RU2458012C2 - Radio frequency system and methods of treating salty water - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: invention can be used to produce and burn hydrogen from salty water or salt-containing solutions, for evaporation of secondary fuel present in salt-containing solutions, for desalination of sea and salty water, for producing steam and for producing hydrogen from salty water. The method of treating a solution of water and ions involves use of a radio frequency (RF) device to transmit energy of a transmitted RF signal to the treated solution, wherein water is decomposed and combustible hydrogen gas is formed and then burnt. The device has a RF generator (102) configured to generate a RF signal for transmission from a transmitting head (104) to a receiving head (112) and transmitting the RF signal with phase shift from the transmitting head to the receiving head, having sufficient power for burning the combustible gas. The position of the transmitting (104) and receiving (112) heads is regulated relative the solution so that the transmitted RF signal interacts with at least a portion of the solution. The coupling circuit (116) which connects the RF generator (102) and the transmitting head (104) is configured to increase voltage of the RF signal and contains at least one inductance coil meant for shifting the current and voltage phases of the RF signal relative each other. The RF signal is transmitted over a period of time sufficient for decomposition of at least a portion of the solution.

EFFECT: invention enables to use heat from burning volatile components obtained from solutions containing salty water.

26 cl, 26 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority and any other privileges granted in connection with filing the Provisional Application for US Patent Serial Number 60/865530, registered November 13, 2006, entitled RF SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR PROCESSING SALT WATER (Reference Attorney Case Number 30064/04004) ("Application 530"); US Provisional Application Serial Number 60/938613, registered May 17, 2007, entitled RF SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR SALT WATER TREATMENT II (Reference Attorney Case Number 30064/04008) ("Application 613"); US Provisional Application Serial Number 60/953829, registered August 3, 2007, entitled RF SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR SALT WATER TREATMENT III (Reference Attorney Case Number 30064/04009); and U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 60/915345, filed May 1, 2007, Excitation GENERATOR FOR TARGET CELL REMOVAL (Attorney Case Reference Number 30274/04036), full disclosures of which, including all of their annexes, diagrams, drawings and Photographs are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to systems and methods for treating water using radio frequency (RF) energy, such as, for example, RF systems and methods for burning salt water and / or solutions containing salt water, RF systems and methods for desalinating sea water, RF systems and methods for heating sea water, salt water and / or solutions containing salt water, RF systems and methods for producing steam, RF systems and methods for evaporating secondary fuel, RF systems and methods for electrolysis of salt water and mixtures with salt water, RF systems and methods for producing hydrogen from salt water and mixtures with salt water, RF systems and methods for producing hydrogen from salt water and / or solutions containing salt water, RF systems and methods for burning volatile components obtained from solutions containing salt water, and / or RF systems and methods for burning hydrogen obtained from salt water and / or solutions containing salt water.

State of the art

Hydrogen gas is combustible and therefore potentially an effective source of fuel, in particular for use in internal combustion engines. Water can be a source of gaseous hydrogen and, unlike crude oil, which is used to produce gasoline, water, and in particular seawater, has the advantage over crude oil in that it is abundant on earth. In addition, the combustion of hydrogen produces water, an environmentally friendly by-product. Many other volatile organic compounds, such as ethanol, for example, are also combustible and therefore they are also potentially an effective source of fuel for use in internal combustion engines. Similarly, ethanol has an advantage over crude oil in that ethanol can be synthesized by the fermentation of cereals, sugarcane or other agricultural products, and therefore it is a renewable resource, while crude oil is not.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1-7 are generalized block diagrams of illustrative RF systems for RF treatment of salt water and / or solutions containing salt water, such as burning salt water or solutions containing salt water, generating steam from salt water, producing and collecting hydrogen from salt water or solutions containing salt water, and desalination of sea water;

FIG. 8A-8C, 9A-9C are various representations of illustrative transmitter and receiver heads for RF signals;

FIG. 10-12, 16, and 16a are schematic diagrams of illustrative RF circuits for illustrative RF systems for RF treatment of salt water and / or solutions containing salt water, such as the burning of salt water or solutions containing salt water, the formation of steam from salt water , production and collection of hydrogen from salt water or solutions containing salt water, and desalination of sea water;

FIG. 13-15 are plan views, top / side and side views of illustrative RF communication loops for illustrative RF systems for RF processing of salt water and / or solutions containing salt water, such as burning salt water or solutions containing salt water, generating steam from salt water, production and collection of hydrogen from salt water or solutions containing salt water, and desalination of sea water;

FIG. 17 is a mid-level process flow diagram of an illustrative embodiment of an RF process for producing and collecting hydrogen gas from salt water and solutions containing salt water;

FIG. 18 (a) and 18 (b) are medium-level flowcharts of illustrative embodiments of procedures for performing RF methods for producing and burning hydrogen gas from salt water, and for producing and burning hydrogen gas and producing and burning other volatile components from solutions containing salt water ;

FIG. 19 (a) and 19 (b) are medium-level flowcharts of illustrative embodiments of procedures for performing RF methods for producing and burning hydrogen gas from salt water, and for producing and burning hydrogen gas and producing and burning other volatile components from solutions containing salt water and converting the chemical energy generated by burning gaseous hydrogen and other volatile components into mechanical energy capable of moving the piston;

FIG. 20 is a mid-level process flow diagram of an illustrative embodiment of a procedure for performing an RF method for desalinating sea water;

FIG. 21 is a mid-level flow chart of an illustrative embodiment of a procedure for performing an RF method for conducting water electrolysis;

FIG. 22 is a schematic view showing illustrative transmitting and receiving shells with their upper walls removed;

FIG. 23 is a generalized flow diagram showing an illustrative method for burning salt water and solutions containing salt water using RF energy;

FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram showing an illustrative sealed transmitting shell that can be used to lower to the bottom; and

FIG. 25-26 are medium-level flowcharts of illustrative embodiments of a procedure for performing an RF method for burning gas generated from a liquid due to a transmitted RF signal.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Systems are presented for using RF energy to burn salt water and / or various solutions containing salt water, to produce hydrogen from salt water, to produce volatile components from solutions containing salt water, to desalinate sea water and / or to conduct water electrolysis. An exemplary system may comprise a reservoir for containing salt water, which is a mixture containing water and salt, wherein salt water has an optimum dosage of salt dissolved in water; a reaction chamber having an inlet and an outlet; a feed line operatively connecting the reservoir to the inlet of the reaction chamber; An RF transmitter having an RF generator connected to a transmitter head, the RF generator configured to generate an RF signal at least partially absorbed by salt water having at least one frequency for transmission through a transmitter head; and RF receiver; wherein the reaction chamber is positioned so that at least a portion of the reaction chamber is between the RF transmitting head and the RF receiver. Other illustrative systems may include a reservoir for containing a solution that is a mixture of water and salt and further comprises (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof.

Methods are also provided for using RF energy to burn salt water and solutions containing salt water, to desalinate sea water, to produce hydrogen from salt water and solutions containing salt water, and / or to carry out electrolysis of salt water. An illustrative method may comprise the steps of providing salt water comprising a mixture of water and at least one salt; or a salt water solution containing a mixture of water and at least one salt and further comprising (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof; moreover, salt water or a salt water solution have an optimal dosage of salt dissolved in water; provide an RF transmitter having an RF generator circuitry coupled to the transmitting head, wherein the RF generator is configured to generate an RF signal at least partially absorbed by salt water or a salt water component of a solution containing salt water having at least one frequency for transmission through the transmitting head; placing the transmitting head near salt water or a solution containing salt water, so that the RF signal transmitted through the transmitting head interacts with at least some part of the salt water; and transmitting the RF signal through the transmitting head for a time sufficient to burn salt water or to heat a solution containing salt water, for vaporizing and burning a source of secondary fuel, which may additionally be present. If hydrogen gas is produced from salt water or a solution containing salt water, due to the RF signal, an RF signal sufficient to burn the hydrogen gas thus obtained can also be transmitted through the transmitting head.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present description, illustrate embodiments of the present invention, which, together with the general description of the present invention above and the detailed description below, serve to illustrate the principles of the present invention.

General terms

An “additive,” as used herein, is a chemical compound having solubility, miscibility, or compatibility with various salt water solutions (including seawater, salt water, or solutions containing salt water and additionally containing at least one secondary fuel), which, in addition, has the ability to change the reaction of various solutions of salt water to excitation of RF energy.

“Circuit communication,” as used herein, is used to indicate a communicative relationship between devices. Direct electrical, optical and electromagnetic connections and indirect electrical, optical and electromagnetic connections are examples of circuit communication. Two devices are connected in circuit if the signal from one is received by the other, regardless of whether the signal is changed by any other device. For example, two devices separated by one or more of the following — converters, optoisolators, digital or analogue buffer devices, analogue integrators, other electronic circuits, fiber optic transceivers, or even satellites — are coupled if the signal from one reaches the other, even while the signal is changed by the intermediate device (s). As a final example, two devices that are not directly connected to each other (for example, a keyboard and storage device), but both with the ability to pair with a third device (for example, a CPU), are circuit-connected.

“Burning,” as used herein, means a process that quickly produces heat and light radiation (possibly caused by a quick chemical reaction, with or without “burning” or “oxidizing” in the classical sense) . Salt water and salt water-containing solutions react to RF energy in many of the various systems and methods proposed herein by rapidly heating and rapidly generating light radiation that can be visible, ultraviolet, infrared, etc. This is seen as “burning” in this document, even though it may or may not be “burning” in the classical sense. In addition, the term “burning” is used herein to mean the most common incendiary “burning”, i.e. a combustion process in which a quick chemical reaction occurs that produces heat and light radiation, including in the classical sense, combustion of products made from salt water under the influence of RF. For example, when hydrogen is burned or burned in air, hydrogen is chemically oxidized to form water and undergoes such a quick reaction that a flame is generated and water is released as steam.

“Desalination,” as used herein, is used to refer to the process of removing salt and other chemicals from water. For example, when desalination of sea water is carried out by heating, for example boiling, steam is produced and collected. When the collected steam is subsequently condensed back into the liquid, pure water is obtained that does not contain any salt or minerals. "Electrolysis", as used herein, is used to denote the process of applying energy to water in order to decompose water into its constituent elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Energy can be used either in the form of electrical energy, as, for example, in the application of electric current, or in the form of thermal energy.

A “functionally connected” or “functional connection”, as used herein, is used to indicate that there is a structural connection (for example, a mechanical or physical connection, or an electrical, or optical, or electromagnetic, or magnetic connection) between system components.

“Salt water,” as used herein, is used to mean a mixture containing water and salt, wherein salt water has an optimum dosage of salt dissolved in water. "Salt water solution" and "salt water solutions" are used interchangeably, and, as used herein, mean a mixture containing salt water and further comprising one or more of the following: (i) at least one additive, (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof. That is, a solution containing salt water may contain only salt water. A “salt water mixture”, as used herein, is used to mean a salt water mixture that is used in electrolysis using various systems and methods provided herein.

“Secondary fuel,” as used herein, is used to denote combustible organic compounds that may be volatile and that have solubility, miscibility, or compatibility with various solutions of salt water (including salt water, sea water water, or salt water solutions containing salt water and additionally containing at least one additive). In the sense used in this document, the secondary fuel may simply be a combustible substance; that is, the use of the term secondary fuel does not impose a requirement that combustible primary fuel is also present. Salt and saline solutions can be used to enhance the combustion of a combustible secondary fuel per se without the content of salt or saline.

Systems

Turning to the drawings and to FIG. 1-16A, which show various possible representations of illustrative systems and system components. It is contemplated that these systems and components can be used with virtually all of the various RF absorption amplifiers and with virtually all of the various methods discussed in this document.

The exemplary systems depicted in FIG. 1-4 include an RF generator 102, coupled in a circuit to a transmitting head 104 for transmitting, through a reaction chamber 106, an RF signal 108 generated by an RF generator 102 and transmitted by a transmitting head 104. The reaction chamber 106 may be open or closed, depending on the particular application. The reaction chamber may be, for example, a vessel or cylinder in combination with a piston.

FIG. one

Turning to FIG. 1, which shows a first illustrative embodiment of an RF system 100 that uses an RF signal 108 to process solutions containing salt water 110 in a reaction chamber 106. For example, an RF signal 108 may burn a solution containing salt water 110. As another example, The RF signal 108 can heat a solution containing salt water 110 for further processing, for example, collecting and condensing steam to desalinate a solution containing salt water 110. As another example, the RF signal 108 can produce hydrogen from a solution containing salt water 110, or an RF signal can heat the solution containing salt water and vaporize any secondary fuel that may be further contained in the solution. The hydrogen produced, like any additional volatile secondary fuel present, can be collected in the form of gas and stored for various applications, such as stored for use as fuel. Alternatively, hydrogen or any volatile secondary fuel, or both, can be burned in the reaction chamber 106. Illustrative system 100 includes an RF generator 102, connected in a circuit to the transfer head 104. The reaction chamber 106 is positioned so that at least , part of the reaction chamber 106 was in the RF path from the transmitting head 104. In the illustrative system 100, the RF generator 102 sends the RF signal for transmission to the transmitting head 104. The RF signal 108 transmitted by the transmitting head 104 passes through at least a part of the chamber 106. A solution containing salt water (as well as a solution additionally containing (i) at least one additive, (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof) 110 inside the reaction chamber 106, arranged so that the solution containing salt water 110 (namely, the salt water component in the solution) absorbs at least some of the RF signal 108. Additionally, the RF generator 102 can be controlled by adjusting the frequency and / or power, and / or envelope, etc., generated by the RF signal, and / or m Jet have a mode in which the RF signal of predetermined frequency and power is transmitted via the transmission head 104. In addition, further, an RF generator 102 provides RF signal 108 with variable amplitudes, pulse amplitudes, multiple frequencies, etc.

The solution containing salt water 110 absorbs energy as the RF signal 108 passes through the reaction chamber 106. The more energy that is absorbed by the salt water component of the solution containing salt water 110, the more the temperature rises in the region, which leads to decomposition water and hydrogen production, and in cases where the solution containing salt water 110 also contains secondary fuel, this can also lead to evaporation and burning of secondary fuel, instead of decomposing salt water and producing hydrogen or in addition to that. When even more energy is absorbed by the salt water component of the solution containing salt water 110, the hydrogen that has been produced is burned. The energy absorption intensity of the solution containing salt water 110 can be increased by increasing the level of the RF signal 108, which increases the amount of energy passing through the reaction chamber 106. Another means of increasing the energy absorption intensity may include, but not limited to, focusing the signal on a limited area of the solution containing salt water 110, or additional mixing with a solution containing salt water of at least one additive that is appropriately selected and h of various chemical compounds capable of varying the energy absorption rate of a solution containing salt water 110, and as a result, may increase the energy absorption rate of a solution containing salt water 110. Examples of additives that are expected to be suitable in this regard include surfactants, chemical compounds that form azeotropic mixtures with water, and chemical compounds that change the freezing temperature of water.

FIG. 2-4

As shown in FIG. 2-4, exemplary systems may also include a receiving head 112 and an associated current path 114 to enable the RF signal 108 to communicate through the reaction chamber 106. Systems 200, 300, 400 also use the RF signal 108 to process solutions 110 in the reaction chamber 106. For example, an RF signal 108 can burn a solution containing salt water 110. As another example, an RF signal 108 can heat the salt water component of a solution containing salt water 110 in preparation for further processing (for example: in cases where the solutionscored salt water 110 represents only salt water to collecting and condensing vapor to desalinate salt water, where the solution containing salt water, comprises secondary fuel to the secondary fuel evaporation). As another example, the RF signal 108 can produce hydrogen or can vaporize the secondary fuel contained in a solution containing salt water 110, and hydrogen or volatile secondary fuel, or both, can be collected as gas and stored for various uses. , for example, stockpiled for use as fuel. Alternatively, the hydrogen produced or volatile secondary fuel, or both, may be burned in the reaction chamber 106.

Turning to FIG. 2, exemplary system 200 has a transmitting head 104 and a receiving head 112 located close to and on both sides of at least a portion of the reaction chamber 106. This allows at least a portion of the solution containing salt water 110 in the reaction chamber 106 be exposed to the RF signal 108 transmitted by the transmitting head 104. Some part of the RF system can be adjusted so that the receiving head 112 receives at least a portion of the RF signal 108 transmitted through the transmitting head 104. As a result, the receiving head 112 receives the RF signal 108, which is transmitted through the transmitting head 104.

Each of the heads 104, 112, or both, may have corresponding tuning circuits, such as pi-shaped circuits or custom pi-shaped circuits, to increase productivity and generate voltage in the area of the reaction chamber 106 and in the solution containing salt water 110 located in her. Thus, as shown in FIG. 3, the transmitter head 104 may have a corresponding circuitry related tuning circuit 116 between the RF generator 102 and the transmitter head 104. Additionally, or alternatively, as shown in FIG. 3, the current path 114 may include a grounded receiving head 112.

Turning to FIG. 3, the transmitting head 104 and the receiving head 112 can be isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber 106. The transmitting head 104 and the receiving head 112 can be isolated by air gap 118. An additional means of isolating the transmitting head 104 and the receiving head 112 from the reaction chamber 106 is shown in FIG. . 4. Illustrative system 400 includes inserting an insulating layer or material 410, such as, for example, TEFLON®, between the heads 104, 112 and the reaction chamber 106. Another additional means includes providing an insulating region on the heads 104, 112 and allowing the heads come into direct contact with the reaction chamber 106. The transmitting head 104 and receiving head 112, described in more detail below, may include one or more plates of electrically conductive material.

One additional method of causing a higher temperature in a solution containing salt water 110 includes the step of using a receiving head 112, which is larger than the transmitting head 104 (although it was previously believed that the smaller head focuses the RF to enhance RF heating, there was it was found that a large receiving head generates a higher temperature, possibly due to the use of a high-Q resonant circuit, described in more detail below). For example, a single 6-inch round copper plate on the transmission side and a single 9.5-inch round copper plate on the reception side can be used. Additionally, an RF absorption enhancer can be added to the solution containing salt water 110. An RF absorption enhancer is any means or method of increasing the tendency of a solution containing salt water 110 to absorb more energy from an RF signal that would otherwise be absorbed by the salt water component of the solution containing salt water. Suitable RF absorption enhancers include, for example, suspended particles of an electrically conductive material such as metals, for example iron, a different combination of metals, for example iron and other metals, or magnetic particles. Many types of RF absorption amplifiers are discussed in more detail below.

The RF generator 102 may be any suitable RF signal generator that generates an RF signal at any one or more of the RF frequencies or frequency ranges discussed herein. The RF signal 108 generated by the RF generator 102 and transmitted by the transmitting head 104 may have a fundamental frequency in the high frequency range or in the very high frequency range, or it may be an RF signal at some other fundamental frequency. The RF signal 108 may be a signal having one or more fundamental frequencies in the range (s) of 1-2 MHz, and / or 2-3 MHz, and / or 3-4 MHz, and / or 4-5 MHz, and / or 5-6 MHz, and / or 6-7 MHz, and / or 7-8 MHz, and / or 8-9 MHz, and / or 9-10 MHz, and / or 10-11 MHz, and / or 11- 12 MHz, or 12-13 MHz, or 13-14 MHz, or 14-15 MHz. The RF signal 108 may have a fundamental frequency of 13.56 MHz. The RF generator 102 may be an ENI RF generator Model Number OEM-12B (Part Number OEM-12B-07), which is labeled with Part Number 5323329 and is known to be used to generate 13.56 MHz RF signal in etching plants. Among other things, the ENI OEM-12B RF generator has an RF power switch for switching a high-power RF signal (0 - 1250 W), has an RF output power control device for regulating the power of the generated signal, and has an RF power meter for measuring the power of the generated RF signal, which can switch to select direct or inverse quantitative measurement of power. The power meter in reverse mode can be used to calibrate the tuning loop, which is described above, by adjusting any adjustable components of the tuning loop until the minimum power is reflected back to the power meter (minimum VSWR (standing wave voltage coefficient)) . The ENI OEM-12B RF generator can be cooled by a Thermo Neslab Merlin M33 Series Circulation Chiller. With an RF signal of 13.56 MHz from an ENI OEM-12B RF generator with a power of approximately 800-1000 W, salt water will be burned. Alternatively, the RF generator may be an industrial transmitter, for example, a transmitter part of a YAESU® FT-1000MP Mark-V transceiver. The RF signal can be generated at approximately 13.56 MHz (one of the frequencies provided by the US Federal Communications Commission for equipment operating in the ISM band) by the transmitting part of the YAESU® FT-1000MP Mark-V transceiver, cutting off some of the components of the block, which is known to specialists in the art. The RF generator and the transmitting head can have an integrated antenna tuning circuit (not shown) connected to them or integrated in them, for example, an automatic or manual antenna tuning circuit, to regulate the impedance of the transmitting head and the reaction chamber (and the receiving device, if any) available). The transmitting part of the YAESU® FT-1000MP Mark-V transceiver has such an integrated antenna tuning circuit (pressing the "Setup" button automatically adjusts the module for the load supplied to part of the RF generator). The RF generator and the transmitting head can have a combined antenna tuning circuit (not shown), connected to them or integrated in them, for example, an automatic or manual antenna tuning circuit, for regulating the combined impedance of the reaction chamber and the receiving device and compensating for changes in them. The transmitting part of the YAESU® FT-1000MP Mark-V transceiver has such an integrated antenna tuning circuit. Various configurations are possible for the transmitting head and receiving head, as shown in the examples herein.

FIG. 5-6

The transmitting head 104 may have a variety of configurations of the transmitting head, such as an electrically conductive plate, while having a circuit-connected coaxial winding. Alternatively, in the example of FIG. 5, the transmitting head 104 may comprise (or comprise) an electrically conductive plate 502 (e.g., having a diameter of 6 inches, a flat, flat plate made of stainless steel 0.020 inches thick) without a corresponding winding. The transfer plate 502 may be round and may have a size depending on the size of the target area and the required voltage field generated by the plate. Similarly, in the example of FIG. 6, the receiving head 112 may comprise (or include) an electrically conductive plate 602 (for example, having a diameter of 6 inches, a flat, flat plate made of stainless steel with a thickness of 0.020 inches) without a corresponding winding. The receiving plate 602 may be round and may have a size depending on the size of the target area and the required voltage field generated by the plate. The receiver plate 602 may have a size substantially smaller or substantially larger than the transmitter plate 502 to change the field generated in the reaction chamber 106 by a coupled RF signal 108. Alternatively, the receiver plate 602 or the transmitter plate 502 (which includes both) can be parabolic plates with a convex side facing the target area (not shown). The plates can be made of copper (for example, a 0.090-inch copper plate) instead of stainless steel.

FIG. 7-9

Alternatively, each of the transmitting head 104 or receiving head 112, or both, may consist of a group of electrically conductive plates spaced at intervals. Electrically conductive plates spaced at intervals from one another may be coaxial circular plates and may have successively decreasing diameters. In FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary system 700 in which the receiving head 112 comprises electrically conductive, coaxial, and circular plates that are spaced apart one after the other, which have diameters successively decreasing. The plates of the illustrative receiving head 800 may have the structure shown in FIG. 8A-8C (for example, of the illustrated size with an aluminum base), and may be insulated from each other, as shown in FIG. 8A-8C. The plates can be made of copper (for example, a 0.090-inch copper plate) instead of stainless steel.

Similarly, the transmitting head 104 may include a group of spaced apart conductor plates. Electrically conductive plates spaced at intervals from one another may be coaxial circular plates and may have successively decreasing diameters. In FIG. 9A-9C show an illustrative transmitting head 900 comprising electrically conductive, coaxial, and circular plates spaced apart one after the other, which have successively decreasing diameters. The plates of the illustrative transmission head 900 may have the structure shown in FIG. 9A-9C (for example, of the illustrated size with a Teflon base), and can be isolated from each other, as shown in FIG. 9A-9C. Alternatively, the plates of the exemplary receiver are headed 800, and / or the plates of the illustrative transmitting head 900 can be connected to each other, for example, directly connected electrically in their spaced configuration by electrically conductive terminals. The plates can be made of copper (for example, a 0.090-inch copper plate) instead of stainless steel. Transmission head 900 with electrically insulated plates can be used with a reception head 800 with electrically connected plates, and vice versa.

FIG. 10-16

The tuning loop 116 may be wired between the RF generator 102 and the transmitting head 104 and may comprise a pi-shaped circuit or a custom pi-shaped circuit. In FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary training loop 1000 formed using the components shown in this drawing. Illustrative component parameters for FIG. 10-16a are shown in Table I. A tuning circuit 1000 may be connected between the RF generator 102 and the transmitting head 104. Thus, as shown in FIG. 11, an illustrative system may include an ENI OEM-12B RF generator circuitry coupled to an exemplary training circuit 1000 that is coupled circuitry to an example transmitter head 900 to generate an RF signal 108 through a reaction chamber 106 by coupling an RF signal 108 to a receiving head 112 The receiving head 112 may be such as the illustrative receiving head 800, which is shown in the illustrative system shown in FIG. eleven.

The illustrative implementation of the tuning loop 1000 used in FIG. 10-15 are provided for displaying a voltage gain of approximately 15 to 1 with respect to the voltage of the RF signal generated by the ENI RF generator. Thus, the illustrative tuning circuit 1000 can be considered as a step-up voltage transformer. The voltage of the larger plate of the transmission head is estimated to exceed 40,000 volts per inch. Accordingly, some or all of the transmitting head and / or receiving head may be sealed, enclosed, or otherwise enveloped in insulating material.

FIG. 13-15 show various kinds of illustrative implementations of parts of the illustrative system depicted in FIG. 12. As shown in these drawings, when implementing the illustrative training loop 1000 used in FIG. 10-12, the large induction coil L ₂ can be mounted so that its longitudinal axis is essentially coaxial with the central axis of the plates of the transmitting head FP ₁ , and the central axis of the small induction coil L ₁ can be essentially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis larger induction coil L ₂ . Other components may be used to implement the tuning loop 1000 instead of the illustrative components shown in FIG. 10-12. For example, a smaller L ₁ induction coil can be silver plated or made of 12 turns of a 5/16 inch copper tube (or a larger number of turns of a larger diameter copper tube) to increase the allowable current load (a smaller L ₁ induction coil can be relatively hot in illustrative embodiments), and the capacitor C ₁ can be made of thirteen (13) capacitors of 100 pF instead of eleven (11) for the capacitor C ₁ of 1300 pF. As another example, head plates may be made of copper (e.g., made of a 0.090-inch copper plate) instead of stainless steel. In the illustrative implementation shown in FIG. 13-15, the area of the target area, located slightly closer to the transmitting head (in a ratio of about 60/40 in distance), heats up slightly more than the zero point between the two heads. The grounded part of the components shown in FIG. 10-15 may be mounted on a copper sheet 1300 or another sheet with suitable conductivity, and the electrically conductive base of the receiving head FP ₂ can be mounted on a copper sheet 1500 or another sheet with suitable conductivity, as shown in FIG. 15. Grounding plates 1300, 1500 may be connected by one or more copper strips 1302.

FIG. 16

In FIG. 16, another illustrative system 1600 is shown, which is the same as system 1200 (shown in FIGS. 8A-8C, 9A-9C, 12-15 and described above), except that the transmitting head FP ₁ ′ has a single 6 inch plate, with one 6-inch round plate of the transmitting head FP ₁ and three plates, 6-inch, 4-inch and 3-inch, receiving head FP ₂ made of copper with a thickness of 0.090 inches, the capacitor C ₁ has a capacity of 1300 pF instead 1,100 pF, and a lower induction coil L ₁ is coated with silver and made of 12 turns of a 5/16-inch copper rub ki. In FIG. 16a, another exemplary system 1600 is shown, which is the same as system 1600, except that the receiving head FP ₂ ′ has a single 6-inch round plate. The transmitting part and the receiving part can be enclosed in one or more suitable shells, for example, the shells 3502, 3504 shown in FIG. 22. The open circuit voltage readings at the transmitting head of the illustrative physical embodiments are taken. An open-circuit RF field voltage at a transmit power of 100 W was measured using a wide bandwidth oscilloscope with a double amplitude of approximately 6,000 volts (e.g., approximately 5,800 V), which increases to approximately 22,000 volts with a transmit power of 1,000 watts (FIG. 16A for the configuration shown in Figs. 13-15). Additionally, it is assumed that in these illustrative systems, the voltage and current do not coincide in phase (for example, do not coincide in phase with a certain phase angle). Additionally, it is possible that increased RF heating efficiency and / or RF transmission efficiency can be achieved by changing the phase relationship between voltage and current by a predetermined phase angle or real-time (or optimal) phase angle. In addition, the quality factor of the illustrative physical embodiments is estimated using a bandwidth (point S9 or 3 dB) above 250 (e.g., 250-290) (Fig. 16A for the configuration depicted in Figs. 13-15). It should be obvious that RF heating using these illustrative embodiments is significantly different than induction heating (even significantly different from induction heating at similar frequencies).

As shown in FIG. 22, the loops can be installed in two shells: a transmitting shell 3502 and a receiving shell 3504, with a reaction chamber 3506 between them. Illustrative transmission shell 3502 has grounding metal walls 3512 on all sides except for side 3513 facing the receiving shell 3504 (only four such grounding walls 3512a-3512d of five such walls 3512 of illustrative transmission shell 3502 are shown; the upper grounding wall has been removed). Similarly, the illustrative receiving shell 3504 has grounding metal walls 3514 on all sides except for the side 3515 facing the transmitting shell 3502 (only four such grounding walls 3514a-3514d of five such walls 3514 of the illustrative receiving shell 3504 are shown; the upper grounding wall has been removed). The grounding walls 3512 of the transmitting sheath 3502 are connected to the grounding walls 3514 of the receiving sheath 3504. The front walls 3513 and 3515 may be made of TEFLON or other suitable electrical insulating material. The transmitting shell 3502 and / or the receiving shell 3504 may be movably mounted to allow the interval between the transmitting head and the receiving head to be varied so as to adapt to the reaction chambers 3506 of different sizes. The front walls 3513 and 3515 may have associated holes (not shown) to which various racks and other structures can be connected that serve to support the body part or other target structure between the transmitting head and the receiving head. Dispersion pads (not shown) may be provided for direct grounding of the object or capacitive grounding of the target structure, and these grounding sites can be connected to grounding walls 3512, 3514 (such direct or capacitive grounding platforms can help smaller target structures absorb relatively large levels RF and better heat up). Transmitter side components 3522 can be installed in the illustrative transfer shell 3502, and the receive side components 3524 can be installed in the illustrative transfer shell 3504. The exemplary transfer case 3502 and the receive case 3504 can both be cooled by heat-sensitive fans that turn on in response to a rise in temperature in the shells 3502, 3504 upon reaching a predetermined thermal level. The illustrative transmitter shell 3502 and the receiver shell 3504 also have a plurality of transition connectors, for example, allowing the RF signal to pass from the RF signal generator to the illustrative transmitter shell 3502 (possibly through a power meter) and allowing the received signal to go outside the illustrative receiver shell 3504 to the power meter and back to the receiving shell 3504. In this illustrative embodiment, the shells 3502, 3504 can be moved to change the interval between the outer, adjacent ends of th traps from about two inches to a foot or more apart. Various other embodiments may have different ranges of spacing between the outer, adjacent ends of the heads, for example, from about 2 inches to about 20 inches or more from each other, or from about 2 inches to about 40 inches or more from each other.

Each such shell may have grounding (e.g., aluminum) walls with a grounding (e.g., copper) substrate, with the exception of walls adjacent to the transmitting head FP ₁ 'and the receiving head FP ₂ , which may be made of an insulating material such as ceramic, TEFLON® polytetrafluoroethylene, such as Virgin Electrical Grade TEFLON® PTFE, or other insulation material. Walls can be grounded to a copper plate using copper strips and, if multiple shells are used, the shells can have a copper strip between them for common grounding of the shells. To confirm the actual grounding, a long fluorescent lamp can be used (for example, including an RF signal and repeatedly placing the lamp close to the transmitting head to illuminate the lamp, and then moving the lamp to a position near the shell monitored by the lamp to stop lighting, which confirms acceptable grounding). Earthing walls may have a layer of insulating material on their inside, such as ceramic or TEFLON® polytetrafluoroethylene, such as Virgin Electrical Grade TEFLON® PTFE, or other insulating material.

It is assumed that the illustrative systems depicted in FIG. 12-16, a very high voltage field is generated in the target area, and this very high voltage field can be used to heat many different types of RF absorbing particles as part of RF absorption amplifiers, in relation to the various methods proposed herein. For example, it is assumed that the illustrative systems depicted in FIG. 12-16 are capable of heating and burning salt water solutions in relation to the various methods proposed herein.

FIG. 24 shows an illustrative transmitter 2400 that is suitable for at least partially immersing in a liquid. The shell includes a sealed loop body 2405, in which the tuning loop 2420 and the transmitting head 2425 are placed. The tuning loop receives the RF signal from the RF generator 2410, which can be placed in the shell, as shown, or located outside the shell 2405. The insulating region 2430, for example, an air cushion or a cushion of another gas, is located between the transmitting head 2425 and the casing 2405. The casing may also include fastening means, such as a hook or loop 2450, which is used for mechanical connection neniya shell with a rope, or other similar mechanism for lowering into the hole or the shell closed domain processing, such as a winch or crane (not shown) or other means for ascent / descent. If the RF generator 2410 is located outside of the sealed enclosure 2405, an insulated electrical conductor (not shown) may be provided to accommodate the circuit 2420 connected to the RF generator. In the manufacturing process, air from the portion of the envelope 2405 surrounding the communication loop may be evacuated, and the envelope 2405 is filled with an inert gas such as nitrogen or xenon, and then hermetically sealed. The communication loop can be customizable or not (for example, pre-configured) and can be the same as any of the communication loops shown or described in this document, with virtually any transmission heads shown in this document. If the portion of the sheath 2405 containing the coupling loop is filled with an inert gas, it is believed that much more powerful RF signals can communicate using the various coupling loops disclosed herein, for example, as shown in FIG. 13-15 or in FIG. 16a. Alternatively, if a portion of the sheath 2405 containing the coupling loop is filled with an inert gas, it is believed that significantly smaller coupling loops can be used compared to the illustrative coupling loop shown in FIG. 13-15, since smaller components can be used (increasing the breakdown voltage of the associated components inside the shell). If the communication loop is customizable, this setup can be done using remotely controlled customizable components, such as variable capacitors with stepper motors to change the capacitor's capacitance, or using remote cables to remotely mechanically change the capacitor's capacitance. Thus, a control module removed from a shell (not shown) can be used to send electrical signals to adjust the loop to reduce or eliminate the power of the reflected signal, or the user can mechanically remotely adjust the loop to reduce or eliminate the power of the reflected signal. Although a grounded receiver head (not shown) may be used in this configuration (for example, also mounted on a shell and configured to allow water to flow between the transmitter and receiver heads or between an isolated area and the receiver head), it is believed that it may be possible to adjust the loop, essentially without a receiving head, using object water as a receiver and current path (as a kind of grounded receiving head).

Ways

Solutions containing salt water and which additionally contain (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof, can be burned using RF signals while passing high-voltage RF signals through the solution, containing salt water. In a broad sense, the methods can be characterized as comprising the steps of providing a solution containing salt water and which may further comprise (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii ) mixtures thereof, and the RF signal is passed through a solution containing salt water to burn a solution containing salt water (Fig. 23). Alternatively, in a broad sense, the methods can be characterized as methods for adding salt to enhance the heating of water or other liquids. Salt water was burned using an illustrative system that included a circuit realizing the circuit depicted in FIG. 16, used to transmit an RF signal through salt water to burn salt water. A solution of OCEANIC® Natural Sea Salt Mix with a density of approximately 1.026 g / cm ^{3 was used} . To burn salt water, a 13.56 MHz RF signal was used from an ENI OEM-12B RF generator with a power of approximately 800-1000 W (for example, approximately 900 W).

FIG. 17

FIG. 17 shows a generalized illustrative procedure 1700 of performing a method for producing hydrogen from salt water or from solutions containing salt water.

The process begins at block 1702. At block 1704, salt water is provided. Salt water contains water and at least one salt, the optimum dosage of salt being dissolved in the water. In specific embodiments, the salt is added to water or other liquids to enhance heating. Additionally, a solution containing salt water that contains salt water and (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof can be used. The salt may be a suitable salt of any type that is soluble in water. Some examples of suitable salts are described in more detail below. The optimal salt dosage is the salt dosage necessary to absorb sufficient energy from the RF signal so that salt water or a solution containing salt water is decomposed to produce hydrogen. OCEANIC® Natural Sea Salt Mix can be used to approximate naturally occurring seawater with an optimal dosage of salt, and it can be used later either as salt water or as a component of salt water in a solution containing salt water used in systems and methods discussed and demonstrated herein. Such approximate representations of naturally occurring seawater can have a density of from about 1.02 g / cm ³ to 1.03 g / cm ³ , for example, in the range of about 1.020-1.024 or about 28-32 PPT (parts per thousand), readings of the hydrometer. As an approximate representation of naturally occurring sea water, a mixture of water with the above sea salt with a density of approximately 1,026 g / cm ³ (as measured by a refractometer) was used in illustrative systems and methods. Alternatively, it is believed that the present seawater may be used in the systems and methods discussed and demonstrated herein.

Suppose that a salt water tank or a solution containing salt water could be prepared in advance and stored in a tank to be accessible if necessary. For example, a storage tank could be connected to the reaction chamber via a feed pipe. Thus, the supply of pre-prepared salt water or solution could be carried out by pumping from the storage tank into the reaction chamber through the feed pipe; wherein the feed pipe is connected at one end to the storage tank, and at the other end is connected to an inlet in the reaction chamber. In addition, it is believed that ordinary seawater can be used.

At step 1706, an RF transmitter is provided. The RF transmitter may be any type of RF transmitter generating a suitable RF signal. The RF transmitter may be a variable frequency RF transmitter. Additionally, the RF transmitter is also a multi-frequency transmitter, configured to provide multi-frequency RF signals. Additionally, the RF transmitter is configured to transmit RF signals with variable amplitudes or pulse amplitudes. One or more of a number of transmitting and receiving heads of various shapes and sizes may be provided.

The transmitting head may be selected in step 1708. The selection of the transmitting head may be partially based on the type of RF transmitter provided. Other parameters, such as, for example, the depth, size, and shape of the total area of the target, or of the specific target area to be processed, and the number of frequencies transmitted, can also be used when deciding on the choice of the transmitting head.

An RF receiver is provided at block 1710. The RF receiver can be tuned to the frequency (s) of the RF transmitter. At step 1712, the desired receiving head may be selected. Similar to the choice of the transmitting head, the receiving head can be selected so as to satisfy the required characteristics of a particular application. For example, a receiving head that is larger than the transmitting head can be selected to focus the RF signal on a specific area in the reaction chamber (although it was previously thought that a smaller head focuses the RF to enhance RF heating, it was found that a larger receiving head produces a higher temperature). For example, a single 6-inch round copper plate may be used on the transmitting side, and a single 9.5-inch square copper plate may be used on the receiving side. Thus, the choice of different sizes and shapes of the receiving heads takes into account the optimal focusing of the RF signal in a mixture with salt water.

At step 1714, the position of the transmitting head is adjusted. The adjustment of the position of the transfer head is carried out, for example, by placing the transfer head on one side of the reaction chamber and in close proximity to it. At step 1716, the position of the receiving head is adjusted. Adjusting the position of the receiving head is similarly performed, for example, by placing the receiving head on the other side of the reaction chamber in close proximity to it so that the RF signal transmitted through the transmitting head to the receiving head passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by salt water or a component of the salt water of the solution containing salt water. The transmitting head and receiving heads are isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber. The heads can be isolated from the reaction chamber through an air gap. Additionally, the heads can be isolated from the target area by another insulating material.

The RF frequency (s) may be selected at step 1718. In addition to selecting the desired RF frequency (s) at step 1718, a transmission time or duration may also be selected. The duration time is set, for example, for a certain period of time, or is set so as to raise the temperature of at least a portion of the salt water or the solution containing the salt water to the desired temperature / temperature range, or is set for the desired temperature change. In addition, additionally, at this stage, adjustments can be made to other parameters of the RF signal, such as, for example, amplitude, pulse amplitude, on / off pulse repetition rate of the RF signal, alternating RF signal when the frequency of the RF signal changes over a specified time period or depending on set temperatures, ranges or changes in temperature.

At step 1720, an RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head to the receiving head. The RF signal passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by salt water or a salt water component of a solution containing salt water contained within the reaction chamber. The absorption of RF energy leads to the decomposition of salt water or a salt water component of a solution containing salt water to produce hydrogen.

At step 1722, hydrogen obtained from the decomposition of salt water or a solution containing salt water is collected. Hydrogen can be collected in any way. An example of a method for collecting hydrogen is the use of a vacuum or pumping device for removing hydrogen gas as it is produced, and then storing hydrogen in a place physically separated from the reaction chamber. For example, such a vacuum or pumping device may at one end attach to an outlet in the reaction chamber, and at the other end connect to a gas storage container. It is contemplated that the gas storage container may be equipped with valves, such as a one-way valve, so that gas can enter or pump into the tank, but then the gas cannot exit the tank.

The process execution procedure can be completed at step 1724 and can be completed after a predetermined time interval and / or as a reaction to determining that the production of the required amount of hydrogen has been successfully completed. The method can be performed once or repeatedly, or continuously, or periodically, or intermittently.

FIG. 18 (a) and 18 (b)

FIG. 18 (a) shows a generalized illustrative procedure 1800 for performing a method for producing hydrogen from salt water and for subsequently burning the resulting hydrogen. FIG. 18 (b) shows a generalized illustrative procedure 1800 for performing a method for (i) sufficiently heating a solution containing salt water, which may further comprise secondary fuel, in order to vaporize and burn the secondary fuel; or (ii) decomposing the salt water component of the solution containing salt water to produce hydrogen and subsequently burn the resulting hydrogen; or (iii) both.

The procedure for performing the method and in FIG. 18 (a) and in FIG. 18 (b) begins at step 1802. At step 1804, or is provided salt water or a solution containing salt water. In FIG. 18 (a) salt water contains water and at least one salt, wherein the optimum dosage of salt is dissolved in water. In some embodiments, the salt is added to water or other liquids to enhance heating. In FIG. 18 (b) the salt water solution contains salt water, as in FIG. 18 (a), and further: (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one source of secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof. The salt used in FIG. 18 (a) to (b) may be a suitable salt of any type that is soluble in water. Some examples of suitable salts are described in more detail below. The optimal salt dosage is the salt dosage necessary to allow the surrounding water to absorb enough energy from the RF signal to decompose to produce hydrogen, or the salt dosage necessary to allow the surrounding water to absorb enough energy, obtained from the RF signal so that it is sufficiently heated to evaporate and burn any additional source of secondary fuel present. The OCEANIC® Natural Sea Salt Mix can be used to approximate the composition of naturally occurring seawater with an optimal salt dosage and can be used hereinafter as a component of salt water in a solution containing salt water in the systems and methods discussed and demonstrated in the present document. Such approximate representations of naturally occurring seawater can have a density of from about 1.02 g / cm ³ to 1.03 g / cm ³ , for example, in the range of about 1.020-1.024 or about 28-32 PPT, as measured by the hydrometer. As an approximate representation of naturally occurring sea water, a mixture of water with the above sea salt with a density of approximately 1,026 g / cm ³ (as measured by a refractometer) was used in illustrative systems and methods. Alternatively, it is believed that the present seawater may be used in the systems and methods discussed and demonstrated herein.

Assume that a salt water tank or salt water solution could be prepared in advance and stored in a tank to be accessible if necessary. For example, a storage tank could be connected to the reaction chamber via a feed pipe. Thus, the supply of pre-prepared salt water or a solution containing salt water could be carried out by pumping from the storage tank to the reaction chamber through a feed pipe; wherein the feed pipe is connected at one end to the storage tank, and at the other end is connected to an inlet in the reaction chamber.

At step 1806, an RF transmitter is provided. The RF transmitter may be any type of RF transmitter generating a suitable RF signal. The RF transmitter may be a variable frequency RF transmitter. Additionally, the RF transmitter may also be a multi-frequency transmitter, configured to provide multi-frequency RF signals. Still, in addition, the RF transmitter may be configured to transmit RF signals with variable amplitudes or pulse amplitudes. Many different shapes and sizes of transmitting and receiving heads may be provided.

The transmitting head may be selected at 1808. The selection of the transmitting head may partially be based on the type of RF transmitter provided. Other parameters, such as, for example, the depth, size, and shape of the total area of the target, or of the specific target area to be processed, and the number of frequencies transmitted, can also be used when deciding on the choice of the transmitting head.

An RF receiver is provided at block 1810. The RF receiver can be tuned to the frequency (s) of the RF transmitter. At step 1812, the desired receiver head may be selected. Similar to the choice of the transmitting head, the receiving head can be selected so as to satisfy the required characteristics of a particular application. For example, a receiving head that is larger than the transmitting head can be selected to focus the RF signal on a specific area in the reaction chamber (although it was previously thought that a smaller head focuses the RF to enhance RF heating, it was found that a larger receiving head produces a higher temperature). Different sizes and shapes of the receiving heads allow for optimal focusing of the RF signal in salt water and solutions containing salt water.

At step 1814, the position of the transmitting head is adjusted. The adjustment of the position of the transfer head is carried out, for example, by placing the transfer head on one side of the reaction chamber and in close proximity to it. At step 1816, the position of the receiving head is adjusted. Adjusting the position of the receiving head is similarly performed, for example, by placing the receiving head on the other side of the reaction chamber in close proximity to it so that the RF signal transmitted through the transmitting head to the receiving head passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by salt water or a component of the salt water of the solution containing salt water. The transmitting head and receiving heads are isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber. The heads can be isolated from the reaction chamber through an air gap. Additionally, the heads can be isolated from the target area by another insulating material.

The RF frequency (s) may be selected in step 1818. In addition to selecting the desired RF frequency (s) in step 1818, a transmission time or duration may also be selected. The duration time is set, for example, for a certain period of time, or is set so as to raise the temperature of at least a portion of the salt water or the solution containing the salt water to the desired temperature / temperature range, or is set for the desired temperature change. In addition, additionally, at this stage, adjustments can be made to other parameters of the RF signal, such as, for example, amplitude, pulse amplitude, on / off pulse repetition rate of the RF signal, alternating RF signal when the frequency of the RF signal changes over a specified time period or depending on set temperatures, ranges or changes in temperature.

At step 1820, an RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head to the receiving head. The RF signal passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by the salt water or salt water component of the solution containing salt water that is present inside the reaction chamber. In FIG. 18 (a), the absorption of RF energy first leads to the decomposition of salt water to produce hydrogen, while the additional absorption of RF energy ultimately entails the burning of hydrogen produced from the decomposition of salt water. In FIG. 18 (b), the absorption of RF energy first leads (i) to sufficiently heat the solution containing salt water to vaporize and burn any secondary fuel that may be additionally present; or (ii) decomposing the salt water component of the solution containing salt water to produce hydrogen; or (iii) both.

The process execution procedure can be completed at step 1822, and can be completed after a predetermined time interval and / or as a reaction to determining that the production of the required amount of hydrogen and the combustion of hydrogen, or, alternatively, the production of the required amount of vaporized and burned, have been successfully completed secondary fuel, which may additionally be present. The method can be performed once or repeatedly, or continuously, or periodically, or intermittently.

FIG. 19 (a) and 19 (b)

FIG. 19 (a) shows a generalized illustrative procedure 1900 of performing a method for producing hydrogen from salt water, for burning produced hydrogen, and for subsequently converting this chemical energy into mechanical energy that moves the piston. FIG. 19 (b) shows a generalized illustrative procedure 1900 of performing a method for (i) sufficiently heating a solution containing salt water, which may further comprise a secondary fuel, in order to vaporize and burn the secondary fuel; or (ii) decomposing the salt water component of the solution containing salt water to produce hydrogen and subsequently burn an evaporated source of secondary fuel or produced hydrogen; or (iii) both; and for the subsequent conversion of the chemical energy that is released during combustion into mechanical energy that moves the piston.

The procedure for performing the method in FIG. 19 (a) and in FIG. 19 (b) begins at step 1902. At step 1904, either salt water or a solution containing salt water is provided. In FIG. 19 (a) salt water contains water and at least one salt, wherein the optimum dosage of salt is dissolved in water. In some embodiments, the salt is added to water or other liquids to enhance heating. In FIG. 19 (b) a solution containing salt water contains salt water, as in FIG. 19 (a), and further (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof. The salt may be a suitable salt of any type that is soluble in water. Some examples of suitable salts are described in more detail below. The optimal dosage of salt is the dosage of salt needed to allow the surrounding water to absorb enough energy from the RF signal to decompose to produce hydrogen, or the dosage of salt needed to allow the surrounding water to absorb enough energy, obtained from the RF signal so that it is sufficiently heated to evaporate and burn any additional source of secondary fuel present. The OCEANIC® Natural Sea Salt Mix can be used to approximate naturally occurring seawater with an optimal salt dosage and can be used later as a component of salt water in solutions containing salt water that are used in the systems and methods discussed and demonstrated in this document. Such approximate representations of naturally occurring seawater can have a density of from about 1.02 g / cm ³ to 1.03 g / cm ³ , for example, in the range of about 1.020-1.024 or about 28-32 PPT, as measured by the hydrometer. As an approximate representation of naturally occurring sea water, a mixture of water with the above sea salt with a density of approximately 1.026 g / cm ³ (as measured by a refractometer) was used in illustrative systems and methods. Alternatively, it is believed that the present seawater may be used in the systems and methods discussed and demonstrated herein.

Assume that a tank of salt water or a solution containing salt water could be prepared in advance and stored in a tank to be accessible if necessary. For example, a storage tank could be connected to the reaction chamber via a feed pipe. Thus, the supply of pre-prepared salt water or a solution containing salt water could be carried out by pumping from the storage tank to the reaction chamber through a feed pipe; wherein the feed pipe is connected at one end to the storage tank, and at the other end is connected to an inlet in the reaction chamber. Alternatively, suppose that a spray nozzle may be attached to the end of a feed pipe connected to an inlet in the reaction chamber. With this arrangement, it is believed that salt water or a solution containing salt water can be introduced into the reaction chamber in the form of an aerosol or an atomized liquid.

At step 1906, an RF transmitter is provided. The RF transmitter may be any type of RF transmitter generating a suitable RF signal. The RF transmitter may be a variable frequency RF transmitter. Additionally, the RF transmitter may also be a multi-frequency transmitter, configured to provide multi-frequency RF signals. Still, in addition, the RF transmitter may be configured to transmit RF signals with variable amplitudes or pulse amplitudes. Many different shapes and sizes of transmitting and receiving heads may be provided.

The transmitting head may be selected in step 1908. The selection of the transmitting head may be based in part on the type of RF transmitter provided. Other parameters, such as, for example, the depth, size, and shape of the total area of the target, or of the specific target area to be processed, and the number of frequencies transmitted, can also be used when deciding on the choice of the transmitting head.

An RF receiver is provided at step 1910. The RF receiver can be tuned to the frequency (s) of the RF transmitter. At step 1812, the desired receiving head may be selected. Similar to the choice of the transmitting head, the receiving head can be selected so as to satisfy the required characteristics of a particular application. For example, a receiving head that is larger than the transmitting head can be selected to focus the RF signal on a specific area in the reaction chamber (although it was previously thought that a smaller head focuses the RF to enhance RF heating, it was found that a larger receiving head produces a higher temperature). The various sizes and shapes of the receiving heads allow for optimal focusing of the RF signal in salt water and a solution containing salt water.

At step 1914, the position of the transmitting head is adjusted. The adjustment of the position of the transfer head is carried out, for example, by placing the transfer head on one side of the reaction chamber and in close proximity to it. At step 1916, the position of the receiving head is adjusted. Adjusting the position of the receiving head is similarly performed, for example, by placing the receiving head on the other side of the reaction chamber in close proximity to it so that the RF signal transmitted through the transmitting head to the receiving head passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by salt water or a component of the salt water of the solution containing salt water. The transmitting head and receiving heads are isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber. The heads can be isolated from the reaction chamber through an air gap. Additionally, the heads can be isolated from the target area by another insulating material.

The RF frequency (s) may be selected in step 1918. In addition to selecting the desired RF frequency (s) in step 1918, a transmission time or duration may also be selected. The duration time is set, for example, for a certain period of time, or is set so as to raise the temperature of at least a portion of the salt water or the solution containing the salt water to the desired temperature / temperature range, or is set for the desired temperature change. In addition, additionally, at this stage, adjustments can be made to other parameters of the RF signal, such as, for example, amplitude, pulse amplitude, on / off pulse repetition rate of the RF signal, alternating RF signal when the frequency of the RF signal changes over a specified time period or depending on set temperatures, ranges or changes in temperature.

At step 1920, an RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head to the receiving head. The RF signal passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by the salt water or salt water component of the solution containing salt water that is present inside the reaction chamber. In FIG. 19 (a), the absorption of RF energy first leads to the decomposition of salt water to produce hydrogen, while the additional absorption of RF energy ultimately entails the burning of hydrogen produced from the decomposition of salt water. In FIG. 19 (b), the absorption of RF energy first leads (i) to sufficiently heat the solution containing salt water to vaporize and burn any secondary fuel that may be additionally present; or (ii) the decomposition of the salt water component of an aqueous solution to produce hydrogen; or (iii) both.

Alternatively, suppose that an ignition source, such as a spark plug, can be connected to the reaction chamber. This ignition source will also be connected to a current source, such as, for example, a battery. The design proposed here will allow the current to advance to the ignition source to turn it on and off if necessary. The result of this will be the generation of ignition events, in relation to the example of a spark plug, if necessary a spark will be produced. It is believed that this ignition event will cause the combustion of hydrogen that was produced during the decomposition of salt water, or will cause the combustion of either hydrogen or some vaporized secondary fuel, or both produced during RF enrichment of a solution containing salt water, in reaction chamber.

At step 1922, the energy generated by the combustion of hydrogen obtained from the decomposition of salt water (or, more generally, the energy generated by either (i) the combustion of hydrogen obtained from the decomposition of salt water, or (ii) due to evaporation and burning any secondary fuel that may additionally be present in the solution containing salt water, or (iii) due to both) is transferred to the piston to perform mechanical work. In any case, the combustion of either hydrogen, or some kind of secondary fuel, or both, gives rise to hot exhaust gases, including steam. These hot exhaust gases expand and at the same time create increased pressure. Assume that the piston head can be attached to an outlet in the reaction chamber, and the other end of the piston is attached to the arm of the lever. As the exhaust gases expand, they press on the piston head, the lever arm moves, converting the chemical energy of the expansion of the exhaust gases into mechanical energy and into mechanical work.

Suppose further that this piston design can be used in conjunction with the spray nozzle and ignition source described above to enable the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy and subsequently into mechanical work, if necessary. For example, this method could be used in such a design in order to drive an internal combustion engine. Suppose further that one example of how this method could be used in conjunction with an appropriate system is to provide an engine that operates on salt water or various solutions containing salt water, or even directly on sea water taken from the ocean without additional cleaning, instead of having to use gasoline or other water-incompatible hydrocarbon fuels for work. In particular, suppose that this engine of a suitable size can be provided and such that it can be used to drive a different type of automobile or motorized vehicle.

The process execution procedure can be completed at step 1924 and can be completed after a predetermined time interval and / or as a reaction to determining that the production of the required amount of hydrogen and the combustion of hydrogen, or, alternatively, the production of the required amount of vaporized and burned, have been successfully performed any secondary fuel that is additionally present. The method can be performed once or repeatedly, or continuously, or periodically, or intermittently.

FIG. twenty

FIG. 20 shows a generalized illustrative procedure 2000 for performing a method for desalinating seawater.

The process begins at step 2002. At step 2004, sea water is provided. Any kind of sea water from any ocean or any concentration or salinity is suitable. Additionally, it is contemplated that seawater can be taken from a natural source and used immediately without the need for any additional treatment or treatment. Examples of some sources of sea water are described below. It is also contemplated that some seawater may be stored in the storage tank or storage tank to be available to fill the reaction chamber if necessary. For example, a storage tank could be connected to the reaction chamber via a feed pipe. Thus, the supply of sea water could be carried out by pumping from the storage tank into the reaction chamber through the feed pipe; wherein the feed pipe is connected at one end to the storage tank, and at the other end is connected to an inlet in the reaction chamber.

At step 2006, an RF transmitter is provided. The RF transmitter may be any type of RF transmitter generating a suitable RF signal. The RF transmitter may be a variable frequency RF transmitter. Additionally, the RF transmitter may also be a multi-frequency transmitter, configured to provide multi-frequency RF signals. Still, in addition, the RF transmitter may be configured to transmit RF signals with variable amplitudes or pulse amplitudes. There are many different shapes and sizes of transmitting and receiving heads.

The transmitting head may be selected in step 2008. The selection of the transmitting head may be based in part on the type of RF transmitter provided. Other parameters, such as, for example, the depth, size, and shape of the total area of the target, or of the specific target area to be processed, and the number of frequencies transmitted, can also be used when deciding on the choice of the transmitting head.

An RF receiver is provided in step 2010. The RF receiver can be tuned to the frequency (s) of the RF transmitter. At step 2012, the desired receiver head may be selected. Similar to the choice of the transmitting head, the receiving head can be selected so as to satisfy the required characteristics of a particular application. For example, a receiving head that is larger than the transmitting head can be selected to focus the RF signal on a specific area in the reaction chamber (although it was previously thought that a smaller head focuses the RF to enhance RF heating, it was found that a larger receiving head produces a higher temperature). Different sizes and shapes of the receiving heads allow for optimal focusing of the RF signal in seawater.

At step 2014, the position of the transmission head is adjusted. The adjustment of the position of the transfer head is carried out, for example, by placing the transfer head on one side of the reaction chamber and in close proximity to it. At step 2016, the position of the receiving head is adjusted. Adjusting the position of the receiving head is likewise carried out, for example, by placing the receiving head on the other side of the reaction chamber in close proximity to it so that the RF signal transmitted through the transmitting head to the receiving head passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by sea water. The transmitting head and receiving heads are isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber. The heads can be isolated from the reaction chamber through an air gap. Additionally, the heads can be isolated from the target area by another insulating material.

The RF frequency (s) may be selected in step 2018. In addition to selecting the desired RF frequency (s) in step 2018, a transmission time or duration may also be selected. The duration time is set, for example, for a certain period of time, or set so as to raise the temperature of at least part of the sea water to a boil. In addition, additionally, at this stage, adjustments can be made to other parameters of the RF signal, such as, for example, amplitude, pulse amplitude, on / off pulse repetition rate of the RF signal, alternating RF signal when the frequency of the RF signal changes over a specified time period or depending on the set temperatures, ranges or changes in temperature, or required phase transitions.

At step 2020, an RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head to the receiving head. The RF signal passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by seawater contained within the reaction chamber. The absorption of RF energy results in the heating of seawater, which causes the seawater to undergo a phase transition and generate steam. The resulting vapor will not contain any salts, minerals, or any other non-volatile impurities originally present in seawater.

At step 2022, steam is collected by heating seawater to a boil. At step 2024, the collected steam is condensed in the form of purified water. Steam can be collected in any way. An example of a method for collecting and condensing steam is to use the natural tendency of hot gases, such as steam, to rise. For example, it is contemplated that a discharge pipe, connected at one end to an outlet located in the reaction chamber and positioned so as to be directly above the reaction chamber, can vent steam as it is produced from the reaction chamber. In addition, it is assumed that the other end of the outlet pipe can be connected to a tank installed at a distance and that this tank will act as a refrigerator so that, after entering the tank, the steam is cooled and passes from the vapor phase to the water phase. As a result, it is believed that purified water will condense and collect in such a refrigeration tank. It is contemplated that, in addition, the refrigeration tank may be externally cooled to facilitate the rate of steam condensation.

The method execution procedure can be completed at step 2026 and can be completed after a predetermined time interval and / or as a reaction to determining that the production of the required amount of steam and desalination has been successfully completed. The method can be performed once or repeatedly, or continuously, or periodically, or intermittently.

FIG. 21

FIG. 21 shows a generalized illustrative procedure 2100 of performing a method for conducting water electrolysis.

The process begins at block 2102. At block 2104, a mixture of salt water is provided. The mixture with salt water contains water and at least one salt, and the optimal dosage of salt is dissolved in water. The salt must be soluble in water and, in order to efficiently form gaseous and hydrogen and oxygen, the salt must be selected such that the corresponding salt cation has a lower standard electrode potential than H ⁺ , and the corresponding salt anion has a higher standard electrode potential than OH ^- . A more detailed description of the various suitable salts in this regard and their optimal dosages is given below.

At 2106, an RF transmitter is provided. The RF transmitter may be any type of RF transmitter generating a suitable RF signal. The RF transmitter may be a variable frequency RF transmitter. Additionally, the RF transmitter may also be a multi-frequency transmitter, configured to provide multi-frequency RF signals. Still, in addition, the RF transmitter may be configured to transmit RF signals with variable amplitudes or pulse amplitudes. Many different shapes and sizes of transmitting and receiving heads may be provided.

The transmitter head may be selected in step 2108. The selection of the transmitter head may be based in part on the type of RF transmitter provided. Other parameters, such as, for example, the depth, size, and shape of the total area of the target, or of the specific target area to be processed, and the number of frequencies transmitted, can also be used when deciding on the choice of the transmitting head.

An RF receiver is provided at step 2110. The RF receiver can be tuned to the frequency (s) of the RF transmitter. At step 2112, the desired receiver head may be selected. Similar to the choice of the transmitting head, the receiving head can be selected so as to satisfy the required characteristics of a particular application. For example, a receiving head that is larger than the transmitting head can be selected to focus the RF signal on a specific area in the reaction chamber (although it was previously thought that a smaller head focuses the RF to enhance RF heating, it was found that a larger receiving head produces a higher temperature). Different sizes and shapes of the receiving heads allow for optimal focusing of the RF signal in a mixture with salt water.

At step 2114, the position of the transmitting head is adjusted. The adjustment of the position of the transfer head is carried out, for example, by placing the transfer head on one side of the reaction chamber and in close proximity to it. At step 2116, the position of the receiving head is adjusted. Adjusting the position of the receiving head is similarly carried out, for example, by placing the receiving head on the other side of the reaction chamber in close proximity to it so that the RF signal transmitted through the transmitting head to the receiving head passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by the mixture with salt water. The transmitting head and receiving heads are isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber. The heads can be isolated from the reaction chamber through an air gap. Additionally, the heads are isolated from the target area by another insulating material.

The RF frequency (s) may be selected in step 2118. In addition to selecting the desired RF frequency (s) in step 2118, a transmission time or duration may also be selected. The duration time is set, for example, for a certain period of time, or set so as to raise the temperature of at least a portion of the salt water mixture to the desired temperature / temperature range, or set to the desired temperature change. In addition, additionally, at this stage, adjustments can be made to other parameters of the RF signal, such as, for example, amplitude, pulse amplitude, on / off pulse repetition rate of the RF signal, alternating RF signal when the frequency of the RF signal changes over a specified time period or depending on set temperatures, ranges or changes in temperature.

At step 2120, an RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head to the receiving head. The RF signal passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by the mixture with salt water contained within the reaction chamber. The absorption of RF energy leads to decomposition of the mixture with salt water to produce hydrogen and oxygen.

At step 2122, both hydrogen and oxygen are collected from the decomposition of the mixture with salt water. The means for collecting and separating hydrogen and oxygen obtained by electrolysis of a mixture with salt water will be familiar to those skilled in the art. Such technologies may include the use of two vacuum bells for gas collection, which are embedded in one another; moreover, the hole for the internal bell for collecting gas is closed by a semipermeable membrane. A semi-permeable membrane can be made of a material that is more permeable to hydrogen gas than to gaseous oxygen. At the same time, while a mixture of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen is sent using a set of pipes and valves to two bells for collecting gas, nested one into the other, almost only gaseous hydrogen would be able to pass through the membrane that closes the inner bell for collecting gas. Therefore, gaseous hydrogen would be concentrated in the inner bell for collecting gas, while gaseous oxygen would be concentrated in the outer bell for collecting gas. It is believed that gaseous hydrogen can be isolated and collected separately from gaseous oxygen.

The method execution procedure ends at step 2124 and can be completed after a predetermined time interval and / or as a reaction to determining that the required amount of hydrogen has been successfully produced.

FIG. 25

FIG. 25 shows a generalized illustrative procedure 2500 for performing a method for conducting liquid combustion. The process begins at block 2510. At block 2510, an RF system is provided that is configured to generate an RF signal. The RF system may include an RF generator, a transmitter, and a transmitting head, and be of the type described above in order to be able to receive combustible gas from seawater in an open container adjacent to the transmitting head. At 2520, a liquid is provided that includes an optimal dosage of at least one ion dissolved in the liquid to produce combustible gas due to the RF signal.

At step 2530, the RF signal is transmitted so that it interacts with at least a portion of the liquid. At 2540, combustible gas obtained from the liquid is ignited due to the RF signal. At step 2550, the method execution procedure ends and can be completed after a predetermined time interval and / or as a reaction to determining that part of the liquid has been burned.

FIG. 26

FIG. 26 shows a generalized illustrative procedure 2600 of performing a method for conducting liquid combustion. The method execution procedure begins at step 2610. At step 2610, an RF system is provided that is configured to generate an RF signal. The RF system may include an RF generator, a transmitter and a transmitting head and be of the type described above to be able to receive combustible gas from seawater in an open container adjacent to the transmitting head. At 2620, a liquid is provided that includes an optimal dosage of at least one ion dissolved in the liquid to produce combustible gas due to the RF signal. At 2630, an RF signal is transmitted and at 2640, a portion of the liquid is burned.

Additional methods are contemplated using the systems described herein, where the frequency for the action of an RF signal can be selected so that the frequency matches or overlaps (or partially or completely) —or has matching or overlapping harmonics — certain RF frequencies that can stimulate or excite any of the various energy levels of various ions, for example, any various metal particles that contain salts that are dissolved in salt water solutions. One skilled in the art will understand how to determine and measure the RF frequencies that stimulate or excite different energy levels for different metal particles. With this in mind, and based on empirical testing, we believe that the 13.56 MHz frequency stimulates and / or excites Na ions better than any other ions tested. In fact, it is believed that therefore suitable embodiments of the methods described herein may also include the steps of: (i) selecting an RF signal having a preferred frequency, (ii) selecting a metal salt containing metal particles capable of being stimulated or excited under the influence of the selected preferred frequency (or its harmonic), (iii) transmit an RF signal having a preferred frequency through an aqueous solution of a metal salt, or in its direction, for a time sufficient to stimulate or excite metal particles present in an aqueous solution to produce heat.

Alternatively, the methods may also include the steps of: (i) selecting a salt containing preferred metal particles, (ii) selecting an RF signal having a frequency (or its harmonic) capable of stimulating or exciting preferred metal particles, (iii ) transmit an RF signal having this frequency in the direction of an aqueous solution of a metal salt containing the preferred metal particles, or through it, for a time sufficient to produce heat.

Additional methods are contemplated using the systems described herein when the RF signal can be used to process clays and soils to heat and sterilize clays and soils, directly produce hydrogen from clays and soils, and to restore clays or soils by eliminating or isolating organic impurities and waste. It is assumed, as above, that the frequency for the action of the RF signal can be chosen so that the frequency (or its harmonic) coincides or overlaps (either partially or completely) with certain RF frequencies that can stimulate or excite any of the various energy levels of any or from various metal particles containing metal salts or metal compounds that are dissolved or distributed in soils. Since soils often contain moisture, or metal particles present in soils and clays that have water molecules associated with them, it is believed that the systems and methods described herein can be used to heat and treat such metal-containing soils. In this regard, we believe that the RF signal can be used (by any of the various methods described herein for enriching salt water solutions) to produce heat and / or steam, and / or free radicals of hydrogen and oxygen, directly inside various soils , and in particular, in clays and clay-containing soils. Heat and / or steam and / or free radicals of hydrogen and oxygen obtained from water molecules present in the soil will clean the surrounding soil, in particular heat and / or produced free radicals will possibly sterilize the soil, killing any living organisms of the animal, plant or bacterial origin that may also be present. It is further suggested that the steam produced in this way directly on site can also be used to vaporize and recover any hydrocarbon contaminants that may also be present in soils and clays. Therefore, it is assumed that the soils of contaminated commercial, residential and industrial territories, territories of landfills for the storage of hazardous waste, gas stations, etc. can be restored using the systems and methods described herein. One skilled in the art will understand how RF systems and methods described herein can be linked to known processes for the isolation and reduction and methods for enriching contaminated soils directly on site. Illustrative hydrocarbon impurities that may be isolated or removed will include, but are not limited to, organic solvents, petroleum and petroleum by-products, insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Similarly, it is contemplated that clathrates, zeolites, and other substances having or containing various metal particles adsorbed on their surfaces or in their structures and containing moisture or water molecules bound to the present metal particles can be processed and heated similarly. as described herein in relation to soils and clays.

In accordance with the previously described systems and methods of the present invention, additional embodiments are contemplated in which RF systems for selectively disinfecting surfaces and materials are provided. The system includes an RF transmitter having an RF generator and a transmitting head, and an RF receiver having a resonant circuit and a receiving head. When the transmitting and receiving heads are installed in close proximity on both sides of the surface or material, and the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head, through the surface or material, to the receiving head, at least part of the surface or material is disinfected without direct contact of the heads with the surface or material . It is assumed, as above, that the frequency for the action of the RF signal can be chosen so that the frequency (or its harmonic) coincides or overlaps (either partially or completely) with certain RF frequencies that can stimulate or excite any of the various energy levels of any or from various metal particles containing metal salts or metal compounds, which may, for example, be present in various target microorganisms, bacteria or viruses. Since the environments in which microorganisms, bacteria and viruses are also often found to be moisture-containing, we believe that the systems and methods described in this document can be used to disinfect surfaces and materials by selectively heating and killing various target microorganisms, bacteria and viruses, that are present on surfaces or materials that are intended for disinfection. The RF signal could be used for a time sufficient to locally heat and kill any target microorganisms, bacteria and viruses that contain metals (metals that are either bound to water molecules or are in a medium containing moisture) that are stimulated or excited by the RF signal having a specific selected frequency.

In accordance with the previously described systems and methods of the present invention, additional embodiments are contemplated in which an RF system is provided to influence a change in the development and growth of plant life. The system includes an RF transmitter having an RF generator and a transmitting head, and an RF receiver having a resonant circuit and a receiving head. When the transmitting and receiving heads are installed in close proximity on both sides of the seed or plant, and the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head, through the seed or plant, to the receiving head, at least part of the seed or plant is processed without direct contact of the heads with the seed or a plant. For example, a seed may be placed in a brackish medium, or the plant may be wetted with concentrated brine, and natural biological processes, such as osmotic injection mechanisms, may be used to produce a seed or plant having an internal medium with a high salt concentration. We believe that any of the systems or methods described herein can be used in this case to influence an RF signal on a seed or plant that has been prepared, and the RF signal will affect the change in the rate of development of the seed or will affect the change in the rate of growth plants. We believe that the frequency for the action of the RF signal can be chosen so that the frequency (or its harmonic) coincides or overlaps (either partially or completely) with certain RF frequencies that can either increase or decrease the rate of development of the seed and plant growth in order to influence such a change in the development and growth of plant life.

In accordance with the previously described systems and methods of the present invention, additional embodiments are contemplated in which RF systems and methods for treating a liquid are provided. Liquid treatment includes, but is not limited to, heating and / or burning the liquid. Liquids can be processed regardless of whether they contain any of the suitable salts or ions (cations or anions) described herein. An illustrative fluid in this sense includes, but is not limited to, water that is extracted from oil wells and which is contaminated with oil residues and / or other hydrocarbon impurities. Methods for treating (including heating and / or burning) a liquid comprise the steps of using any of the previously described systems, and (i) providing a liquid to be processed (including heating and / or burning the liquid), (ii) add the optimal dosage of salt to the liquid (for example, by adding pure salt or adding salt solution), and (iii) pass RF through the liquid containing the optimal dosage of salt to treat the liquid. In general, suitable systems may include an RF transmitter having an RF generator and a transmitting head, and an RF receiver having a resonant circuit and a receiving head. When the transmitting and receiving heads are installed in close proximity on both sides of the liquid having the optimum dosage of salt added to it, the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head through the liquid containing salt to the receiving head, and at least a portion of the liquid is processed. Processing in this sense may include heating the liquid and / or burning the liquid, and in such situations, salt is added to enhance heating of the liquid.

Salty water. Salt Water Solutions and Salt Water Mixtures

Ordinary and naturally occurring seawater can be used. Typically, a salt that is suitable as salt water or in a solution containing salt water, or in mixtures with salt water used in these systems and methods disclosed herein, includes any salt that has solubility in water. For example, NaCl is a suitable salt because NaCl is very soluble in water. Other suitable salts may include salts that have as their cations any element in cationic form that may be selected from the group consisting of Li ⁺ , Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Cs ⁺ , Be ²⁺ , Mg ^{2 +} , Ca ²⁺ , Ba ²⁺ , Sr ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Cu ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , Ag ⁺ , Au ⁺ , B ³⁺ , Al ^{3 +} , Ga ³⁺ , In ³⁺ , and which have as their anions any element in anionic form that is selected from the group consisting of Cl ^- , Br ^- , I ^- , borate, citrate, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, carbonate , and hydroxides. The salt used in the systems and methods disclosed herein can be used either as a pure salt, that is, a salt composed of a cation of the same type and anion of the same type, which are cations and anions of the above; or it may be a mixture of salts composed of more than one type of salt composed of cations of one or more types and / or anions of one or more types, which are cations and anions from the above. Again, ordinary and naturally occurring seawater can be used.

Another suitable salt water (or salt water component of solutions containing salt water, or mixtures with salt water) for use in the systems and methods disclosed herein is sea water. It includes all types of sea water, including water taken from any of the oceans or from other natural salt bodies of water found on the earth. The use of sea water, as disclosed herein, includes the use of sea water in its naturally occurring form, that is, sea water that is taken from the ocean and used immediately without any additional treatment or purification.

Another suitable salt water or salt water solution for use in the systems and methods disclosed herein is formation water. The produced water may be water extracted from the ground (groundwater), and includes water that is taken from water wells and from oil wells. The use of formation water, as disclosed herein, includes the use of formation water that has been further processed or enriched (for example, by adding salt, for example, by adding pure salt or saline solution) or which resides in its naturally occurring form and is used immediately without any additional processing or purification.

OCEANIC® Natural Sea Salt Mix can be used to approximate the composition of naturally occurring sea water with an optimal salt dosage and can be used as salt water or as a salt water component of solutions containing salt water and mixtures with salt water used in systems and methods, discussed and demonstrated in this document. Such approximate representations of naturally occurring seawater can have a density of from about 1.02 g / cm ³ to 1.03 g / cm ³ , for example, in the range of about 1.020-1.024 or about 28-32 PPT, as measured by the hydrometer. A mixture prepared from the above composition of sea salts, with a density of approximately 1.026 g / cm ³ (as measured by a refractometer), was used in illustrative systems and methods. Alternatively, it is believed that the present seawater may be used in the systems and methods discussed and demonstrated herein. The exact dosage of salt in salt water or in the salt water component of solutions containing salt water and mixtures with salt water used and discussed herein may vary from specific application to specific application.

To form hydrogen and oxygen gases, salts capable of forming mixtures with salt water that are suitable for use in the electrolysis systems and electrolysis methods disclosed herein must be water soluble salts, and must also have a cation and anion selected as follows. that the cation has a lower standard electrode potential than H ⁺ , and the anion has a higher standard electrode potential than OH ^- . For example, the following cations have a lower standard electrode potential than H ⁺ and, therefore, are suitable for use as cations for an electrolyte: Li ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , K ⁺ , Cs ⁺ , Ba ²⁺ , Sr ²⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Na ⁺ , and Mg ²⁺ . For example, SO ₄ ^2- would be a suitable anion because it has a larger standard electrode potential than OH ^- and is very difficult to oxidize. It is contemplated that Na ₂ SO ₄ would be a suitable salt for use with electrolysis systems and methods disclosed herein, since it is a water soluble salt that is composed of a cation (Na ⁺ ) that has a lower standard electrode potential, than H ⁺ , and anion (SO ₄ ^2- ), which has a higher standard electrode potential than OH ^- .

Additive

As indicated previously, in the sense used in this document, the additive may be an organic, organometallic or inorganic chemical compound having solubility, miscibility or compatibility with salt water and solutions containing salt water, and mixtures with salt water (in that including with sea water or solutions containing salt water and additionally containing at least one secondary fuel), and which is capable of changing the reaction of salt water, various solutions containing lenuyu water and mixtures of water with salt in response to the RF excitation energy. Both molecular and polymer compounds are considered as suitable additives. Additionally, it is believed that suitable dosages of the additive include salt water solutions in which the additive is present as at least one minor component in the salt water solution. Embodiments contemplated in this regard will include solutions containing salt water and having additives from about 0.001 to about 10.0% by weight, and even better from about 0.001 to about 1.0% by weight , and even better from about 0.001 to about 0.1% of the additives in weight terms.

It is anticipated that the salt water solution or the salt water mixture containing the additive will react differently to RF excitation compared to the comparable salt water solution or salt water mixture that do not contain any additive. We believe that the reaction of a salt water solution or a mixture with salt water to RF energy can be changed in several ways. For example, the change in response to RF that the additive can provide may include, but is not limited to, increasing or decreasing the intensity with which the solution or mixture containing the additive is heated, burned, or both when exposed to a fixed amount or a stream of RF energy; Presentation of the desired change in temperature or threshold for the combustion of a salt water solution containing the additive when more or less RF energy is exposed; and reducing the surface tension of the salt water solution containing the additive so that the burning of the salt water solution or the salt water mixture occurs when applying an RF field without any need to disturb the surface of the salt water solution from the outside. Surfactants, including soaps and synthetic detergents, are embodiments of suitable additives in this regard, since they are known to reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions. In addition, we believe that water-soluble organic compounds that can reduce the heat capacity of an aqueous solution, or that can change the freezing point of water, or that can form azeotropic mixtures with water, would also be suitable additives in this regard.

Secondary Fuels

As previously indicated, in the sense used herein, the secondary fuel may be any combustible organic compound that has solubility, miscibility or compatibility with salt water or various solutions containing salt water, or mixtures with salt water (in that including seawater, salt water, or solutions containing salt water, which additionally contain at least one additive). A suitable dosage of secondary fuel is believed to include solutions containing salt water in which secondary fuel is present as a minor component. Alternatively, it is also believed that a suitable dosage of the secondary fuel includes solutions containing salt or salt water in which the secondary fuel is present as the main component. In this regard, embodiments are contemplated in which salt water solutions contain from about 0.01 to about 99.99% of at least one alternative fuel in weight terms, and preferably from about 1.0 to about 99.0% at least one alternative fuel in weight terms, and even better from about 10 to about 90%, at least one alternative fuel in weight terms, and even better from about 30 to about 70%, at least one alternative fuel in weight terms, and even better when ERNO 40 to about 60%, at least one alternative fuel by weight.

It is assumed that the effect of RF energy on a salt water solution containing at least one secondary fuel, in which the secondary fuel is a small component, can lead to an increase or increase in performance in terms of the flammability of the salt water solution compared to the results obtained for a commensurate salt water solution that does not contain any secondary fuel. On the other hand, it is also assumed that the effect of RF energy on a salt water solution containing at least one secondary fuel, in which secondary fuel is the main component, allows the use of RF energy to burn secondary fuel, although the secondary fuel itself can be insensitive to rf. Not going to be limited by theory, we believe that secondary fuel can be suitable as a secondary or main component in a salt water solution, since the salt water component of the salt water solution is stimulated by an RF signal and absorbs energy. Actually, the absorption of the RF energy of the salt water component causes an increase in the temperature of the salt water solution to the point where the secondary fuel, present in some amount, evaporates and becomes easier to burn if there is a spark, flame, or any other ignition source. In this regard, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol are suitable as secondary fuels because they are combustible organic solvents and are soluble or chemically compatible with water. In addition, we believe that many additional organic solvents and compounds, which may have volatility and solubility or miscibility with aqueous solutions, would also be suitable as secondary fuels in this regard. For example, we suggest that n-propanol, acetone, formaldehyde, acetic acid, and formic acid may also be suitable secondary fuels.

RF Absorption Amplifiers

Salt water, solutions containing salt water, and mixtures with salt water can be processed using RF as is. Alternatively, it is also believed that before treatment with the application of RF to salt water, solutions containing salt water, and mixtures with salt water, RF absorption enhancers can be added to enhance the effects of RF energy on salt water, for example, improving heating, improving burning, improving desalination, etc. RF absorption amplifiers can be particles of RF absorbing materials that absorb one or more frequencies of an RF electromagnetic signal substantially better than other materials. This can allow the RF signal to heat salt water (or any solution containing salt water, or a mixture with salt water) containing RF absorption enhancers, much stronger than if it were salt water (or salt water solution or a mixture with salt water) which does not contain additional RF absorption enhancers.

Illustrative RF absorption enhancers include particles of an electrically conductive material such as silver, gold, copper, magnesium, iron, any other metals, and / or magnetic particles, or various combinations and combinations of gold, iron, any other metals, and / or magnetic particles. Examples of other RF absorption enhancers include metal tubes (such as silver or gold nanotubes or silver or gold microtubes that can be soluble in water), particles of a piezoelectric crystal (natural or synthetic), particles of synthetic materials, particles of biological materials, robotic particles , particles of artificial materials used, like nanoparticles of organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL). Examples of additional RF absorption enhancers that may be suitable include RF absorbing molecules and carbon compounds: fullerenes (any of the class of aromatic carbon molecular compounds in the form of convex closed polyhedra that are formed from twelve pentagonal and a number of hexagonal faces), carbon nanotubes, other molecules or compounds having one or more graphene layers, and other absorbing RF molecules and carbon compounds, for example C60 (also known as " akiboll "or" buckminsterfullerene "), C70, C76, C84, bakitrubki (single-walled carbon nanotubes SWNTs), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and other micro-sized or nano-sized molecules or compounds and carbon cells. Such carbon-based particles may be in water-soluble form. Such carbon-based particles can have metal atoms embedded in them (for example, nickel atoms), which can affect their ability to absorb RF energy and heat up as a result. Any of the above (and listed below) particles can have the sizes of so-called "nanoparticles" (microscopic particles, the size of which is measured in nanometers, for example 1-1000 nm) or the sizes of the so-called "microparticles" (microscopic particles, the size of which is measured in micrometers, e.g. 1-1000 microns).

Additionally, RF absorbing molecules and carbon compounds can be manufactured as RF absorption enhancers that are particles with non-linear I-V characteristics (rectification characteristics) and / or capacitive resistance. Such non-linear IV characteristics can be obtained, for example, for nanotubes with a section doped (for example, using modulated doping) with a material giving characteristics of an n-type semiconductor adjacent to a section doped with characteristics of a p-type semiconductor to form a nanotube having built-in rectifying pn junction. Alternatively, nanotubes can be manufactured with an integrated Schottky barrier. In any case, it may be useful to use nanotubes having at least two conductive regions with a rectification region between them. Accordingly, rectification loops for RF absorbing particles for RF absorption amplifiers can be made from RF absorbing molecules and carbon compounds having non-linear I-V characteristics.

Any of the RF absorption enhancers described herein can be used on its own or in almost any combination and / or combination with any particle or particles described herein. For example, it may be advantageous to use the many different RF absorbing particles described herein to control the reaction kinetics of the various methods described herein. Accordingly, virtually any combination or combination of RF absorption enhancers can be used in virtually any combination and / or combination with any RF absorbing particle or particles described herein to create RF absorption amplifiers for use in accordance with the teachings of this document.

Of the RF absorption enhancers referred to herein, some may be suitable for the 13.56 MHz RF signal, for example, silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, magnesium nanoparticles, aqueous solutions of any metal sulfates referred to herein, and absorbing RF molecules and carbon compounds. RF absorption amplifiers using these RF absorbing particles are expected to be effective at slightly higher frequencies, such as those having a frequency of the second or third harmonic of 13.56 MHz.

RF Signal

The RF signals may have a frequency corresponding to the selected RF amplifier parameter, for example, 13.56 MHz, 27.12 MHz, 915 MHz, 1.2 GHz. Some RF frequencies have been allocated for industrial, scientific and medical equipment (ISM band), for example: 6.78 MHz ± 15.0 kHz; 13.56 MHz ± 7.0 kHz; 27.12 MHz ± 163.0 kHz; 40.68 MHz ± 20.0 kHz; 915 MHz ± 13.0 MHz; 2450 MHz ± 50.0 MHz. See Part 18 of Section 47 of the United States Code. These and other frequencies with values of the same order can be used in almost any systems and methods discussed in this document, depending on which RF absorbing particles are used. For example, RF signals having a fundamental frequency of approximately 700 MHz or less could be suitable for many of the systems and methods described herein. RF signals having a fundamental frequency in the high frequency range (HF) (3-30 MHz) of the RF range could be suitable for many of the systems and methods described herein. Similarly, RF signals having a fundamental frequency in the very high frequency (VHF) (30-300 MHz) RF band could also be suitable for many of the systems and methods described herein. Of course, RF signals at any fundamental frequency can also have harmonic components with frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. In addition, RF signals at any fundamental frequencies or with periods of oscillations that are multiples of such fundamental frequencies that are harmonics of the fundamental frequency can be selected so that the frequency coincides or overlaps (or partially or completely) with certain RF frequencies that can stimulate or excite which Either from the different energy levels of the electrons of any of the various metal particles that contain salts dissolved in salt water solutions. For example, based on an empirical test, we believe that an RF signal with a frequency of 13.56 MHz stimulates and / or excites Na ions better than any other ions tested.

Additionally, in any of the embodiments discussed herein, the used RF signal may be a pulsed, frequency modulated RF signal or a pulsed signal at a constant frequency. A pulsed signal can provide a relatively higher peak power level (for example, a single “explosive” pulse of 1000 W or more, or a 1000-watt signal having a duty cycle of about 10% to about 25%) and can create higher local temperatures at particles of an RF absorption enhancer. Such pulsed signals may have any of many characteristics. For example, the RF pulse can be a square wave, or it can be a sine wave, or it can have a short rise time with a long damping effect on the scan line, or it can have a long rise time and fast decay, etc. Pulse RF signals (and other RF signals of a special shape) can generate strictly localized temperatures, higher in the time interval of the order of a millisecond or longer. For example, a short 5-kilowatt RF pulse lasting less than a second, for example, of the order of microseconds (for example, 3-4 microseconds), may be enough to sufficiently raise the temperature of the mixture to achieve the desired result, for example, burning salt water, desalination, heating, hydrogen gas generation, and etc.

As discussed herein, the RF energy directed to salt water (or any solution containing salt water, or a mixture with salt water) can be RF energy with very high field strengths, and can also bind part of the reaction chamber to the binding heads, having a very high quality factor (for example, a quality factor of the order of 250 or more). A pulsed RF signal with a relatively higher power can be effective for quickly heating salt water, etc., such as a pulse of RF energy at RF or VHF (for example, 27.12 MHz).

Burning rate

Salt water is burned relatively quickly in vitro using a 600-watt RF signal at 13.56 MHz. For example, seawater — natural or artificial — first burns out in a test tube of about 1 ml per minute, and then burns out about 1 ml every 30 seconds, since a significant amount of water has burnt out of the tube. In some cases, less salt provides better burning than more salt. For example, a mixture of 99.5% ethanol and 0.5% saline is burned much better (faster) than a mixture of 50/50 ethanol and saline (see examples below). As another example, seawater from the Gulf of Mexico burned out approximately 2–3 ml over a period of 90 seconds at approximately 1000 W, using a 10 ml or 100 ml tube, with the top surface of sea water in an RF field.

Comparative Examples

Series 1: Ocean Water Experiments

It has previously been demonstrated that salt water obtained from marine salts will be burned using the RF system described in “Application 530”. It has been confirmed that seawater will be burned using an ENI RF generator using the communications loop depicted in FIG. 46-49 US Provisional Application Serial Number 60/915345, registered May 1, 2007 and entitled EXCITATION GENERATOR FOR REMOVING TARGET CELLS (Attorney Reference Number 30274/04036), the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety , with a 6-inch silver-plated round copper transmitting head (with one plate) and a 9.5-inch silver-plated round copper transmitting head (with one plate).

It is believed that the RF field that burns salt water substantially matches the field discussed in "Application 345" (see drawings from Fig. 53 to the end of this application). (It is also believed that ocean water will be burned using other head configurations, also discussed in Application 530).

Regarding the burning of ocean water, water from the Gulf of Mexico, having the following characteristics, was able to be quickly burned using the RF system described above (before each burning, a 10 ml sample was analyzed):

Parameter Test date Result Units Report Tolerance Way Bromide 10/10/2007 57.0 mg / l 0.5 300,0 Calcium 11/05/2007 970.0 mg / l 0.05 6010 Chloride 10/10/2007 18552.0 mg / l 1,0 300,0 Fluoride 10/10/2007 BRL mg / l 0.1 300,0 Magnesium 11/05/2007 1600,0 mg / l 0.5 6010 pH 9/9/2007 8.02 s.u. @ 23.8C 0.01 EPA 150.1 Potassium 11/05/2007 770.0 mg / l 0.1 6010 Sodium 05/16/2007 12000.0 mg / l 1,0 6010 sulfate 10/10/2007 2633,0 mg / l 1,0 300,0

In this example, burnt seawater differed from unburnt seawater in an increased concentration of most of these components, while calcium concentration decreased. Of the two samples of 10 ml of the above water from the Gulf of Mexico, 5 ml were burned and they were combined, and the resulting 10 ml of burned ocean water was analyzed, finding the following:

Bromide 10/10/2007 57.0 mg / l 0.5 300,0 Calcium 11/05/2007 730.0 mg / l 0.05 6010 Chloride 10/10/2007 20316.0 mg / l 1,0 300,0 Fluoride 10/10/2007 BRL mg / l 0.1 300,0 Magnesium 11/05/2007 1900.0 mg / l 0.5 6010 pH 9/9/2007 8.55 s.u. @ 22,8C 0.01 EPA 150.1 Potassium 11/05/2007 880.0 mg / l 0.1 6010 Sodium 05/16/2007 17000.0 mg / l 1,0 6010 sulfate 10/10/2007 3036.0 mg / l 1,0 300,0

A white precipitate forms on the inside of the test tube after burning salt water. Calcium can be part of that precipitate.

Using the RF system described above, salt water will be burned because it will be HCl and NaCl solutions. Distilled water will boil in the RF field, but will not be burned. Adding an additional composition of sea salts (for example, OCEANIC® Natural Sea Salt Mix) to ocean water causes an increase in burning rate. The addition of a composition of sea salts, sufficient to approximately triple the sodium content relative to ocean water, causes a significant increase in the intensity of combustion of the resulting mixture with salt water. Thus, the methods described herein can be modified to include an additional step in which additional ions are added to seawater before being burned.

Salt water (ocean water and / or salt water made from an OCEANIC® Natural Sea Salt Mix) will begin to be burned using the above RF system at an RF power of about 250 watts, and salt water will continue to be burned at a lower power in watts, for example, about 200 watts after ignition. Salt water may begin to spontaneously be burned at higher temperatures, or some kind of ignitor may be needed (for example, a drop of salt water falling through an RF field that is burned and ignites the rest of the salt water in the field). Additionally, any wick (for example, a piece of paper towel) emerging above the surface of the salt water in the field will significantly increase the tendency of salt water in the RF field to spontaneously ignite. Filling the tube to the brim with salt water and then adding a couple of extra drops of salt water makes it easier to ignite.

When using the unit at intervals of about 5.5 inches between the transfer plate and the receive plate, and a tube approximately 2 inches from the transfer plate at about the top of the transfer plate, and when applying RF to salt water, the products resulting from exposure RF energy to salt water burn out. The temperature of burning products exposed to RF energy of salt water was measured up to 1700 ° C using a FLIR Systems ThermaCAM P65 thermometer using ThermaCAM Quick View V2.0 software, which measures temperatures up to 1700 ° C (it is believed that salt water is burned at more high temperature). Surprisingly, the temperature of the salt water remaining in the test tube is relatively low (for example, less than 45 ° C), while the salt water is burned.

Not going to be limited to this description, we believe that a special RF field generated by the RF system described above causes the separation of hydrogen in salt water from oxygen, and then hydrogen burns in the presence of released oxygen and oxygen in the surrounding air.

The heat from the induced RF burning of salt water can be used in any conventional methods of collecting and using heat, for example, in a heat exchanger, Stirling engine, turbine system, etc.

Additionally, multiple transmitter and receiver heads may be used at one or more frequencies.

Series 2: Saltwater Experiments and

solutions with additives and secondary fuels

For the entire Series 2 examples described below, in order to provide results for transmitting an RF signal through an illustrative solution, the loop implementation depicted in FIG. 16. Unless otherwise indicated, for all the examples, for thirty seconds, the exposure to the 13.56 MHz RF signal from the ENI OEM-12B RF generator having a variable output power of up to approximately 1000 W was applied to the reaction chamber, which in these cases consisted of a glass tube (in which various illustrative solutions were placed) connected to an arm that was mounted so that the tube was suspended between the transmitting head (one plate) and the receiving head (three plates). Unless otherwise specified, salt water solutions used in various exercises included salt water from the Gulf of Mexico, formation salt water extracted from an oil well (located in Erie, Pennsylvania), and 3.5% by weight ready-made solution of OCEANIC® Natural Sea Salt Mix, with a density of approximately 1.026 g / cm ³ . For all examples containing denatured ethanol, Apple Products® ethanol was used.

Salty water

The first 100 ml sample containing salt water was placed in a tube, and then the tube was attached to the bracket and located between the transmitting head and the receiving head of the RF device (described above). Salt water temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Then, for about 30 seconds, the effect of the RF signal at 13.56 MHz with a power of approximately 300 W was applied, after which the temperature was again measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Initial temperature = 24.0 ° C; Final temperature = 25.9 ° C.

A second sample with a volume of 100 ml of salt water was placed in a tube, and then the tube was attached to the bracket and located between the transmitting head and the receiving head of the RF device (described above). Salt water temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. The effect of the RF signal at 13.56 MHz with a power of approximately 600 W 13.56 MHz was applied and, as soon as the application of the RF signal began, the burning of salt water was initiated by briefly touching an ordinary steel screwdriver to the edge of the tube. The screwdriver was removed and the RF signal was left on for approximately 30 seconds, during which the burning of salt water continued. After about 30 seconds, the RF signal was turned off, and the burning of salt water stopped. Then, the salt water sample was measured using a fiber optic thermometer both at the top of the tube and at the bottom of the tube. Initial temperature = 20.5 ° C; Final temperature (above) = 66.0 ° C; Final temperature (bottom) = 28.0 ° C.

A third sample with a volume of 100 ml of salt water was placed in the tube, and then the tube was attached to the bracket and located between the transmitting head and the receiving head of the RF device (described above). However, the salt water used in this case contained 1 ml of finished salt water diluted to 100 ml with distilled water to obtain a 0.0035% salt water solution. Then, for about 30 seconds, the RF signal at 13.56 MHz with a power of approximately 600 W was applied, after which the temperature was again measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Unlike the second salt water sample, the burning of this third salt water sample could not have been initiated by touching an ordinary steel screwdriver to the edge of the tube. Initial temperature = 26.6 ° C; Final temperature = 75.5 ° C.

Salt water + Carbonate and / or CO ₂ (as an "Additive")

Carbon dioxide may be suitable as an additive, as may other additives that produce carbon dioxide. Photographs 9–11 of the included material show the burning of groundwater, in this case a sample of produced water collected from an oil well (located in Erie, PA), while photograph 12 of the included material shows the burning of a sample of produced water from the gulf of mexico. We noticed that produced water from the Gulf of Mexico was burned less randomly than produced water from an oil well located in Erie, Pennsylvania. Not going to be limited by theory, we believe that the high content of carbon salts present in produced water from an oil well located in Erie, Pennsylvania, which are not present in produced water collected from the Gulf of Mexico, affects the flammability of produced water collected from an oil well located in Erie, PA. We further believe that since formation water collected from an oil well located in Erie, PA burns existing carbon dioxide salts, which will release carbon dioxide into the sample, which inhibits or restricts further burning of formation water while it is used exposure to the RF signal. Therefore, additional embodiments are contemplated in which additives capable of delaying combustion, or which are means of suppressing burning, may be added to any of the various salt water solutions disclosed herein in order to control or inhibit the intensity of burning salt water or limit the overall volume of burning. Salt water + Surfactant (as an “Additive”).

A sample of 100 ml of salt water, which also contains 1 metric drop (approximately 0.05 ml) of ordinary hand soap (Liquid Natural Antibacterial Hand Soap), was placed in a test tube, and then the tube was attached to the bracket and located between the transfer head and the receiving head of the RF device (described above). Then, an exposure to the sample of the RF signal at 13.56 MHz with a power of approximately 600 W was applied, and as soon as the application of the RF signal began, the burning of the salt water sample was immediately initiated. It did not require any external disturbing effect on the test tube (with a screwdriver, a drop of salt water, using a wick or otherwise). The RF signal was repeatedly turned on and off; each time the RF signal was turned on, the salt-water sample began to burn immediately, while each time the RF signal was turned off, the salt-water sample was immediately stopped.

Salt Water + Ethanol (as a “Secondary Fuel”)

The first 100 ml sample containing a mixture of 50 ml of ethanol and 50 ml of salt water was placed in a test tube, and then the tube was attached to the bracket and located between the transmitting head and the receiving head of the RF device (described above). Then, an exposure to the sample of the RF signal at 13.56 MHz was applied and, as soon as the application of the RF signal began, the burning of the sample was initiated by briefly touching an ordinary steel screwdriver to the edge of the tube. As soon as the RF signal was turned off, the burning of the sample ceased. Surprisingly, in the absence of any application of the effect of the RF signal, the burning of the sample could not be initiated even when an open flame was used in an attempt to initiate burning.

A second 100 ml sample containing a mixture of 99.5 ml of ethanol and 0.5 ml of salt water was placed in a tube, and then the tube was attached to the bracket and located between the transmitting head and the receiving head of the RF device (described above). Salt water temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Then, for about 15 seconds, the effect of the RF signal at 13.56 MHz with a power of several hundred watts was applied, after which the temperature was again measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Initial temperature = 26.6 ° C; Final temperature = 62.0 ° C. This example shows that the optimal dosage of salt (for example, pure salt or saline) can be added to enhance the heating of liquids.

A third 100 ml sample containing a mixture of 99.5 ml of ethanol and 0.5 ml of salt water was placed in a tube, and then the tube was attached to the bracket and located between the transmitting head and the receiving head of the RF device (described above). Salt water temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Then, the effect of the RF signal at 13.56 MHz with a power of several hundred watts was applied and, as soon as the application of the RF signal began, the burning of the sample was initiated by briefly touching an ordinary steel screwdriver to the edge of the tube. The burning of the sample was very energetic and resulted in a very large flame, compared to the RF burning of the finished salt water solution, which did not contain any ethanol. The screwdriver was removed, and the RF signal was left on for approximately 15 seconds, during which the burning of salt water continued. The burning was so vigorous that part of the sample solution spilled from the test tube onto the floor of the laboratory, where it continued to be burned. After about 15 seconds, the RF signal was turned off. However, the combustion of the sample did not stop, and the sample had to be extinguished using a fire extinguisher.

CHECK 1: Distilled water

A 100 ml sample containing distilled water was placed in the tube, and then the tube was attached to the bracket and located between the transmitting head and the receiving head of the RF device (described above). The temperature of distilled water was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Then, for about 30 seconds, the effect of the RF signal at 13.56 MHz with a power of approximately 300 watts was applied, after which the temperature was again measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Initial temperature = 24.0 ° C; Final temperature = 24.8 ° C.

CHECK 2: Tap water

A 100 ml sample containing ordinary tap water was placed in a tube, and then the tube was attached to the bracket and located between the transmitting head and the receiving head of the RF device (described above). The temperature of ordinary tap water was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Then, for about 30 seconds, the effect of the RF signal at 13.56 MHz with a power of approximately 300 W was applied, after which the temperature was again measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Initial temperature = 23.7 ° C; Final temperature = 47.8 ° C.

CHECK 3: 100% Ethanol

A 100 ml sample containing ethanol was placed in a tube, and then the tube was attached to the bracket and located between the transmitting head and the receiving head of the RF device (described above). Ethanol temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Then, for about 15 seconds, the effect of the RF signal at 13.56 MHz with a power of several hundred watts was applied, after which the temperature was again measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Initial temperature = 25.0 ° C; Final temperature = 30.0 ° C.

While the present invention has been illustrated by describing its embodiments, and although the embodiments have been described in sufficient detail, it is not the intention of the applicant to narrow or somehow limit the scope of the appended claims to such details. Additional advantages and modifications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, in all of the various systems and methods presented herein, exposure to an RF electromagnetic signal can be applied until there is no liquid at all, or until there is basically no liquid, or for a shorter period of time. Additionally, the steps of the methods set forth herein can in most cases be performed in any order, unless the context requires that certain steps be performed in a specific order. Therefore, the present invention from a broader point of view is not limited to specific details representing the device and methods, and shown and described illustrative examples. Accordingly, deviations from such details can be made without departing from the essence or scope of the main idea of the applicant’s invention.

Table I
Illustrative component options No. FIG. RF generator C1 C2 C3 L1 L2 FP1 FP2 10 There is no data Capacitor
100 pF, 15 kV DC
Catalogue number:
HECHT57Y101MA
Quantity: 11 Air variable capacitor
36-249 pF
4 kV DC
Realization of Nebraska Surplus
Catalogue number:
12-53 Vacuum Variable Capacitor
12-500 pF
15 kV DC
Comet
Catalogue number:
CVIC-500TN / 15 Induction coil
1/4 ”diameter
Copper pipe
10 turns
Outside Diameter 2.4 ” Induction coil
1/4 ”Diameter
Copper pipe
32 turns
Outside Diameter 2.2 ” There is no data There is no data eleven ENI - 240 V
10-1500 watts As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 3 records
Diameter 6 ”
Stainless Steel 0,020 ”
Teflon gasket
0.375 ”
Diameter 4 ”
Stainless Steel 0,020 ”
Teflon gasket
0.375 ”
Diameter 3 ”
Stainless Steel 0,020 ”
Teflon gasket There is no data 12 As in FIG. eleven As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. eleven 3 records
Diameter 6 ”
Stainless Steel 0,020 ”
Teflon gasket
0.375 ”
Diameter 4 ”
Stainless Steel 0,020 ”
Teflon gasket
0.375 ”
Diameter 3 ”
Stainless Steel 0,020 ”
Teflon gasket 16 As in FIG. eleven As in FIG. 10
Quantity: 13 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 0.125 ”thick copper plate
6 ”diameter As in FIG. 12 16a As in FIG. eleven As in FIG. 16 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 10 As in FIG. 16 0.125 ”Silver Plated Copper Square
with side 9.5 ”

Claims (26)

1. A method of processing a solution of water and ions, comprising stages in which:
provide an RF system having an RF generator, a transmitting head, and a receiving head, wherein the RF generator is configured to generate an RF signal for transmission from the transmitting head to the receiving head, and the transmitted RF signal is capable of producing combustible gas from sea water subjected to the RF signal, transmitted from the transmitting head to the receiving head, which receives at least part of the RF signal;
provide a solution of water and ions containing water and at least one ion, wherein the solution of water and ions has an optimum amount of at least one ion dissolved in a solution of water and ions to produce combustible gas due to the transmitted RF signal;
adjust the position of the transmitting head and the receiving head relative to the solution of water and ions so that the transmitted RF signal interacts with at least part of the solution of water and ions;
transmitting the RF signal from the transmitting head to the receiving head;
igniting a combustible gas obtained from a solution of water and ions due to the transmitted RF signal to initiate combustion; and
wherein the transmitted RF signal is transmitted for a time sufficient to burn at least a portion of the solution of water and ions. 2. The method according to claim 1, in which the solution of water and ions that are burned contains ground water. 3. The method according to claim 2, comprising adding at least one ion to the ground water so that the resulting enriched ground water reacts with the transmitted RF signal to produce combustible gas. 4. The method according to claim 3, in which at least part of the RF system is placed in an insulated shell, and in which the stage at which a solution of water and ions is provided comprises a step in which the insulated shell is lowered into a hole in the ground to accommodate the RF a transmitting head in the immediate vicinity of standing ground water for treating ground water in the ground. 5. The method according to claim 2, in which at least part of the RF system is placed in an insulated shell, and in which the stage at which a solution of water and ions is provided comprises a step in which the insulated shell is lowered into a hole in the ground to accommodate RF transmitting head in the immediate vicinity of standing ground water for processing ground water in the ground. 6. The method according to claim 2, in which the RF signal generated by the RF generator has a frequency of from about 12 MHz to about 15 MHz. 7. The method according to claim 2, in which the transmitted RF signal contains current and voltage, while the current and voltage do not coincide in phase with respect to each other. 8. The method according to claim 1, in which the RF signal generated by the RF generator has a frequency of from about 12 MHz to about 15 MHz. 9. The method according to claim 1, in which the RF signal contains current and voltage, while the current and voltage do not coincide in phase with respect to each other. 10. The method according to claim 1, in which the provision of a solution of water and ions, further includes adding:
a. at least one additive; or
b. at least one secondary fuel; or
c. mixtures of both. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the additive is a surfactant. 12. The method according to claim 10, in which the secondary fuel is selected from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol and mixtures thereof. 13. The method of claim 10, comprising supplying an aerosol of water and ions between the RF transmitting head and the RF receiving head. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein providing a solution of water and ions comprises providing a salt containing a cation and anion; the cation is selected from the group consisting of Li ⁺ , Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Cs ⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Ba ²⁺ , Sr ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Fe ^{3 +} , Ni ²⁺ , Cu ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , Ag ⁺ , Au ⁺ and mixtures thereof; and the anion is selected from the group consisting of Cl ^- , Br ^- , I ^- , borate, citrate, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate and mixtures thereof. 15. The method according to claim 10, in which the treated solution of water and ions contains a hydrocarbon with a certain amount of at least one ion added to it, so that the resulting enriched hydrocarbon reacts with the transmitted RF signal to significantly enhance the intensity burning enriched hydrocarbon. 16. The method according to claim 1, in which the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head to the receiving head so that the solution of water and ions begins to spontaneously burn when the RF signal heats the solution of water and ions to a sufficient temperature. 17. The method according to clause 16, in which the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head to the receiving head so that the solution of water and ions begins to spontaneously burn when a drop of salt water falls through the RF field created by the RF signal, while the drop of salt water is burned and initiates the burning of a solution of water and ions. 18. The method according to claim 1, in which the solution of water and ions contains natural sea water. 19. The method according to claim 1, in which the receiving head is grounded. 20. A device for treating salt water, comprising:
An RF generator for generating an RF signal having current and voltage,
transmitting head, receiving head,
a communication circuit connected in circuit with an RF generator and with a transmitting head,
wherein the communication loop is configured to increase the voltage of the RF signal and contains at least one induction coil designed to phase shift the components of the current and voltage of the RF signal relative to each other,
while the transmitting head and the receiving head are configured to transmit an RF signal with a phase shift from the transmitting head to the receiving head, which has sufficient power to burn a salt water solution. 21. The device according to claim 20, further comprising a reservoir for containing the salt water solution, wherein the reservoir is located such that at least a quantity of the salt water solution in the reservoir interacts with the transmitted RF signal from the transmitting head of the RF signal. 22. The device according to claim 20, in which the communication circuit contains an induction coil, circuitry connected between a custom pi-shaped circuit and a transmitting head. 23. The device according to item 22, in which the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head to the receiving head so that the solution of water and ions begins to spontaneously burn when the RF signal heats the solution of water and ions to a sufficient temperature. 24. The device according to claim 20, in which the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head to the receiving head so that the solution of water and ions begins to spontaneously burn when a drop of salt water falls through the RF field created by the RF signal, while the drop of salt water is burned and initiates the burning of a solution of water and ions. 25. The device according to claim 20, in which the salt water solution contains natural sea water. 26. The device according to claim 20, in which the receiving head is grounded.

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