RU2508595C1 - Method of energy conversion using beam of charged particles, and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: proposed group of inventions provides for injection of accelerated charged particles to a vacuumised volume with formation in that volume of closed circuit with current created by a beam of particles, and extraction of energy. Besides, a device for formation of the above circuit is made in the form of a ring-shaped vacuumised channel, the wall material of which is capable of electrification when the following condition is met: E/Q<RdU_str/h, where R - minimum curvature radius of the axial channel line, U_str - electrical strength of material, h - maximum distance between two points of inner surface of the channel, which are located in its cross section on one and the same normal to that surface, E and Q - maximum energy and charge of particles. An energy extraction station represents a turn or a coil, which are inductively connected to the above circuit. Besides, the device includes a circuit current interruption station.

EFFECT: excluding the need for devices creating magnetic fields for formation of a rotating beam at maintaining a principle of use of the rotating beam, excluding the need for use of cryogenic devices for supporting current in the ring-shaped channel.

14 cl, 12 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to the field of electric power, and in particular to means for converting energy, and more particularly to a method and device of the indicated purpose, using charged particle beams.

A number of technical solutions are known in which a beam of charged particles is used as an energy carrier.

So, according to the patent of the Russian Federation for utility model No. 15417 (publ. 10.10.2000 [1]), a beam of β particles (ie electrons) is passed between the plates of the quadrupole capacitor, to which an alternating voltage is applied. An inductor is mounted coaxially with this capacitor. In the latter, an EMF arises due to a change in the magnetic field due to a change in the orientation of the electron beam during its scanning caused by an alternating voltage between the capacitor plates.

In accordance with the technical solution of the RF patent for utility model No. 84169 (published on June 27, 2009 [2]), a beam of charged particles is passed through a channel surrounded by one or more magnetic circuits with windings. The beam is modulated by changing its intensity or particle sign. As a result, a change in the magnetic field occurs in the magnetic cores and an EMF appears in the windings.

In the monograph: V.S. Nikitin. Future technologies. Ed. "Technosphere", Moscow, 2010, p.162-169 [3] also described a method and device using a beam of charged particles (electrons). Unlike the patents [1] and [2], in this method and device, not only energy conversion is carried out, but also its storage.

The method and device according to the monograph [3] (also described in the application for the grant of a patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2004110891, publ. 10.10.2005 [4]) are closest to the proposed ones.

The device according to [3] and [4] contains a sealed evacuated chamber, the inner space of which resembles two identical truncated cones attached to each other by large bases, the axis of which is the axis of symmetry of the chamber. Along the perimeter of the chamber in the area corresponding to the indicated bases, means are installed for injecting electrons into the chamber. An annular negative electrode is placed around the perimeter in the same zone inside the chamber, and a central positive electrode along the axis of symmetry. Two types of magnetic coils are placed outside the chamber: a) deflecting; b) focusing and holding (or coils combining all three of these functions).

When implementing the method for which this device is intended, the deflecting coils create a magnetic field directed parallel to the axis of symmetry of the chamber and having a tension that decreases as it approaches this axis. Under the influence of this field and the electric field created by the mentioned electrodes, the electrons "twist" around the central axis of symmetry of the chamber, and they move along a spiral path, approaching the axis of central symmetry. However, they do not reach the central positive electrode, remaining at a distance from it at which the attractive force from the side of this electrode is balanced by the centripetal force when the electrons move in circular orbits. As a result, a closed loop is formed with the current generated by the rotating ring electron beam. The focusing and holding coils create a magnetic field that ensures the correct orientation of the plane of this ring. As electrons are injected, their density in the ring and the current generated increase. After the injection of electrons ceases, the motion of the ring formed by it is preserved. As a result, the energy consumed by the means for injecting electrons is converted into the energy of the moving electrons of the ring and accumulates as it is injected. The ring is stabilized when the pinch effect caused by the magnetic field of the current in the ring is reached. Before the appearance of the pinch effect, the existence of the electron ring is supported by the continuation of electron injection.

To select the energy accumulated in the ring, as reported in [3] and [4], “it is enough to reduce its density, radius or speed of electrons in the ring. The radius of the ring and the speed of electrons can be changed by changing the potential difference applied to the coaxial electrodes of the device, or in another way. To do this, you can use the change in the magnetic field of the deflecting electromagnets and electronic pump guns. " In this part, the technical solution seems to be described in insufficient detail, and the path to its implementation, unfortunately, remains not entirely clear.

The design of the device described in [3] and [4] and the implementation of the method with it are significantly complicated by the presence of focusing, deflecting and holding coils to create the corresponding magnetic fields and the need for high-precision control of them, and, therefore, the need for appropriate control and monitoring tools throughout time of use of the method and device. The need for control does not allow replacing the indicated means for creating magnetic fields with permanent magnets, and if it were possible, then there would be a significant increase in weight (although the controlled means for creating magnetic fields used in known technical solutions also increase the weight of the device).

The present invention aims to achieve a technical result, consisting in eliminating the need for such means in the design of the device and the corresponding actions when implementing the method while maintaining the use of a rotating beam of accelerated charged particles. Obtaining such a result is achieved by changing the spatial configuration of the device and selecting a material for its manufacture, the physical properties of which are in a certain ratio with the parameters of the charged particles used and the geometric dimensions of the device, as well as by appropriate selection of the operating parameters of the method. The proposed device used to implement the proposed method is passive and does not require any control and use for this means, creating constant or alternating magnetic fields. Below, when disclosing the essence of inventions and considering particular cases of their implementation, other types of achieved technical result will be named.

The proposed method of energy conversion using a beam of charged particles, as well as the method closest to it, known from sources [3] and [4], provides for the injection of accelerated charged particles into a vacuum volume with the formation in this volume of a closed loop with a current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths, as well as the selection of energy.

To achieve the specified technical result in the proposed method, in contrast to the closest known to it, the formation of the specified closed loop with the current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths, is carried out by injecting accelerated charged particles into a vacuum volume, which represents the internal space a closed channel with a longitudinal axis having the shape of a smooth line, the wall of which is made of a material capable of electrifying a charge m of the same sign as the injected particles. Injected particles are transported along the specified channel with the formation of the specified beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths, subject to the following condition, connecting the highest energy E and the absolute value Q of the charge of the injected particles with the smallest radius R of curvature of the indicated smooth line and with the smallest thickness d the walls of the specified channel, the electric strength U _{pr of} its material and the greatest distance h between two points of the inner surface of the specified channel, is located in its cross section on the same normal to the indicated surface:

$$E/Q<Rd{U}_{PR}/h.\text{(one)}$$

In this case, the selection of energy is carried out by inducing EMF in a conducting coil or multi-turn coil inductively coupled to the specified closed loop with the current generated by the specified beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed trajectories during the growth of this current or upon its termination.

With the described choice of material and condition (1), there is such an electrification of the inner surface of the channel wall, in which a beam of charged particles moves along the channel, "clinging" to the side of the inner surface of the channel wall, more remote from the center of curvature of its longitudinal axis, but not colliding with a wall. Due to this, there is no accumulation of excess charge on the wall, which would prevent the passage of particles through the channel, reducing the current as the particle beam moves along the channel, and could lead to its blocking. A beam of charged particles moving along a channel acquires a transverse dimension smaller than the channel’s lumen, i.e. focuses. There are no restrictions on the angle of rotation of the beam (the angle of twisting of the longitudinal axis of the channel when it is bent) subject to condition (1). As new particles are injected into the channel, their total number and total energy increase. The suspension of injection does not stop the movement of charged particles, and the closed beam consisting of them, forming a closed loop with current, remains the carrier of energy of moving particles. Part of the initial energy of the particles injected into the channel is also stored in the form of magnetic field energy generated by the current in the specified circuit. In the selection of energy associated with a decrease in the energy E of the particles, the fulfillment of condition (1) is not violated. The selection, carried out by induction of an electromotive force (EMF) in a conducting coil or multi-turn coil, inductively coupled to a closed circuit with the current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving in the channel, can be carried out as during the injection of particles into the channel (in this case, the current in the circuit increases, and the magnetic field created by it changes), and with a deliberate decrease in the current strength in the specified circuit until its termination (zeroing), when the current and magnetic field also change.

The current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths can be stopped in this circuit, in particular, by irradiating the outer surface of the wall of the specified channel with charged particles of the same sign as the particles transported along the channel.

The cessation of this current can also be accomplished by acting on the moving charged particles creating it by a magnetic field oriented normal to the longitudinal axis of the channel.

In addition, the cessation of the current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths in this circuit can be accomplished by moving the channel wall section along the normal to the inner surface of this section.

The proposed device for converting energy using a beam of charged particles, designed to implement the proposed method, as the device closest to it, known from documents [3] and [4], contains means for forming a closed loop with current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles, moving along closed trajectories in the evacuated internal space of the specified means, one or more sites of injection of accelerated charged particles into the specified space, as well as power take-off unit.

To achieve the above technical result in the proposed device, in contrast to the closest known to it, the specified means for forming a closed circuit with current is made in the form of a closed evacuated channel with a longitudinal axis having the shape of a smooth line, the wall of which is made of material capable of electrification with a charge of the same sign as the injected particles, subject to the following condition, connecting the smallest radius R of curvature of the indicated smooth line, electric strength U _pr material wall of said channel and the longest distance h between two points of the inner surface of the channel arranged in its cross section on the same normal to said surface, with the highest energy E and the absolute value of Q the charge of the accelerated particles produced by these nodes injection:

$$E/Q<Rd{U}_{PR}/h.\text{(2)}$$

In this case, the energy selection unit is made in the form of a coil of conductive material or a multi-turn coil inductively coupled to the specified closed circuit with a current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths. In addition, the proposed device is equipped with a node terminating the current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths.

The described implementation of the proposed device in compliance with the ratio (2) ensures the implementation of the proposed method when using this device. Electrification of the inner surface of the channel wall occurs when the device is put into operation, and during operation, as a result of recharging this surface (replacing a few leaky charges with new ones obtained from the beam of particles transported through the channel). The presence of the indicated charges on the channel walls that have the same sign as the particles of the beam introduced into the channel, subject to condition (2), allows charged particles to move without locking the channel and without touching its wall.

In a particular case, the inner surface of the channel wall has a circular cross section. In this case, the value of h included in relation (2) is equal to the largest of all the values that the diameter of the indicated cross section assumes (since they can be different along the length of the channel).

In another particular case, the inner surface of the channel wall is formed by two planar surfaces and in the cross section has the form of two segments parallel to the straight lines (under a planar surface, as you know, it is customary to understand the surface obtained by bending a plane around its parallel axis or several such axes parallel to each other friend). In this case, the value of h included in relation (2) is equal to the largest distance between the indicated planar surfaces (since this distance can be different along the length of the channel).

The preferred and most technologically advanced form of the channel is one in which said smooth line is a circle and the transverse dimensions of the channel are constant along its length.

The site of termination of the current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths, in the particular case, can be made in the form of a source of charged particles of the same sign installed outside the specified channel as the particles transported through the channel and forming a stream of such particles directed to the external channel wall surface.

In another particular case, the current termination unit created by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths can be made in the form of a magnetic field source installed outside the specified channel, oriented normal to the longitudinal axis of the channel. Such a field can be created by the simplest means, including a permanent magnet, which is enough to bring to the channel.

In another particular case, the site of termination of the current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths can be a section of the channel wall made with the possibility of its movement in the normal direction to the inner surface of this section.

In all these cases, there is a change in the trajectories of charged particles in the channel, in which their further movement without contact with the wall becomes impossible, as a result of which the beam that previously created the current in the closed circuit formed by it breaks and the current is zeroed.

In the particular case of the device, the coil of the power take-off unit can be placed on a magnetic circuit that spans the specified channel with a closed circuit inside it with a current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths. In this case, the inductive coupling between it and the specified closed loop with the current is amplified.

The channel can also be made with a longitudinal axis in the form of a cylindrical spiral, the ends of which are connected to each other, or a spiral wound around a torus. In these cases, it is also advisable to make the channel with constant transverse dimensions along its length and mainly with a circular cross section. The coil of the power take-off unit in both of these cases can be formed by turns located next to the turns of the spiral.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, which show:

- figure 1 - the proposed device for implementing the proposed method, containing a channel of a means for forming a closed loop with a current curved in the form of a circular ring, when performing a power take-off unit in the form of a single coil of conductive material;

- figure 2 - the proposed device for implementing the proposed method, containing a channel-shaped means for forming a closed loop with a current, curved in the form of a circular ring, when the power take-off unit is made in the form of a multi-turn inductor;

- figure 3 - the proposed device for implementing the proposed method, containing a channel curved in the form of a circular ring for forming a closed loop with current, when performing the power take-off in the form of a multi-turn inductor placed on a magnetic circuit spanning the specified channel;

- figure 4 is a fragment of the channel means for forming a closed loop with current, the cross section of which has a circular shape;

- figure 5 is a fragment of the channel means for forming a closed loop with current, in which the inner surface of the channel wall is formed by two planar surfaces and in cross section has the form of two segments of parallel straight lines;

- in Fig.6 - the same as in Fig.1, with a different mutual arrangement of the specified channel and coil;

- in Fig.7 - the same as in Fig.2, with a different mutual arrangement of these channels and coils;

- in Fig.8 - the implementation of the channel means for forming a closed loop with current in the form of a cylindrical spiral;

- figure 9 - the implementation of the channel means for forming a closed loop with current in the form of a spiral, the turns of which are wound on a torus;

- figure 10 - the action of the node termination of the current generated by a beam of charged particles moving along closed paths, when this node is executed as a source of charged particles;

- figure 11 - the action of the node termination of the current generated by the beam of charged particles moving along closed paths, in the case when this node is a section of the channel wall, made with the possibility of its movement.

- Fig.12 - the action of the node to terminate the current generated by a beam of charged particles moving along closed paths, when this node is executed in the form of a magnetic field source.

The proposed device as a whole, by means of which the proposed method for converting energy using a beam of charged particles (electrons or ions) is carried out, is illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2, 3. It uses a channel 1 for transporting these particles, during which a closed loop 2 is formed with current created by charged particles moving along closed paths. The injection of charged particles into the channel 1 is carried out by the injection unit 3. The figures show only one such node, but there may be several.

The device also contains an energy extraction unit. This node in the case shown in figure 1, is a massive single coil 4 of conductive material, in the case shown in figure 2 is a multi-turn inductor 5, and in the case shown in figure 3 is a multi-turn inductor 6, placed on the magnetic circuit 7, covering the channel 1 with the circuit 2 in it (under this coil refers to a coil having more than one turn). In all these cases, there is an inductive coupling of the power take-off unit with circuit 2. For connecting the load (consumer), contacts 9 are used. The device also contains a unit 11 for stopping the current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths, the role of which will be explained below with further consideration of the device and its operation in the implementation of the proposed method.

Channel 1, shown in figures 1 to 3 in the form of a ring, can have a different implementation. In all particular cases, the longitudinal axis of the channel is a smooth closed line (in Figs. 1-3, such a line is circle 10). Figures 4 and 5, which depict fragments of channel 1, illustrate two particular cases of its structural implementation.

In the case shown in figure 4, the channel is made in the form of a tube 12 with a wall 15, and the channel of figure 5 has a wall containing two curved stripes 16, 17. Figures 4 and 5 also show cross sections of the channel CC and DD respectively. The inner surface of the channel wall of FIG. 4 has a cross section in the form of a circle 20. The inner surface of the channel wall of FIG. 5 is formed by two planar surfaces and in the cross section has the form of segments 21, 22 of two parallel lines. The two channel wall portions 16, 17 of FIG. 5 can be connected by side walls or supporting elements 23 shown by dashed lines. The channel width H in this case is at least an order of magnitude greater than the distance h between the wall portions 16, 17 (or, which is the same, between the segments 21 and 22). Arrows 13 and 18, respectively, in FIGS. 4 and 5 show the direction of movement of the particles.

The radius R of curvature of the longitudinal axis of the channel (position 10 in FIGS. 1-3, position 24 in FIG. 4 and position 25 in FIG. 5, where this axis runs along the channel in the middle between the planar surfaces 16 and 17) must be bounded from below depending on the highest energy E and the absolute value Q of the particle charge, for work with which the proposed device is intended. The condition expressing this restriction has the form:

$$E/Q<Rd{U}_{PR}/h.\text{(2 *)}$$

It also includes the electric strength U _{pr of the} material of the channel wall, the smallest thickness d of its wall and the largest distance h between two points of the inner surface of the channel wall located in the cross section of the channel on the same normal to the specified surface.

The inequality h, defined as described above, for the device with a channel in FIG. 4 is the diameter of the inner surface of the channel wall 15 in cross section (or, equivalently, the diameter of the channel lumen). For the device with a channel in FIG. 5, the value of h is the distance between planar surfaces forming a channel wall having parts 16 and 17, i.e. the distance between parallel segments 21 and 22. In both cases, the value of h is the distance between the two most distant from each other points of the cross section of the inner surface of the channel wall, located on the same normal to it. In Fig. 4, such a normal is any diameter of the cross section of the inner surface of the channel wall, and in Fig. 5, any perpendicular to the segments 21, 22. The bending of the channel in the case illustrated in Fig. 5 occurs around an axis parallel to the segments 21, 22.

The particular cases of the channel shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 do not exhaust all the possibilities, other forms of the cross section are acceptable, in which the value of h can be determined in the manner described above, for example, elliptical. The two forms discussed above, in particular the shape of FIG. 4, are the most technologically advanced.

The geometric parameters R, h and d of the channel may not be the same along the length of the channel. In the above inequality, by R and d we mean their smallest values, and by h the largest, i.e. such that this inequality is certainly fulfilled anywhere in the channel along its length. Similarly, when designing a device, the charge of particles and the maximum value of their energy at which the device is to be operated should be taken into account. When operating an already manufactured device and implementing the proposed method with its help, its parameters depending on the geometry of the structure (R, d, h) and the properties of the channel wall material (U _CR ) determine the permissible values of the process mode parameters (E and Q).

The material of the walls 15, 16, 17 should be capable of electrification with a charge of the same sign as the injected particles. Suitable materials are, in particular, borosilicate and quartz glass, ceramics, polymeric materials, materials having the properties of electrets. For such an easily accessible material as glass, the dielectric strength U _pr can reach values of the order of 10 ⁸ V / m (see the Handbook of Electrotechnical Materials. Edited by Yu.V. Koritsky, VV Pasynkova, BM Tareeva. Tom 2, p.207, Fig. 22-11. Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1987 [5]).

Electrification of the inner surface of the channel wall by charges, the sign of which corresponds to the sign of the particles injected by the injection unit 3, occurs when the device is put into operation, and during operation it is maintained as a result of recharging this surface (replacing a few leaky charges with new ones obtained from the transported beam). Electrification can also be achieved by pre-charging the surface, in particular, when using materials having the properties of electrets for the manufacture of a channel wall (see the monograph "Electrets", edited by G. Sessler, Moscow, ed. Mir, 1983 [ 6], p.32-54, which describes a variety of charging methods). The presence on the walls of the channel of these charges having the same sign as the particles introduced into the channel of the beam, subject to the above inequality (2 *) (which corresponds to conditions (1) and (2)), makes it possible to introduce the beam into the channel and propagate it through the channel without significant losses due to the lack of contact with the wall and without locking the channel.

When a particle with energy E moves in a channel along a trajectory with a radius of curvature R, a centripetal force acts on it

$$F_c=\frac{2E}{R},\text{(3)}$$

which “seeks” to drop a particle from a circular path, and the electrostatic force, F _e , arising from the interaction of an electron with the electrified inner surface of the channel wall, which keeps the particle on a circular path. The force F _e can be approximately estimated by the formula:

$$F_e=\frac{8U_{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="b\; x\; h"\; filenames="00000013.png,00000014.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">b\; </figure-callout>}}x}{h^{}},\text{(four)}$$

where U _b is the value of the potential barrier, h is the size shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 (i.e., with a round cross-section of the channel, this is its internal diameter), and x is the coordinate in the cross-section of the channel, counted from longitudinal axis. The value of U _{b the} potential barrier is associated with the electric strength U _pr material of the channel wall material by the ratio:

$$U_b=Q{U}_{PR}d,\text{(5)}$$

where Q is the particle charge modulus, d is the channel wall thickness.

A particle can move in a circle under the condition F _e > F _c , i.e., taking into account the fact that the maximum value of h is equal to h / 2:

$$\frac{\mathrm{four}{U}_b}{h}>\frac{E}{R},\text{(6)}$$

or, given relation (5),

$$E/Q<2Rd{U}_{PR}/h.\text{(7)}$$

The physical quantities involved in relation (7) are expressed, as in inequalities (1), (2), (2 *), in SI units, i.e. have dimensions: [E] = J, [Q] = C, [U _CR ] = V / m, [R] = [d] = [h] = m. If the energy E is expressed in off-system units, electron-volts , as this can take place in accelerator technology and related areas, the charge Q should be expressed in the number of elementary charges (i.e., charges of an electron) to which it is a multiple.

Condition (7) differs from conditions (1), (2), (2 *) by the absence of a factor of 2 in the latter, which reflects the presence of a “margin”, due to which the vast majority of particles injected into the channel can be captured in circular paths.

A beam of injected particles, the velocity directions of which initially have a scatter relative to the direction of the tangent to the longitudinal axis of channel 1 at its interface with the injection unit 3, which depends on the divergence of the injected beam, acquires a transverse dimension smaller than the cross section of the channel lumen during further movement along the channel, t. e. focuses. This is due to the action on the particles of the beam of the electric field created by the same-charged channel wall. The presence of wall electrification while observing conditions (1), (2), (2 *) allows the beam to overcome the bends of the channel, also without coming into contact with its wall. In this case, the beam moves along a curved channel, "clinging" to the side of the inner surface of the channel wall, more remote from the center of curvature of the longitudinal axis, but not colliding with the wall. Due to this, there is no accumulation of an excess charge on the wall, which would prevent the passage of particles through the channel, reducing the current as the beam moves along the channel, and could lead to its blocking.

Injection of charged particles into the channel of the proposed device in all the above and other cases of its implementation and use can be done using known means and methods (see, for example, the monograph: AN Lebedev, AV Shalnov. Fundamentals of physics and accelerator techniques. Moscow, Energo-Izdat, 1981 [7], vol. 1, p. 88, 104-105, vol. 2, p. 191).

In particular, the injection unit 3 may contain an electron or ion cannon with means for accelerating electrons or ions and is placed outside the specified channel with the possibility of introducing electrons or ions into the channel through an opening in its wall tangential to the longitudinal axis of the channel.

In addition, in the case when electrons are used as charged particles, it is possible to inject charged particles into the channel directly from the channel itself. For this, the channel wall has a section, the inner surface of which is coated or made of a material capable of emitting electrons, and forms a heated (thermionic) or cold (field-effect) cathode (see: Electronics. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Moscow, Soviet Encyclopedia, 1991 , p. 190, 542-544, 598-599 [8]). An accelerator section is also associated with this section, which is also part of the channel in which the necessary energy is supplied to the injected electrons. The accelerator section can also be implemented using known means using electrostatic, induction and other methods (see [7], t.1, p.6-83, 120-143).

, делает $$N=\frac{V}{2\pi R}$$

оборотов по круговой траектории. Поэтому через любое поперечное сечение канала в единицу времени проходят nN частиц. Этому соответствует приращение силы тока, создаваемое частицами, вводимыми в единицу времени,As particles are injected, the current in the circuit, which forms a particle beam moving along the channel, increases. When the injection current is equal to I _И , n = I _И / Q particles enter the channel per unit time. Each particle of mass m, possessing speed $$V=\sqrt{\frac{2E}{m}}$$

does $$N=\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="V"\; filenames="00000013.png,00000014.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">V</figure-callout>}}{2\pi R}$$

revolutions in a circular path. Therefore, nN particles pass through any channel cross-section per unit time. This corresponds to the increment of the current created by particles introduced per unit time,

$$\dot{I}=nNQ=\frac{I_{\mathrm{AND}}}{\pi R}\sqrt{\frac{E}{2m}}.\text{(8)}$$

For example, when electrons with energy E = 10 keV are used as charged particles with a radius of the longitudinal axis of the annular channel R = 10 cm and an injection current strength I _И = 1 μA, the initial slew rate of the current in the ring will be about 85 amperes per second (in the above calculations did not take into account relativistic effects). In the device used during the experimental study of the proposed method, currents of the order of several kiloamperes were obtained.

When injection stops, the movement of charged particles already introduced into the annular channel does not stop and, therefore, the existence of the previously formed circuit 2 with the current generated by the indicated moving particles, which is the carrier of the energy of these particles and the energy of the magnetic field created by the current in circuit 2, is automatically supported.

During particle injection, when the current strength in circuit 2 increases, the induction of the magnetic field created by the current also increases, due to which it can induce an electromotive force and can create a current in the load connected to the contacts 9 of coil 4 or coils 5, 6 of the power take-off unit 1 to 3. Instead of the concentric mutual arrangement of the channel 1 and the coil 4 or coil 5 shown in Figs. 1, 2, the coaxial arrangement shown in Figs. 6 and 7 can be used. The design of the sampling unit in Fig. 3, containing the magnetic circuit 7, increases the coefficient inductive coupling with circuit 2. With a coaxial or concentric mutual arrangement of channel 1 and coil 4 or coil 5 (Figs. 1, 2, 6, 7), it is also possible to use a ferromagnetic core, for example, core 30, as shown by dashed lines in Fig. 6 and 7.

The channel can also be made in the form of a multi-turn cylindrical spiral 35 (Fig. 8), the ends of which are connected to each other by a section 36, or in the form of a spiral 40, the turns of which look as if they are wound on a torus (Fig. 9), and the ends also connected to each other. The turns of the inductance coil of the power take-off unit in these cases can be located next to the turns of the spiral, including in the spaces between them (they are not shown in the drawings, as well as the injection unit and the stop unit for the current generated by a beam of particles moving in closed trajectories). A multi-turn spiral is understood to mean a spiral having more than one turn.

Energy can also be taken when the current in circuit 2 ceases, when, due to a rapid decrease in current, a corresponding decrease in the induction of the magnetic field created by it occurs and, just as with increasing current, it is possible to induce EMF in coil 4 or coils 5, 6 of the power take-off unit. The termination (zeroing) of this current is controlled by the current termination unit 11 generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths, various special cases of which are realized and operated by FIGS. 10-12.

In the case shown in Fig. 10, the current termination unit 11 generated by the beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths is configured to form a particle stream 41 directed to the outer surface of the channel wall. Particles of this stream have the same sign as the particles injected into the channel and transported through it (in Fig. 10 it is assumed that these particles have a negative sign, for example, they are electrons). In this case, neutralization of charges of the opposite sign induced on the outer surface of the channel wall occurs (they are shown by “+” signs in FIG. 10) and, as a result, a decrease in charge (in this case, negative) on the inner surface of channel 1 wall, the field of which provides curvature particle trajectories. The electric field in the channel, which previously provided focusing of the beam of charged particles and their movement without contact with the channel wall, is distorted, as a result of which the particle trajectories change. These trajectories, which initially in the upper part of Fig. 10 (before the external influx of negatively charged particles by a stream 41) had the form of dashed lines, under the influence of this flow take the form of lines 42. As a result, the further existence of a closed circuit in the annular channel with current becomes impossible.

In the case shown in FIG. 11, the current is terminated in circuit 2 due to such a design of the current termination unit 11 generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths when it is mechanically coupled to a channel wall section 45 configured to move in the normal direction to the inner surface of this site. In this case, a deformation of the electric field also occurs in the corresponding part of the channel, which leads to the impossibility of further particle motion without contact with the channel wall. The particle paths, which initially in the upper part of Fig. 11 (before the movement of the wall portion 45) had the form of dashed lines, after such a movement take the form of lines 46.

The beam current can also be stopped using a node 11 (Fig. 12) having a magnetic circuit 51 with a winding 52 forming a magnetic field oriented normal to the longitudinal axis of channel 1 and, therefore, perpendicular to the initial direction of the velocity vector of particles transported along channel 1. FIG. 12 shows this velocity vector K and the magnetic field induction vector B. As a result of the action of this magnetic field on charged particles moving in channel 1, a Lorentz force appears (Fig. 12 shows the vector F of this force), which changes the shape of the particle trajectories, and the latter can no longer continue to move without contact with the channel wall. The trajectories of particles, which in the upper part of Fig. 12 (see the right projection) initially (before the magnetic field) had the appearance of dashed lines, after such an impact take the form of lines 56. To bring the node 11 into action, it is enough to apply voltage to the winding 52.

Thus, the proposed method and device can accumulate the energy of initially accelerated charged particles and store it in the form of the energy of a beam moving in a circle and the energy of a magnetic field created by the current of this beam, with a multiple (hundreds of millions of times) exceeding the strength of this current over the injection current. In this case, the selection of energy and its transfer to the consumer are possible both in the process of accumulation of particles in the ring (increase in current in the beam during the injection of particles), and after its completion. These processes are implemented completely in a passive mode, which does not require the use of any means to ensure the operation of the device that implements the method, and the energy for the operation of such means (of course, you need a source of energy for injection). The conservation of energy while maintaining the current in the annular channel, the duration of which depends on the quality of the vacuum, occurs in the same way as in the presence of superconductivity, but does not require the use of cryogenic agents.

Information sources

1. RF patent for utility model No. 15417, publ. 10/10/2000.

2. RF patent for utility model No. 84169, publ. 06/27/2009.

3. V.S. Nikitin. Future technologies. Ed. "Technosphere", Moscow, 2010, p.162-169.

4. Application for the grant of a patent of the Russian Federation for invention No. 2004110891, publ. 10/10/2005.

5. Handbook of electrical materials. Edited by Yu.V. Koritsky, V.V. Pasynkova, B.M. Tareeva. Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1987. Volume 2, p.207, Fig. 22-11.

6. Electrets. Ed. G. Sessler, Moscow, ed. Mir, 1983, p. 32-54.

7. A.N. Lebedev, A.V. Shalnov. Fundamentals of physics and technology of accelerators. Moscow, Energoizdat, 1981. t.1, p.6-83, 88, 104-105, 120-143; t.2, p.191.

8. Electronics. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Moscow, "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1991, p. 190, 542-544, 598-599.

Claims (14)

1. The method of energy conversion using a beam of charged particles, including the injection of accelerated charged particles into a vacuum volume with the formation in this volume of a closed loop with a current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths, and the selection of energy, characterized in that the formation of the specified closed loop with current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths, carried out by injection of accelerated charged parts c into the evacuated volume, which is the inner space of a closed channel with a longitudinal axis in the form of a smooth line, the wall of which is made of a material capable of electrification with a charge of the same sign as the injected particles, injected particles are transported through the specified channel with the formation of the specified beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths, subject to the following condition, connecting the smallest radius R of curvature of the indicated smooth line with the largest energy E and ab olyutnoy charge quantity Q of injected particles, and the smallest thickness d of said channel wall electric strength U _pr material and its greatest distance h between the two points of the inner surface, arranged in the channel cross-section on the same normal to said surface:
E / Q <RdU _pr / h,
and the selection of energy is carried out by inducing an electromotive force in a conducting coil or multi-turn coil inductively coupled to the specified closed loop with the current generated by the specified beam of accelerated charged particles moving along the closed paths, in the process of increasing the strength of this current or when it stops. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cessation of the current generated by the beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths is carried out by irradiating the outer surface of the wall of the specified channel with charged particles of the same sign as the particles injected into the channel and transported through it . 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cessation of the current generated by the beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths is carried out by acting on the charged particles creating it with a magnetic field oriented normal to the longitudinal axis of the channel. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cessation of the current generated by the beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths is carried out by moving a section of the wall of the specified channel along the normal to the inner surface of this section. 5. A device for converting energy using a beam of charged particles, comprising means for forming a closed loop with current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths in the evacuated internal space of said means, one or more nodes for injecting accelerated charged particles into said space, and node energy selection, characterized in that the said tool is made in the form of a closed evacuated channel with a longitudinal axis in the form of smooth a line, the wall of which is made of a material capable of electrification with a charge of the same sign as the injected particles, subject to the following condition, connecting the smallest radius R of curvature of the indicated smooth line, the electric strength U _{pr of the} material of the wall of the specified channel and the largest distance h between points of the inner surface of this channel, located in its cross section on the same normal to the specified surface, with the highest energy E and the absolute value Q of the charge accelerated by the charge particles produced by injecting said nodes:
E / Q <RdU _pr / h,
in this case, the energy selection unit is made in the form of a coil of conductive material or a multi-turn coil inductively coupled to the specified closed circuit with a current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths, in addition, the specified device is equipped with a current termination unit created by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths. 6. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the coil of the power take-off unit is located on the magnetic circuit that spans said channel with a closed circuit inside it with a current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths. 7. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the inner surface of the wall of the specified channel has a circular cross section. 8. The device according to claim 7, characterized in that said channel is made with a longitudinal axis in the form of a cylindrical spiral, the ends of which are connected to each other. 9. The device according to claim 7, characterized in that said channel is made with a longitudinal axis in the form of a spiral wound around a torus, the ends of which are connected to each other. 10. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the inner surface of the wall of the specified channel is formed by two planar surfaces and in cross section has the form of two segments of parallel lines. 11. The device according to any one of paragraphs.5-7, 10, characterized in that the smooth line is a circle, and the transverse dimensions of the specified channel are constant along its length. 12. The device according to claim 11, characterized in that the site of termination of the current generated by a beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths is made in the form of a source of charged particles of the same sign installed outside the specified channel as the injected particles forming a stream of such particles directed to the outer surface of the channel wall. 13. The device according to claim 11, characterized in that the current termination unit generated by the beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths is made in the form of a magnetic field source installed outside the specified channel, oriented normal to the longitudinal axis of this channel. 14. The device according to claim 11, characterized in that the node terminating the current generated by the beam of accelerated charged particles moving along closed paths is a section of the channel wall made with the possibility of its movement in the direction normal to the inner surface of this section.

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