TW201042770A - Photovoltaic module string arrangement and shading protection therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

A method and apparatus for protecting a string of solar cells from shading in a solar panel having a plurality of strings of solar cells are described. Electric current is shunted around any string of the solar cells having at least one shaded solar cell by shunting the electric current through electrical conductors and a bypass diode located in a perimeter margin of a substrate supporting the solar cells such that no matter which string has a shaded solar cell current through the string with the shaded solar cell is shunted through electrical conductors and a respective bypass diode located in the perimeter margin. This distributes dissipation of heat from respective bypass diodes that are associated with strings having at least one shaded solar cell, to different locations around the perimeter margin.

Description

201042770 VI. Description of the Invention: [Technical Field] Field of the Invention The present invention relates to photovoltaic (PV) modules and, more particularly, to assembling ρν cells to allow an increase in the number of PV strings and to be located in a PV A bypass diode within the module provides shielding protection for the series. Ο Ο ί: Prior Art 3 Background of the Invention The design and production of a PV module composed of a spar PV cell has actually remained unchanged for more than three decades. A typical ρν cell comprises a semiconductor material having at least one p-n junction and a front and back surface having current collecting electrodes. When a conventional crystalline PV cell is illuminated, it produces a current of about 34 mA/cm2 at about 0.6-0.62V. Typically, a plurality of ρν cells are electrically interconnected into a series and/or parallel PV series to form a PV module that produces a higher voltage and/or current than a single ρν cell. The PV cells can be interconnected in series by, for example, metal tabs made of tin plated copper. For example, a typical PV module can contain 36-100 PV series interconnected cells' and these cells can typically be combined into 2 to 4 PV strings to achieve higher voltages than can be achieved with a single PV cell. . Since PV modules are generally expected to operate outdoors, typically for 25 years without degradation, their construction must withstand various weather and environmental conditions. A typical PV module construction involves, for example, the use of a polymeric sealing material such as ethylene vinyl acetate or a thermoplastic material such as urethane on the front side of the module. Board Cover 3 201042770 Low iron tempered glass - transparent board. The PV cell array is placed on the polymer encapsulant in such a manner that the front side of the cells faces the transparent glass plate. The back side of the array is covered with an additional layer of encapsulating material and a backing layer or a glass sheet of weather protection material such as DuPont's Tedlar8. The additional layer of the encapsulating material and the layer of the material layer typically have openings for providing a Pv string-like electrical conductor connected to the module through the back encapsulation layer and the backing plate of the weather protection material to provide an electrical circuit. connection. For a pv module having an array of two PV cell strings, typically four conductors are configured to pass through the openings such that they are adjacent to one another such that they can be attached to a connector box on the backing layer. η^〇η box) terminates. The glass, encapsulation layer, and the backsheet layer are typically vacuum exposed to eliminate air bubbles and serve to protect the pv cells from penetration from the front and back and also moisture from the edges. The electrical interconnections of the pv strings and the connections to the bypass diodes are completed in the junction box. The junction box is sealed to the back of the PV module. A PV module having series interconnected PV cells operates optimally only when all of the series interconnected PV cells are illuminated at substantially the same light intensity. However, as long as there is a PV cell in the PV module layout and all other cells are illuminated, the entire PV module will be adversely affected, resulting in a substantial drop in power output from the PV module. . It has been demonstrated (Numerical Simulation of V. Quaschning and R. Hanitsch, pp. 583-586 of the 30th University of Michigan's Power Engineering Conference, September 5-7, 1995) Photovoltaic Generators with Shaded Cells") 201042770 is a photovoltaic module containing 36 PV cells only - when obscured (less than 3% of the module area), 70% of the 2 forces. In addition to the temporary power, it is difficult to scare Yawang, and the 5 Hai module can be used because of the battery. When the V battery is shielded, it starts with a resistor instead of a power generator. In this case, the other _cells expose the shielded battery to the drive current Ο 电压 voltage. This process can cause the shaded pool to break down or heat it to - high temperature and if this high temperature continues, it may damage the whole / ΓΓΓ reduce the risk of surface ride, in fact, all PV module mining road poles Body (BPD), which is connected across: a PV string and/or an entire module, depending on the particular pv module set and the quality of the PV cells used. The number of such Pv batteries in the HPV series depends on the quality of the battery and the mosquitoes that are more specifically subjected to the reverse voltage breakdown, as long as there is a battery in the PV series, the viewing voltage breakdown can be All occur on the solar cells in the series. For example, for a high-quality (four) battery, the reverse breakdown voltage of 敎 is 14V and the maximum voltage per cell (V is about 0.56V, the number of cells in a series should not exceed 24). PV cells produced by Sigma typically have a lower reverse breakdown voltage of 7V, which is not recommended in columns containing more than 12 cells. This creates a problem for PV module manufacturers. Because of the need to rely on the battery layout and the resulting additional confluence and increased number of connection boxes. These complications can result in power loss due to increased series resistance. 5 201042770 To reduce the number of bypasses caused by an entire battery string The loss of power, bypassing individual batteries is possible, but this has led to economic and technical problems that have hampered the development of an actual industrial solution. In general, most solutions use a similar principle 'one side The diode is connected to the pv battery in a direction opposite to the solar cell it protects, such that the associated bypass diode opens when the solar cell is reverse biased Conduction. The interconnect may employ electrical conductors that connect the diode terminals to the battery terminals or the bypass diodes may be directly integrated with the PV cells during fabrication using microelectronics technology and equipment. So far, the main focus of research in this field seems to be to minimize the PV cell breakage during PV module illumination' research to miniaturize the bypass diode.

No. 6,184,458 B1 to Murakami et al., entitled "Photovoltaic Element and Production Method" describes forming a pv element by arranging a photovoltaic element and a thin film bypass diode on the same substrate, whereby the bypass The diode does not reduce the effective area of the pv element because it is formed under a screen printed current collecting electrode. The production of such batteries is complex and requires precise alignment between the screen printed current collecting electrodes and the bypass diode portion. Moreover, the disclosed techniques may not be practical for modern high efficiency crystalline PV cells because currently available thin film bypass diodes cannot withstand high currents such as about 8.5 A, and this current is called at a high efficiency of 6 It is typical in batteries. In addition, it appears that there is no concern about the heat dissipation generated in the bypass diode that would cause overheating and ultimately lead to the failure of the diode. Overheating may cause damage to the PV cell and the PV module. 201042770

U.S. Patent No. 5,616,185 to Kukulka, entitled "Solar Cell with Integrated Bypass Diode and Method", describes an integrated solar cell bypass diode assembly that is associated with a non-illuminated surface of a solar cell. At least one recess is formed in the recess and separate low-profile bypass diodes are placed in the respective recesses such that each bypass diode is nearly coplanar with the back side of the solar cell. The described production methods are complex and require precise grooves to be cut in the solar cell. These grooves can cause the solar cell to be fragile, increasing the risk of battery breakage and yield loss. Furthermore, the techniques described in this reference may not be practical for modern high efficiency crystalline PV cells because the thin film bypass diodes are generally unable to withstand the high currents typically found in such cells or This type of high current causes the resulting heating.

U.S. Patent No. 6,384,313 B2 to Nakagawa et al., entitled "Solar Cell Module and Method of Producing the Same", which describes the formation of light of a solar cell element on the same side of a substrate on which the solar cell is formed. A method of receiving a portion and a bypass diode. A solar cell having these features allows only a plurality of solar cells on one side of the substrate to be connected in series.

Asa's 1993 U.S. Patent No. 5,223,044 is entitled "Solar Cell Having a By-Pass Diode", which provides a solar cell having only two terminals and a semiconductor substrate on which the solar cell is formed. One of the integrated bypass diodes is formed. Furthermore, the techniques described in the two patents above require complex and expensive microelectronics methods that are not easily incorporated into a production line and that the bypass diodes produced by 201042770 will It may not be able to withstand high currents and the heat generated. This may occur when the bypass diode needs to conduct current.

U.S. Patent No. 6,784,358 B2 to Kukulka, entitled "Solar Cell Structure Utilizing and Amorphous Silicon Discrete By-Pass Diode", describes a solar cell structure with protection against reverse bias damage. The shield uses a separate amorphous germanium bypass diode having a thickness of no more than 2-3 micrometers such that it protrudes only a small distance from a surface of the solar cell and does not protrude from the sides of the solar cell. The terminals of the amorphous semiconductor bypass diode are electrically connected to corresponding sides of an active semiconductor structure by soldering. In order to avoid diode damage, the soldering of such extremely thin and fragile diodes to the active semiconductor substrate requires extremely high accuracy. In addition, the amorphous semiconductor bypass diode cannot withstand such high currents and temperatures that may occur in a germanium solar cell system.

U.S. Patent No. 5,330,583 to the name of "Solar Battery Module", which is incorporated herein by reference, which is incorporated herein incorporated by reference in its entirety herein in its entirety in the the the the the the the the the the Or multiple bypass diodes. Each of the diodes is a thin piece of thin diode and is attached to an electrode or between interconnects of a battery. More specifically, the sheet-shaped bypass diodes are connected to the front surface of the solar cell or are positioned on the face of a solar cell or connected to the back surface of a solar cell to protect a solar cell string. When the bypass diodes are connected to the front surface, they are directly soldered to one of the two parallel conductors which appear to be bus bars on the front surface of the solar cell. In generally 201042770, in solar cell design, it is a goal to keep the front surface of the solar cell transparent so that the shadow of the front surface is kept to a minimum. Because of their necessity, current collecting fingers and bus bars connected to the fingers to collect current from the solar cells are generally the only acceptable things to block the front surface. In general, the fingers and bus bars have a width and length dimension that maintains their area on the front surface to a minimum. Therefore, the bus bars typically have a narrow width and thus the bypass diodes of Asai must be small in width. Although bypass diodes having such a small width and length may be capable of carrying relatively large currents, due to their small area, they tend to heat up due to current flow and apply a local extreme heat source to which the diodes are mounted. On the solar cell.

US 2005/0224109 A1 to Jean P. Posbic and Dinesh S. Amin, entitled "Enhanced function photovoltaic modules", which describes at least one metallized pattern having a dielectric substrate and being specifically designed within the pv module. PV module for thin printed circuit boards. One or more such plates may be present in the mold. The plate may have a length of from about 5 〇〇 to about 2000 mm and a width of from about 10 to about 5 mm and a thickness of from about 0.1 to about 2 mm. In one embodiment, one or more bypass diodes are electrically connected to the board and to a corresponding series of PVs connected to the P V module to provide shielding protection. Although this invention allows the bypass diode to be embedded in the PV module and improves its shielding protection, it reduces the efficiency of the Pv module due to the area occupied by the printed circuit board in the module. The same dissipative capability of this board appears to be limited because its metal portion occupies only a portion of its thickness and its substrate is made of a dielectric material. 9 201042770 It is known that after installation, the lower portion of a pv module has one due to, for example, accumulation of dirt, snow, or even grass that is adjacent to the PV module at a location that is not cut in a field. Larger shaded opportunities. The present invention allows for a particular layout of the PV cells within the PV module to achieve the lowest power loss if any small portion of a PV module is shielded and specifically the lower portion. Such a layout may increase the number of PV strings equipped with individual bypass diodes. For example, if a PV module contains 60 batteries, arranged in 3 PV strings, each stringing 20 batteries, and only one battery is shielded, the PV module reduces at least 33% of its power generation. . However, if these 60 batteries are configured in 10 series, the shielding of one battery will only result in a 10% power loss. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a solar panel apparatus is provided that includes a transparent plate substrate having front and rear planes and a peripheral edge extending around a periphery of one of the substrates, configured to Forming the solar cells in a planar array on the rear plane such that light operable to activate the solar cells is permeable to the substrate and forming a surface adjacent the peripheral edge on the back plane of the substrate Multiple solar cells with peripheral margins. A plurality of electrical conductors are disposed substantially end to end within the perimeter margin. The plurality of electrodes electrically connect the solar cells together to form a plurality of tandem series of solar cells, each series string having electrical connection to a pair of adjacent ones of the adjacent ones in the peripheral margin One of the respective electrical conductors has a positive terminal and a negative terminal. The apparatus further includes a plurality of bypass diodes 10 201042770 bodies, each of the bypass diodes being electrically connected between a respective pair of electrical conductors to correspond to each other One of the series of solar cells is shunted to shunt current from the corresponding series connected to the respective pair of electrical conductors. The series can be electrically connected in a series such that the series has a first series and a last series and wherein one of the first series of solar cells and the last series of solar cells are near Configured next to each other. The first solar cell of the first series and the last solar cell of the last series may be disposed adjacent to a common edge of the substrate. The series can be electrically connected together by electrodes to form the series. The bypass diodes can include planar diodes. The apparatus can further include a heat sink for dissipating heat generated by current flowing in the respective bypass diodes. The electrical conductors can include respective heat sink portions that act as the heat sinks. In operation, each of the bypass diodes may have a thermal gradient defining a hot end and a cold end and the respective bypass diodes may have one of the hot end terminals respectively from the hot end and the cold end And a cold end terminal. The hot terminal can be connected to a respective hot groove portion of one of the respective conductors of the conductors. The respective heat sink portions may include respective substantially flat portions of the conductors. The electrical conductors can include a first type of metal foil strip and the substantially planar portions can have an 11 201042770 thickness between about 50 microns and about 1000 microns and have a thickness between about 3 mm and about π mm. a width and a length of between about 3 cm and about 2 cm. The apparatus can further include termination conductors associated with respective bypass diodes, and the termination conductors can include a second type of metal pigtail, the second type of metal ribbon having less than the first type The thickness of the substantially flat portion of the metal pig band and having a length that is less than the substantially flat portion of the metal fl band of the first type. The metal drop strap of the second type may have a first end connected to the respective electrical conductor of the electrical body and a second end connected to the cold junction of the respective time diode. The second type of metal box strip can have a thickness of between about 3 microns and about 200 microns, having a width that is substantially the same as the width of the first type of metal strip and having a width of about 3 to about A length between the meters. A third type of metal foil is formed in addition to the conductors, the third type of metal «having a thickness of between about 3 Å and about 200 microns, and having a thickness of between about 3 mm and about 13 A width between millimeters and a length between about 35 meters and about 2 square meters. The heat sinks may include respective metal tantalum strips electrically connected to one of the fourth types of respective metal (four) types, and the fourth type of metal (four) may have a thickness greater than the third type of the metal foil strips a thickness. The fourth type of metal foil has a length of one strip of the same length. The name π can have the width of the third type and the metal foil 12 of the third type. 201042770. The metal foil strip of the fourth type can be on a portion of a respective metal foil strip of the third type. . In operation, each of the bypass diodes may have a thermal gradient defining a hot end and a cold end and the respective bypass diodes may have one of the hot end terminals respectively from the hot end and the cold end And a cold end terminal. The hot end terminal can be electrically connected to a respective metal foil strip of the fourth type and the cold end terminal can be electrically connected to a respective metal foil strip of the third type. The fourth type of metal foil strip may have a thickness between about 50 microns and about 1000 microns and a width that is substantially the same as the width of the metal foil strip of the first type and between about 3 cm and about 20 cm. One length. The device may further include a backing covering the solar cells, the electrical conductors, and the bypass diodes to enable the solar cells, the electrical conductors, and the bypass diodes A laminate is formed between the front substrate and the bottom plate to form a laminate. The underpad can have a heat permeable material operable to conduct heat from the conductors and the bypass diodes. The bottom can include Tedlar® soaked. The device can further include a thermally conductive frame on the peripheral edge. The frame is operable to support the panel. The first and last strings can have respective terminations extending from between the front substrate and the backing pad to extend from an edge of the laminate. The solar cells can be arranged in columns and rows on the substrate and the device can have a bottom and a top. When the solar panel device is in use, the bottom portion can be operable to be mounted below the top portion, and the solar cells located in the crest portion of the 13 201042770 / can be electrically connected by the electrodes to derogate the sun One of the bottoms of the panel is in series. The at least the first and the third columns above the bottom row of the solar cells and the solar cells of the solar cells that are common to the bottom row may be electrically Connected together to define an intermediate series of solar cells, wherein the intermediate series comprises - the first solar cell and the last solar cell in its four pairs of poles, and wherein the intermediate series of the first and last The solar cells are in the peers of such solar power and in adjacent columns of solar cells such as Shai. The plurality of series strings can include a plurality of intermediate strings. Some of the intermediate strings can be configured side by side. The first series of the first solar cells and the last series of the last solar cells may be disposed on top of the substrate. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of protecting a solar cell string from obscuration in a solar panel having a plurality of solar cells is provided. The method includes shunting current through a conductor and a bypass body in a peripheral edge of a substrate supporting one of the solar cells to bypass the current having at least one shaded solar cell The solar cells are arranged in series so that no matter which series has a shielded solar cell, the current passing through the series of the shielded solar cells passes through the electrical conductors located in the peripheral margin and a respective bypass The poles are shunted 'by thereby dissipating heat dissipation from the bypass diode associated with the respective series of at least one shaded solar cell to different locations around the perimeter margin. 201042770 allows the current to be shunted to include a plurality of too + too ^ batteries configured to have a front side and a back side and one of the back sides of one of the peripheral edges of the base plate The solar cells are activated by the light source through the substrate, and the peripheral edges of the media are formed adjacent to the peripheral edge on the back surface of the substrate. A plurality of energy cells are electrically connected to form a series of a plurality of solar cells in series, wherein each series string has a positive terminal and a negative terminal. Ο

The method can further include connecting the solar cells to the electrodes such that the first solar cell of the first series and the last solar cell of the last series are disposed on top of the substrate. The invention can provide better and high protection shielding of the PV module. The present invention may also provide the possibility of not only the number of PV strings but also the number of cells in each series depending on the PV cell type or the ρν module at the money position and the shielding conditions. It has been found that electrical conductors having the dimensions recited above provide sufficient heat dissipation. For example, such as known by ^_ISQVQlta

One of Tedlar's products provides the enthalpy of the bottom of the field, providing additional heat dissipation from the bypass diodes and conductors through the back of the MPV module 'when any pVf pool in the -PV_M When it is shielded, this keeps the temperature of the body of the body and the body substantially below 叱 in the field. The conductors and the diodes are positioned in close proximity to the edges of the pv module, which provides sufficient electrical insulation for the pv module. These electrical conductors do not pass when all of the PV cells are under the same illumination. The electric/claws are such that when one of the solar cells in any of the series is shielded, the electrical conductors must carry current. A connection between the terminal leads of the module and the external load can be provided by allowing the terminal leads to extend through a hole or holes in the backing plate or the edge of the laminated board. The finishing of the terminal leads beyond the edge of the laminate eliminates the need for a junction box on the rear surface of the swap, thereby reducing the complexity and cost of the mold assembly. [--Fundamental 'Seven-> Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments Referring to Fig. 1', a solar panel device according to a first embodiment of the present invention is generally shown at 1 turn. The device (1) comprises a transparent plate substrate 12 having a front edge 4 and a rear edge (four) surrounding a peripheral edge 18 extending around a periphery of the substrate U. The apparatus 10 further includes a plurality of solar cells 22 disposed in a planar array on the rear plane 16 such that light operable to activate the solar cells 22 can enter the front face 14 of the substrate and pass through The substrate activates the four (four) cells 22 such that a peripheral light 24 is adjacent the peripheral edge 18 formed on the rear plane 16 of the substrate 12. The apparatus H) further comprises a plurality of electrical conductors 26 disposed substantially end to end in the peripheral margin 24. The device operation includes electrically connecting the solar powers (four) to a series of serials 3 of a plurality of solar cells 22, each series string _ having an electrical connection to each other adjacent to the Guanzhong 16 201042770 One of the respective conductors of the adjacent conductors 26 is a positive terminal 32 and a negative terminal 34. The read-equivalent electrode 28 is substantially as described in the International Patent Publication No. (4) No. of the International Patent Publication No. Ο Ο. The 10 device includes several bypasses: pole (four). Each of the side & pole bodies 36 is electrically coupled between the respective material f bodies 26 to shunt from the respective pair of electrical conductors when the solar cells 22 in the corresponding series are shielded. The current of the corresponding string 30. > Test Figure 2 The device (10) further includes a heat sink view for dissipating heat generated by current flowing in the respective bypass body 36. Each of the diodes 36 has an associated heat sink 1 . In the illustrated embodiment, each of the conductors 26 includes a respective heat sink portion 1 〇 3 that acts as one of the heat sinks 1〇1. In the illustrated embodiment, the bypass diodes 36 are planar bypass diodes such as Nih〇n inter, available from Japan.

Electronics Corporation) UCQS 30A045 component or part of Diodes Corporation PDS 1040L from Dallas, Texas. When the bypass diode 36 is in operation, it has a thermal gradient 42 defining a hot end 44 and a cold end 46 of the bypass diode. Thus, the bypass diode 36 can be considered to have one of the hot end terminals 39 and one of the cold end terminals 64 from the hot end 44 and the cold end 46, respectively. The hot termination terminal 39 is electrically connected to a respective heat sink portion 1〇3 of one of the respective electrical conductors 26. In the illustrated embodiment, the hot trough portions 103 include respective substantially flat portions 27 of the electrical conductors 26. The flat portions 27 extend the entire length of the conductors 26, but need not be done. In this embodiment, the electrical conductors 26 of the 17 201042770 are constructed of a first type of metal foil strip and the substantially planar portions 27 have a thickness 31 between about 50 microns and about 1000 microns and at about 3 mm to A width 33 between about 13 mm and a length 35 between about 3 cm and about 200 cm. Thus the hot end terminal 39 of each bypass diode 36 is electrically connected to a respective flat portion 27 of one of the conductors 26, such as by soldering, such that heat from the bypass diode can follow The long dissipation of the electrical conductor. The flat portion 27 will be described below to provide a heat transfer surface for transferring heat to a bottom pad portion. The device further includes a termination conductor 29 associated with the bypass diodes 36. The terminating conductors 29 are formed of a metal foil strip of a second type having a thickness 53 that is less than the thickness 31 of the substantially flat portion 27 of the metal foil strip of the first type and less than the first type of metal A length 55 of the length 35 of one of the substantially flat portions of the foil strip. The termination conductor 29 has a first end 73 electrically connected to a respective one of the conductors 26 by soldering and the cold junction electrically connected to the respective bypass diode 36, such as by soldering. A second end 71 of the terminal 64. In the illustrated embodiment, the second type of metal foil strip has a thickness 53 between about 30 microns and about 200 microns, a width 50 that is substantially the same width as one of the first type of metal foils and A length 55 between about 3 cm and about 10 cm is thinner than the first type of metal foil strip. It is to be understood that by first electrically connecting the hot end terminal 39 to the flat portion 27 of the first type of electrical conductor 26, since the first type of electrical conductor is formed from the second type of metal foil The termination conductor 2 9 is thick 5 and the bypass diode 36 is relatively firmly held by the conductor and the termination 18 201042770 conductor can be used to overcome the relative electrical connection that is ultimately electrically connected to the bypass diode Any misalignment between the conductors. The termination conductors 29 are disposed on the peripheral margin 24 such that the second end 71 is located under the cold end terminal 64 of a respective bypass diode 36, but is spaced apart from a first adjacent conductor 26 A gap 38 and the second end 73 are located below a second adjacent electrical conductor 26. A portion 75 of the conductor 26 overlaps the second end 73 of the termination conductor 29 such that an end edge 61 of the conductor is spaced from an end edge 63 of the termination conductor by a distance of 45° between about 5 mm and 15 mm. When the conductors 26, 29 at the opposite ends of the gap are subjected to one of the rated voltages of the system in which the solar panel is mounted, the gap 38 must be wide enough to prevent arcing. A gap typically between about 2 and about 3 millimeters will be sufficient for a potential difference of about one hundred and ten volts across the gap 38. The positioning and number of the conductors 26 and the number and arrangement of the bypass diodes 36 are determined by the number and configuration of the series 30 of solar cells 22 within the device 10, as each string is intended to have its own side. Road diode. Referring to Figure 3, in an alternative embodiment, the conductors 26 are formed from a third type of metal foil strip having a thickness of between about 30 microns and about 200 microns and at about 3 A width 56 between millimeters to about 13 millimeters and a length 58 between about 3 centimeters and about 200 centimeters. Thus, the conductors 26 in this embodiment are similar to the thin termination conductors 29 described above, but only longer. The second type of metal foil tape described above is similar to the third type of metal foil tape used in this embodiment. 19 201042770 In this embodiment, the heat sinks 101 comprise a fourth type of metal foil strip 40, such as by welding, to each of the respective third type of metal foil strips. The fourth type of metal foil strip 40 has a thickness 52 greater than the thickness 57 of the third type of metal foil strip and, in the illustrated embodiment, the fourth type of metal foil strip 40 has substantially The third type of metal foil strip has the same width 50 and a length 54 that is less than the length 58 of the third type of metal foil strip. The fourth type of metal foil strip 4 has a thickness 52 between about 50 microns and about 1000 microns and a width 50 equal to the width 5 6 of the third type of metal foil strip and about 3 cm. A length 54 of between about 10 cm is therefore thicker than the third type of metal foil strip and similar to the first type of metal foil strip. The bypass diodes 36 are first electrically connected to the heat sink 101, which are then electrically connected to their respective electrical conductors 26. The conductors 26 are positioned on the peripheral edge 24 of the substrate to flow out of the gap 43 between adjacent conductors 26, allowing the cold from the bypass diodes 36, if necessary. The terminals 64 extending from the ends 46 are connected to the conductors at the ends of the gaps 43 opposite the ends of the heat sinks 101. The terminals 64 extending from the cold ends 46 of the bypass diodes 36 are connected to the respective electrical conductors 26 by soldering. When the adjacent conductors 26 on opposite ends of the gap are subjected to a nominal voltage of the system in which the solar panel is mounted, the gaps 43 must be wide enough to prevent arcing. A gap 43 typically between about 2 and about 3 millimeters will be sufficient for a potential difference of 100 volts across one of the gaps. 20: 201042770: ==: 4° is firmly bonded to the third type of metal of the third type of metal, welding, so that the belt is connected to the long-end edge 6G and the fourth type of metal pig's. Thus::" one end edge 62 of the conductor 26 is substantially coplanar, and the conductor 26 at °H is much longer than the fourth type of metal bristle 2 and the fourth (four) gold shot 1 along The respective electrical conductors 26 to which they are connected extend only the _ portion.

The hot end terminals 39 of the vehicle-connected diodes 36 are provided, for example, by welding heat, "the heat supplied by the fourth (four) gold shot 1 belt 4G" and the cold-end terminal 64 The electrical conductors 26 are provided, for example, by soldering, to the metal conductor strips provided by the third type of metal box. Again, the electrical conductors 26 are determined by the number and configuration of the series 30 of solar cells 22 within the apparatus 10. The positioning and the number and number of bypass diodes, g, have their own bypass diodes for each (four). Referring to Figure 4, in the illustrated embodiment, the solar cells 22 are configured. In the row 7〇 and row 72 on the substrate (shown at 12 in the figure), the device 10 can be viewed as having a bottom 74 and a top 76, wherein when the solar panel device 10 is in use, The bottom portion is operable to be mounted below the top. Typically, the solar panel is rectangular having a short side and a long side and is typically mounted at the top and bottom of the board. The board is typically connected to an upright installation that maintains the solar panels at an angle to the vertical Structure. When the plates are in use, 'the columns 7 and 72 are defined such that the columns extend substantially horizontally and the rows extend substantially vertically. 21 201042770 In the embodiment shown, the solar cell The board device 1 has 48 solar cells electrically connected together by electrodes (shown as 2 8 in FIG. 1) for forming first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth And a series of series of seventh series 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, and 92. The first series 80 has first and last solar cells 94 and 96 and a plurality of solar cells therebetween, all of the batteries The electrodes are connected in series by the electrodes (28). The first solar cell 94 has a front surface facing the substrate (12) as one of the positive terminals 100 of the series 80 and also as a positive terminal 102 of the entire device 10. Thus, a first termination electrode, best seen at 104 in Figure 1, is coupled to the front side of the first solar cell 94 of the first series 80. The first termination electrode 104 has a direction away from the substrate 12. Externally extending for connection to, for example, a positive terminal conductor (not shown) The positive terminal 102 of the solar panel is connected to a first planar conductor 106 of an external circuit. Similarly, the seventh (last) series 92 has first and last solar cells 108 and 110 and between Solar cells, all of which are connected in series by the electrodes (28). The last solar cell 110 has a back terminal 114 that is one of the last series 92 and also serves as a negative terminal 116 for the entire board (112). Thus, a second termination electrode, best seen at 118 in Figure 1, is connected to the rear (112) of the last solar cell 110 of the last string 92. The last termination electrode (118) has left the The substrate (12) extends outwardly for connection to, for example, a negative terminal conductor (not shown) such that the negative terminal of the solar panel is coupled to a second planar conductor (120) of the external circuit. In the illustrated embodiment, the strings 1丨80-92 are configured to begin with the first series 80 on the left-hand side of the top of the assembly 22 201042770, on the left hand side of the second The third series 82 and 84 are followed downwards. The second and third strings 82 and 84 can be considered as intermediate queues. Each of the intermediate series includes a first solar cell 130 and a last solar cell 132 at opposite poles of the intermediate string, and the first and last solar cells 13 and 132 of the intermediate series are In the same row 72 and in the adjacent column 70. By arranging the intermediate solar cells 130 and the last solar cells 132 in the same row 72 and adjacent columns 70, the first and last solar cells of each intermediate string can be Located adjacent one of the edges of the solar panel, in this example, such as one of the left hand edges (viewed from the back) shown at 134 in FIG. 1, thus adjacent the perimeter margin (24) to assist each The first and last solar cells 130 and 132 in the middle are connected to respective conductors (26) and bypass diodes (36) within the peripheral margin. The fourth series 86 is comprised of a column of solar cells at the bottom 74 of the apparatus 10. The fifth and sixth series 88 and 90 extend upwardly on the right hand side of the device 10 and serve as an additional intermediate between the first and last solar cells 130, 132 disposed adjacent to the peripheral margin (24). Serial. The fifth and sixth series 88 and 90 are arranged in parallel with the third and second series 84 and 82, respectively. The seventh series 92 is the last series located in the top right hand region of the device 10. Accordingly, the first and last series 80 and 92 are disposed adjacent each other within the top portion 76 of the device 1〇. In addition, the last solar cell 110 of the last string 92 is disposed adjacent to the first solar cell 94 adjacent to the first string 80, and this causes the first and last series to be respectively connected. The first and second planar conductors of the positive and negative terminal 23, 201042770 (100, 114) are disposed adjacent one another to allow the positive and negative terminal conductors of the plate to be positioned adjacent one another and adjacently positioned. In the illustrated embodiment, the first solar cell 94 of the first string 8 is adjacent to the last solar cell 11 of the last string 92 adjacent to a common edge, ie, the substrate 12 The top edge (shown at 140 in the first image) 'this enables the positive and negative terminals of the plate and the 1〇6 to be located at the top edge (14〇) of the solar panel. With the solar cells configured and connected as described above, it will be appreciated that the first and last solar cells of each of the series 80-92 are positioned adjacent to the peripheral margin (24). This enables additional conductors, such as shown at 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152 in the second diagram, to be electrically connected to the electrodes and to connect adjacent strings together to extend to the Within the peripheral margin (24), and connected to corresponding electrical conductors (26) electrically connected to the bypass diodes (36) of the respective series 80-92 within the peripheral margin. The conductive conductors (142-152) of the conductors 26 that connect the electrodes to the peripheral margins 24 are desirably of substantially the same width and thickness as the conductors 26 within the peripheral margins. However, the conductors of appropriate length are extended between the adjacent conductors and the electrodes 28 to electrically connect the series of adjacent series 80_92. Referring back to Figure 1, a set of bypass diodes 160 is also provided in this embodiment as shown to shunt current through the entire group when, for example, approximately 50% of the solar cells of the entire panel are shielded. The set of bypass diodes can be located in a connection box outside the substrate in a conventional manner, but the diode 160 can optionally be incorporated on the substrate 12 as shown in 24 201042770. To do so, electrical conductors 162 and 164 adjacent the top edge 140 within the peripheral margin 24 are coupled to the first and second planar conductors 106 and 120, respectively. As described above, the leads (not shown) extending from one of the hot ends (not shown) and a cold end (not shown) of the set of bypass diodes 160 may be as described above with respect to the bypasses. The diodes 36 are connected in the same manner. Thus, during manufacture of the device 10, the conductors 142-152 that extend from the electrodes 28 are connected to the perimeter edge 24 and are placed within the perimeter margin. On the conductor 26. Positioning the conductors 26 such that the bypass diodes 36 are relatively evenly spaced around the peripheral margins 24, and then extending from the electrodes 28 the conductors that are connected together in series 142-152 are soldered to the conductors 26 within the peripheral margin 24. It will be appreciated that some of the electrical conductors 26 within the peripheral margin 24 will be longitudinally aligned, such as within the portion of the peripheral margin 24 associated with the long sides of the solar panel. While its Q conductors will be aligned at right angles to extend at the corners within the perimeter margin, generally as indicated at 153. The connection of the conductors 26 that meet at right angles can be accomplished by, for example, soldering or ultrasonic welding. Referring to FIG. 5, after the conductors 26 and the bypass diodes 36 in the peripheral margin 24 have been connected as required, a bottom pad 17 is placed over the substrate 12 to cover the solar energy. The battery 22, the conductors 26 and the bypass diodes 36 are formed to have the electrodes, the solar cells, the conductors, the heat sink and the bypass diode sandwiched between the substrate 12 and the bottom pad 17 One of the laminated plates. The bottom pad 170 desirably has a soaked thermally conductive material operable to conduct heat from the heat sink 101 and the bypass diodes. For example, the bottom crucible 170 may be aluminum-impregnated Tedlar®. The positive and negative terminal conductors 106 and 120 can extend from between the front substrate 12 and the bottom pad 170 to extend from the top edge 140 of the laminate for termination. Or an opening or openings 172 and 174 may be cut in a back surface 176 of the bottom plate 170 to allow the positive and negative terminal conductors 106 and 120 to extend through the back surface 176 of the bottom pad and Extending from the back side 176 of the underpad is used to terminate within a conventional junction box provided by Tyco Electronics Ltd, such as is commonly used on solar panels. Desirably, the entire apparatus is laminated, such as by conventional techniques for laminating solar panels, to form the laminate. A thermally conductive frame 180 may be disposed around the periphery of the laminate to protect the edges of the laminate and dissipate heat from the bypass body, the heat sinks 1, and the bottom pads. The frame 180 can be made, for example, and can assist in the mechanical support used to mount the panel. The lengths of the heat sinks 101 mentioned above combined with the heat dissipation characteristics of the bottom pad 17 and the frame 18G are sufficient to properly dissipate the heat generated by the bypass diode to surround the side. The junction temperature of the diodes is maintained within the operating range recommended by the manufacturer. An advantage of the feature of the tandem configuration shown in the first and fifth embodiments is to bypass each string _92 independently and the bottom column of the solar cell, ie the fourth string is - Single-string. Reference_, in the device, the bottom column of the solar cell, that is, the fourth series of contacts may be deprived of light due to snow, leaves or leaves, as in Example 26 201042770, the series will be bypassed without affecting the board. The normal operation of the remaining series 80-84 and 88-92. When the fourth series 86 is bypassed, the bypass diode 36 protecting the series will begin to heat and the heat sink connected to the bypass diode 36 will dissipate the heat to the bottom pad. 170 and the frame 180, which melts the snow to provide a self-cleaning effect. In the event that the snow is not cleared or the leaves are allowed to continue to grow around the bottom 74 of the device 10, the third and fifth series 84 and 88 are eventually formed due to the higher the amount of shadowing caused by snow or leaves. It will become obscured and bypassed, but the remaining series of the series A, ie the first 8th, 2nd - 82nd, 6th 90th and 7th 92th series will still operate. Therefore, initially, when only the fourth series 86 is shielded, the device 1 can still provide 42/48=87.5% of its power production capacity (the loss is small due to the bypass diode) and when broken When the third and fifth series 84 and 88 are also obscured, the solar cell is still capable of providing about 50% of its power production capacity. Ο Since the series 80-92 consist of solar cells (22) connected in series, the maximum reverse voltage that will occur across the ends of any shaded solar cell is caused by the remaining solar cells in the series. The resulting voltages plus the sum of the forward voltage drops of the bypass diodes. In the illustrated embodiment, each of the series of serials 80.92 is comprised of 6-9 solar cells (22). This relatively low number of solar cells in each series results in a low maximum reverse voltage on any of the shaded solar cells in the series. Thus, in the case where there are six solar cells in the series, when one is shielded, the remaining five solar cells each generate a voltage of 0.56V, and 27 201042770 produces a total voltage contribution of 2.8V (this comes from In the unshielded battery, plus a 0.7V voltage drop across the bypass diode (36) due to the current from the remaining series of the module, resulting in a horizontal A total reverse voltage of 3.5V across one of the shaded solar cells. The bypass described above has a technique of separating a series of solar cells (22) resulting in a lower reverse voltage across the shaded solar cells, which is to say the solar cells in the series The reverse breakdown voltage does not need to be very high, that is, it can be made using a lower grade of tantalum such as one of the metallurgical crucibles, with consequent cost reduction. In the illustrated embodiment, where a bypass diode (36) is used to bypass a series of turns 80-92, when at least one solar cell does not generate sufficient power, such as in the series When at least one solar cell (22) is shielded, all of the solar cells in the series are bypassed. Thus, the power generated by any of the working solar cells (22), such as the unshielded solar cells in the bypassed series, is lost. Thus, fewer tandem solar cells need to be bypassed in each series with fewer solar cells (22), which results in lower power losses during partial power production conditions such as partial shading. Thus, in the illustrated embodiment, since the series 80-92 have a relatively small number of solar cells (22) in each series, the device (10) is electrically produced in portions such as partial shadowing. The condition period still produces more power than a device having one more solar cell count in each series. As shown in Figures 7, 8, and 9, other solar cell string configurations are possible. Referring to Figure 7, in an alternative embodiment, the solar energy 28 201042770 battery (22) is configured in a series similar to that shown in Figures 1 and 4, except for a first - tandem 192 - the first - solar energy The battery is just adjacent to the last edge 198, 2 of the last solar cell 194 of the last string 196 adjacent to the substrate 2〇2 and the bottom two columns of the solar cell serve as the bottom string. The positive and negative terminals are arranged to extend to the opposite edge of the MW. This helps to use very short connecting conductors in a tandem solar cell to connect adjacent similar types of solar panels adjacently side by side. In the illustrated embodiment, there are six solar cells (22) in each series. As discussed above, this relatively small number of solar cells (22) in each series allows the solar cells to be made of a low grade pluton such as one of metallurgical crucibles and in part of the power production conditions such as partial shading. The power loss of the device (10) is reduced during the period. Referring to Figure 8, the solar cells 22 are connected together in series 210, 212' 214 and 210, wherein the series are electrically connected in series such that the series has an opposite end 218 disposed on the solar panel. One of the 22nd first string 210 and one last serial 216. In the illustrated embodiment, the first series 210 is disposed at a top portion 222 of the board and the last series 216 is disposed at a bottom portion 224 of the board. Additionally, (not shown) the first series 210 can be disposed at the bottom portion 224 of the panel and the last string can be disposed at the top portion 222 of the panel. Both configurations allow the first and last solar cells 230, 232 of each of the strings 210, 212 to be positioned adjacent to the same portion of the perimeter edge, i.e., adjacent to the same edge 234. This allows for a common edge consumption. The heat generated in the bypass diodes 236 is dispersed. 29 201042770 In the alternative embodiment, there are 12 solar cells (22) in each of the strings 21, 212, 214 and 216. This increase in the number of solar cells (22) in each of the series 21, 212, 214, and 216 increases the maximum reverse voltage that may occur on one of the solar cells (22) during the occlusion period. Thus, in the illustrated embodiment, a solar cell (22) made of a lower grade such as a metallurgical crucible may not have sufficient reverse breakdown power values and may require a solar grade to be fabricated in the series 210. The solar cells (22) of 212, 214 and 216. Referring to Figure 9, in an alternative embodiment, the series of solar cells 22 are electrically connected to a series comprising a plurality of discrete subgroups. In this embodiment, there are two subgroups 240 and 242. For a total of 24 solar cells in each subgroup, each subgroup contains three strings 246, 248, and 250, each of which contains eight Solar cell (22). The first subset 240 is located in a top portion 252 of the solar panel and the second subset 242 is located in a bottom portion 254 of the solar panel. The first series 246 and the last series 250 of each set are disposed at opposite ends 256, 258 of the solar panel. This essentially provides two separate solar cells in a single panel and positions the bypass diode 260 in a portion of the perimeter edge adjacent the top and bottom edges 262, 264 of the panel. Of course, other tandem configurations are possible, wherein, generally, the first and last solar cells of each of the strings are defined adjacent to the peripheral edge to allow for the strings in the solar panel The electrical conductors and the bypass diodes of each of the series are positioned within the peripheral margin, wherein the heat generated by the bypass diodes can be easily dissipated. </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figures 1-9 show various embodiments of the present invention. [Main component symbol description] 46...cold end 10...solar panel device 12...transparent plate substrate 14.. front plane 16.. rear plane 18. peripheral edge 22...solar battery 24...peripheral margin 26, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 162, 164 · ·. Conductor 27.. Flat portion 28.. Electrode 29.. Conductor 30.. . Series serial 3 Bu 52, 53 , 57...thickness 32.. positive terminal 33, 56...width 34.. negative terminal 35, 54, 55, 58... length 36, 260... bypass diode 38.. gap 39.. hot end Terminal 4 〇.&quot; The fourth type of metal box belt 42.. Thermal gradient 43.. Clearance 44.. Hot end 45.. Distance 61.. End edge 63.. End edge 64.. Cold end terminal 70.. column 71.. brother-end 72... row 73... first end 74.. bottom 75.. part of the conductor 76.. top 80, 192, 210... first string Column 82...Second series column 84... third string column 86·.. fourth string column 88... fifth string column 90... sixth string column 92·.·seven string column, last string Columns 94, 108, 130, 190... first solar cells 96, 110, 132, 194... last solar cells 100, 102... positive Terminal 101.. Heat sink 103···heat bath portion 104...first terminating electrode 106···first plane conductor, positive terminal 31 201042770 end conductor 112.. rear 176...reverse 114,116...negative terminal 118... second terminating electrode, last terminating electrode 120.. second planar conductor, negative terminal conductor 134.. left hand edge 140.. top edge 153.. corner 16.. group bypass dipole Body 170.. bottom pad 172, 174..... opening 196, 216... last string 198, 200... opposite edge 202.. substrate 204.. positive termination conductor 206.. negative termination conductor 212, 214...column 218,220...opposite ends 222,252...solar panel top portions 224,254...solar panel bottom portions 240,242...subgroup 246.. The first series 248... tandem 250... tandem, last string 256, 258... opposite end 262.. solar panel top edge 264.. solar panel bottom edge 32

Claims (1)

201042770 VII. Patent application scope: 1. A solar panel device comprising: a transparent plate substrate having front and rear planes and a peripheral edge extending around a periphery of one of the substrates; a plurality of solar cells, etc. Arranging in the rear planar array to enable light operable to activate the solar cells to pass through the substrate to activate the solar cells and to have a peripheral edge adjacent to the peripheral edge at the substrate Formed on the rear; Ο a plurality of electrical conductors, such as being substantially end-to-end disposed in the peripheral margin; a plurality of electrodes, such as electrically connecting the solar cells to a plurality of solar cell series strings a column, each series string having one of a positive terminal and a negative terminal electrically connected to a respective one of a pair of adjacent conductors adjacent to each other in the peripheral margin; and a plurality of bypass diodes Each of the bypass diodes of the bypass diodes is electrically connected between a respective pair of electrical conductors to shunt from the respective ones connected to the respective A series of currents corresponding to one of the pair of electrical conductors when one of the corresponding series of solar cells is shielded. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the series are electrically connected in a series such that the series has a first series and a last series and wherein the first series is A solar cell is disposed adjacent to one another of the last series of last solar cells. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first series of the first solar cells and the last series of the last solar cells 33 201042770 are disposed to be adjacent to the substrate 4 2 Please refer to the agricultural device described in item 2 of the patent scope, in which the electrodes are electrically connected to form the series. J includes a planar diode by means of 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the step further comprises dissipating heat from the electricity flowing in the respective bypass diodes. Hot trough. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the respective heat sink portions serve as heat sinks, and wherein in operation, the respective bypass diodes have their definitions - hot ends and - a thermal gradient of one of the cold ends and the respective bypass diodes of the respective wipers have a hot end terminal and a cold end terminal respectively from the hot end and the cold end, and wherein the hot end terminal is Connected to each of the heat sink portions of one of the respective electrical conductors of one of the electrical conductors. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the respective heat sink portions comprise respective substantially flat portions of the electrical conductors. 9. The device of claim 8 wherein the f-conductor is comprised of a first type of metal foil strip, and wherein the substantially planar portions have a thickness of between about 50 microns and about 1 micron. A thickness therebetween and a width between about 3 mm and about 13 mm and a length between about 3 cm and about 200 cm. 10. The device of claim 9, further comprising a termination conductor associated with the respective bypass diodes, the termination conductors 34 201042770 comprising a second type of metal foil strip, The second type of metal foil strip has a thickness less than the thickness of the substantially flat portion of the first type of metal foil strip and less than the substantially flat portion of the first type of metal foil strip a length of the length, the metal foil strip of the second type having a first end connected to one of the respective conductors of the conductors and connected to a cold end of the respective bypass diode A second end. The device of claim 10, wherein the metal foil strip of the second type has a thickness of between about 30 microns and about 200 microns, substantially the same type of metal as the first type. The width of the foil strip is the same width and a length between about 3 cm and about 10 cm. 12. The device of claim 6 wherein the electrical conductors are formed from a first type of metal foil strip having a thickness of between about 30 microns and about 200 microns. a thickness and a width between about 3 mm and about 13 mm and a length between about 3 cm and about 〇 cm, and wherein the heat sinks comprise the metal foils electrically connected to the respective first type Each of the second type of metal foil strips has a thickness that is greater than the thickness of the metal foil strips of the first type. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the second type of S-metal foil strip has a width substantially the same as the width of the first type of the metal foil strip and less than the first type One of the lengths of the metal foil strip. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the second type of 35 201042770 is on a portion of a respective metal foil strip of one of the first types. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein in operation, each of the bypass diodes has a thermal gradient defining a hot end and a cold end, and wherein each of the respective The bypass diode has one of a hot end terminal and a cold end terminal respectively from the hot end and the cold end, and wherein the hot end terminal is electrically connected to the respective metal foil strip of the second type And the cold end terminal is electrically connected to the respective metal foil strip of one of the first types. 16. The device of claim 15 wherein the second type of metal foil strip has a thickness between about 50 microns and about 1000 microns and is substantially associated with the first type of metal foil strip. The width is equal to a width and a length between about 3 cm and about 10 cm. 17. The device of claim 2, further comprising covering the solar cells, the electrical conductors, and one of the bypass diodes to make the solar cells, the conductive The body and the bypass diodes are laminated between the front substrate and the bottom pad to form a laminated board. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the underpad has a permeable thermally conductive material operable to conduct heat from the heat sinks and the bypass diodes. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the underpad comprises aluminum impregnated Tedlar®. 20. The device of claim 18, further comprising a thermally conductive frame at the peripheral edge. </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> <RTIgt; terminal. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the solar power 1 is also arranged in columns and rows on the substrate, wherein the device has a bottom and a top portion, wherein when the read battery panel is in (4) The bottom can be operated The solar cells are placed below the _ portion, and the solar cells are electrically connected to the bottom of the bottom: the solar cells are electrically connected by the electrodes to define a bottom column of one of the panels. 23. The skirt of claim 22, wherein at least in the first and second columns above the bottom row of the solar cells and in the solar cell are common to the bottom ride At least some of the rows of solar cells are electrically connected together to define a series of solar cells in the middle, wherein the series includes the intermediate strings, the opposite poles, the solar cells, and a final solar power. The first and last solar cells of the tandem array are in the same row of the solar cells and are in the adjacent columns. 24. The device of claim 23, wherein the plurality of series series comprises a plurality of the intermediate strings. 25. The device of claim 24, wherein the intermediate serials are arranged side by side to some of the intermediate strings. 26. The device of claim 23, wherein the first solar cell in the first column is arranged in the first row and the last solar cell listed in the last string 37 201042770. 27. A method of protecting a solar cell string from a shadowing effect in a solar panel having a plurality of solar cell strings, the method comprising the steps of: supporting the solar cells by shunting current through An electrical conductor in a peripheral margin of one of the substrates and a bypass diode to cause the current to be shunted around any of the solar cell strings having at least one shaded solar cell so that no matter which series has one The shaded solar cell, the current passing through the series of the shielded solar cells is shunted via the electrical conductors located within the peripheral margin and a respective bypass diode, thereby having at least one The heat dissipation of the respective bypass diodes associated with the tandem solar cells is dispersed to different locations around the perimeter margin. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein causing current to be shunted comprises: arranging a plurality of solar cells to one of a peripheral plate having a front edge and a back edge and extending around one of the periphery of the substrate One of the rear planar arrays to enable light to pass through the substrate to activate the solar cells and such that the peripheral edge is formed adjacent the peripheral edge on the back side of the substrate; using a plurality of electrodes The solar cells are electrically connected together to form a series of a plurality of solar cells, wherein each series string has a positive terminal and a negative terminal; a plurality of the electrical conductors are disposed end to end to the peripheral margin 38 201042770 electrically connecting the positive and negative terminals to respective ones of the adjacent ones of the adjacent ones in the margin; and electrically connecting the bypass diodes To the respective pairs of the adjacent ones of the electrical conductors. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein electrically connecting the series comprises: connecting the solar cells such that the series has a first series and a last series and the first string One of the first solar cells is arranged adjacent to one of the last series of last solar cells. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein electrically connecting the solar cells comprises: connecting the solar cells to cause the first series of the first solar cells to be the last of the last series The solar cells are arranged adjacent to one of the common edges of the substrate. 31. The method of claim 27, further comprising dissipating heat generated by a current shunted through the bypass diode. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein dissipating heat comprises electrically connecting and thermally connecting the bypass diode to a heat sink. 33. The method of claim 24, further comprising laminating the solar cells, the electrical conductors, and the bypass diodes between the substrate and a backing pad to form a laminate board. 34. The method of claim 33, further comprising dissipating heat from the bypass diodes via the underpad. 35. The method of claim 33, further comprising conducting 39 201042770 from the underpad with heat from the substrate to a thermally conductive frame on a peripheral edge of one of the substrates. 36. The method of claim 33, further comprising causing terminals of the first and last solar cells respectively connected to the first and last series to be from the front substrate and the bottom Extending between to extend from one of the edges of the laminate. ^ The method of claim 28, wherein the arranging the solar cells comprises: arranging solar cells on the county board (four) and row so that one of the solar cells is located at one of the bottoms of the solar cells In the column. The method of claim 37, wherein the solar cells are configured to: arrange the scale solar cells to be in at least the first and second columns above the bottom row of the solar cells and Solar cells in at least one of the rows of the dedicated solar cells that are common to the bottom row are electrically connected to define an intermediate series of solar 'pools' in which the intermediate series is included The opposite poles of the intermediate string 2, the first solar cell and the last solar cell, wherein the middle (four) of the first and last solar cells are in the same row of cells and in adjacent columns of the solar cells . The method of claim 38, wherein the configuration comprises: configuring a battery with a plurality of intermediate strings arranged side by side. The method of claim 38, wherein the configuration comprises: assigning a solar cell such that the first solar cell 40 201042770 pool and the last tandem solar cell are disposed on the substrate The top. 41