RU2273968C1 - Method for forming stable states of dense high temperature plasma - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: technology for forming stable states of dense high temperature plasma, which can be used, for example, for controlled thermo-nuclear synthesis.

SUBSTANCE: forming method includes forming dense high temperature plasma by means of pulse strong-current discharges forming a magnetic field, injection of plasma from magnetic field area with following parameters: plasma density 10²³-10²⁵ m^-3 and temperature 10⁷ - 10⁸ K, while during forming of stable plasma states two-component gas is utilized consisting of hydrogen (or its isotopes) and inert gas or of hydrogen and carbon with ratio of component 80% and 20% respectively, and source pressure of two-component gas is 0,5-0,8 mm of mercury column.

EFFECT: possible forming and preservation of dense high temperature plasma during time, necessary for reactions of nuclear synthesis.

1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method for the formation of stable states of dense high-temperature plasma, which can be used, for example, for controlled thermonuclear fusion.

State of the art

A high-current pulsed discharge is known from the prior art, which is formed by means of a cylindrical discharge chamber (the ends of which act as electrodes), which is filled with a working gas (deuterium, hydrogen, deuterium-tritium mixture at a pressure of 0.5-10 mm Hg, or noble gases at a pressure of 0.01-0.1 mm Hg). Then, through the gas, a powerful capacitor bank is discharged, with a voltage of 20-40 kV applied to the anode and a current in the forming discharge reaching about 1 MA. In experiments (S. Lukyanov, “Hot Plasma and Controlled Nuclear Fusion”, M., Atomizdat, 1975), the first phase of the process was first observed — the plasma was compressed to the axis by the magnetic field of the current with a decrease in the diameter of the current channel by about 10 times and the formation of discharge axis of a bright luminous plasma cord (z-pinch). In the second phase of the process, the rapid development of instabilities of the current channel (bends, screw perturbations, etc.) was observed.

These instabilities increase very quickly and lead to the destruction of the plasma column (ejection of plasma jets, discharge discontinuities, etc.), which limits the discharge lifetime to the order of 10 "s. For this reason, the fulfillment of the nuclear fusion condition is unrealistic in a linear pinch determined by the Lawson criterion nτ> 10 ¹⁴ cm ^-3 s, where n is the plasma concentration, τ is the discharge lifetime.

A similar situation occurs in the Θ-pinch, when an external longitudinal magnetic field is applied to the cylindrical discharge chamber, which induces an azimuthal current.

Magnetic traps are known that can hold a high-temperature plasma in a limited volume for a long time (but not enough for nuclear fusion to proceed) (see L. Artsimovich, “Closed plasma configurations”, M., Atomizdat, 1969). There are two main types of magnetic traps: closed and open.

Magnetic traps are understood as installations capable of holding a high-temperature plasma for a rather long time in a limited volume and which are described in (L. Artsimovich, “Closed plasma configurations”, M., Atomizdat, 1969).

Closed-type magnetic traps (with which hopes for the implementation of controlled nuclear fusion (CTF) conditions have long been associated) include installations of the Tokamak, Spheromak and Stellarator types in various modifications (S. Lukyanov, “Hot Plasma and TCF”, M., Atomizdat, 1975).

In Tokamak-type installations, a ring current generating a rotational conversion of magnetic field lines is excited in the plasma itself. A compact torus with a toroidal magnetic field inside the plasma is Spheromac. Rotational conversion of magnetic field lines, carried out without excitation in a plasma of a toroidal current, is implemented in Stellarators (ED Volkov and others. "Stellarator", M., Nauka, 1983).

Open-type magnetic traps with linear geometry: mirror cell, ambipolar trap, gas-dynamic type trap (D. Ryutov, “Open Traps”, UFN, 1988, vol. 154, p. 565).

Despite all the structural differences between closed and open traps, they are based on one principle - the achievement of hydrostatic equilibrium of a plasma in a magnetic field due to the equality of the gas kinetic pressure of the plasma and the pressure of the magnetic field at the outer boundary of the plasma. Their very diversity is caused by the lack of positive results.

When using a plasma focus (PF) type setup (the so-called electric-discharge setup), an unsteady bunch of dense high-temperature deuterium (usually) plasma is obtained (this bunch is also called a plasma focus). PF belongs to the category of pinches and is formed in the region of cumulation of the current shell on the axis of the discharge chamber of a special design, as a result of which, in contrast to the direct pinch, it acquires a non-cylindrical shape (Petrov D.P. et al. “Powerful pulsed gas discharge in chambers with conducting walls” in Sat "Plasma physics and the problem of controlled thermonuclear reactions", Volume 4, Moscow, Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1958).

Unlike linear pinch installations, where the ends of the chamber play the role of electrodes, the chamber body plays the role of a cathode in the PF, as a result of which the plasma bunch takes the form of a funnel (hence the name of the installation). With the same operating parameters as in a cylindrical pinch, it is possible to obtain a plasma with a higher temperature, density and lifetime in the PF setup, however, the subsequent development of instability destroys the discharge, as well as in a linear pinch (Burtsev B.A. et al. . "High-temperature plasma formations" in the book "Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki", a series of "Physics of Plasma", Volume 2, Moscow, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1981) and, in this case, stable plasma states, in fact, are not achieved.

Unsteady bunches of dense high-temperature plasma are also obtained in gas-discharge chambers with a coaxial arrangement of electrodes (the use of installations with coaxial plasma injectors). The first installation of this kind was launched in 1961 by D. Meiser (Mather J.W., "Formation on the high-density deuterium plasma focus", Phys. Fluids, 1965, v. 8, p. 366). It was further developed (in particular, see (J. Brzosko et. Al "Phvs.Let.A. 192 (1994), p. 250, Phvs.Let.A. 155 (1991), p. 162)) An essential element of this development was the use of a working gas with an admixture of many-electron atoms. Plasma injection in such installations is achieved by the coaxial arrangement of cylindrical chambers, where the inner chamber, which plays the role of the anode, is located geometrically below the outer cylinder — the cathode. ”J.Brzosko noted that the efficiency of the generation of plasma clots increases with the addition of gases to hydrogen of electron atoms. However, in these installations the development of instability significantly limits the plasma lifetime. As a result, it is less than necessary to achieve the conditions for a stable nuclear fusion reaction. With certain design features, in particular, when using conical coaxial electrodes ("Plasma accelerators and ion injectors "under the editorship of MP Kozlov, AI Morozov, M., Nauka, 1984) such installations are already plasma injection installations. In the above installations (installations with coaxial cylindrical electrodes), plasma at all stages, up to decay, remains in the region of the magnetic field, although its injection into the interelectrode space takes place. In its pure form, plasma injection from the interelectrode space is observed in installations with conical coaxial electrodes. The scope of plasma injectors is considered as auxiliary: for plasma injection with its subsequent use (for example, for additional energy pumping in a Tokamak-type installation, laser devices, etc.), which, in turn, limited the use of these installations not in pulsed, but in quasi-stationary mode.

Thus, the current state of the art, based on plasma confinement by a magnetic field, does not solve the problem of retaining a dense high-temperature plasma for the time necessary for nuclear fusion reactions to occur, but it effectively solves the problem of heating the plasma to a state in which these reactions can proceed.

Disclosure of invention

Thus, this invention relates to a method for forming stable states of a dense high-temperature plasma, which includes the following steps:

a) the formation of a dense high-temperature plasma from hydrogen and its isotopes using pulsed high-point discharges, while supplying a two-component gas to the gap between the coaxial conical electrodes, applying a high voltage voltage of 20-40 kV to the anode to create a magnetic field;

b) injection of plasma from a magnetic field with parameters corresponding to the conditions of emission of electrons with a linear energy spectrum.

Moreover, the energy transfer (step c)) is carried out by cascading into the long-wavelength region of eV energy to the state of locking and amplification of radiation in the plasma and simultaneous compression to the state of hydrostatic equilibrium, and when these states are formed in the composition of the working gas, many-electron atoms are used to quench spontaneous emission from the lower electron energy levels of the keV region in its own gravitational field.

Hydrogen and many-electron atoms, such as krypton, xenon and other elements close in nature (neon, argon), are used to obtain a dense high-temperature plasma.

To implement the conditions

The nuclear fusion reaction uses hydrogen and carbon, and carbon is also used to quench radiation spectra with keV energies and as a catalyst for the synthesis reaction.

The inventive method provides a scheme for the formation of stable states of a dense high-temperature plasma, which includes a working gas supply device, a discharge chamber, a discharge circuit, and a chamber for forming a stable plasma clot.

If necessary, each of the listed blocks of the circuit can be equipped with appropriate measuring equipment.

The invention is illustrated by a pulsed high-current magnetocompression discharge circuit on multiply charged ions with conical coaxial electrodes, which shows:

external electrode;

the inner electrode has a tapering surface close to conical;

discharge circuit;

area of compression by a magnetic field;

the compression region due to the removal current in the outgoing plasma jet and subsequent compression.

The implementation of the invention

Terms and definition used in the application

The definition of "stable state of a dense high-temperature plasma" means the state of hydrostatic equilibrium of a plasma when the gas-kinetic pressure is balanced by the pressure of the magnetic field or, in this case, the pressure of the emitted gravitational field.

The term "dense high-temperature plasma" means a plasma with lower densities n _C , n _i = (10 ²³ -10 ²⁵ ) m ^-3 and temperatures T _e T _i = (10 ⁷ -10 ⁸ ) K.

The definition of "plasma parameters corresponding to the gravitational emission of electrons" (with a linear emission spectrum) means parameters that are in the above range of densities and temperatures.

The definition of “blocking gravitational radiation in a plasma” means the state of gravitational radiation in a plasma, which occurs when its radiation frequency and electron Langmuir frequency are equal. In this case, radiation is blocked due to two reasons:

- energy transfer over the spectrum to the long-wavelength region due to cascade transitions with the radiation frequency reaching (10 ¹³ -10 ¹⁴ ) with the Langmuir plasma frequency equal to the electron, which is the condition for locking gravitational radiation in the plasma;

- quenching of spontaneous gravitational radiation of electrons from lower energy levels by ions of many-electron atoms, when the energy of an excited electron is transferred to an ion with the corresponding energy levels, leading to its ionization.

The definition of "amplification of gravitational radiation" means the amplification that occurs when the gravitational radiation is blocked, since when the locking conditions are met, it remains in the plasma with the sequential radiation of the total energy of the gravitational field locked in the plasma.

For a better understanding of the invention, the following is a description of the high-temperature plasma formations taking place in the proposed method, and a description of the method of formation of their stable states as states of hydrostatic equilibrium.

1. Gravitational emission of electrons with a line spectrum as radiation of the same level as electromagnetic.

For the mathematical model under consideration, which describes the linear spectrum of stationary states of electrons in its own gravitational field, two points are significant. The first one. In the Einstein field equations, k is a constant connecting the geometric properties of space-time with the distribution of physical matter, so that the origin of the equations is not related to a numerical limitation of the value of k. Only the requirement of correspondence with the classical Newtonian theory of gravitation leads to a small value κ = 8πG / s ⁴ , where G, s is the Newtonian gravitational constant and the speed of light, respectively. Such a requirement follows from the initial concept of the Einstein General Theory of Relativity (GR) as a relativistic generalization of Newton's theory of gravitation. The second one. The most common form of relativistic gravity equations are equations with a Λ-term. The limiting transition to weak fields in this case leads to the equation

where Δ is the Laplace operator, Ф is the scalar potential of the field, ρ is the density of the source. In the final analysis, this circumstance is decisive for discarding the Λ-term, since only in this case GTR is a generalization of the classical theory of gravitation. Thus, the numerical values of κ = 8πG / s ⁴ and Λ = 0 in the equations of general relativity are not related to the origin of the equations, but follow only from the correspondence of general relativity to the classical theory. Starting from the 70s, it became apparent (Siravam C. and Sinha K., Phys. Res. 51 (1979) 112) that in the quantum domain the numerical value of G is not compatible with the principles of quantum mechanics. In a number of works (Siravam C. and Sinha K., Phys. Res. 51 (1979) 112), including (Fisenko S. et all, Phys. Lett. A, 148, 8, 9 (1990) 405 )) it was shown that the coupling constant K is acceptable in the quantum domain, with K≈10 ⁴⁰ G. This outlined the essence of the problem of generalizing relativistic equations at the quantum level: such a generalization should fit the numerical values of the constants in the quantum and classical domains.

To develop these results, as an approximation at the micro level of the Einstein field equations, a model is proposed based on the following assumption:

"The gravitational field in the region of localization of an elementary particle with mass m _{o is} characterized by such values of the gravitational constant K and constant Λ that lead to stationary states of the particle in its own gravitational field, and the stationary states of the particles themselves are the source of the gravitational field with Newtonian gravitational constant G."

The most general approach to gravity is the torsion-based approach, in which the gravitational field acts as a gauge field, on an equal footing with other fundamental fields (Ivanenko D.D. et al. Gauge theory of gravity, Moscow, Moscow State University Publishing House (1985)). This approach is devoid of a priori regarding the geometric properties of the gravitational field, which does not lead to any restrictions at the micro level. For an elementary spinor source with mass m _o , the system of equations describing its state in its own gravitational field, in accordance with the assumption made, will have the form

▽_μ - ковариантная производная со спинорной связанностью, не зависящая от кручения,

- энергетическое состояние частицы с массой m_n (свободной, либо во внешнем поле), описываемой в собственном гравитационном поле с постоянной G волновой функцией Ψ'. Остальные обозначения общеприняты в теории гравитации.It is henceforth indicated above: κ = 8πK / s ⁴ , κ '= 8πG / s ⁴ , E _n is the energy of stationary states in its own gravitational field with constant K, Λ = κμ, r _n is the value of the coordinate r satisfying the n-state of equilibrium in own gravitational field, g, is a constant of dimension,

▽ _μ is the covariant derivative with spinor connection, independent of torsion,

- the energy state of a particle with mass m _n (free, or in an external field), described in its own gravitational field with constant G wave function Ψ '. The remaining notation is generally accepted in the theory of gravity.

Equations (1) - (5) describe the equilibrium state of particles (stationary states) in their own gravitational field and determine the region of localization of the field with constant K, which satisfies the equilibrium state. Such stationary states are sources of a field with constant G, and condition (3) is a condition for matching the solution with the gravitational constants K, G. The proposed model is physically compatible with the principles of quantum mechanics, and the gravitational field with constants K, Λ on some completely defined the distance determined by the equilibrium state passes into the field with constant G, where the Poisson equation is satisfied in the limit of the weak field.

дает спектр, аналогичный спектру тонкой структуры (аналогичный в смысле релятивизма и снятия вырождения по главному квантовому числу). Учет же члена

, как отмечено в (Siravam С. and Sinha К., Phys. Res.51 (1979) 112), аналогичен учету члена

в уравнении Паули. Последнее означает, что решение задачи на стационарные состояния с учетом кручения, будет давать полный спектр энергетических состояний, в котором учитывается как тонкая структура релятивизма, так и расщепление энергетических состояний, обусловленное взаимодействием спина с кручением. Этот факт, находящийся в полном соответствии с требованиями калибровочной теории гравитации, и позволяет считать, что сделанные выше предположения о свойствах гравитационного поля в квантовой области относятся, в общем случае, именно к гравитационному полю с кручением.The system of equations (1) - (5) is primarily of interest for the stationary state problem, i.e. for the task of calculating the energy spectrum of an elementary source in its own gravitational field. In this sense, it is appropriate to use an analogy with electrodynamics, in particular, with the problem of stationary states of an electron in a Coulomb field. The transition from the Schrödinger equation to the Klein-Gordon relativistic equation allows one to take into account the fine structure of the electron energy spectrum in the Coulomb field, and the transition to the Dirac equation allows one to take into account the fine structure due to relativism and the splitting of energy levels due to spin-orbit interaction. Using this analogy and the form of equation (1), we can conclude that the solution to this equation without a term

gives a spectrum similar to the spectrum of the fine structure (similar in the sense of relativism and removal of degeneracy with respect to the principal quantum number). Member accounting

, as noted in (Siravam C. and Sinha K., Phys. Res. 51 (1979) 112), is similar to accounting for a member

in the Pauli equation. The latter means that solving the problem of stationary states, taking into account torsion, will give a full spectrum of energy states, which takes into account both the fine structure of relativism and the splitting of energy states due to the interaction of spin and torsion. This fact, which is in full accordance with the requirements of the gauge theory of gravity, allows us to assume that the above assumptions about the properties of the gravitational field in the quantum region relate, in the general case, to the torsion gravitational field.

The complexity of solving such a problem forces us to turn to a simpler approximation, namely, the calculation of the energy spectrum only in the approximation of the fine structure due to relativism. In this approximation, the problem of stationary states of an elementary source in its own gravitational field is reduced to solving the following equations:

Equations (6) - (8) follow from equations (14) - (15)

и конкретных вычислений в метрике центрально-симметричного поля, интервал в которой определяется выражением (Ландау Л.Д., Лифшиц Е.М., Теория поля, Москва, Издательство Наука (1976))after substituting in them Ψ in the form

and specific calculations in the metric of a centrally symmetric field, the interval in which is determined by the expression (Landau L.D., Lifshits E.M., Field Theory, Moscow, Nauka Publishing House (1976))

It is indicated above: ƒ _El is the radial wave function that describes the states with a certain energy E and orbital moment l (hereinafter, the El indices are omitted), Y _lm (θ, φ) are spherical functions,

Condition (9) is a condition for finding r _n , conditions (10) - (12) are boundary conditions and the normalization condition for the function ƒ, respectively. Condition (9) in the general case has the form R (K, r _n ) = R (G, r _n ). Neglecting our own gravitational field with constant G, we write this condition in the form R (K, r _n ) = 0, which corresponds to equality (9).

The right-hand sides of equations (7) - (8) are calculated from the general expression for the Energy Tensor - Momentum of the complex scalar field:

The corresponding components of T _{μν are} obtained by summing over the index m using characteristic identities for spherical functions (D. Varshalovich and others. Quantum theory of angular momentum, Leningrad, Nauka Publishing House (1975))

. Даже в самом простом приближении задача на стационарные состояния элементарного источника в собственном гравитационном поле является сложной математической задачей. Эта задача упрощается, если ограничиться оценкой только энергетического спектра. Уравнение (6) можно многими способами свести к уравнениям (Камке Э. Справочник по обыкновенным дифференциальным уравнениям, Москва, Издательство Наука (1976)):after substitution in (17)

. Even in the simplest approximation, the problem of stationary states of an elementary source in its own gravitational field is a complex mathematical problem. This task is simplified if we confine ourselves to estimating only the energy spectrum. Equation (6) can be reduced in many ways to equations (Kamke E. Handbook of ordinary differential equations, Moscow, Nauka Publishing House (1976)):

To do this, select P, Q, F, S so that the conditions

where g and h correspond to the notation of equation (6) in the form ƒ '' + gƒ '+ hƒ = 0. Conditions (19), in particular, satisfy P, Q, F, S in the form:

The solutions of system (18) are functions (Kamke E. Handbook of ordinary differential equations, Moscow, Nauka Publishing House (1976)):

where C is an arbitrary constant, θ (r) is a solution to the equation

and ρ (r) is found by the formula

This representation of the solution using polar coordinates in this case allows us to determine the zeros of the function ƒ (r) for r = r _n , which correspond to the values θ = nπ (n is an integer). As one of the simplest approximations for ν, λ, we choose the dependence:

где

Where

and

, где r₁ - классический радиус электрона. Это приводит к оценке K≈5,1×10³¹ Нм²кг^-2, которая в дальнейшем принимается за исходную. Расхождения в оценках К, полученных разными способами, вполне допустимы, тем более, что они не носят катастрофический характер. Из условия, что μ есть плотность энергии электрона, следует μ=1,1×10³⁰ Дж/м³, Λ=κμ=4,4×10²⁹ м^-2. Из (22) следует (с учетом уравнения для ƒ(r)):Previously, K≈1.7 × l0 ²⁹ Nm ² kg ^{-2 was} taken as an estimate for K. If we assume that the observed value of the electron rest mass m ₁ is the value of its mass in mainly stationary state in the proper gravitational field, then m = 4m _{0 1/3.} From dimensional considerations it follows that the energy in a bound state is determined by the expression

where r ₁ is the classical radius of the electron. This leads to an estimate of K≈5.1 × 10 ³¹ Nm ² kg ^-2 , which is subsequently taken as the initial one. The discrepancies in the estimates of K obtained in different ways are quite acceptable, especially since they are not catastrophic. From the condition that μ is the electron energy density, it follows that μ = 1.1 × 10 ³⁰ J / m ³ , Λ = κμ = 4.4 × 10 ²⁹ m ^-2 . It follows from (22) (taking into account the equation for ƒ (r)):

Where

The integration of equation (25) and the substitution θ = πn, r = r _n give the relationship between K _n and r _n

. Для исключения из (26) r_n существует условие (9) (или эквивалентное ему для используемого приближения условие exp ν(K,r_n)=1), однако его непосредственное использование еще более усложнит и без того громоздкое выражение (26). В то же время нетрудно заметить, что r_n~10^-3 r_nc, где r_nc - комптоновская длина волны частицы с массой m_n, и, следовательно,

. Зависимость (26) сама по себе является весьма приближенной, но, тем не менее, ее наличие, независимо от точности приближения, означает существование спектра энергий, как следствие самодействия частицы с собственным гравитационным полем в области r≤r_n, где имеет место взаимокомпенсирующее действие поля и частицы. При l=0 приближенное решение (26) с учетом связи между r_n и K_n имеет вид:The coefficients in (26) are the coefficients of simple fractions in the decomposition of polynomials necessary for their integration, and

. To exclude from (26) r _n , condition (9) exists (or the condition exp ν (K, r _n ) = 1) equivalent to it for the approximation used), however, its direct use will complicate the already cumbersome expression (26). At the same time, it is easy to see that r _n ~ 10 ^-3 r _nc , where r _nc is the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass m _n , and therefore

. Dependence (26) by itself is very approximate, but, nevertheless, its presence, regardless of the accuracy of the approximation, means the existence of an energy spectrum, as a result of the self-action of a particle with its own gravitational field in the region r≤r _n , where there is a mutually compensating effect fields and particles. When l = 0, the approximate solution (26), taking into account the relationship between r _n and K _n, has the form:

where α = 1.65; β = 1.60.

Dependence (27) is concretized on the basis that the observed value of the rest mass of an electron is the value of its mass in the ground stationary state in its own gravitational field, and the values r ₁ = 2.82 × 10 ^-15 m, K ₁ = 0.41 × 10 ¹² m ^-1 give the exact zero of the function by the very definition of the numerical values of K and Λ.

Thus, the above numerical estimates for the electron show that in the region of its localization at a numerical value K ~ 10 ³¹ Nm ² kg ^-2 and Λ ~ 10 ²⁹ m ^-2 there is a spectrum of stationary states in its own gravitational field. The numerical value of K is, of course, universal for any elementary source, while the value of Λ is determined by the rest mass of the elementary source. The distance at which a gravitational field with constant K is localized is less than the Compton wavelength and for an electron, for example, is of the order of its classical radius. At distances greater than this distance, the gravitational field is characterized by a constant G, i.e. there is a correct transition to classical general relativity.

From (27), in a rough approximation, the numerical values of the energies of stationary states follow: E ₁ = 0.511 MeV, E ₂ = 0.638 MeV, ... E _∞ = 0.681 MeV.

Quantum transitions in stationary states should lead to gravitational radiation, characterized by a constant K with transition energies ranging from 127 keV to 170 keV. In this case, two circumstances are significant. The first one. The correspondence between the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions takes place when replacing the electric charge e with the gravitational "charge" m √ K, which numerically puts the effects of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation on one level (for example, the cross sections of the braking electromagnetic and inhibitory gravitational radiation will differ only by a factor of 0 , 16 in the region of coincidence of the emission spectra).

The second one. The natural width of the energy levels in the above spectrum of stationary electron states will be 10 ^-9 eV to 10 ^-7 eV. The smallness of the widths of the energy levels compared with the spread of electron energy under real conditions explains why the effects of gravitational radiation, as a mass phenomenon, are not observed in related phenomena, for example, in the process of deceleration of electron beams on targets. A direct confirmation of the presence of stationary states of electrons in an intrinsic gravitational field with constant K can be the presence of a lower boundary for the β decay of nuclei. Only starting from it can β-asymmetry take place, interpreted as parity nonconservation in weak interactions, but which is actually only a consequence of the presence of excited states of electrons in its own gravitational field during β-decay. Experimentally, β-asymmetry was only observed during β-decay of heavy nuclei in a magnetic field (for example, ₂₇ C ⁶⁰ in the famous Wu experiment (Wu C.S., Moshkovsky S.A., Beta decay, Atomizdat, Moscow (1970) ). On light nuclei, for example, ₁ H ³ , where the asymmetry of β decay should no longer take place, similar experiments were not carried out.

2. Conditions for gravitational radiation in a plasma (excitation of gravitational radiation in a plasma).

For the above transition energies of stationary states in their own gravitational field and the width of the energy levels, the only object in which gravitational radiation can be realized as a mass phenomenon will be a dense high-temperature plasma, which follows from the following estimates.

Using the Born approximation for the bremsstrahlung cross section, the expression for the energy of the bremsstrahlung radiation of a unit volume per unit time can be written as:

where T _e , k, n _i , n _e , m, z, r ₀ is the electron temperature, Boltzmann constant, concentration of the ionic and electronic components, electron mass, serial number of the ionic component, classical radius of the electron, respectively.

Replacing r ₀ by r _g = 2K m / s ² (which corresponds to replacing the electric charge e with the gravitational charge m√K), we can use the dependence

From (28) it follows that in a dense high-temperature plasma with the parameters n _e = n _i = 10 ²³ m ^-3 , Т _е = 10 ⁷ K, the specific power of the braking electromagnetic radiation is ≈0.53 10 ¹⁰ J / m ³ · s, and the value of the specific power of gravitational bremsstrahlung radiation is equal to 0.86 · 10 ⁹ J / m ³ · s. Apparently, these values of plasma parameters can be taken as approximate threshold values of a noticeable level of gravitational radiation, since the relative fraction of electrons whose energy is of the order of the transition energy in their own gravitational field decreases exponentially in the Maxwellian distribution with decreasing T _e .

3. Locking and amplification of gravitational radiation due to cascade transitions and quenching of spontaneous radiation from lower energy levels by ions of many-electron atoms in a plasma injected from a magnetic field.

For the numerical values of the plasma parameters, T _e = T _i = (10 ⁷ -10 ⁸ ) K, n _e = n _i = (10 ²³ -10 ²⁵ ) m ^{-3, the} spectrum of bremsstrahlung electromagnetic radiation does not change significantly with Compton scattering of electron radiation, and bremsstrahlung itself is a source of radiation losses of high-temperature plasma. The frequencies of this continuous spectrum are of the order of (10 ¹⁸ -10 ²⁰ ) s ^-1 , while the plasma frequency for the above plasma parameters is (10 ¹³ -10 ¹⁴ ) s ^-1 , or 0.1 eV of the energy of the emitted quanta.

The fundamental difference between the bremsstrahlung gravitational radiation and the bremsstrahlung electromagnetic radiation is the linear spectrum of gravitational radiation corresponding to the spectrum of stationary states of an electron in its own gravitational field.

The presence of cascade transitions from the upper excited to lower levels will lead to the fact that the electrons, excited in the energy region above 100 keV, will be emitted mainly in the eV region, i.e. there will be a transfer of energy along the spectrum to the low-frequency region. Such a mechanism of energy transfer can take place only when quenching spontaneous emission from the lower energy levels of an electron in its own gravitational field, excluding radiation with quantum energy in the keV region. A detailed description of the mechanism of energy transfer through the spectrum in the future will give its exact numerical characteristics. Nevertheless, one can undoubtedly assert the very fact of its existence, due to the linear nature of the spectrum of bremsstrahlung gravitational radiation. The low-frequency nature of the spectrum of bremsstrahlung gravitational radiation will lead to its amplification in the plasma due to the fulfillment of the blocking condition ω _g ≤0.5√10 ³ n _e .

From the point of view of the practical realization of the states of a high-temperature plasma compressed by a radiated gravitational field, two circumstances are important.

The first one. The plasma should be two-component, with the addition of multiply charged ions to hydrogen, which are necessary for quenching the spontaneous emission of electrons from lower energy levels in its own gravitational field. For this, it is necessary to have ions with energy levels of electrons close to the energy levels of free excited electrons. Quenching of the lower excited states of electrons will be especially effective if there is a resonance between the energy of the excited electron and the energy of the electron in the ion (in the limiting, most favorable case, the ionization energy). An increase in z also increases the specific power of the gravitational bremsstrahlung radiation, so that when the condition ω _g ≤0.5√10 ³ n _{e is} satisfied, the gas-kinetic pressure and the radiation pressure are equal

will take place at Δt = (10 ^-6 -10 ^-7 ) s for acceptable values of the parameters of the compressed plasma n _e = (1 + a) n _i = (10 ²⁵ -10 ²⁶ ) m ^-3 , а> 2, Т _е ≈Т _i = 10 ⁸ K, z> 10.

The second one. The need to eject the plasma from the magnetic field with approximate parameters n _e = (10 ²³ -10 ²⁴ ) m ^-3 , T _e = (10 ⁷ -10 ⁸ ) K, followed by pumping energy from the magnetic field.

The fulfillment of the above conditions (in principle, regardless of the specific setup of the installation in which these conditions are realized) solves the problem of obtaining the hydrostatic equilibrium states of the plasma, but only that. The use of a multielectron gas (carbon) as an additive to hydrogen leads to the fulfillment of the conditions for the course of the nuclear fusion reaction, since carbon will simultaneously act as a catalyst necessary for the nuclear fusion reaction.

Another option for nuclear fusion in compositions with multi-electron atoms, such as xenon, krypton (and structurally similar elements), is to use a deuterium-tritium mixture as a light component.

An analysis of the processes taking place in known installations for the generation of stable high-temperature plasma states (as well as the absence of encouraging results) allows us to conclude that it is possible to use the magnetic field only partially, at the first stage, to hold and heat the plasma in the process of formation of its high-energy state. The further presence of a magnetic field no longer holds the plasma in a limited volume, but destroys it due to the specific nature of the motion of charged particles in a magnetic field. A fundamental solution to the problem is a method of holding an already heated plasma in a radiated gravitational field, in the second stage, after it is compressed, heated and held at that time by a magnetic field. As follows from the foregoing, under any circumstances, the plasma after heating should be injected from the region of the magnetic field, but with subsequent pumping of energy from the region of the plasma in the magnetic field. These conditions are met, inter alia, by the initial scheme of the magnetoplasma compressor given in the description of the application.

The claimed method is implemented in the following way: through a high-speed valve, a two-component gas (hydrogen + multi-electron gas) is supplied into the gap between the coaxial conical electrodes, to which voltage is supplied through the discharge circuit. A discharge creates a magnetic field between the electrodes. Under the pressure of the arising force, the ampere plasma accelerates along the channel. At the outlet in the compression region, the flow converges to the axis where the compression region with high density and temperature arises. The formation of the compression region is facilitated by the removal currents flowing in the outgoing plasma jet. When applying voltage to the anode (20-40) kV and the initial pressure of the working gas (0.5-0.8) mm Hg and when the current in the emerging discharge reaches about 1 MA in the compression region, the plasma parameters n _e , n _i = (10 ²³ -10 ²⁵ ) m ^-3 and temperatures T _e T _i = (10 ⁷ -10 ⁸ ) K, necessary to excite plasma radiation. The presence of ions of many-electron atoms in the composition of the working gas, leading to quenching of radiation from lower electron energy levels, and cascade transitions along the levels of stationary states of an electron in its own gravitational field will lead to the conversion of the high-frequency radiation spectrum to the low-frequency one, with frequencies corresponding to the locking and amplification of plasma radiation . At the same time, the density and temperature of the plasma will increase due to its pulsed injection. Thus, the subsequent compression of the plasma after its injection from the magnetic field to the state of hydrostatic equilibrium takes place due to the excitation, locking, and compression of the plasma-dynamic discharges (AS Kamrukov et al. "Generators of laser and high-power thermal radiation based on high-current plasma-dynamic discharges" in the book "Plasma accelerators and ion injectors", M., Nauka, 1984, when it is used as a quantum generator of gravitational radiation (KGGI) (namely, KGGI is a generator of stable high-energy of dense plasma) is as follows:

1) the pulsed nature of the discharge circuit with the corresponding plasma-dynamic discharge volt-ampere characteristics;

2) a certain ratio of the hydrogen component and the components of the multielectron gas (approximately 80% and 20%, respectively), including in order to achieve the desired temperature parameters of the plasma;

3) a close ratio of electron energy levels in the used multielectron gas and lower electron energy levels in its own gravitational field, which requires the use of gases such as krypton and xenon as a multielectron gas. In this case, the percentage of multielectron atoms is also limited, which is limited from below by the requirement of quenching the excited lower energy states of an electron (in its own gravitational field) and from above by the requirement to achieve the required plasma temperature.

The specialist should be clear that various modifications and embodiments of the invention are possible, all of them are included in the scope of the claims of the applicant, which is reflected in the claims below.

Claims (1)

A method for the formation of stable states of a dense high-temperature plasma, including the formation of a dense high-temperature plasma using pulsed high-current discharges creating a magnetic field, plasma injection from a magnetic field with the following parameters: plasma density (10 ²³ -10 ²⁵ ) m ^-3 and temperature (10 ⁷ -10 ⁸ ) K, and in the formation of stable plasma states, a two-component gas is used, consisting of hydrogen (or its isotopes) and an inert gas or of hydrogen and carbon in a ratio of 80 and 20%, respectively Actually, the initial pressure of the two-component gas is 0.5–0.8 mm Hg. Art.