US20030047008A1 - Pump with integral flow monitoring - Google Patents
Pump with integral flow monitoring Download PDFInfo
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- US20030047008A1 US20030047008A1 US09/951,894 US95189401A US2003047008A1 US 20030047008 A1 US20030047008 A1 US 20030047008A1 US 95189401 A US95189401 A US 95189401A US 2003047008 A1 US2003047008 A1 US 2003047008A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/05—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D15/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or systems
- F04D15/0088—Testing machines
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/05—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects
- G01F1/34—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects by measuring pressure or differential pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
- F05D2270/306—Mass flow
Definitions
- This invention relates to the integral flow measurement of centrifugal pumps, and more particularly to a flow measurement apparatus that utilizes differential pressure measurements at two separate locations within the volute section of the pump.
- Centrifugal pumps are widely used in industry due to their compactness, simplicity, high efficiency, ease of maintenance and operation, and ability to deliver a stable flow of fluid.
- a typical centrifugal pump includes a housing with volute and discharge sections, both of which are in fluid communication with one another, and a rotating impeller.
- the volute section may comprise either single or multiple volutes.
- the impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid, which moves circumferentially through the volute, past a volute lip and into the discharge. It is often desirable to monitor the flow of fluid through the pump to ensure that optimal process conditions are being met, and to do so in a way that is not susceptible to “downstream” flow obstructions that could induce erroneous readings.
- a centrifugal pump includes a housing with an internal flowpath wall that defines volute and discharge sections, each section separated by a volute lip, an impeller, and pressure sensors integrally disposed in the housing wall.
- the impeller is disposed within the volute section, which in turn is defined by a circumferential path through which a fluid travels in response to impeller rotation.
- the discharge section is tangentially aligned and in fluid communication with the volute section such that fluid flowing through the volute section then passes through the discharge section.
- the volute lip section defines a bifurcation point between the volute and discharge sections.
- the sensors are embedded into the volute section of the housing wall such that they are exposed to a portion of the flowpath, thus placing them in fluid communication with liquid flowing therethrough such that they are responsive to changes in fluid pressure caused by variations in fluid flow.
- the sensors may be circumferentially spaced apart in the volute section with one substantially adjacent the volute lip, with the other downstream such that the angle subtended between them is approximately 270°.
- the present inventors have discovered that the placement of the former sensor is such that, because the region it occupies captures very little flow (thus ensuring low dependence on flow rate), its use in conjunction with the latter sensor, placed in a downstream location in the volute section that, while dependent on flow, is relatively immune to further downstream conditions (such as those found closer to the exit plane of the discharge), thus resulting in a more accurate flow measuring system.
- a comparator device may be used to analyze the pressure measurements taken from each of the sensors, and a flow measurement output from the comparator is substantially linearly related to the difference in the pressure measurements taken from each of the sensors.
- the term “substantially” refers to an arrangement of elements or features that, while in theory would be expected to exhibit exact correspondence or behavior, may, in practice embody something slightly less than exact.
- a method of measuring fluid flow through a centrifugal pump includes the steps of configuring the pump to include a housing with an impeller disposed therein, a flowpath defined by a volute section, discharge section and volute lip section in fluid communication with one another, and a plurality of sensors circumferentially mounted to and spaced apart in the volute section; placing the pump in fluid communication with a fluid; operating the pump such that the fluid flows through at least a portion of the flowpath; taking measurements of the fluid at each location of the plurality of sensors; comparing the measurements taken at each of the locations with one another, thereby establishing a differential; inputting the differential into an algorithm configured to compare the differential to a flow constant; calculating a flow rate with the algorithm; and outputting the flow rate.
- the sensors used to take the measurements are pressure sensors, and the differentials established are pressure differentials.
- the flow rate can be output in human-intelligible or machine-readable format.
- a further step may involve transmitting the sensed signals from each of the plurality of sensors by a wireless transmitter to a signal comparator prior to comparing the measurements with one another. Also, a flow measurement output from the comparator is based on a linear relationship between the measurements of each of the plurality of sensors.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the centrifugal pump of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a sample calibration curve for the pump of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 shows another calibration curve for two different pumps
- FIG. 4 shows the integration of the WINS and the flow measuring device
- FIGS. 5A and 5B show a sectional and end view, respectively, of the centrifugal pump of FIG. 1 with alternate notional locations of the pressure sensors.
- a centrifugal pump 10 includes a pump housing 15 , impeller 20 , volute section 25 , volute lip 30 , and discharge section 35 comprising discharge inlet 35 A and discharge outlet 35 B.
- the volute section 25 occupies that portion of the flowpath substantially between location 1 and location 3 , while the discharge section 35 commences substantially at location 3 where, due to the bifurcation at volute lip 30 , reentry of fluid under ordinary pump operating conditions into the volute section at location 1 is not possible.
- the term “ordinary” operating conditions are those regimes reasonably close to the pump's design operating condition, and does not include very low overall flow, where due to unsteady velocity changes flow reversal, also known as discharge recirculation, is possible.
- Discharge inlet 35 A accepts fluid (such as water) pumped circumferentially through the volute section 25 from impeller 20 , while discharge outlet 35 B is connected to the next downstream piece of fluid handling equipment (not shown).
- Pressure sensors 50 A and 50 B are mounted in the walls of volute section 25 , with their pressure-sensing mechanism exposed to the flowpath cavity of the volute section 25 such that the flow of fluid past the sensors 50 A, 50 B causes a pressure reading in each.
- the term “pressure sensor” can be used interchangeably with a “pressure tap” or similar terminology to indicate a measuring device placed adjacent or through a wall in the pump flowpath such that the sensor is capable of sensing pressure variations within the flowpath.
- Sensor 50 A is preferably placed adjacent volute lip 30
- sensor 50 B is preferably placed approximately 270° downstream (i.e: rotating clockwise) of sensor 50 A.
- volute cross-sectional areas are normally designed such that at the best efficiency point (BEP) of the pump 10 , the velocities and pressures of the fluid are uniform in the circumferential direction.
- BEP best efficiency point
- ⁇ is the angular coordinate
- A is the cross-sectional area at the angular location ⁇ ;
- R is the mean volute radius at angular location ⁇
- Q is the flow rate
- ⁇ is the impeller angular velocity
- ⁇ is the pump hydraulic efficiency
- g is the acceleration due to gravity
- H is the pump head, or pressure.
- Sensors 50 A, 50 B can exploit wireless integrated monitoring system (WINS) technology to provide full-function signal sensing and transmittal.
- the WINS augmented flow monitoring extends the measurement function of the differential pressure data gathered from sensors 50 A and 50 B.
- sensor output 55 A, 55 B could also be combined in a single instrument (not shown). In either configuration, the sensor output 55 A, 55 B can be correlated in a comparator (not shown) to produce a differential pressure measurement. From there, a WINS node 71 calculates flow based on the predetermined algorithm and calibration, both previously discussed.
- the WINS node 71 broadcasts this information to various receivers where the flow can then be monitored, through a WINS base 72 or portable device 73 , or used for control purposes, such as with WINS controller 74 .
- Output to the WINS base 72 from WINS node 71 can then be routed to data storage devices or external sites, such as a local area network (LAN), remote internet location, or to a user viewing device in human-readable format.
- the output from WINS node 71 can be sent to a portable data logger or viewer 73 , where such output can be especially useful in “field” operations, where small, hand-held devices can be easily transported.
- the WINS node 71 output can also send the sensed output to WINS controller 74 . From there, a control signal can be sent to either a valve or a speed control for pump 10 .
- WINS technology also facilitates the integration of additional pump 10 monitoring functions, including vibration and temperature (not shown). This level of integration further reduces the complexity associated with separate componentry.
- variable mounting locations of the pressure sensors 50 A and 50 B are shown, with notional orthogonal mounting positions 50 A- 1 and 50 A- 2 for the sensor at location 1 , and notional mounting positions 50 B- 1 and 50 B- 2 for the sensor at location 2 . It is important to note that the accuracy in flow measuring made possible by the present system permits additional design flexibility with regard to sensor placement; for example, it is not necessary that sensor 50 A be placed in a different clockwise position within the housing wall (when viewed in cross-section) from sensor 50 B to ensure optimum accuracy.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Control Of Non-Positive-Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This invention relates to the integral flow measurement of centrifugal pumps, and more particularly to a flow measurement apparatus that utilizes differential pressure measurements at two separate locations within the volute section of the pump.
- Centrifugal pumps are widely used in industry due to their compactness, simplicity, high efficiency, ease of maintenance and operation, and ability to deliver a stable flow of fluid. A typical centrifugal pump includes a housing with volute and discharge sections, both of which are in fluid communication with one another, and a rotating impeller. The volute section may comprise either single or multiple volutes. In general, the impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid, which moves circumferentially through the volute, past a volute lip and into the discharge. It is often desirable to monitor the flow of fluid through the pump to ensure that optimal process conditions are being met, and to do so in a way that is not susceptible to “downstream” flow obstructions that could induce erroneous readings. Since direct measurement of a fluid flow rate is a difficult undertaking, most flow measurements instead measure differences in static pressures at two different locations in a flow passage, then correlate that difference with a known flow constant, which is unique to the particular configuration of the flow measuring device. One of the advantages of using a flow constant to calculate flow rates is that the flow constant is not dependent on the aforementioned downstream conditions, although recommendations in terms of straight runs before and after the flow measurement device are usually made. Thus, an accurate measurement can be made irrespective of other constrictions, obstructions and the like found in the flowpath.
- While flow measuring devices are routinely installed in more sophisticated, process-critical applications, their extra cost has traditionally not been warranted for many of the less expensive or more conventional pump applications. In recent years, however, the need to monitor even simple, inexpensive operations has marched in lock-step with end-user demands for consistent, repeatable, high-quality processes. Accordingly, the use of flow measurement sensors and ancillary support equipment for even conventional applications employing centrifugal pumps is in its ascendancy. However, the attachment of sensors and instrumentation to the pump can present significant cost and reliability burdens, in the form of installation and maintenance issues, especially when the sensor is exposed to harsh or heavily-travelled environments that increase the likelihood that they will be damaged or otherwise rendered inoperative.
- It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a centrifugal pump adapted for measuring fluid flow that overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art. According to a first aspect of the invention, a centrifugal pump includes a housing with an internal flowpath wall that defines volute and discharge sections, each section separated by a volute lip, an impeller, and pressure sensors integrally disposed in the housing wall. The impeller is disposed within the volute section, which in turn is defined by a circumferential path through which a fluid travels in response to impeller rotation. The discharge section is tangentially aligned and in fluid communication with the volute section such that fluid flowing through the volute section then passes through the discharge section. The volute lip section defines a bifurcation point between the volute and discharge sections. The sensors are embedded into the volute section of the housing wall such that they are exposed to a portion of the flowpath, thus placing them in fluid communication with liquid flowing therethrough such that they are responsive to changes in fluid pressure caused by variations in fluid flow.
- The sensors may be circumferentially spaced apart in the volute section with one substantially adjacent the volute lip, with the other downstream such that the angle subtended between them is approximately 270°. The present inventors have discovered that the placement of the former sensor is such that, because the region it occupies captures very little flow (thus ensuring low dependence on flow rate), its use in conjunction with the latter sensor, placed in a downstream location in the volute section that, while dependent on flow, is relatively immune to further downstream conditions (such as those found closer to the exit plane of the discharge), thus resulting in a more accurate flow measuring system. A comparator device may be used to analyze the pressure measurements taken from each of the sensors, and a flow measurement output from the comparator is substantially linearly related to the difference in the pressure measurements taken from each of the sensors. As used in conjunction with the present disclosure, the term “substantially” refers to an arrangement of elements or features that, while in theory would be expected to exhibit exact correspondence or behavior, may, in practice embody something slightly less than exact.
- According to another aspect of the invention, a method of measuring fluid flow through a centrifugal pump is disclosed. The method includes the steps of configuring the pump to include a housing with an impeller disposed therein, a flowpath defined by a volute section, discharge section and volute lip section in fluid communication with one another, and a plurality of sensors circumferentially mounted to and spaced apart in the volute section; placing the pump in fluid communication with a fluid; operating the pump such that the fluid flows through at least a portion of the flowpath; taking measurements of the fluid at each location of the plurality of sensors; comparing the measurements taken at each of the locations with one another, thereby establishing a differential; inputting the differential into an algorithm configured to compare the differential to a flow constant; calculating a flow rate with the algorithm; and outputting the flow rate.
- Optionally, the sensors used to take the measurements are pressure sensors, and the differentials established are pressure differentials. In addition, the flow rate can be output in human-intelligible or machine-readable format. A further step may involve transmitting the sensed signals from each of the plurality of sensors by a wireless transmitter to a signal comparator prior to comparing the measurements with one another. Also, a flow measurement output from the comparator is based on a linear relationship between the measurements of each of the plurality of sensors.
- Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the centrifugal pump of the present invention;
- FIG. 2 is a sample calibration curve for the pump of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 shows another calibration curve for two different pumps;
- FIG. 4 shows the integration of the WINS and the flow measuring device; and
- FIGS. 5A and 5B show a sectional and end view, respectively, of the centrifugal pump of FIG. 1 with alternate notional locations of the pressure sensors.
- Referring now to FIG. 1, a
centrifugal pump 10 includes apump housing 15,impeller 20,volute section 25,volute lip 30, anddischarge section 35 comprisingdischarge inlet 35A anddischarge outlet 35B. Thevolute section 25 occupies that portion of the flowpath substantially betweenlocation 1 andlocation 3, while thedischarge section 35 commences substantially atlocation 3 where, due to the bifurcation atvolute lip 30, reentry of fluid under ordinary pump operating conditions into the volute section atlocation 1 is not possible. The term “ordinary” operating conditions are those regimes reasonably close to the pump's design operating condition, and does not include very low overall flow, where due to unsteady velocity changes flow reversal, also known as discharge recirculation, is possible.Discharge inlet 35A accepts fluid (such as water) pumped circumferentially through thevolute section 25 fromimpeller 20, whiledischarge outlet 35B is connected to the next downstream piece of fluid handling equipment (not shown).Pressure sensors volute section 25, with their pressure-sensing mechanism exposed to the flowpath cavity of thevolute section 25 such that the flow of fluid past thesensors Sensor 50A is preferably placedadjacent volute lip 30, whilesensor 50B is preferably placed approximately 270° downstream (i.e: rotating clockwise) ofsensor 50A. -
- where:
- ψ is the angular coordinate;
- A is the cross-sectional area at the angular location ψ;
- R is the mean volute radius at angular location ψ;
- Q is the flow rate;
- ω is the impeller angular velocity;
- η is the pump hydraulic efficiency;
- g is the acceleration due to gravity; and
- H is the pump head, or pressure.
- For a volute designed according to this criterion, it is evident that at BEP, the pressure at
location 1 will be equal to that oflocation 2. Accordingly, the pressure difference between these points equals zero. At off-design conditions, the pressure atlocation 1 remains substantially the same (unless the volute lip to impeller clearance is very large) as the tight clearance at that location captures very little flow. However, the pressure atlocation 2 will vary substantially with flow, with higher pressure at low flows, and lower pressure at higher flows. Therefore, the measured pressure difference betweenlocations -
- where U is the tip speed of the impeller, k is a constant related to impeller exit area and vane angle, and Hth is the theoretical head rise generated by the impeller. Since pressure at
location 1 is proportional to Hth at BEP, - P1∝(1−kQBEP)
- and pressure at
location 2 is proportional to Hth at the given flow, - P2∝(1−kQ)
- this leads to the following:
- P2−P1∝(QBEP−Q)
- While the above analysis indicates the linear dependency, finite element procedures are necessary to determine the actual relationship for any give pump geometry. This has been performed and reported in “Interaction between Impeller and Volute of Pumps at Off-Design Conditions” by J. A. Lorett and S. Gopalakrishnan, Transactions of the ASME, March 1986, pp. 12-18, herein incorporated by reference. The result of using this method on one example, deduced from FIG. 8 of above mentioned reference, is shown as FIG. 2. In this figure, a linear curve is fitted on the calculated data, with excellent agreement demonstrated over a wide range of flow conditions. The linear curve fit equation for this case is
- Q/Q BEP=−2.493(P2−P1)+82
- where Q/QBEP is in percent, and P2−P1 is expressed in meters.
- Since the above demonstrates that a linear curve fit represents theory correctly, we can eliminate the need for finite element analysis for each pump application. Instead, calibration curves can be established at the factory for different pumps. An example of this is shown in FIG. 3 for two different pumps, where actual test data points are fitted linearly. The linear regression analysis shows the curve fit quality to be very good, as the average of the square of the error is about 1%.
- The incorporation of this one-for-one relationship, where the resulting dependence between flow and pressure is substantially linear, leads to more accurate flow measurements, as a linear correlation inherently permits the introduction of less error between the measured pressure differences at the essentially
constant reference location 1 and the varyinglocation 2 than a comparable nonlinear relationship. This linearized flow measurement is especially valuable at low flow and other off-design conditions, where the improved sensitivity abrogates the need for separate outlet flow restriction devices that are otherwise needed to establish steady, known outlet conditions. This can be seen in FIG. 1, wheredischarge outlet 35B permits the flow of fluid to downstream portions (not shown) without recourse to a reduction member, orifice plate or related flow constriction device. The linear variation of the flow conditions made possible by the proper relative positioning of thesensors sensor 50A provides an additional sensitivity advantage in that precise placement of thesensors volute 25 ordischarge 35 section walls, or downstream flow obstructions, especially those where the geometry changes with flow, as in an asymmetric valve or related flow control device (not shown). -
Sensors sensors sensor output sensor output WINS node 71 calculates flow based on the predetermined algorithm and calibration, both previously discussed. TheWINS node 71 broadcasts this information to various receivers where the flow can then be monitored, through aWINS base 72 orportable device 73, or used for control purposes, such as withWINS controller 74. Output to the WINS base 72 fromWINS node 71 can then be routed to data storage devices or external sites, such as a local area network (LAN), remote internet location, or to a user viewing device in human-readable format. Similarly, the output fromWINS node 71 can be sent to a portable data logger orviewer 73, where such output can be especially useful in “field” operations, where small, hand-held devices can be easily transported. To provide automated control of operation forpump 10, theWINS node 71 output can also send the sensed output toWINS controller 74. From there, a control signal can be sent to either a valve or a speed control forpump 10. By virtue of their extensive use of telemetry, the risk of equipment breakage and malfunction is reduced, as extraneous wiring and attendant harnessing are no longer occupying space in high traffic areas or in harsh environments. As indicated by its name, WINS technology also facilitates the integration ofadditional pump 10 monitoring functions, including vibration and temperature (not shown). This level of integration further reduces the complexity associated with separate componentry. - Referring now to FIGS. 5A and 5B, variable mounting locations of the
pressure sensors orthogonal mounting positions 50A-1 and 50A-2 for the sensor atlocation 1, and notional mountingpositions 50B-1 and 50B-2 for the sensor atlocation 2. It is important to note that the accuracy in flow measuring made possible by the present system permits additional design flexibility with regard to sensor placement; for example, it is not necessary thatsensor 50A be placed in a different clockwise position within the housing wall (when viewed in cross-section) fromsensor 50B to ensure optimum accuracy. - Having described the present invention in detail and by reference to the embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention in the following claims.
Claims (17)
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