SE438171B - BEAM - Google Patents

BEAM

Info

Publication number
SE438171B
SE438171B SE7909856A SE7909856A SE438171B SE 438171 B SE438171 B SE 438171B SE 7909856 A SE7909856 A SE 7909856A SE 7909856 A SE7909856 A SE 7909856A SE 438171 B SE438171 B SE 438171B
Authority
SE
Sweden
Prior art keywords
flanges
embossments
web
profiles
life
Prior art date
Application number
SE7909856A
Other languages
Swedish (sv)
Other versions
SE7909856L (en
Inventor
E Kero
Original Assignee
Plannja Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Plannja Ab filed Critical Plannja Ab
Priority to SE7909856A priority Critical patent/SE438171B/en
Priority to FR8025196A priority patent/FR2470829A1/en
Priority to GB8123031A priority patent/GB2075574B/en
Priority to JP50011781A priority patent/JPS56501654A/ja
Priority to BE0/202977A priority patent/BE886406A/en
Priority to PCT/SE1980/000304 priority patent/WO1981001582A1/en
Priority to IT26326/80A priority patent/IT1134518B/en
Priority to DE19803050082 priority patent/DE3050082A1/en
Priority to AU65755/80A priority patent/AU6575580A/en
Priority to AR283410A priority patent/AR221460A1/en
Publication of SE7909856L publication Critical patent/SE7909856L/en
Publication of SE438171B publication Critical patent/SE438171B/en

Links

Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/06Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • E04C3/07Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web at least partly of bent or otherwise deformed strip- or sheet-like material
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0421Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section comprising one single unitary part
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/0434Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the open cross-section free of enclosed cavities
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0452H- or I-shaped

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Description

7909856-2 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 fig. 4 visar en perspektivvy av en modifierad utföringsform av uppfinningen; och fig. 5 visar en perspektivvy av ytterligare en utföringsform av uppfinningen. 7909856-2 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Fig. 4 shows a perspective view of a modified embodiment of the invention; and Fig. 5 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention.

Den i fig. 1-3 visade I-balken 1 uppvisar ett liv 2 samt tvâ med livet 2 förbundna flänsar 3, vilka har vinkelrät utsträckning relativt livets 2 huvudplan. Flänsarna 3 är paral- lella med varandra.The I-beam 1 shown in Figs. 1-3 has a web 2 and two flanges 3 connected to the web 2, which are perpendicular extent relative to life's 2 main planes. The flanges 3 are parallel lella with each other.

' Livet 2 är försett med ett antal embosseringar eller profileringar 4, vilka i det visade utföringsexemplet sträcker sig vinkelrätt mot balkens 1 längdriktning.'Life 2 is provided with a number of embossings or profiles 4, which in the embodiment shown extend perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the beam 1.

Såsom framgår av fig. 1-3 når embosseringarna 4 inte ända fram till flänsarna 3 utan de båda yttersta längsgående partierna S av livet 2 är ej profilerade.As can be seen from Figures 1-3, the embossments 4 do not reach all the way to the flanges 3 without the two outermost longitudinal ones the portions S of life 2 are not profiled.

Av figurerna framgår även att plâttjockleken i den embosserade delen av livet 2 är väsentligt mindre än i livets 2 längsgående ytterpartier. Plåttjockleken i den embosserade delen bör vara högst hälften av plåttjockleken i ytterpartierna för att balken enligt uppfinningen skall bli ekonomiskt intressant.The figures also show that the plate thickness in it embossed part of life 2 is significantly smaller than in life 2 longitudinal outer portions. The plate thickness in the embossed part should not exceed half the plate thickness in the outer portions in order to the beam according to the invention will be economically interesting.

Genom att det parti av livet 2 som har mindre plâttjock- lek är embosserat fungerar det som ett oembosserat liv med mång- dubbel plåttjocklek vad avser stabilitet mot vridning, buckling Gtß- Balken 1 enligt uppfinningen har således ett liv 2, vilket i nödvändiga avseenden fungerar såsom ett liv med konstant plåttjock- lek trots att man gjort en avsevärd materialbesparing.By the part of the life 2 which has less plate thickness play is embossed, it functions as an unembossed life with many double plate thickness in terms of stability against twisting, buckling Gtß- The beam 1 according to the invention thus has a web 2, which in necessary respects functions as a life of constant sheet metal thickness. play despite having made a significant material saving.

Förutom att man sparar in kostnader för materialet erhålles även den fördelen att balken 1 enligt uppfinningen blir lättare än en balk med homogent liv. Detta är av utomordentlig betydelse ur belastnings- och hanteringssynpunkt.In addition to saving costs for the material is obtained also the advantage that the beam 1 according to the invention becomes lighter than a beam with homogeneous life. This is of extraordinary importance from load and handling point of view.

Genom att livet 2 hos balken 1 enligt uppfinningen har maximal tjocklek vid anslutningspartierna 5 till flänsarna 3 erhålles en mycket god upptagningsförmåga av tryck-, drag- och skjuvkrafter i dessa anslutningspartier 5.In that the life 2 of the beam 1 according to the invention has maximum thickness at the connecting portions 5 to the flanges 3 is obtained a very good absorption capacity of compressive, tensile and shear forces in these connecting portions 5.

I det visade utföringsexemplet befinner sig det embosserade partiets ytterkonturer på ett inbördes avstånd som är lika med anslut- ningspartiernas 5 tjocklek. Det är emellertid inget som hindrar att detta inbördes avstånd överstiger eller t.o.m. understiger anslut- ningspartiernas tjocklek.In the embodiment shown, the embossed is located the outer contours of the party at a mutual distance equal to the thickness of the ning portions 5. However, there is nothing to prevent that this mutual distance exceeds or t.o.m. is less than thickness of the batches.

I fig. 4 visas en annan typ av I-balk enligt uppfinningen, en s.k. sadelbalk 1'. Såsom framgår av fig. 4 förlöper de övre flänsarna 3' ej parallellt med den undre flänsen 3". Avståndet mellan de övre flänsarna 3' och den undre flänsen 3" är störst vid balkens 1' ,, _, e. a...g.\«._,,,.... 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 7909856-2 b! längsgående mittpunkt.Fig. 4 shows another type of I-beam according to the invention, a s.k. saddle bar 1 '. As can be seen from Fig. 4, the upper flanges extend 3 'not parallel to the lower flange 3 ". The distance between the upper ones the flanges 3 'and the lower flange 3 "are largest at the beam 1' ,, _, e. a ... g. \ «._ ,,, .... 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 7909856-2 b! longitudinal midpoint.

Såsom framgår av fig. 4 bildar embosseringarna 4' ett fiskbens- mönster. Orsaken till detta återkommer vi till nedan.As can be seen from Fig. 4, the embossments 4 'form a herringbone pattern. We return to the reason for this below.

I fig. 5 visas ytterligare en sadelbalk l", vilken liksom bal- ken l' enligt fig. 4 uppvisar övre flänsar 3', vilka ej förlöper parallellt medden undre flänsen 5". Livet 2" hos balken l" enligt fig. S uppvisar embosseringar eller profileringar 4", vilka lutar en viss vinkel relativt den umdreflänsen 3". Embosseríngarna eller profileringarna 4" ändrar lutningsriktning vid balkens l" längsgåen- de mittpunkt. _ Balken enligt uppfinningen framställes lämpligen genom vals- ning och embossering i varmt tillstånd.Fig. 5 shows a further saddle beam 1 ", which, like the beam The ken 1 'according to Fig. 4 has upper flanges 3', which do not extend parallel to the lower flange 5 ". The life 2" of the beam 1 "according to Fig. S has embossments or profiles 4 ", which are inclined a certain angle relative to the circumferential flange 3 ". The embossings or the profiles 4 "change the direction of inclination at the beam 1" along the the midpoint. _ The beam according to the invention is suitably produced by rolling warm-up and embossing.

Det första steget i framställningsprocessen är att valsa fram ett ämne som består av ett liv med längsgående ytterpartier och ett mellanliggande parti som har en väsentligt mindre tjocklek. Ämnet kan ha med ytterpartierna förbundna flänsar eller också kan dessa anbringas i efterhand, exempelvis genom svetsning eller limning.The first step in the manufacturing process is to roll forward a substance consisting of a life with longitudinal outer portions and a intermediate portion having a substantially smaller thickness. The blank may have flanges connected to the outer portions or also these can be applied afterwards, for example by welding or gluing.

Det ovan beskrivna ämnet bearbetas nu ytterligare genom att, fortfarande i varmt tillstånd, det mellanliggande tunnare partiet embosseras till önskad profilhöjd.The substance described above is now further processed by, still in hot condition, the intermediate thinner portion embossed to the desired profile height.

Genom att embosseringen sker i varmt tillstånd av ämnet så sker flytning i livets centrala del, varvid en viss materialför- tunning sker. Denna förtunning är dock försumbar.Because the embossing takes place in a warm state of the substance so relocation takes place in the central part of life, whereby a certain material thinning takes place. However, this thinning is negligible.

Enligt ett alternativt framställningssätt så valsar man fram ett ämne som har ett liv med konstant materialtjocklek. Detta ämne kan på motsvarande sätt som ovan nämnts uppvisa flänsar eller också anbringas dessa i efterhand.According to an alternative method of production, you roll forward a substance that has a life of constant material thickness. This subject can in the same way as mentioned above have flanges or also these are applied afterwards.

Vid denna variant så åstadkommer embosseringen eller profile- ringen en materialförtunning av livets centrala del. Det material- överskott som då bildas tas om hand på lämpligt sätt. Man kan exem- pelvis tänka sig att höjden på livet ökas i samband med embosseringen eller profileringen.In this variant, the embossing or profiling a material thinning of the central part of life. The material surplus which is then formed is taken care of in an appropriate manner. One can exem- pelvis imagine that the height of the waist is increased in connection with the embossing or the profiling.

Vid framställning av sadelbalken enligt fig. 4 utgår man lämp- ligen frånen balk enligt fig. l. Därefter göres ett snitt i livet 2 efter den streckprickade linjen A-A.In the manufacture of the saddle beam according to Fig. 4, suitable from the beam according to Fig. 1. An incision is then made in the web 2 after the dotted line A-A.

Genom att exempelvis ändvända den övre balkhalvan så kommer de lägre ändarna mitt för varandra och de högre ändarna mitt för varandra.By, for example, turning the upper half of the beam, they come lower ends opposite each other and the higher ends opposite each other.

Snittytorna hos livet förenas nu åter, lämpligen genom svetsning, varvid den ena halvan av den i fig. 4 visade sadelbalken har er- 'Poon ovnmrr 10 15 20 25 30 7909855-2 D 4 hållits efter det att ändarna skurits till.The cut surfaces of the web are now reunited, preferably by welding, one half of the saddle beam shown in Fig. 4 having 'Poon ovnmrr 10 15 20 25 30 7909855-2 D 4 held after the ends have been cut.

Därvid kommer embosseringsdelarna i de övre resp. undre hal- vorna att bilda en viss vinkel med varandra, varigenom embosseringar- na 4' kommer att uppvisa en bock i sin längsgående mittpunkt. Detta är således förklaringen till det uppkomna fiskbensmönstret. Den andra halvan av balken l' enligt fig. 4 framställes naturligtvis på mot- svarande sätt, varefter dessa halvor förenas, lämpligen genom svets- ning.Thereby, the embossing parts in the upper resp. lower half- to form a certain angle with each other, whereby embossing na 4 'will have a buck in its longitudinal center. This is thus the explanation for the resulting herringbone pattern. The other one half of the beam 1 'according to Fig. 4 is of course produced on the correspondingly, after which these halves are joined, preferably by welding ning.

Vid framställning av den i fig. 5 visade sadelbalken utgår man likaledes från en I-balk med parallella flänsar. Däremot lutar där- vid embosseringarna mot flänsarna. Vilken lutningsgrad embosseringar- na skall ha bestämmes av vilken lutning de övre flänsarna 3' hos balken l" enligt fig. 5 skall ha. För att embosseringarna 4" skall vara raka så måste embosseringarna i den balk man utgår från, med parallella flänsar, bilda rät vinkel mot den skärningslinje (A-A i fig. 1) man delar utgångsbalken efter. Lutningen hos denna skär- ningslinje bestämmer lutningen på sadelbalkens övre flänsar.When producing the saddle beam shown in Fig. 5, the starting point is likewise from an I-beam with parallel flanges. On the other hand, at the embossments against the flanges. What slope embossing- na shall be determined by the inclination of the upper flanges 3 'of the beam 1 "according to Fig. 5 must have. In order for the embossments 4" to have be straight, the embossings in the beam you start from, with parallel flanges, forming a right angle to the line of intersection (A-A in fig. 1) you divide the output beam after. The slope of this cutting line determines the slope of the upper flanges of the saddle beam.

I detta sammanhang bör påpekas att de i föreliggande uppfinning angivna principerna för konstruktion av en balk är speciellt lämpliga vid sadelbalkar.In this context, it should be noted that those of the present invention stated principles for the construction of a beam are particularly suitable at saddle beams.

Livets 2';2" ytterpartier 5' behålles nämligen intakta även vid sadelbalkens 1';1" båda ändar. Detta är utomordentligt viktigt då dessa ytterpartier behövs för att uppta de relativt sett stora skjuvkrafter som uppträder vid balkens ändar.The outer portions 5 'of the 2'; 2 "outer portions of the body are also kept intact at both ends of the saddle beam 1 '; 1 ". This is extremely important as these outer portions are needed to accommodate the relatively large ones shear forces occurring at the ends of the beam.

Uppfinningen är på intet sätt begränsad till de ovan beskrivna utföringsexemplen. ' Sålunda behöver ej embosseringarna ha den form som visas i figurerna.The invention is in no way limited to those described above working examples. ' Thus, the embossments do not have to have the shape shown in the figures.

I de ovan beskrivna utföringsexemplen har de visade balkarna I-tvärsnitt. Uppfinningen är emellertid på intet sätt begränsad till detta utan balkarna kan exempelvis ha C- eller Z-format tvärsnitt. Även i övrigt kan uppfinningen fritt varieras inom ramen för de efterföljande patentkraven;_In the embodiments described above, the beams shown have I-cross section. However, the invention is by no means limited to this without the beams can, for example, have a C- or Z-shaped cross-section. Also in other respects, the invention can be freely varied within the scope of the following claims;

Claims (6)

79098 56-2 PATENTKRAV79098 56-2 PATENT REQUIREMENTS l. Balk innefattande ett liv (2;2';2") samt från livet (2;2';2“) utgående flänsar (3;3';3"), k ä n n e t e c k n a d av att livet (2;2';2") är försett med embosseringar eller profileringar (4;4';4") i sitt centrala parti, varvid embosseringarna eller profileringarna (4;4';4") förlöper tvärs balkens längdriktning, och att tjockleken hos det embosserade eller profilerade partiet är väsentligt mindre än tjockleken hos de mot flänsarna (3,3';3") anslutande partierna (5;5') av livet (2;2';2“).1. Beam comprising a web (2; 2 '; 2 ") and flanges (3; 3'; 3") extending from the web (2; 2 '; 2 "), characterized in that the web (2; 2') ; 2 ") is provided with embossings or profiling (4; 4 '; 4") in its central portion, the embossing or profiling (4; 4'; 4 ") extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the beam, and that the thickness of the embossed or profiled the portion is substantially less than the thickness of the portions (5; 5 ') of the web (2; 2'; 2 ") adjoining the flanges (3,3 '; 3"). 2. Balk enligt krav l, k ä n n e t e c k n a d av att embosse~ ringarna eller profileringarna (4;4';4") har trapetsformat tvär- snitt.Beam according to Claim 1, characterized in that the embossments or profiles (4; 4 '; 4 ") have a trapezoidal cross-section. 3. Balk enligt krav l eller 2, k ä n n e t e c k n a d av att materialtjockleken i anslutningspartierna (5;5') är åtminstone två gånger så stor som materialtjockleken i det embosserade eller profilerade partiet.Beam according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the material thickness in the connecting portions (5; 5 ') is at least twice as large as the material thickness in the embossed or profiled portion. 4. Balk enligt något eller några av föregående krav, k ä n n e - t e c k n a d av att embosseringarna eller profileringarna (4) förlöper vinkelrätt mot flänsarna (3).Beam according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the embossments or profiles (4) run perpendicular to the flanges (3). 5. Balk enligt något eller nâgra av kraven 1-3, k ä n n e - t e c k n a d av att de övre (3') och undre flänsarna (3") ej förlöper parallellt med varandra och att embosseringarna eller pro- fileringarna (4') åtminstone i någon del är vinkelräta mot den undre flänsen (3").Beam according to one or more of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the upper (3 ') and lower flanges (3 ") do not run parallel to one another and that the embossments or profiles (4') at least in any part are perpendicular to the lower flange (3 "). 6. Balk enligt något eller några av kraven 1-3, k ä n n e - t'e c k n a_d av att embosseringarna eller profileringarna (4") bildar en icke-rät vinkel med den undre flänsen (3") POOR QUALITYBeam according to one or more of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the embossments or profiles (4 ") form a non-right angle with the lower flange (3") POOR QUALITY
SE7909856A 1979-11-29 1979-11-29 BEAM SE438171B (en)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE7909856A SE438171B (en) 1979-11-29 1979-11-29 BEAM
FR8025196A FR2470829A1 (en) 1979-11-29 1980-11-27 BEAM, ESPECIALLY WITH BINDINGS OR MOLDINGS
GB8123031A GB2075574B (en) 1979-11-29 1980-11-28 Beam
JP50011781A JPS56501654A (en) 1979-11-29 1980-11-28
BE0/202977A BE886406A (en) 1979-11-29 1980-11-28 BEAM
PCT/SE1980/000304 WO1981001582A1 (en) 1979-11-29 1980-11-28 Beam
IT26326/80A IT1134518B (en) 1979-11-29 1980-11-28 DIFFERENTIATED THICKNESS BEAM
DE19803050082 DE3050082A1 (en) 1979-11-29 1980-11-28 BEAM
AU65755/80A AU6575580A (en) 1979-11-29 1980-11-28 Beam
AR283410A AR221460A1 (en) 1979-11-29 1980-11-28 BEAM THAT UNDERSTANDS A SOUL AND EXTENDED PASTANES FROM THE SOUL

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE7909856A SE438171B (en) 1979-11-29 1979-11-29 BEAM

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
SE7909856L SE7909856L (en) 1981-05-30
SE438171B true SE438171B (en) 1985-04-01

Family

ID=20339432

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
SE7909856A SE438171B (en) 1979-11-29 1979-11-29 BEAM

Country Status (8)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS56501654A (en)
AR (1) AR221460A1 (en)
BE (1) BE886406A (en)
FR (1) FR2470829A1 (en)
GB (1) GB2075574B (en)
IT (1) IT1134518B (en)
SE (1) SE438171B (en)
WO (1) WO1981001582A1 (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE8913660U1 (en) * 1989-11-19 1990-01-11 Hoelscher, Ottokar, Dipl.-Ing., 5000 Koeln, De
CA2756354C (en) 2006-05-18 2012-10-09 Sur-Stud Structural Technology Inc. Light steel structural member and method of producing same
RU2567797C1 (en) * 2014-09-15 2015-11-10 Иван Сергеевич Рыбкин Complete delivered building
CA2950219C (en) 2016-05-11 2020-02-11 Ispan Systems Lp Concrete formwork steel stud and system

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GB290163A (en) * 1927-05-07 1929-11-04 Robert Starrs Aloysius Dougher Improvements in or relating to the production of open work in metal
FR749606A (en) * 1933-01-27 1933-07-27 Profiled iron beam
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE7909856L (en) 1981-05-30
IT1134518B (en) 1986-08-13
GB2075574A (en) 1981-11-18
IT8026326A0 (en) 1980-11-28
FR2470829A1 (en) 1981-06-12
GB2075574B (en) 1983-12-07
JPS56501654A (en) 1981-11-12
AR221460A1 (en) 1981-01-30
BE886406A (en) 1981-03-16
WO1981001582A1 (en) 1981-06-11

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