced passages
- 430 cover plate
- 434 first plurality of openings
- 440 electrical heater structure
- 441 heater plate
- 442 heating array
- 443 heating elements
- 444 second plurality of openings
- 450 electrically insulating spacer member
- 454 opening
- 460 aperture plate
- 464 aperture(s)
Claims (23)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/624,311 US6837939B1 (en) | 2003-07-22 | 2003-07-22 | Thermal physical vapor deposition source using pellets of organic material for making OLED displays |
TW093119636A TWI347145B (en) | 2003-07-22 | 2004-06-30 | Deposition source using pellets for making oleds |
JP2006521090A JP4653089B2 (en) | 2003-07-22 | 2004-07-06 | Vapor deposition source using pellets for manufacturing OLEDs |
PCT/US2004/021565 WO2005067423A2 (en) | 2003-07-22 | 2004-07-06 | Disposition source using pellets for making oleds |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/624,311 US6837939B1 (en) | 2003-07-22 | 2003-07-22 | Thermal physical vapor deposition source using pellets of organic material for making OLED displays |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US6837939B1 US6837939B1 (en) | 2005-01-04 |
US20050016461A1 true US20050016461A1 (en) | 2005-01-27 |
Family
ID=33541437
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/624,311 Expired - Lifetime US6837939B1 (en) | 2003-07-22 | 2003-07-22 | Thermal physical vapor deposition source using pellets of organic material for making OLED displays |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6837939B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4653089B2 (en) |
TW (1) | TWI347145B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005067423A2 (en) |
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US10767254B2 (en) * | 2014-09-26 | 2020-09-08 | Nano Resources Limited | Nanoparticle coating apparatus |
US11732344B2 (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2023-08-22 | Lg Display Co., Ltd. | Lateral-type vacuum deposition apparatus, and source block and source assembly for the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP4653089B2 (en) | 2011-03-16 |
TWI347145B (en) | 2011-08-11 |
JP2007507601A (en) | 2007-03-29 |
WO2005067423A2 (en) | 2005-07-28 |
US6837939B1 (en) | 2005-01-04 |
TW200509745A (en) | 2005-03-01 |
WO2005067423A3 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
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