US20030086398A1 - Method and arrangement in a communication system - Google Patents
Method and arrangement in a communication system Download PDFInfo
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- US20030086398A1 US20030086398A1 US10/157,221 US15722102A US2003086398A1 US 20030086398 A1 US20030086398 A1 US 20030086398A1 US 15722102 A US15722102 A US 15722102A US 2003086398 A1 US2003086398 A1 US 2003086398A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/52—TPC using AGC [Automatic Gain Control] circuits or amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/06—Receivers
- H04B1/10—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference
- H04B1/109—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference by improving strong signal performance of the receiver when strong unwanted signals are present at the receiver input
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/02—Transmitters
- H04B1/04—Circuits
- H04B2001/0408—Circuits with power amplifiers
- H04B2001/0416—Circuits with power amplifiers having gain or transmission power control
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular telecommunication system according to the preamble of the independent claim.
- In particular, the invention relates to a method and an arrangement for minimizing the impact of interference between co-existing systems by means of an adaptive algorithm that both controls either a transmitter gain or a receiver sensitivity, or both the transmitter gain and the receiver sensitivity at a radio base station.
- One of the basic principles when deploying a cellular telecommunication system is the re-use of frequencies in order to increase the served area capacity. However, re-using the same frequencies in other cells of the system, introduces co-channel interference that results in capacity and coverage losses in the system. In a CDMA system, the same frequency is typically used in all cells. Hence, other means have to be applied in order to control the co-channel interference. Therefore, special channelisation codes are used to separate signals for different users, and to suppress the co-channel interference.
- On the other hand, when a radio system is co-existing with a radio system operating on another carrier frequency, it will experience some amount of adjacent channel interference due to imperfections in receivers and transmitters. This additional interference will then result in capacity and/or coverage losses unless some kind of a countermeasure is applied.
- A traditional way to combat the impact of any additional interference and to maintain a certain Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is to increase the transmitted signal power. This can be understood by e.g. looking at the equation for the SNR of a Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) downlink (i.e. the direction from the radio base station to the mobile terminal) traffic channel between user i and radio access port n. A radio access port within a radio base station may comprise a
baseband part 102, amodem 104 and atransceiver 106 The radio access port may also e.g. comprise other parts or a plurality of transceivers. However, in this invention the radio access part comprises at least one transceiver. Thus, - where
- W is the chip rate [s−1]
- Ri is the data rate for the traffic channel [bit/s]
- Pi,n is the transmitted power for the traffic channel [W]
- Li,n is the path loss between user i and radio access port n
- B is the number of radio access ports in the system
- Ptot,b is the total output power for radio access port b [W]
- αi is the downlink orthogonality factor for user i
- Iext,i is the received external interference for user i [W]
- Ni is the receiver noise floor [W]
- Thus, it can be stated that the required total transmitted signal power required to serve a certain amount of users depends among other things on the level of the inter-cell and inter-system interference.
- On the downlink in a WCDMA system, a number of physical common channels are used to transmit control information, e.g. the pilot channel, the broadcast channel, the synchronization channel and the paging channel, over the whole cell area. The SNR experienced by user i for one such common control channel can be calculated as
- where
- W is the chip rate [s−1]
- RCCH is the data rate for the common channel [bit/s]
- PCCH,n is the transmit power for the common channel [W]
- Li,n is the path loss between user i and radio access port n
- B is the number of radio access ports in the system
- Ptot,b is the total output power for radio access port b [W]
- αi is the downlink orthogonality factor for user i
- Iext,j is the received external interference for user i [W]
- Ni is the receiver noise floor [W]
- Now, in order to have an acceptable quality of the common channels over the whole cell area, the power of the common channels PCCH has to be tuned so that an acceptable percentile of users, i.e. between user i and radio access port n, have an SNR equal or greater than a minimum required SNR, i.e.
- SNR i,n ≧SNR minreq
- assuming certain total power Ptot levels over the whole system. Thus, the required power of the common channel PCCH will be a function of the co-channel and adjacent channel interference.
- Taking all the above facts into consideration, the total required output power of the radio access port depends among other things on the level of co-channel and adjacent channel interference experienced by the users connected to the radio access port in question.
- In WCDMA, the handover between different radio base stations is based on measurements on the downlink Common Pilot CHannel (CPICH). A mobile terminal is defined to be at the cell border between a first cell, and a second cell, when the received CPICH downlink power is equal from a first radio access port and a second radio access port, wherein said first radio access port is located within the first cell and said second radio access port is located within the second cell. In order to balance the uplink (i.e. in the direction from the mobile terminal to the base station), the receiver sensitivity can be reduced at the radio access port with the lowest CPICH transmit power. By doing so, the received SNR can be made equal at both radio access ports. This kind of action is often referred to as desensitisation.
-
- where
- I tot,n =I intra,n +I inter,n +I ext,n
- The desensitisation can be used to balance the required uplink power at the cell border, but it has also another positive effect; it offers additional protection towards any external interference. However, it has also a few negative effects, e.g. due to the worse receiver sensitivity, the transmission power of the mobile terminals is increased, and therefore the interference towards other systems and/or cells is increased. In addition, the uplink coverage area is degraded. Therefore, it should be carefully considered when, and which amount of desensitisation should be used in each case. The architecture of a traditional
radio access port 100, according to the state-of-the-art, can be illustrated as in FIG. 1a. Thus, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) chain consist of abaseband part 102, amodem 104 and atransceiver 106. The baseband part handles data coding/decoding, encryption/removing of encryption, channel coding/decoding and interleaving/deinterleaving and the modem handles modulation (at Tx), demodulation (at Rx), channel equalizer (at Rx) and detection. In particular, thetransceiver part 106 includes a High Power Amplifier (HPA) 110 for the Tx and Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) 108 for the Rx. - Typically, the maximum output power can be adjusted e.g. by adjusting the level of the input signal to the HPA. In a similar way, the receiver sensitivity can be adjusted by changing the grade of amplification in the LNA. In prior art, these two adjustments are not performed dynamically. Thus, when deploying the radio system, the levels are adjusted so that they fit to the current radio environment, but if the radio environment changes, the levels are not changed automatically.
- As an example, a simple co-existence scenario between an outdoor and an indoor WCDMA system can be considered, see FIG. 2. There, each
floor 202 is covered by onecell 204 consisting of one or moreradio access ports 206. It is obvious, that the external interference (Iext) (or internal interference (Iinter) depending on the frequency allocation) originates from an outdoor WCDMA system is the largest on the top floors, while it has only a minor impact on the lower floors. Therefore, in order to guarantee a certain capacity throughout the building, and as low interference towards the other cells and/or systems as possible, theradio access ports 206 have to be tuned separately for each floor. Furthermore, since the interference from theoutdoor base station 208, covering anoutdoor cell 212, can be a major part of the total downlink interference on the top floors, the indoor capacity on those floors has a relatively strong dependency on theoutdoor cell 212 loading situation. - If the uplink is considered, a great majority of the indoor-to-outdoor uplink interference is generated by the users located on the top floors. Furthermore, the outdoor-to-indoor uplink interference has the largest impact on lower floors. Therefore, the
radio access port 206 sensitivity should preferably be better on higher floors compared to the lower floors. Good sensitivity results in low average transmit power for themobile terminals 210, but a low level of protection against external uplink interference. - A disadvantage with the above-described approach is that the maximum output power level of the radio access port and the receiver sensitivity have to be manually adjusted separately for each cell in order to tune the system performance. Furthermore, the solution above may work well during some e.g. average time periods, but it does not adapt to the changes in the neighbourhood. Thus, during some e.g. heavy traffic periods, the offered capacity might be limited under the planned or required capacity, while during other e.g. light traffic periods, the transmit power levels might be greatly over-allocated, resulting in unnecessary high power consumption within the own system and interference towards other systems.
- In WO01/37446 an adaptive algorithm is shown. The algorithm controls the base station transmitter gain and the base station receiver attenuation in a CDMA system in order to balance the load between the cells and thus maximize the capacity of the system. The main input to the adaptive algorithm consists of the estimated uplink noise rise (total uplink interference over the thermal noise), the so-called “F factor”. The F factor is defined as the uplink intracell interference divided by the total uplink interference (intracell interference plus intercell interference).
- A method for minimizing the effect of interference in a radio system is disclosed in WO01/67634. The base station comprises means for adaptive attenuating the signal received from the mobile terminal. The goal is to maximize the attenuation, i.e. the base station should be as insensitive as possible. Power control requests or measured signal interference at the reception frequency band are used as input for the adaptive attenuation. The attenuation algorithm can also be affected if a single user experiences a too low Grade of Service. WO01/67634 discloses the features of the preamble of
claim 1. - A disadvantage with WO01/67634 is that it does not control the downlink BS transmitter gain. Another disadvantage is that the BS receiver is attenuated as much as possible which results in that the mobile terminal is required to transmit with a high power level. High power transmitting terminals results further in high battery consumption which may be a problem.
- Thus, the object of the present invention is to provide a method that automatic and adaptive controls the downlink transmitter gain of the base station and the uplink receiver sensitivity of the base station adaptively on a long term basis in order to minimize the impact of interference between co-existing systems.
- The above-mentioned object is achieved by a method and an Automatic Gain Control (AGC) unit set forth in the characterizing part of the independent claims.
- Preferred embodiments are set forth in the depending claims.
- An advantage with the present invention is that the system capacity and coverage can be better maintained throughout the system, even if the interference situation is changing.
- Another advantage with the present invention is that the control of the interference towards other cells/systems is enhanced.
- A further advantage with the present invention is that it is not necessary to perform manual tuning of the transmitter gain and receiver sensitivity after installation of a system.
- FIG. 1a shows a block-diagram of a radio access port according to prior art.
- FIG. 1b shows an exemplary telecommunication network.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a scenario when a WCDMA indoor system co-exists with an outdoor WCDMA system.
- FIG. 3 shows the transceiver unit according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 shows the transceiver unit according to the present invention when measurements of the total interference are available.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of a suitable normalized energy response for the measurement filter.
- FIG. 6 shows the gain of the LNA unit (gLNA) as a function of the external interference, Iext.
- FIG. 7 shows the receiver noise figure as a function of the gLNA.
- FIG. 8 shows the gain of the HPA unit as a function of Iext.
- FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of the method in the uplink direction according to the present invention when Itot measurements are available.
- FIG. 10 shows a flowchart of the method in the downlink direction according to the present invention when Itot measurements are available.
- FIG. 11 shows a flowchart of the method in the uplink direction according to the present invention when Itot measurements not are available.
- FIG. 12 shows a flowchart of the method in the downlink direction according to the present invention when Itot measurements not are available.
- The solution to the problem described above is, according to the present invention, to modify the transceiver unit of the radio access port, located in a radio base station, in order to facilitate automatic tuning of the maximum output power of the transceiver and the sensitivity of the receiver in order to minimize the impact of inter-cell interference and/or interference between co-existing radio systems.
- FIG. 1b shows an exemplary telecommunication network wherein the radio access port according to the present invention may be implemented. The radio access port is located within a radio base station. Each radio base station is connected to a Radio Network Controller (RNC) that is further connected to a Core Network. The Core Network is common for the entire network and is further connected to other networks, e.g. PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) and the Internet. The mobile terminals communicate with the telecommunication network via at least one radio base station. The RNC controls the radio base stations that are connected to it.
- The modified
transceiver 300 according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 3. Atransceiver unit 300 is connected to a transmitting antenna (Tx) and a receiving antenna (Rx) respectively. The transceiver unit comprises a HPA unit for the transmitting signals, a LNA unit for the receiving signals and an Automatic Gain Control (AGC) unit. The AGC unit is connected to the HPA unit and LNA unit respectively viaadaptive attenuators adaptive attenuator - Logically there is one AGC unit, but the physical location of the function can differ. It can be located within the radio access port (distributed) in which case the AGC units have to be able to exchange information between the different radio access ports.
- It can also be located within the RNC (centralized) together with the other logical AGC units (but probably just within one function which controls a group of radio access ports). Since in this case the logical AGC units are located in the same node, and probably within the same function, the exchange of information will not cause any problems.
- Finally, it is supposed that the AGC unit could also be splitted between the RNC and the radio access port. Thus, some parts of it are located centralized, and some parts are located locally at radio access ports. Each radio access port includes a full AGC functionality, but some parts of it could be overruled by the central AGC unit.
- The last one will offer an increased flexibility, since in such a case it is easy to redefine which cells are controlled in a centralized manner and which are not.
- Said input measurement data, to the AGC unit, comprises of:
- Estimated total output power of the radio access port (e.g. a ratio Ptot/Pmax)
- Uplink quality statistics (e.g. statistics from received events where a fraction of mobiles transmitting close to the maximum power, uplink BLER, i.e. Block Error Rate, statistics over the connected services).
- Downlink quality statistics (e.g. estimated relative powers, PDPCH/Pmax (where DPCH is the Downlink Physical Channel) for the radio links connected to the radio access port, statistics over retransmission requests)
- Estimated load level (e.g. the number of users, number of radio links, cell throughput taking the required bit rates and signal-to-noise ratios into account)
- Measured total wide band interference (Itot) on the Tx carrier frequency (optional).
- Other, pre-defined input is:
- Target value for the cell load level, ηtarget. Possibly a separate value for the uplink and the downlink.
- Minimum quality requirement for different services.
- Minimum allowed Grade of Service (GoS) level for the cell
- The object of the present invention is achieved, independently whether measurements of the total interference (Itot) are available, or not. However, the best mode of the present invention is carried out when measurements of the total interference (Itot) are available and when both the transmitter gain and the receiver sensitivity are automatically controlled.
- The total Interference (Itot) Measurements are Available
- If the Itot measurement samples are available, the gain in the HPA unit and the receiver sensitivity in the LNA unit are adjusted as a function of the estimated external interference level Iext. The modified transceiver that is used for performing this method is illustrated by FIG. 4.
- The total interference level Itot can be estimated e.g. with special measurement nodes (B) located either close to each of the radio access ports, or centralised, so that one measurement node covers more than one radio access port.
- It should be noted, that in order to be able to estimate the impact of interference from adjacent frequency carriers, the Itot should be measured with a filter that emulates, at least to some extent, the adjacent channel selectivity performance of the typical mobile terminal connected to the system. In FIG. 5, a normalised energy response of a suitable filter in a Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) system is shown.
-
- where L is the estimated path loss from the reference point where the total output power of the radio access port Ptot is estimated towards the reference point where Itot is measured. The estimated L can be adaptively calibrated based on test measurements during low traffic periods (i.e. when Iext≈0). Finally, since this kind of tuning of a mobile system can typically be a relatively long term activity, the Itot measurements can be relatively infrequent.
- Based on the estimated Iext, the AGC unit tunes the input level to HPA unit and LNA unit at radio access port A. If the estimated Iext is low, a low level of downlink control and traffic channel power is needed to offer a certain coverage and capacity. For the uplink, a poorer sensitivity can be allowed i.e. lower gain in LNA unit. A poor sensitivity has at least two positive consequences for this scenario. Firstly, a low Iext suggests that there are no adjacent channel radio ports in the neighbourhood. Therefore, a mobile terminal located close to the measurement point, but connected to the adjacent channel radio access port would need a relatively high transmit power. Thus, at the same time, it could have quite strong impact on the uplink at the radio access port A. Now, if the receiver sensitivity at radio access port A is poor, the impact of external interference can be decreased. Secondly, the reduced uplink sensitivity helps to maintain the balance between the uplink and the downlink coverage. As mentioned earlier, the disadvantage with the uplink desensitisation is that the average transmit power of the mobiles connected to the radio access port is increased, which results in increased interference towards other cells/systems. But, since In is low, also the impact towards other systems could be assumed to be low.
- On the other hand, if the estimated I is high, a higher level of downlink control and traffic channel power is needed to offer a certain coverage and capacity. Now, the AGC unit increases the input level to the HPA. At the same time, the input level to LNA unit is increased. The reason for this is to improve the uplink sensitivity and as a result of that to minimize the interference towards the other system.
-
- where NFLNA is the noise figure for the LNA, NFcable is the noise figure for the cable between the LNA unit and the rest of the radio access port, NFBTS is the noise figure for the radio access port, and gcable is the gain value for the cable. Assuming that NFLNA=1.6 (2 dB), NFcable=1.6 (2 dB), NFBTS=2.0 (3 dB) and gcable=0.6 (−2 dB), the curve in FIG. 7 can be obtained. As it can be seen, with the assumptions listed above, gLNA larger than 10-15 dB will not result in any remarkably improvement of the receiver sensitivity.
- In FIG. 8 , the curve a corresponds to a co-siting, or close to a co-siting scenario, where the Iext at the measurement point close to the radio access port can be high, but it has only a minor impact on the gHPA. Curve a can be exemplfied by a scenario when two operators' antennas are located at the same tower (or close to each other). Curve b presents a traditional co-existence scenario, where even a relatively low Iext can have a considerable impact on the required gHPA depending on the location of the measurement point, radio access port, and the external interference source with respect to each other. Curve b can be exemplified by a scenario when the operators' antennas are not located close to each other. In the worst case, operator A has an antenna at the cell border of operator B. Curve c presents a scenario similar to b but now is the interfering source so strong that the base station can no longer transmit with the power required to maintain the coverage. The Iext has thus such a great impact on gHPA, that the required system capacity and coverage can not be guaranteed at high Iext levels due to the maximum allowable gHPA limitation. Thus, in that kind of situation the only way to provide the required capacity is to decrease the coverage area, e.g. to add more radio access ports into the system. In general, one can state, that the minimum allowable gHPA is defined by the coverage and capacity requirement when Iext=0. Furthermore, the maximum allowable gHPA level is set by for example the health regulations, hardware limitations, and power consumption.
- Thus, the gain of HPA unit (gHPA) and the gain of LNA unit (gLNA) as a function of the estimated Iext look roughly like in FIG. 6 and in FIG. 8. It should be noted that the curves do not need to be linear, but only monotonically increasing. The actual shape of the curves is estimated adaptively based on the estimated Iext, quality statistics and load level, so that at each point on the curve, the required capacity and coverage is secured.
- An example of an adaptive algorithm for estimating the shapes of the gLNA(Iext) and gHPA(Iext) curves is described below and in FIG. 9, steps 901-908 and in FIG. 10, steps 1001-1004. After the estimation of the curve is performed the actual gain of the LNA and HPA, respectively, is set to a value according to the estimated curve (step 909 and step 1005).
-
-
-
-
- For the uplink:
-
- then gLNA(Iext)=gLNA(Iext)−Δu1
- Where Qaccept,u is an accepted value of the uplink quality, gLNA(Iext) is the gain of the LNA unit wherein the gain is dependent of the Iext,
- min_value is a predefined minimum value of the gain and Δu1 is a predefined step with which a current value of the gLNA(Iext) is reduced.
-
- then gLNA(Iext)=gLNA(Iext)+Δu2
- Where max_value is a predefined maximum value of the gain, ηu is the relative load level for the uplink direction and Δu2 is a predefined step with which a current value of the gLNA(Iext) is increased.
-
- then update the uplink outage statistics.
-
-
- For the downlink:
-
- then gHPA(Iext)=gHPA(Iext)−Δd1
- Where Qaccept,d is an accepted value of the downlink quality, gHPA(Iext) is the gain of the HPA unit wherein the gain is dependent of the Iext,
- min_value is a predefined minimum value of the gain and Δd1 is a predefined step with which a current value of the gHPA(Iext) is reduced,
-
- then gHPA(Iext)=gHPA(Iext)+Δd2
- Where max_value is a predefined maximum value of the gain, ηd is the relative load level for the downlink direction and Δd is a predefined step with which a current value of the gHPA(Iext) is increased.
-
- then update the downlink outage statistics.
-
-
- The basic idea is that the gain in HPA unit and LNA unit is adjusted as a function of the estimated Iext. A low level of Iext should result in low gHPA and gLNA, and vice versa. Furthermore, the relationship between a certain level of Iext and an appropriate gHPA and gLNA is calibrated continuously, based on a number of different measures. One advantage with the algorithms defined by steps 901-909 and steps 1001-1005 when Iext is available over the algorithm defined by steps 1101-1106 and 1201-1203 when Iext is not available, is that the algorithm is less dependent on the load and quality measures; once the algorithm has run for some time (i.e. it has “learned”), it works relatively well, at least during a limited time period even without input concerning load and quality, which are only used to adjust the gLNA(Iext) and gHPA(Iext) curves. Thus, the performance of
steps 908 and 1004 is possible. - The Total Interference (Itot) Measurement is Not Available
- If the Itot measurement is not available, the gain in the HPA unit and LNA unit are adjusted based on the estimated uplink and downlink quality statistics, and load levels.
- An example of an adjustment algorithm is described below in connection with FIG. 11 and FIG. 12. In this situation, the gain of the HPA unit an LNA unit are not dependent of Iext in contrast to when Itot measurements are available.
-
-
-
- For the uplink:
-
- then the updated gain of LNA (gLNA) is set to gLNA−×u1 (Δu is a predefined step with which a current value of the gLNA is reduced)
-
- then gLNA=gLNA+Δu2
-
- then update the uplink outage statistics.
- For the downlink:
-
- then gHPA=gHPA−Δd1
-
- then gHPA=gHPA+Δd2
-
- then update the downlink outage statistics.
- The basic idea is here to decrease the gain in HPA unit and LNA unit as long as the estimated uplink and downlink quality statistics are better than the minimum acceptable level, and as long as the gain values are larger than the minimum allowed level. If the estimated quality is found to be below the minimum acceptable level, the HPA gain and LNA gain is increased, but only if the estimated load level is below the target. Furthermore, the gain values are not increased above a certain maximum level.
- In the two examples above, i.e. both when Itot is available and when Itot is not available, the gHPA and gLNA are updated independently in all cells.
- However, from the RRM point of view, some kind of controlled updating might be favourable in order to maintain the cell border locations between the cells. When the presented algorithms not are able to increase the gHPA and gLNA further, the outage statistics is updated. This information can be used e.g. to inform the operator, that the system is experiencing coverage problems, and that additional radio access ports need to be installed.
- In general, the up and down steps may have equal, or different values. However, it might be advantageous to take a larger step up, than down. Furthermore, the size of the step could depend on the estimated relative load levels, ηu and ηd. E.g., the smaller ηu or ηd, the smaller step down. At the same time, the smaller ηu or ηd, the larger step up.
- The methods, both when Itot is not available and when Itot is available, are implemented by means of a computer program product comprising the software code means for performing the steps of the method. The computer program product is run on processing means in an AGC unit or in any other logical control unit. The computer program is loaded directly or from a computer usable medium, such as a floppy disc, a CD, the Internet etc.
- The present invention is not limited to the above-described preferred embodiments. Various alternatives, modifications and equivalents may be used. Therefore, the above embodiments should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appending claims.
Claims (36)
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SE0103683-9 | 2001-11-06 |
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