UA112217C2 - MOBILE DIGITAL TROPOSPHERE-RADIO-RELAY STATION - Google Patents

Abstract

The mobile digital troposphere-radio relay station belongs to radio engineering, in particular - radio engineering and telecommunication systems and can be used to create a mobile microwave radio system, which in emergencies (natural disasters, man-made disasters) or armed conflicts, had the potential for conflict connection by communication of two correspondents who are in different conditions (natural, technogenic) at any distance from hundreds of meters to (one interval - two stations), conventionally 0,1-. The station uses space-spaced reception, with each antenna receiving both a signal with horizontal polarization and a signal with vertical polarization, and emits only a signal with horizontal polarization or with vertical polarization. In relay mode, each antenna emits either a signal with horizontal polarization or a signal with vertical polarization, and receives the signal in accordance with the opposite linear polarization. In the mobile digital troposphere-radio relay station (MCTRrRS), both the tropospheric and radio-relay modes use the duplex transmission / reception method. The exchange of information between two correspondents is carried out simultaneously in two frequency bands for reception and transmission separately. QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulation is used to transmit signals at selected frequencies in both tropospheric and radio relay modes. The technical result is the creation on a single transport base of the system of high frequencies (microwave) as a combination of digital tropospheric station and digital relay station, having common devices for use in

Description

polarization. In radio relay mode, each antenna emits either a signal with horizontal polarization or a signal with vertical polarization, and receives a signal with the opposite linear polarization, respectively. The mobile digital tropospheric radio relay station (MTSRRROS) uses the duplex transmission/reception method in both the tropospheric and radio relay modes. The exchange of information between two correspondents is carried out simultaneously in two frequency bands for reception and transmission separately. OROK (Otsadgashte Rpaze Pii Keuipu) modulation is used to transmit signals at selected frequencies in both tropospheric and radio relay modes of operation.

The technical result is the creation on a single transport base of an ultra-high frequency system (UHF) as a combination of a digital tropospheric station and a digital radio relay station, which have common devices for use in over-the-horizon communication mode (tropospheric station mode) and in line-of-sight mode (mode radio relay station). This combination is a combination of two well-known parts of a tropospheric and radio relay station, since the mobile digital tropospheric radio relay station (MTSRRRRS) has a single microwave transmission path that functions in two frequency modes. This is achieved due to the new capabilities of the heterodyne exciter, which operates in two frequency ranges, and electronic switching with the help of introduced electronic keys. by KU Genni ke me: Shk ZBE os zimno nn KE nin KI nnya

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The invention belongs to the field of radio communication technology, in particular to radio technical and telecommunication systems.

The closest to the individual parts of the station are the well-known radio engineering and telecommunication systems - the digital tropospheric station (V. N. Pocherniaev, S. E. Zakharenko. Tropospheric communication: general characteristics, features and principles of the construction of the apparatus. // "Communication" - 2000 - Mo

Z, page 23, fig. 2)|, digital radio relay station (A.A. Plotnikov, E.D. Poborchiy. Broadband radio access system for fixed rural networks of the saint. // "Zlectrosvyaz" - 2004 - Mo 12, p. 17, fig. 2| and the trigger -heterodyne (N.N. Kamensky, A.M. Model, B.S.

Nadenenko et al. Reference book on radio relay communication. Ed. S.V. Borodycha - Izd. 2nd, revised. and additional - M.: Radio and communication, 1981, - p. 356, fig. 11.5).

A digital tropospheric station with space diversity contains two antennas working for transmission and reception at the same time, the outputs of which are connected through decoupling devices to the transmission and reception paths; the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) transmitter is connected to two antennas through a power divider, and its input to the output of the modulator (modem), whose input is connected to the output of the multiplexer (channel-forming equipment), to the input of which phEit streams are fed, and output after reception of phEi streams, a signal from the demodulator (modem) output is fed to the input of the demultiplexer, to the input of which signals from microwave receivers 1 and 2 are fed, to the second input of which signals from the local oscillator are fed, and to the first input of microwave receivers 1 and 2 are fed signals from the outputs of the microwave bandpass filters 1 and 2, respectively, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the antennas, respectively.

A digital radio relay station for operation in one direction includes an antenna connected to a decoupling device (ferrite circulator), one input of which is connected to the transmission path, and to the second input, the receiving path; the transmission microwave path contains passive microwave elements, including a band-pass filter of the transmitter of the NVU range, a mixer, the second input of which is supplied with a local oscillator signal, and the first input - a signal from the intermediate frequency path (IF), the input of which is connected to the output modem, the input of which is supplied with a signal from the output of the multiplexer, and the input of the multiplexer is supplied with phE1 streams, the input of the demultiplexer is connected to the output of the modem, and the input of the modem is connected to the output of the IF path, the input of which is fed with a signal from the IF intermediate amplifier, which receives signal from the mixer, the first input of the mixer receives a signal from the receiver, and the second input - from the generator, to the receiver

A signal from the antenna, which passes through a decoupling device (ferrite circulator) and a band-pass filter of the microwave, acts on the microwave.

The heterodyne exciter contains a generator of frequency-modulated oscillations of the HUM operating at an intermediate frequency (usually 70 MHz), which transmits the received oscillations to the intermediate frequency amplifier of the PFC, from the output of the HCM, the oscillations are fed to the input of the high-level mixer

ZM, the other input of which is supplied with high-frequency oscillations obtained by multiplying the frequency of the quartz oscillator KG in the frequency multiplier, the high-frequency oscillations obtained after the ZM mixer are amplified in the high-frequency amplifier PVU, which through the sideband filter Ф, which isolates the lower or upper side band, a ferrite valve, and a directional HP splitter designed for measurement purposes transmits the oscillations to a powerful klystron amplifier.

The disadvantage of these well-known stations is that in difficult natural or man-made conditions, none of these stations provides a communication range of 60-80 km. The mobile digital tropospheric station provides a communication range at distances of 50-300 km per interval depending on the power and speed of information transmission (number of channels or streams).

However, a mobile digital radio relay station does not provide a communication range of more than 50-60 km at one interval, which depends on the power of the transmitter and the height of the antenna support (mast). But it can provide communication at small intervals of several hundred meters. To provide communication at distances less than 60 km or more than 80 km, two different stations are needed at the location of one correspondent. Therefore, two tropospheric and two radio relay stations are needed to provide communication with one of these intervals.

The disadvantage of the analog exciter-heterodyne, which is chosen as a prototype, is that it works in one frequency range. Since the mobile digital station must work in two modes (line-of-sight and over-the-horizon communication), it is necessary for the heterodyne exciter to work in two frequency ranges. Therefore, it is necessary to add additional chains and elements to its structure.

The basis of the invention is the task of creating such a mobile radio system of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which in the conditions of emergency situations (natural disasters, man-made disasters) or armed conflicts, counter-terrorism, had the possibility of connecting two correspondents who are in different conditions (natural, man-made ) at any distance from hundreds of meters to 300 km (one interval - two stations), conditionally 0.1-300 km.

The task is solved by the fact that a microwave system has been created on a single transport base, as a combination of a digital tropospheric station and a digital radio relay station, which have common devices for use in over-the-horizon communication mode (tropospheric station mode) and in line-of-sight mode (mode radio relay station). This combination is not a simple connection of two known parts of a tropospheric and radio relay station, since the mobile digital tropospheric radio relay station (MTSRRS) has a single transmission

A microwave path that functions in two frequency modes. This is achieved due to the new capabilities of the heterodyne exciter, which operates in two frequency ranges, and electronic switching with the help of introduced electronic keys (EK PU1, EK PU2, EK! and EKZ).

Control signals from the control panel make it possible to form Z modes of operation of the station: - mode I - the final mode of operation of the tropospheric part of the station and the final or retransmission or nodal (retransmission with the allocation of signals at the point of retransmission) modes of operation of the radio relay part of the station (in this version, the tropospheric part of the station works for his correspondent, and the radio relay part of the station - for his correspondent); - mode II - the final mode of operation of the tropospheric part of the station or the final mode of operation of the radio relay part of the station (in this version, the transmission microwave path is used as part of two transmitters either for tropospheric communication or for radio relay communication); - mode I - the tropospheric part of the station and the radio-relay part of the station work in a single combined tropospheric-radio-relay communication line, while the tropospheric part of the station works in the terminal mode, and the radio-relay part of the station can work either in the terminal mode or in the relay mode, or in node mode.

Fig. 1 shows the receiving-transmitting microwave path of the mobile digital tropospheric radio relay station, where I and II are the antennas of the tropospheric station operating in the over-the-horizon mode; A and B - radio relay station antennas operating in line-of-sight mode; PSI and PS2 - polarization selectors; DI, D2 - diplexers; RP - power distributor; ЕЗСЧFI, ЕЗСЧФ2, ЕЗСЧФЗ, ЕЗСЧFA - electrically changing frequency band filters; Ex. SPHERE, Ex. SFRA - output bandpass filters; Prm microwave T1, Prm microwave 12, Prm

Zo VHF T3, Prm VHF Ta4 - tropospheric station receivers; Prm NHF RI, Prm NHF RAI - radio relay station receivers; Prdi, Prd2 - microwave transmitters; DP, DIP2 - power dividers of the transmitting microwave channel; Zm 11, Zm 12, Zm T3, Zm T4 - tropospheric station mixers; Amendment

RI, Zm P2 - radio relay station mixers; ПППЧИ, ПППЧ2, ПППЧЗ3, ПППЧ4 - pre-amplifiers of the IF; EK!, EK2, EK PUT, EK PU2 - electronic keys that ensure the connection of signals from the control panel to the microwave transmitters and the heterodyne exciter.

In fig. 2 shows the receiving-transmitting HF and LF paths of the tropospheric part of the mobile digital tropospheric radio relay station, where there are: M - modem; M-D 8 - flow multiplexer-demultiplexer; M-D 8 BCC - multiplexer-demultiplexer of digital channels; cryptographic communication equipment.

In fig. 3 shows the receiving-transmitting HF and LF tracts of the radio relay part of the mobile digital tropospheric radio relay station, where there are: Md-Dm RRS - modulator-demodulator; M-D 5TM-1 - stream multiplexer-demultiplexer; M-D 5TM-1 BCC - multiplexer-demultiplexer of digital channels; cryptographic communication equipment.

In fig. 4 shows the functional scheme of the exciter-heterodyne, where the MF is a frequency synthesizer;

ППЧИ, ППЧа2 - intermediate frequency amplifiers; ZM, ZM2, ZMO - high-level mixers; OKG - reference quartz generator; PVCI, PVCH2 - high frequency amplifiers; SFI11, SFI12, SFI1,

SF22 - band filters; B1, B2 - ferrite valves; НВИ1, НВАИ2 - forward branching units.

In fig. 5 shows the circuit diagram of the electronic key.

A digital tropospheric station with space diversity contains two antennas working for transmission and reception at the same time, the outputs of which are connected through decoupling devices to the transmission and reception paths; the microwave transmitter is connected to two antennas through a power divider, and its input is connected to the output of a modulator (modem), whose input is connected to the output of a multiplexer (channel-forming equipment), to the input of which φE1 streams are fed, and output after receiving φEi1 -streams, the input of the demultiplexer receives a signal from the output of the demodulator (modem), the input of which receives signals from microwave receivers 1 and 2, the second input of which receives signals from the local oscillator, and the first input of microwave receivers 1 and 2 receives signals from the outputs of band of microwave filters 1 and 2, respectively, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the antennas, respectively.

A digital radio relay station for operation in one direction includes an antenna connected to a decoupling device (ferrite circulator), one input of which is connected to the transmission path, and to the second input, the receiving path; the transmitting UHF path contains passive UHF elements, including a bandpass filter of the transmitter of the NVU range, a mixer, the second input of which is a local oscillator signal, and the first input is a signal from the IF path, the input of which is connected to the output of the modem, to the input which receives a signal from the output of the multiplexers, and the input of the multiplexers receives the PHEI1 streams, the input of the demultiplexer is connected to the output of the modem, and the input of the modem is connected to the output of the PU path, to the input of which the signal from the mixer is fed, the signal from the receiver is fed to the first input of the mixer NVU, and on the second input - from the generator, the signal from the antenna acts on the microwave receiver, which successively passes through the decoupling device (ferrite circulator) and the microwave bandpass filter.

The receiving-transmitting microwave path of the mobile digital tropospheric radio relay station consists of 2 antennas I and II operating in the over-the-horizon communication mode (tropospheric station mode) and 2 antennas A and B operating in the line-of-sight mode ( radio relay station mode), antennas A and B are connected to input 1 of the polarization selectors of the radio relay part of the PSTR and PS2R stations, respectively, to input 2 of which receivers are connected

UHF Prm RI Her Prm RAI, respectively, which in turn are connected to mixers Zm RI and Zm P2, respectively, the outputs of which are connected to the Md-Dm modulator-demodulator, and signals from the heterodyne exciter are fed to the second inputs, and to input From each polarization selector

The PSTR and PS2R are connected to the output bandpass filter of the transmission path of the NVU, to the input of which the signal from the power dividers DPI and DP2 is fed under the control of electronic keys EC! and

EK2, respectively, at the input of which the signal from transmitters Prd 1 and Prd 2 acts, respectively, to the inputs of which, on one side, signals are received from the electronic keys of the control panel EK PUT and EK PU2, respectively, on the other side, signals are received from the inputs of transmitters Prd 1 and Prd 2 from the heterodyne exciter, which produces signals for four more mixers of the tropospheric part of the Snake station, Zmt2, ZmtZ and ZmtT4, the outputs of which are connected to their previous intermediate frequency amplifiers ПППЧИ, ПППЧ2, ПППЧЗ and ПППЧА, respectively, and the inputs of which are supplied with signals from receivers Prm microwave T1, Prm microwave 12, Prm microwave TZ, Prm microwave TtT4, respectively, and the inputs of which are supplied with signals from electrically changing the frequency band of filters

EZSChFI, EZSChF2O, EZSChFZ, EZSChFA, respectively, and a signal from the polarization selector PSI1T is applied to the input of the electrically changing frequency band of the filter EZSChFI and to the input electrically

The signal from the polarization selector is fed from the frequency band-changing filter of the ЕШСЧФА filter

PS2T, the inputs of the polarization selectors PS1T and PS2T are connected to the input of the antenna I! and II, respectively, and the other inputs of polarization selectors PS1T and PS2T are connected to the inputs of diplexers

DI and D2, respectively, the outputs of the diplexers DI and D2 are connected to the inputs of electrically changing the frequency band of the filters ЕЗСЧФАИ2 and ЕЗСЧФЗ, respectively, and the other inputs of the diplexers DI and D2 receive signals from the power distributor RP, the two inputs of which receive signals from the transmitters Prdi and Prd2 through electronic keys EK and EK2.

The receiving-transmitting HF and LF paths of the tropospheric part of the station consist of a modem to which signals from ПППЧИ, ПППЧ2, ПППЧЗ, ПППЧА4 are sent, from modem M the signals are transmitted to the multiplexer-demultiplexer of M-D streams 8, at the output of which 4 streams Ei1 are formed, which are sent to the switch under the control of the control signals from the control unit Tr and further to the multiplexer-demultiplexer of digital channels M-D BCC with transfer rates of 64 kbit/s, 128 kbit/s, 256 kbit/s, 512 kbit/s, 1024 kbit/s, 2048 kbit/s, which can be allocated from each of the received E1 streams from M-D 8 and forms four E1 streams at a speed of 2048 kbit/s from the received digital channels to the input of M-D BCC, transmitting them to the input of M-D 8 , which forms a group signal of 8 Mbit/s from them and transmits them to the modem M, which processes the signal and transmits the signal to the heterodyne exciter with a group speed that corresponds to the operation mode of the station for the implementation of over-the-horizon communication, signals from the outputs of the heterodyne exciter are received at the inputs Prdi and Prd2, respectively.

The heterodyne exciter contains an MF frequency synthesizer, to which a group signal from the modem M is supplied, and the output signals are supplied to the intermediate frequency amplifiers ППЧИ, ППЧ2, the signals from which are fed to the mixers ММ, ЗМ2, to which as a reference signal supplied from the reference quartz of the OKG generator through the ZMO mixer and through the band-pass filters SFI11, SFI21 on the media mixer, ZM2, respectively, and from the outputs of the media mixers, ZM2 to the Prdi1 and Prd2 transmitters through the circuits of the PVCI high-frequency amplifier, the SF12 bandpass filter, the ferrite valve

VI, directional splitter NVI and high-frequency amplifier PVC2, bandpass filter

SF21, ferrite valve B2, directional splitter HB2.

The receiving-transmitting HF and LF paths of the radio relay part of the station consist of a modulator-demodulator Md-Dm PRS to which signals are fed from mixers Zm P1 and Zm

P2, from the Md-Dm PRS modulator-demodulator, the signals are transmitted to the M-D 5TM-1 multiplexer-60 stream demultiplexer, at the output of which 64 ET streams are formed, which are sent to the switch under the control of control signals from the PU RR and further to the multiplexer-demultiplexer of digital channels M-D 5TM-1 BCC with transmission rates of 64 kbit/s, 128 kbit/s, 256 kbit/s, 512 kbit/s, 1024 kbit/s, 2048 kbit/s, which can be selected from each of the received E1 streams from M-D Z5TM-1 and forms E1 streams at a speed of 2048 kbit/s from the received digital channels from the output of M-D 5TM-1 BCC, transmitting them to the input of M-D 5TM-1, which forms 64 streams from them 2 Mbit/s each and transmits them to the Md-Dm PRS, which processes the signal transmitted at a speed of 155 Mbit/s and transmits the signals to the heterodyne exciter with a group speed corresponding to the station's mode of operation to implement line-of-sight communication, from the outputs of the exciter-local oscillator, signals are sent to the inputs Prdi and Prd2, respectively.

In over-the-horizon communication mode, the station works as a tropospheric station with spatially distributed reception on two antennas!, and using horizontal and vertical polarization signals for transmission and reception. Signals from two antennas I, II are received through polarization selectors PS1T, PS2T, electrically changing frequency band filters ЕЗСЧFI,

ЕЗСЫФ2, EZСЫФZ, EZСЫFA and DI, D2 duplexers for four microwave receivers - Prm microwave T1, t2,

ТZ, T4, and then on mixers Zm TI, T2, T3, T4, respectively. A signal from a heterodyne exciter is applied to each mixer Zm T1, T2, T3, T4. Signals from the PU Tr control panel switch the range of forming the grid of reference frequencies of the exciter-heterodyne depending on the mode of operation of the radio relay or tropospheric station. From mixers Zm T1, 712, T3, T4, the signals are fed to pre-amplifiers ПППЧИ, ПППЧІ2, ПППЧЗ and ПППЧ4, respectively, and are then fed to the input of the modem M, which eliminates distortion of pulses from intersymbol interference. From modem M, the signal enters the multiplexer-demultiplexer of M-D streams 8, which switches to the 8 Mbit/s (4xE1) reception/transmission mode. This digital stream can be "opened" to digital channels at 64 kbps, 128 kbps, 256 kbps, 512 kbps, 1024 kbps, 2048 kbps in any configurations. From the output of the modem M, the signal is sent to the heterodyne exciter, and if there are enabling signals from the electronic keys EK PU 1, 2, it can be sent to both transmitters Prdi, 2 or to one of them. If on both Prdi, 2, then the signal passes through EKI, EK2, RP, DI, D2, PS1T, PS2T, and is emitted by its antenna I, II, and antenna I emits a horizontal polarization signal, and antenna IY - a signal of vertical polarization. If one of the Prdi or Prd2 transmitters works (tract

Zo is in the "hot" reserve), then the signal power is distributed in RP flows, and through

DI, D2, PSIT, PS2T are fed to antennas !, I, and it is also emitted from antenna I with horizontal polarization, and from antenna II - with vertical polarization.

A digital combined radio tropospheric relay station works as follows. In line-of-sight mode, the station works as a radio relay station. Antennas A and B, which are raised on telescopic masts automatically using the SU control system, work in different directions with two correspondents - A and B. Antenna A in the direction of correspondent A emits a horizontal polarization signal and receives a vertical polarization signal Antenna B in the direction of correspondent B emits a vertical polarization signal, and receives a horizontal polarization signal. At the place of deployment of the station, the two directions of operation of the station as a radio relay station will be separated by polarization. In addition, each direction has its own microwave transmission path, including the output bandpass filter

Output SFIR or Output SFaR, and its transmitter Prdi1 or Prd2 with a power control system.

Separation by polarization for emitting and receiving signals in each direction occurs with the help of polarization selector PS1P or PS2P. Signal formation takes place in the heterodyne exciter in the selected radio relay frequency range in the presence of signals from the PU RR control panel. Each receiving UHF path in direction A or B has a UHF receiver, or an UHFRAO2 receiver and a ZmR'1 mixer, or a ZmR2 mixer. Then the signals are sent to the Md-Dm PRS modulator-demodulator and through it get to the M-D 5TM-1 multiplexer-demultiplexer of streams. For group transmission, the signals from the Md-Dm PRS modulator-demodulator are fed into the intermediate frequency path, which are part of the heterodyne exciter. The heterodyne exciter produces the specified transmission frequencies, and the signals at these frequencies go to transmitters Prdi and Prd2, respectively, and then to their ECs! and EC? and through its bandpass filters and polarization selector to the antenna. The station can transmit and receive signals from correspondents in the mode of a radio relay station at a speed of 64 kbit/s, 128 kbit/s, 256 kbit/s, 512 kbit/s, 1024 kbit/s, 2048 kbit/s in any configurations up to a certain power level 5TM-1 (155 Mbit/s), which is equivalent to 64 E1 streams. In the relay mode, the radio relay part of the station can relay any number of EI streams or other digital channels up to the 5ТМ-1 level from direction A (B) to direction B (A).

Thus, the mobile digital tropospheric radio relay station provides an over-the-horizon mode of operation, like a tropospheric station, and a line-of-sight mode of operation, like a radio relay station, and due to the control of the power of the UHF transmitters, it provides an uninterrupted range in the range from several hundred meters to 300 km (conditionally 0.1-300 km) with the given reliability and reliability of the connection (one interval - two MTSrRRO).

Claims (3)

FORMULA OF THE INVENTION 1. A mobile digital tropospheric radio relay station containing an ultra-high-frequency heterodyne exciter (UHF), which includes a frequency synthesizer (HF) containing two outputs connected in series with intermediate frequency amplifiers (PPCH1I, PPCH2), mixers ( ZM, ZM2), high-frequency amplifiers (PVCHI, PVCH2), band-pass filters (СФ12, СФа21), ferrite valves (В1, В2), splitters (НВ, НВ2г) and transmitters (PRDI, PRD2), as well as a reference quartz generator ( OKG), the output of which is connected to a mixer (ZM), which contains two outputs that are connected to mixers (ZMI and ZM2) through bandpass filters (СФ11, СФ22), which differs in that the tropospheric and radio relay parts of the station have a common transmission microwave path, which contains the first antenna I and the second antenna II of the tropospheric station, which through polarization selectors (PS1T and PS2T) and diplexers (DI, D2) are connected to electrically changing frequency band filters (ЕЗСЧFI, ЕЗСЧФ2, ЕЗСЧФЗ , ЕЖСЧFA), which in turn are connected to receivers of tropes ospheric station (PrinVvVchTt1, PryNVchTt2, PryNVchTt3, PrmNnVchtTa), the outputs of which are connected to previous intermediate frequency amplifiers (ПППЧИ, ПППЧ2, ПППЧЗ, ПпППЧА) through the mixers of the tropospheric station (Zm1T1, Zm1T2, Zm1T3, Zmt4), the inputs of which are connected with a heterodyne exciter, the outputs of which are connected to microwave transmitters (Prd1, Prdg), the inputs of which are connected to electronic keys (EKPUT, EKPU2), and the outputs of these transmitters are connected to the power distributor (RP) through electronic keys (EKI, EK2), the outputs of which are connected to the first antenna A and the second antenna B of the radio relay station through bandpass filters (Out. SFI1, Ex. SFag) and polarization selectors (PSI1R and PS2R), where the outputs of the latter are connected in series with receivers of the radio relay station (PrimNVChRI, PrimNVvVchChR2) and mixers of the radio relay station (ZmR11, ZmR2), the inputs of which are connected to the heterodyne exciter. 2. The station according to claim 1, which differs in that the mentioned electronic keys (EK!I, EK2, EKPUT1, EKPU2) are made with the possibility of switching the exciter-heterodyne and transmitters, which, according to control signals from the control panel, allow forming six modes of operation of the station . 3. The station according to claim 1, which differs in that the radio relay part of the station additionally contains power dividers of the transmission microwave path (DPI, DP2), the inputs of which are connected to electronic keys (EK, EK2), and the outputs are connected to bandpass filters ( Ex. SFI, Ex. SFag). 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