TWI769109B - Package structure and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents

Package structure and manufacturing method thereof Download PDF

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TWI769109B
TWI769109B TW110141424A TW110141424A TWI769109B TW I769109 B TWI769109 B TW I769109B TW 110141424 A TW110141424 A TW 110141424A TW 110141424 A TW110141424 A TW 110141424A TW I769109 B TWI769109 B TW I769109B
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film
carrier
warping
warpage
package structure
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TW110141424A
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TW202320278A (en
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林泓均
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友達光電股份有限公司
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Abstract

A package structure is provided to include a carrier, an interconnect structure, and at least one anti-warpage film. The interconnect structure is located on a front surface of the carrier. The interconnect structure includes N dielectric layers and plural metal layers, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3. The anti-warpage film is located on a rear surface of the carrier. The number of the anti-warpage film is a positive integer obtained by calculating N/2 and unconditionally rounding off.

Description

封裝結構及其製造方法Package structure and manufacturing method thereof

本揭露是有關一種封裝結構及一種封裝結構的製造方法。The present disclosure relates to a package structure and a manufacturing method of the package structure.

隨著積體電路(IC)製造技術日益進步,帶動封裝製程需求提高,IC載板的重佈線(RDL)製程的線寬/線距(L/S)越來越細,分佈也越來越廣,也將整合更多積體電路晶片於同一封裝體中,以製造成更先進多工的產品,目前以扇出型晶圓級封裝(FOWLP)為主流。With the increasing advancement of integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing technology, the demand for packaging processes has increased, and the line width/line spacing (L/S) of the redistribution (RDL) process of IC substrates is getting thinner and thinner, and the distribution is getting smaller and smaller. It will also integrate more integrated circuit chips into the same package to manufacture more advanced and multiplexed products. Currently, fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP) is the mainstream.

載板可包括玻璃片及其上的重佈線與介電層。在製造過程中,重佈線會產生熱應力,而介電層與玻璃片的熱膨脹係數不匹配,導致翹曲(Warpage)現象發生。如此一來,可能會導致重佈線斷線或介電層脫層等問題。此外,當玻璃片的翹曲值過大時可能會導致機台(例如:曝光機與顯影機)無法吸附,進而發出警告使自動化作業停止。The carrier may include a glass sheet with redistribution and dielectric layers thereon. During the manufacturing process, rewiring will generate thermal stress, and the thermal expansion coefficients of the dielectric layer and the glass sheet do not match, resulting in a warpage phenomenon. As a result, problems such as disconnection of rewiring or delamination of the dielectric layer may be caused. In addition, when the warpage value of the glass sheet is too large, it may cause the machine (such as the exposure machine and the developing machine) to be unable to absorb, and then a warning is issued to stop the automatic operation.

本揭露之一技術態樣為一種封裝結構。One technical aspect of the present disclosure is a package structure.

根據本揭露之一些實施方式,一種封裝結構包括載體、互連結構以及至少一抗翹曲膜。互連結構位於載體的正面。互連結構包括N層介電層與複數層金屬層,且N為大於等於3之正整數。抗翹曲膜位於載體的背面。抗翹曲膜的數量為N/2以無條件捨去法得到之正整數。According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a package structure includes a carrier, an interconnect structure, and at least one anti-warping film. The interconnect structure is located on the front side of the carrier. The interconnection structure includes N layers of dielectric layers and multiple layers of metal layers, and N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3. An anti-warp film is located on the backside of the carrier. The amount of anti-warpage film is a positive integer obtained by unconditional rounding of N/2.

在一些實施方式中,上述抗翹曲膜的數量為複數個,且這些抗翹曲膜的厚度不同。In some embodiments, the number of the above-mentioned anti-warping films is plural, and the thicknesses of these anti-warping films are different.

在一些實施方式中,上述抗翹曲膜的熱膨脹係數在40 ppm/℃至70 ppm/℃的範圍中。In some embodiments, the thermal expansion coefficient of the warp-resistant film described above is in the range of 40 ppm/°C to 70 ppm/°C.

在一些實施方式中,上述抗翹曲膜的數量為複數個,且這些抗翹曲膜的材料包括環氧樹脂及不同重量百分濃度的固化劑。In some embodiments, the number of the above-mentioned anti-warping films is plural, and the materials of these anti-warping films include epoxy resin and curing agents with different weight percentage concentrations.

本揭露之一技術態樣為一種封裝結構的製造方法。One technical aspect of the present disclosure is a manufacturing method of a package structure.

根據本揭露之一些實施方式,一種封裝結構的製造方法包括形成互連結構的第一部分於載體的正面;量測載體的第一翹曲值;當第一翹曲值大於預定值時,熱壓第一抗翹曲膜於載體的背面;硬烤第一抗翹曲膜;以及形成互連結構的第二部分於第一部分上。According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method for manufacturing a package structure includes forming a first portion of an interconnect structure on a front surface of a carrier; measuring a first warpage value of the carrier; when the first warpage value is greater than a predetermined value, thermally pressing a first anti-warping film on the backside of the carrier; hard-baking the first anti-warping film; and forming a second portion of the interconnect structure on the first portion.

在一些實施方式中,上述封裝結構的製造方法更包括在形成互連結構的第二部分後,量測載體的第二翹曲值。In some embodiments, the above-mentioned manufacturing method of the package structure further includes measuring a second warpage value of the carrier after forming the second portion of the interconnect structure.

在一些實施方式中,上述封裝結構的製造方法更包括當第二翹曲值大於預定值時,熱壓第二抗翹曲膜於第一抗翹曲膜的背面。In some embodiments, the above-mentioned manufacturing method of the package structure further includes, when the second warpage value is greater than a predetermined value, thermally pressing the second anti-warpage film on the backside of the first anti-warpage film.

在一些實施方式中,上述封裝結構的製造方法更包括在熱壓第二抗翹曲膜於第一抗翹曲膜的背面前,翻轉載體使第一抗翹曲膜的背面朝上。In some embodiments, the above-mentioned manufacturing method of the package structure further includes turning the carrier so that the backside of the first anti-warpage film faces upward before hot pressing the second anti-warpage film on the backside of the first anti-warpage film.

在一些實施方式中,上述封裝結構的製造方法更包括在熱壓第二抗翹曲膜於第一抗翹曲膜的背面後,再次翻轉載體使第二抗翹曲膜的背面朝下。In some embodiments, the above-mentioned manufacturing method of the package structure further includes after hot pressing the second anti-warpage film on the backside of the first anti-warpage film, turning the carrier again so that the backside of the second anti-warpage film faces down.

在一些實施方式中,上述封裝結構的製造方法更包括硬烤第二抗翹曲膜。In some embodiments, the above-mentioned manufacturing method of the package structure further includes hard-baking the second anti-warping film.

在一些實施方式中,上述硬烤第二抗翹曲膜的溫度在170℃至180℃的範圍中。In some embodiments, the temperature of the above-described hard bake second anti-warp film is in the range of 170°C to 180°C.

在一些實施方式中,上述熱壓第二抗翹曲膜於第一抗翹曲膜的背面的溫度在70℃至90℃的範圍中。In some embodiments, the temperature of the hot-pressed second anti-warpage film on the backside of the first anti-warpage film is in the range of 70°C to 90°C.

在一些實施方式中,上述封裝結構的製造方法更包括在熱壓第一抗翹曲膜於載體的背面前,翻轉載體使載體的背面朝上。In some embodiments, the above-mentioned manufacturing method of the package structure further includes turning the carrier so that the back side of the carrier faces upward before thermally pressing the first anti-warping film on the back side of the carrier.

在一些實施方式中,上述封裝結構的製造方法更包括在熱壓第一抗翹曲膜於載體的背面後,再次翻轉載體使第一抗翹曲膜的背面朝下。In some embodiments, the above-mentioned manufacturing method of the package structure further includes, after hot pressing the first anti-warpage film on the backside of the carrier, turning the carrier over again so that the backside of the first anti-warpage film faces down.

在一些實施方式中,上述預定值在0.8 mm至1.2 mm的範圍中。In some embodiments, the above predetermined value is in the range of 0.8 mm to 1.2 mm.

在一些實施方式中,上述熱壓第一抗翹曲膜於載體的背面的溫度在70℃至90℃的範圍中。In some embodiments, the temperature of the hot-pressed first anti-warpage film on the backside of the carrier is in the range of 70°C to 90°C.

在一些實施方式中,上述硬烤第一抗翹曲膜的溫度在170℃至180℃的範圍中。In some embodiments, the temperature of the above-mentioned hard-bake first anti-warp film is in the range of 170°C to 180°C.

在一些實施方式中,上述形成互連結構的第二部分於第一部分上使得第一部分與第二部分共包括3層以上的介電層。In some embodiments, the second part of the interconnect structure is formed on the first part, so that the first part and the second part together include three or more dielectric layers.

在本揭露上述實施方式中,當互連結構的第一部分於載體的正面後,可先量測載體的第一翹曲值,若第一翹曲值過大便可熱壓第一抗翹曲膜於載體的背面並硬烤第一抗翹曲膜,實現邊量測翹曲量邊增加抗翹曲膜的機制。如此一來,第一抗翹曲膜可產生收縮應力而抑制載體的翹曲量,使翹曲量降低至接近0 mm。後續便可繼續形成互連結構的第二部分,避免重佈線斷線或介電層脫層等問題,且因封裝結構的平整化可被機台(例如:曝光機與顯影機)穩定地吸附,有利於自動化作業。此外,本揭露的封裝結構製作完成後,由於抗翹曲膜位於載體的背面,因此可提供支撐性,不僅方便出貨,且在後續晶片接合(Bonding)與模製成型(Molding)的製程中避免互連結構的金屬層斷裂。In the above-mentioned embodiment of the present disclosure, after the first part of the interconnect structure is on the front side of the carrier, the first warpage value of the carrier can be measured first, and if the first warpage value is too large, the first anti-warpage film can be hot-pressed The first anti-warping film is hard-baked on the back of the carrier to realize the mechanism of increasing the anti-warping film while measuring the amount of warpage. In this way, the first anti-warpage film can generate shrinkage stress and suppress the warpage of the carrier, so that the warpage is reduced to close to 0 mm. Subsequently, the second part of the interconnect structure can be continuously formed to avoid problems such as disconnection of rewiring or delamination of the dielectric layer, and the flattening of the package structure can be stably absorbed by the machine (for example, the exposure machine and the developing machine). , which is conducive to automated operations. In addition, after the packaging structure of the present disclosure is fabricated, since the anti-warping film is located on the back side of the carrier, it can provide support, which is not only convenient for shipment, but also in subsequent chip bonding and molding processes. The metal layer of the interconnect structure is prevented from breaking.

以下揭示之實施方式內容提供了用於實施所提供的標的之不同特徵的許多不同實施方式,或實例。下文描述了元件和佈置之特定實例以簡化本案。當然,該等實例僅為實例且並不意欲作為限制。此外,本案可在各個實例中重複元件符號及/或字母。此重複係用於簡便和清晰的目的,且其本身不指定所論述的各個實施方式及/或配置之間的關係。The embodiments disclosed below provide many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the provided subject matter. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present case. Of course, these examples are merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, reference numerals and/or letters may be repeated in various instances herein. This repetition is for brevity and clarity, and does not in itself specify the relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

諸如「在……下方」、「在……之下」、「下部」、「在……之上」、「上部」等等空間相對術語可在本文中為了便於描述之目的而使用,以描述如附圖中所示之一個元件或特徵與另一元件或特徵之關係。空間相對術語意欲涵蓋除了附圖中所示的定向之外的在使用或操作中的裝置的不同定向。裝置可經其他方式定向(旋轉90度或以其他定向)並且本文所使用的空間相對描述詞可同樣相應地解釋。Spatially relative terms such as "below," "below," "lower," "above," "above," and the like may be used herein for convenience of description to describe The relationship of one element or feature to another element or feature as shown in the figures. The spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation shown in the figures. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

第1圖繪示根據本揭露一實施方式之封裝結構100的剖面圖。如圖所示,封裝結構100包括載體110、互連結構120與至少一翹曲膜,在本實施方式中,封裝結構100包括第一抗翹曲膜130a及第二抗翹曲膜130b。互連結構120位於載體110的正面112。互連結構120包括N層介電層,且N為大於等於3之正整數。在本實施方式中,N為5,互連結構120包括5層介電層122a、122b、122c、122d、122e與複數層金屬層124a、124b、124c、124d、124e、124f。此外,抗翹曲膜的數量為N/2以無條件捨去法得到之正整數,由於N為5,因此封裝結構100包括兩抗翹曲膜,例如第一抗翹曲膜130a及第二抗翹曲膜130b。第一抗翹曲膜130a與第二抗翹曲膜130b位於載體110的背面114,且第一抗翹曲膜130a位於載體110與第二抗翹曲膜130b之間。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a package structure 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in the figure, the package structure 100 includes a carrier 110 , an interconnect structure 120 and at least one warp film. In this embodiment, the package structure 100 includes a first anti-warp film 130 a and a second anti-warp film 130 b. The interconnect structure 120 is located on the front side 112 of the carrier 110 . The interconnect structure 120 includes N dielectric layers, and N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3. In this embodiment, N is 5, and the interconnect structure 120 includes five layers of dielectric layers 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d, and 122e and multiple layers of metal layers 124a, 124b, 124c, 124d, 124e, and 124f. In addition, the number of anti-warping films is N/2, a positive integer obtained by unconditional rounding off. Since N is 5, the package structure 100 includes two anti-warping films, such as the first anti-warping film 130a and the second anti-warping film 130a. Warp film 130b. The first anti-warping film 130a and the second anti-warping film 130b are located on the back surface 114 of the carrier 110, and the first anti-warping film 130a is located between the carrier 110 and the second anti-warping film 130b.

在本實施方式中,金屬層124a、124f可以為球下金屬(Under bump metal;UBM),可電性連接晶片或電路板,而金屬層124b、124c、124d、124e可以為重佈線(Redistribution line;RDL),可傳遞電訊號。在本實施方式中,介電層122a、122b、122c、122d、122e的材料可以為聚醯亞胺(Polyimide;PI), 金屬層124a、124b、124c、124d、124e、124f的材料可以為銅,載體110的材料可以為玻璃,但並不用以限制本揭露。第一抗翹曲膜130a與第二抗翹曲膜130b的材料可包括環氧樹脂(Epoxy)與固化劑。第一抗翹曲膜130a與第二抗翹曲膜130b的熱膨脹係數可在40 ppm/℃至70 ppm/℃的範圍中。In this embodiment, the metal layers 124a, 124f may be Under bump metal (UBM), which can be electrically connected to a chip or a circuit board, and the metal layers 124b, 124c, 124d, 124e may be redistribution lines; RDL), which can transmit electrical signals. In this embodiment, the material of the dielectric layers 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d, and 122e may be polyimide (PI), and the material of the metal layers 124a, 124b, 124c, 124d, 124e, and 124f may be copper. , the material of the carrier 110 may be glass, which is not intended to limit the present disclosure. The materials of the first anti-warping film 130a and the second anti-warping film 130b may include epoxy resin and curing agent. The thermal expansion coefficients of the first anti-warpage film 130a and the second anti-warpage film 130b may be in the range of 40 ppm/°C to 70 ppm/°C.

具體而言,在互連結構120的第一部分(例如介電層122a、122b與金屬層124a、124b)形成於載體110上後,由於銅、聚醯亞胺與玻璃的熱膨脹係數不匹配,易產生翹曲問題。因此,當載體110量測的翹曲值過大時(例如大於1.0mm),可設置第一抗翹曲膜130a於載體110的背面114,藉由第一抗翹曲膜130a產生的收縮應力抑制載體110的翹曲量,使翹曲量降低至接近0 mm,可避免在後續製程產生重佈線斷線與聚醯亞胺脫層等問題,且因平整化能被機台(例如:曝光機與顯影機)穩定地吸附,有利於自動化作業。後續便可在互連結構120的第一部分上繼續形成互連結構120的第二部分(例如介電層122c、122d與金屬層124c、124d),當載體110量測的翹曲值再次過大時(例如大於1.0mm),可進一步設置第二抗翹曲膜130b於第一抗翹曲膜130a的背面134,藉由第一抗翹曲膜130a及第二抗翹曲膜130b產生的收縮應力抑制載體110的翹曲量,使翹曲量降低至接近0 mm。後續便可在互連結構120的第二部分上繼續形成互連結構120的第三部分(例如介電層122e與金屬層124e、124f),以得到第1圖的封裝結構100。由於第一抗翹曲膜130a與第二抗翹曲膜130b位於載體110的背面114,因此可提供支撐性,可方便出貨避免互連結構120因翹曲而損壞。Specifically, after the first part of the interconnect structure 120 (eg, the dielectric layers 122a, 122b and the metal layers 124a, 124b) is formed on the carrier 110, due to the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients of copper, polyimide and glass, it is easy to warping problem occurs. Therefore, when the warpage value measured by the carrier 110 is too large (for example, greater than 1.0 mm), the first anti-warping film 130a can be provided on the back surface 114 of the carrier 110 to suppress the shrinkage stress generated by the first anti-warping film 130a The warpage amount of the carrier 110 reduces the warpage amount to close to 0 mm, which can avoid problems such as rewiring disconnection and polyimide delamination in the subsequent process, and can be affected by the machine (for example: exposure machine due to flattening). and developing machine) stable adsorption, which is conducive to automatic operation. Subsequently, the second part of the interconnection structure 120 (eg, the dielectric layers 122c, 122d and the metal layers 124c, 124d) can be further formed on the first part of the interconnection structure 120. When the warpage value measured by the carrier 110 is too large again (For example, greater than 1.0 mm), a second anti-warping film 130b can be further disposed on the back surface 134 of the first anti-warping film 130a, and the shrinkage stress generated by the first anti-warping film 130a and the second anti-warping film 130b can be used The warpage amount of the carrier 110 is suppressed, and the warpage amount is reduced to approximately 0 mm. Subsequently, the third part of the interconnection structure 120 (eg, the dielectric layer 122e and the metal layers 124e and 124f ) can be further formed on the second part of the interconnection structure 120 to obtain the package structure 100 of FIG. 1 . Since the first anti-warping film 130a and the second anti-warping film 130b are located on the back surface 114 of the carrier 110, they can provide support and facilitate shipping to avoid damage to the interconnect structure 120 due to warping.

在另一實施方中,互連結構120的第一部分包括介電層122a、122b、122c與金屬層124a、124b、124c,互連結構120的第二部分包括介電層122d、122e與金屬層124d、124e、124f,在互連結構120的第二部分形成後設置第二抗翹曲膜130b於第一抗翹曲膜130a的背面134,即可得到第1圖的封裝結構100,不需在第二部分上繼續形成互連結構120的第三部分。In another embodiment, the first portion of interconnect structure 120 includes dielectric layers 122a, 122b, 122c and metal layers 124a, 124b, 124c, and the second portion of interconnect structure 120 includes dielectric layers 122d, 122e and metal layers 124d, 124e, 124f, after the second part of the interconnect structure 120 is formed, the second anti-warping film 130b is disposed on the back surface 134 of the first anti-warping film 130a, and the package structure 100 of FIG. 1 can be obtained without the need for Forming a third portion of interconnect structure 120 continues on the second portion.

上述所提到的有關互連結構120的第一部分、第二部分與第三部分的描述僅為示例,主要是根據製程中已堆疊的介電層數量N與載體110當時的翹曲量而定。在一些實施方式中,只要符合抗翹曲膜數量為介電層數量之半並以無條件捨去法得到之正整數,便可避免載體110在製程中的翹曲量過大(例如大於1.0mm)。The above-mentioned descriptions about the first part, the second part and the third part of the interconnection structure 120 are only examples, which are mainly determined according to the number N of the stacked dielectric layers and the warpage of the carrier 110 at that time. . In some embodiments, as long as the number of anti-warpage films is half of the number of dielectric layers and a positive integer obtained by unconditional rounding off, the carrier 110 can be prevented from having excessive warpage (eg, greater than 1.0 mm) during the manufacturing process. .

在以下敘述中,將說明封裝結構100的製造方法。In the following description, a method of manufacturing the package structure 100 will be explained.

第2圖繪示根據本揭露一實施方式之封裝結構的製造方法的流程圖。封裝結構的製造方法包括但不限於下列步驟S1至S5。在步驟S1中,形成互連結構的第一部分於載體的正面。在步驟S2中,量測載體的第一翹曲值。在步驟S3中,當第一翹曲值大於預定值時,熱壓第一抗翹曲膜於載體的背面。在步驟S4中,硬烤第一抗翹曲膜。在步驟S5中,形成互連結構的第二部分於第一部分上。在以下敘述中,將詳細說明上述步驟S1至S5以及在其之前、之中、之後的其他步驟。FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a package structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The manufacturing method of the package structure includes but is not limited to the following steps S1 to S5. In step S1, a first portion of the interconnect structure is formed on the front side of the carrier. In step S2, the first warpage value of the carrier is measured. In step S3, when the first warpage value is greater than the predetermined value, the first anti-warpage film is hot-pressed on the backside of the carrier. In step S4, the first anti-warping film is hard baked. In step S5, a second portion of the interconnect structure is formed on the first portion. In the following description, the above-mentioned steps S1 to S5 and other steps before, during, and after them will be explained in detail.

第3圖至第8圖繪示根據本揭露一實施方式之封裝結構的製造方法在各步驟的剖面圖。為了使圖式較為清楚簡潔以及方便說明,後續圖式的互連結構120省略其內部構造(可參見第1圖),合先敘明。參閱第3圖,形成互連結構120的第一部分於載體110的正面112。在此步驟中,可形成介電層122a與金屬層124a於載體110的正面112,接著形成金屬層124b於介電層122a與金屬層124a上,然後形成介電層122b於金屬層124b與介電層122a上。在一些實施方式中,介電層122a、122b可由塗佈(Coating)的方式形成,金屬層124a、124b可由物理氣相沉積(PVD)並搭配圖案化步驟(如曝光、顯影、蝕刻)形成,但並不用以限制本揭露。後續有關其他介電層與金屬層的形成步驟與上述方式雷同,不重覆贅述。FIG. 3 to FIG. 8 are cross-sectional views of each step of a manufacturing method of a package structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In order to make the drawings clear and concise and to facilitate the description, the internal structure of the interconnection structure 120 in the subsequent drawings is omitted (see FIG. 1 ), which will be described first. Referring to FIG. 3 , a first portion of the interconnect structure 120 is formed on the front surface 112 of the carrier 110 . In this step, a dielectric layer 122a and a metal layer 124a can be formed on the front surface 112 of the carrier 110, then a metal layer 124b can be formed on the dielectric layer 122a and the metal layer 124a, and then a dielectric layer 122b can be formed on the metal layer 124b and the dielectric layer 124b. on the electrical layer 122a. In some embodiments, the dielectric layers 122a and 122b may be formed by coating, and the metal layers 124a and 124b may be formed by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and patterning steps (such as exposure, development, and etching). However, it is not intended to limit this disclosure. Subsequent formation steps of other dielectric layers and metal layers are similar to the above-mentioned methods, and will not be repeated.

同時參閱第3圖與第4圖,當互連結構120的第一部分形成於載體110的正面112後,可量測載體110的第一翹曲值W1。當第一翹曲值W1大於預定值時,熱壓第一抗翹曲膜130a於載體110的背面114。在本實施方式中,預定值可在0.8 mm至1.2 mm的範圍中,例如1.0 mm。若第一翹曲值W1大於預定值,恐超過製程機台的容許值,且在後續互連結構120其他部分的形成易產生重佈線斷線或介電層脫層等問題。此外,在熱壓第一抗翹曲膜130a於載體110的背面114前,可翻轉載體110使載體110的背面114朝上,方便第一抗翹曲膜130a熱壓貼合於載體110的背面114。在本實施方式中,熱壓第一抗翹曲膜130a於載體110的背面114的溫度在70℃至90℃的範圍中,例如80℃。在一些實施方式中,互連結構120的第一部分可包括第1圖的介電層122a、122b與金屬層124a、124b,但並不以此為限,第一部分也可包括第1圖的介電層122a、122b、122c與金屬層124a、124b、124c。Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4 at the same time, after the first portion of the interconnect structure 120 is formed on the front surface 112 of the carrier 110 , the first warpage value W1 of the carrier 110 can be measured. When the first warpage value W1 is greater than the predetermined value, the first anti-warpage film 130 a is thermally pressed on the back surface 114 of the carrier 110 . In this embodiment, the predetermined value may be in the range of 0.8 mm to 1.2 mm, eg 1.0 mm. If the first warpage value W1 is greater than the predetermined value, it may exceed the allowable value of the process tool, and the subsequent formation of other parts of the interconnect structure 120 is likely to cause problems such as disconnection of rewiring or delamination of the dielectric layer. In addition, before the first anti-warpage film 130a is hot-pressed on the backside 114 of the carrier 110 , the carrier 110 can be turned over so that the backside 114 of the carrier 110 faces upwards, so that the first anti-warpage film 130a can be hot-pressed and attached to the backside of the carrier 110 . 114. In this embodiment, the temperature at which the first anti-warping film 130a is hot-pressed on the back surface 114 of the carrier 110 is in the range of 70°C to 90°C, for example, 80°C. In some embodiments, the first part of the interconnect structure 120 may include the dielectric layers 122a, 122b and the metal layers 124a, 124b of FIG. The electrical layers 122a, 122b, 122c and the metal layers 124a, 124b, 124c.

同時參閱第4圖與第5圖,在熱壓第一抗翹曲膜130a於載體110的背面114後,再次翻轉載體110使第一抗翹曲膜130a的背面134朝下。接著,可硬烤第一抗翹曲膜130a。由於第一抗翹曲膜130a的材料包括環氧樹脂,其熱膨脹係數可在40 ppm/℃至70 ppm/℃的範圍中,因此第一抗翹曲膜130a會收縮而產生應力,進一步控制載體110的翹曲量,使翹曲量降低至接近0 mm,達到平整化目的,實現邊量測翹曲量邊增加抗翹曲膜的機制。在本實施方式中,硬烤第一抗翹曲膜130a的溫度在170℃至180℃的範圍中,例如175℃硬烤2小時。Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5 at the same time, after the first anti-warping film 130a is hot-pressed on the backside 114 of the carrier 110, the carrier 110 is turned over again so that the backside 134 of the first anti-warping film 130a faces downward. Next, the first anti-warpage film 130a may be hard-baked. Since the material of the first anti-warping film 130a includes epoxy resin, the thermal expansion coefficient of which can be in the range of 40 ppm/°C to 70 ppm/°C, the first anti-warping film 130a will shrink to generate stress, which further controls the carrier The warpage amount of 110 reduces the warpage amount to close to 0 mm, achieves the purpose of flattening, and realizes the mechanism of increasing the warpage resistance film while measuring the warpage amount. In this embodiment, the temperature of hard-baking the first anti-warping film 130 a is in the range of 170° C. to 180° C., for example, hard-baking at 175° C. for 2 hours.

同時參閱第5圖與第6圖,在硬烤第一抗翹曲膜130a後,因翹曲量已大幅減少,可繼續形成互連結構120的第二部分於第一部分上,而不會造成重佈線斷線或介電層脫層等問題,且因封裝結構的平整化可被機台(例如:曝光機與顯影機)穩定地吸附,有利於自動化作業。然而,互連結構120的第二部分形成後,可能會造成載體110的翹曲量增加。因此,在形成互連結構120的第二部分後,可量測載體110的第二翹曲值W2。在一些實施方式中,互連結構120的第二部分可包括第1圖的介電層122c、122d與金屬層124c、124d,但並不以此為限,例如第二部分也可包括第1圖的介電層122d、122e與金屬層124d、124e、124f。互連結構120的第二部分形成於第一部分上後,第一部分與第二部分共包括3層以上的介電層,例如4層或5層。Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6 at the same time, after the first anti-warpage film 130a is hard-baked, since the amount of warpage has been greatly reduced, the second part of the interconnection structure 120 can continue to be formed on the first part without causing Problems such as rewiring disconnection or dielectric layer delamination, and due to the flattening of the package structure, it can be stably adsorbed by the machine (eg: exposure machine and developing machine), which is conducive to automated operations. However, after the second portion of the interconnect structure 120 is formed, the amount of warpage of the carrier 110 may increase. Therefore, after the second portion of the interconnect structure 120 is formed, the second warpage value W2 of the carrier 110 can be measured. In some embodiments, the second portion of the interconnect structure 120 may include the dielectric layers 122c, 122d and the metal layers 124c, 124d in FIG. 1, but not limited thereto, for example, the second portion may also include the first The dielectric layers 122d, 122e and the metal layers 124d, 124e, 124f are shown in the figure. After the second part of the interconnection structure 120 is formed on the first part, the first part and the second part together include three or more dielectric layers, for example, four or five layers.

同時參閱第6圖與第7圖,當第二翹曲值W2大於預定值時,熱壓第二抗翹曲膜130b於第一抗翹曲膜130a的背面134,實現邊量測翹曲量邊增加抗翹曲膜的機制。在一些實施方式中,第一抗翹曲膜130a與第二抗翹曲膜130b可包括不同重量百分濃度的固化劑(如環氧基),例如第二抗翹曲膜130b所含固化劑的重量百分濃度大於第一抗翹曲膜130a所含固化劑的重量百分濃度,以提供更佳的抗翹曲能力。第一抗翹曲膜130a的固化劑的重量百分濃度可在23%至25%的範圍中,第二抗翹曲膜130b的固化劑的重量百分濃度可在30%至33%的範圍中。此外,第一抗翹曲膜130a與第二抗翹曲膜130b的厚度可以是不同的,例如第二抗翹曲膜130b的厚度大於第一抗翹曲膜130a的厚度,以提供更佳的抗翹曲能力。舉例來說,第一抗翹曲膜130a的厚度可約為50 μm,第二抗翹曲膜130b的厚度可約為80 μm。Referring to FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 at the same time, when the second warpage value W2 is greater than the predetermined value, the second anti-warpage film 130b is hot-pressed on the back surface 134 of the first anti-warpage film 130a to measure the warpage amount. Mechanism to increase the anti-warpage film. In some embodiments, the first anti-warpage film 130a and the second anti-warpage film 130b may include curing agents (eg, epoxy groups) in different weight percentage concentrations, for example, the curing agent contained in the second anti-warpage film 130b The weight percent concentration of the first anti-warping film 130a is greater than the weight percent concentration of the curing agent contained in the first anti-warping film 130a, so as to provide better anti-warping ability. The weight percent concentration of the curing agent of the first anti-warpage film 130a may be in the range of 23% to 25%, and the weight percent concentration of the curing agent of the second anti-warpage film 130b may be in the range of 30% to 33% middle. In addition, the thicknesses of the first anti-warping film 130a and the second anti-warping film 130b may be different, for example, the thickness of the second anti-warping film 130b is greater than the thickness of the first anti-warping film 130a, so as to provide better Warpage resistance. For example, the thickness of the first anti-warpage film 130a may be about 50 μm, and the thickness of the second anti-warpage film 130b may be about 80 μm.

在其他實施方式中,第二抗翹曲膜130b所含固化劑的重量百分濃度可小於第一抗翹曲膜130a所含固化劑的重量百分濃度,第二抗翹曲膜130b的厚度可小於第一抗翹曲膜130a的厚度,依設計需求而定。In other embodiments, the weight percent concentration of the curing agent contained in the second anti-warpage film 130b may be smaller than the weight percent concentration of the curing agent contained in the first anti-warping film 130a, and the thickness of the second anti-warping film 130b The thickness may be smaller than the thickness of the first anti-warping film 130a, depending on design requirements.

此外,在熱壓第二抗翹曲膜130b於第一抗翹曲膜130a的背面134前,可翻轉載體110使第一抗翹曲膜130a的背面134朝上,方便第二抗翹曲膜130b熱壓貼合於第一抗翹曲膜130a的背面134。在本實施方式中,熱壓第二抗翹曲膜130b於第一抗翹曲膜130a的背面134的溫度在70℃至90℃的範圍中,例如80℃。In addition, before hot pressing the second anti-warpage film 130b on the back surface 134 of the first anti-warpage film 130a, the carrier 110 can be turned over so that the backside 134 of the first anti-warpage film 130a faces upwards, so as to facilitate the second anti-warpage film 130a. 130b is thermocompressed and bonded to the back surface 134 of the first anti-warping film 130a. In this embodiment, the temperature at which the second anti-warpage film 130b is hot-pressed on the back surface 134 of the first anti-warpage film 130a is in the range of 70°C to 90°C, eg, 80°C.

同時參閱第7圖與第8圖,在熱壓第二抗翹曲膜130b於第一抗翹曲膜130a的背面134後,再次翻轉載體110使第二抗翹曲膜130b的背面135朝下。接著,可硬烤第二抗翹曲膜130b。由於第二抗翹曲膜130b的材料包括環氧樹脂,其熱膨脹係數可在40 ppm/℃至70 ppm/℃的範圍中,因此第二抗翹曲膜130b會收縮而產生應力,進一步控制載體110的翹曲量,使翹曲量降低至接近0 mm,達到平整化目的,實現邊量測翹曲量邊增加抗翹曲膜的機制。在本實施方式中,硬烤第二抗翹曲膜130b的溫度在170℃至180℃的範圍中,例如175℃硬烤2小時。此外,在硬烤第二抗翹曲膜130b時,第一抗翹曲膜130a也同時處在近似的溫度(例如175℃)。Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8 at the same time, after hot pressing the second anti-warpage film 130b on the backside 134 of the first anti-warpage film 130a, the carrier 110 is turned over again so that the backside 135 of the second anti-warpage film 130b faces down . Next, the second anti-warpage film 130b may be hard-baked. Since the material of the second anti-warping film 130b includes epoxy resin, the thermal expansion coefficient of which can be in the range of 40 ppm/°C to 70 ppm/°C, the second anti-warping film 130b will shrink to generate stress, which further controls the carrier The warpage amount of 110 reduces the warpage amount to close to 0 mm, achieves the purpose of flattening, and realizes the mechanism of increasing the warpage resistance film while measuring the warpage amount. In the present embodiment, the temperature of hard-baking the second anti-warpage film 130b is in the range of 170° C. to 180° C., for example, hard-baking at 175° C. for 2 hours. In addition, when the second anti-warpage film 130b is hard-baked, the first anti-warpage film 130a is also at a similar temperature (eg, 175° C.).

在硬烤第二抗翹曲膜130b後,因翹曲量已大幅減少,可得到如第1圖的封裝結構100。在另一實施方式中,還需繼續形成互連結構120的第三部分(例如第1圖的介電層122e與金屬層124e、124f)於第二部分上,才可得到如第1圖的封裝結構100,但因第一抗翹曲膜130a及第二抗翹曲膜130b具有足夠的抗翹曲能力,不會有重佈線斷線或介電層脫層等問題。After hard-baking the second anti-warpage film 130b, the amount of warpage has been greatly reduced, and the package structure 100 shown in FIG. 1 can be obtained. In another embodiment, the third part of the interconnect structure 120 (for example, the dielectric layer 122e and the metal layers 124e and 124f in FIG. 1) needs to be further formed on the second part to obtain the interconnection structure as shown in FIG. 1. In the package structure 100, because the first anti-warping film 130a and the second anti-warping film 130b have sufficient anti-warping ability, there will be no problems such as disconnection of rewiring or delamination of the dielectric layer.

第1圖的封裝結構100製作完成後,由於第一抗翹曲膜130a及第二抗翹曲膜130b位於載體110的背面114,因此可提供支撐性,不僅方便出貨,且在後續晶片接合(Bonding)與模製成型(Molding)的製程中避免互連結構120的金屬層斷裂。封裝結構100製作完成後,可繼續執行後述製程。After the package structure 100 shown in FIG. 1 is fabricated, since the first anti-warping film 130a and the second anti-warping film 130b are located on the back surface 114 of the carrier 110, they can provide support, which is not only convenient for shipment, but also in subsequent chip bonding. The metal layer of the interconnect structure 120 is prevented from being broken during the bonding and molding processes. After the fabrication of the package structure 100 is completed, the following processes can be continued.

第9圖繪示根據本揭露一實施方式之封裝結構100經接合與模壓製程後的剖面圖。第10圖繪示第9圖的互連結構120接合於電路板230後的剖面圖。同時參閱第9圖與第10圖,封裝結構100包括載體110、互連結構120、第一抗翹曲膜130a及第二抗翹曲膜130b。封裝結構100經第2圖至第8圖的製程後,可接合晶片210於封裝結構100上,接著可模製成型晶片210於模壓材220中。晶片210可藉由導電結構212接合於封裝結構100的互連結構120上。在一些實施方式中,導電結構212電性連接晶片210與互連結構120的金屬層124f(見第1圖)。FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the package structure 100 after the bonding and molding process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the interconnect structure 120 of FIG. 9 after being bonded to the circuit board 230 . Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10 at the same time, the package structure 100 includes a carrier 110 , an interconnect structure 120 , a first anti-warping film 130 a and a second anti-warping film 130 b. After the package structure 100 is processed through the processes shown in FIGS. 2 to 8 , the chip 210 can be bonded on the package structure 100 , and then the molding chip 210 can be molded into the molding material 220 . The chip 210 can be bonded to the interconnect structure 120 of the package structure 100 through the conductive structure 212 . In some embodiments, the conductive structure 212 electrically connects the die 210 with the metal layer 124f of the interconnect structure 120 (see FIG. 1).

在後續步驟中,可沿虛線L移除載體110、第一抗翹曲膜130a及第二抗翹曲膜130b,使互連結構120的底面裸露。接著,將互連結構120設置於電路板230上,而得到第10圖的電子裝置200。互連結構120可藉由導電結構232接合於電路板230上。在一些實施方式中,導電結構232電性連接電路板230與互連結構120的金屬層124a(見第1圖)。In a subsequent step, the carrier 110 , the first anti-warpage film 130 a and the second anti-warpage film 130 b may be removed along the dotted line L to expose the bottom surface of the interconnect structure 120 . Next, the interconnection structure 120 is disposed on the circuit board 230 to obtain the electronic device 200 of FIG. 10 . The interconnect structure 120 can be bonded to the circuit board 230 through the conductive structure 232 . In some embodiments, the conductive structure 232 is electrically connected to the circuit board 230 and the metal layer 124a of the interconnect structure 120 (see FIG. 1 ).

前述概述了幾個實施方式的特徵,使得本領域技術人員可以更好地理解本揭露的態樣。本領域技術人員應當理解,他們可以容易地將本揭露用作設計或修改其他過程和結構的基礎,以實現與本文介紹的實施方式相同的目的和/或實現相同的優點。本領域技術人員還應該認識到,這樣的等效構造不脫離本揭露的精神和範圍,並且在不脫離本揭露的精神和範圍的情況下,它們可以在這裡進行各種改變,替換和變更。The foregoing has outlined features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments described herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they can make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

100:封裝結構 110:載體 112:正面 114:背面 120:互連結構 122a,122b,122c,122d,122e:介電層 124a,124b,124c,124d,124e,124f:金屬層 130a:第一抗翹曲膜 130b:第二抗翹曲膜 134,135:背面 200:電子裝置 210:晶片 212:導電結構 220:模壓材 230:電路板 232:導電結構 L:虛線 S1,S2,S3,S4,S5:步驟 W1:第一翹曲值 W2:第二翹曲值 100: Package structure 110: Carrier 112: front 114: Back 120: Interconnect structure 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d, 122e: Dielectric layer 124a, 124b, 124c, 124d, 124e, 124f: metal layers 130a: first anti-warping film 130b: Second anti-warping film 134,135: Back 200: Electronics 210: Wafer 212: Conductive Structures 220: Molded material 230: circuit board 232: Conductive Structures L: dotted line S1, S2, S3, S4, S5: Steps W1: first warp value W2: Second warp value

當與隨附圖示一起閱讀時,可由後文實施方式最佳地理解本揭露內容的態樣。注意到根據此行業中之標準實務,各種特徵並未按比例繪製。實際上,為論述的清楚性,可任意增加或減少各種特徵的尺寸。 第1圖繪示根據本揭露一實施方式之封裝結構的剖面圖。 第2圖繪示根據本揭露一實施方式之封裝結構的製造方法的流程圖。 第3圖至第8圖繪示根據本揭露一實施方式之封裝結構的製造方法在各步驟的剖面圖。 第9圖繪示根據本揭露一實施方式之封裝結構經接合與模壓製程後的剖面圖。 第10圖繪示第9圖的互連結構接合於電路板後的剖面圖。 Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Note that in accordance with standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or decreased for clarity of discussion. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a package structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a package structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 3 to FIG. 8 are cross-sectional views of each step of a manufacturing method of a package structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the package structure after bonding and molding processes according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the interconnection structure of FIG. 9 after being bonded to a circuit board.

國內寄存資訊(請依寄存機構、日期、號碼順序註記) 無 國外寄存資訊(請依寄存國家、機構、日期、號碼順序註記) 無 Domestic storage information (please note in the order of storage institution, date and number) none Foreign deposit information (please note in the order of deposit country, institution, date and number) none

100:封裝結構 100: Package structure

110:載體 110: Carrier

112:正面 112: front

114:背面 114: Back

120:互連結構 120: Interconnect structure

122a,122b,122c,122d,122e:介電層 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d, 122e: Dielectric layer

124a,124b,124c,124d,124e,124f:金屬層 124a, 124b, 124c, 124d, 124e, 124f: metal layers

130a:第一抗翹曲膜 130a: first anti-warping film

130b:第二抗翹曲膜 130b: Second anti-warping film

134,135:背面 134,135: Back

Claims (17)

一種封裝結構,包括:一載體;一互連結構,位於該載體的正面,其中該互連結構包括N層介電層與複數層金屬層,且N為大於等於3之正整數;以及複數個抗翹曲膜,位於該載體的背面,其中該些抗翹曲膜的數量為N/2以無條件捨去法得到之正整數,且該些抗翹曲膜的材料包括環氧樹脂及不同重量百分濃度的固化劑。 A package structure, comprising: a carrier; an interconnection structure located on the front side of the carrier, wherein the interconnection structure comprises N layers of dielectric layers and a plurality of layers of metal layers, and N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3; and a plurality of Anti-warping film, located on the back of the carrier, wherein the number of these anti-warping films is a positive integer obtained by unconditional rounding of N/2, and the materials of these anti-warping films include epoxy resin and different weights percent concentration of curing agent. 如請求項1所述之封裝結構,其中該些抗翹曲膜的厚度不同。 The package structure of claim 1, wherein the thicknesses of the anti-warpage films are different. 如請求項1所述之封裝結構,其中該些抗翹曲膜的熱膨脹係數在40ppm/℃至70ppm/℃的範圍中。 The package structure of claim 1, wherein the thermal expansion coefficients of the anti-warping films are in the range of 40 ppm/°C to 70 ppm/°C. 一種封裝結構的製造方法,包括:形成一互連結構的一第一部分於一載體的正面;量測該載體的一第一翹曲值;當該第一翹曲值大於一預定值時,熱壓一第一抗翹曲膜於該載體的背面;硬烤該第一抗翹曲膜;以及形成該互連結構的一第二部分於該第一部分上。 A manufacturing method of a package structure, comprising: forming a first part of an interconnection structure on the front surface of a carrier; measuring a first warpage value of the carrier; when the first warpage value is greater than a predetermined value, heat pressing a first anti-warping film on the back of the carrier; hard-baking the first anti-warping film; and forming a second portion of the interconnect structure on the first portion. 如請求項4所述之封裝結構的製造方法,更包括:在形成該互連結構的該第二部分後,量測該載體的一第二翹曲值。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 4, further comprising: measuring a second warpage value of the carrier after forming the second part of the interconnect structure. 如請求項5所述之封裝結構的製造方法,更包括:當該第二翹曲值大於該預定值時,熱壓一第二抗翹曲膜於該第一抗翹曲膜的背面。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 5, further comprising: when the second warpage value is greater than the predetermined value, hot pressing a second anti-warpage film on the back of the first anti-warpage film. 如請求項6所述之封裝結構的製造方法,更包括:在熱壓該第二抗翹曲膜於該第一抗翹曲膜的背面前,翻轉該載體使該第一抗翹曲膜的背面朝上。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 6, further comprising: before hot pressing the second anti-warping film on the back of the first anti-warping film, inverting the carrier to make the first anti-warping film Back side up. 如請求項7所述之封裝結構的製造方法,更包括:在熱壓該第二抗翹曲膜於該第一抗翹曲膜的背面後,再次翻轉該載體使該第二抗翹曲膜的背面朝下。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 7, further comprising: after hot pressing the second anti-warping film on the back of the first anti-warping film, turning the carrier again to make the second anti-warping film back side down. 如請求項6所述之封裝結構的製造方法,更包括:硬烤該第二抗翹曲膜。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 6, further comprising: hard-baking the second anti-warping film. 如請求項9所述之封裝結構的製造方法,其中硬烤該第二抗翹曲膜的溫度在170℃至180℃的範圍中。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 9, wherein the temperature of hard-baking the second anti-warping film is in the range of 170°C to 180°C. 如請求項6所述之封裝結構的製造方法,其中熱壓該第二抗翹曲膜於該第一抗翹曲膜的背面的溫度在70℃至90℃的範圍中。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 6, wherein the temperature at which the second anti-warpage film is hot-pressed on the backside of the first anti-warpage film is in the range of 70°C to 90°C. 如請求項4所述之封裝結構的製造方法,更包括:在熱壓該第一抗翹曲膜於該載體的背面前,翻轉該載體使該載體的背面朝上。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 4, further comprising: turning the carrier so that the backside of the carrier faces upwards before hot pressing the first anti-warping film on the backside of the carrier. 如請求項12所述之封裝結構的製造方法,更包括:在熱壓該第一抗翹曲膜於該載體的背面後,再次翻轉該載體使該第一抗翹曲膜的背面朝下。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 12, further comprising: after hot pressing the first anti-warping film on the back of the carrier, turning the carrier again so that the back of the first anti-warping film faces down. 如請求項4所述之封裝結構的製造方法,其中該預定值在0.8mm至1.2mm的範圍中。 The manufacturing method of a package structure as claimed in claim 4, wherein the predetermined value is in the range of 0.8 mm to 1.2 mm. 如請求項4所述之封裝結構的製造方法,其中熱壓該第一抗翹曲膜於該載體的背面的溫度在70℃至90℃的範圍中。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 4, wherein the temperature of hot pressing the first anti-warpage film on the backside of the carrier is in the range of 70°C to 90°C. 如請求項4所述之封裝結構的製造方法,其中硬烤該第一抗翹曲膜的溫度在170℃至180℃的範圍中。 The manufacturing method of the package structure according to claim 4, wherein the temperature of hard-baking the first anti-warping film is in the range of 170°C to 180°C. 如請求項4所述之封裝結構的製造方法,其中形成該互連結構的該第二部分於該第一部分上使得該第一部分與該第二部分共包括3層以上的介電層。 The manufacturing method of the package structure as claimed in claim 4, wherein the second part of the interconnect structure is formed on the first part so that the first part and the second part together comprise three or more dielectric layers.
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