RU2128374C1 - Controlled energy source using low- temperature nuclear fusion; low-temperature nuclear fusion process (options) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: nuclear power engineering. SUBSTANCE: energy source designed for exothermic nuclear reactions has turbogenerator, main neutron generator emitting neutrons due to irradiation of heavy water by gamma-rays coming from chemical agent, neutron multiplier, fusion reactor, control system, safety system, and maintenance systems. Chemical agents used in the process are lithium - 7, boron - 11, nitrogen - 15, fluorine - 19, sodium - 23, magnesium - 24, aluminum - 27, silicon - 28, phosphor - 31, sulfur - 32, chloride - 35, potassium - 39, calcium - 40, and scandium - 45. Irradiation of nuclei of mentioned elements with neutrons passed through moderator causes entrapping of neutrons, negative beta-disintegration, production of nuclei having greater atomic number than original nucleus, and merging of nucleons into tetrads initiating energy release. Processes used for low-temperature nuclear fusion involve irradiation of source material placed in nuclear reactor by thermal neutrons. Reactions occurring inside nuclei of source material cause entrapping of neutrons, increasing of atomic number, and merging of nucleons into tetrads initiating energy release. EFFECT: provision for producing nuclear energy for exothermic low-temperature nuclear fusion. 3 cl, 2 dwg, 2 tbl

Description

 World electricity consumption is growing rapidly every year. This naturally raises the question of possible energy sources. Already before the First World War, forecasts were made that the existing reserves of oil and coal would last only 50 - 80 years, after which "energy hunger" would ensue. Reality did not live up to these predictions. The bowels of the earth turned out to be richer than geologists thought. So, to date, despite the ever increasing oil consumption, its explored reserves continue to grow due to the expansion and improvement of geological exploration. And yet, for a historically long period, neither coal nor oil is enough for people. The energy reserves of nuclear fuel - 235 uranium - in ores are approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than the energy reserves of chemical fuels.

Thanks to the creation of breeder power reactors, the energy reserves in the earth's crust became almost unlimited, since not only uranium 235, but also the much more common uranium 238 and especially thorium 232 became fuel. Nuclear energy can be released not only when heavy nuclei are divided into lighter fragments, but also during the fusion of light nuclei into heavier ones. If the energy effect from the fission of 1 kg of uranium 235 is 2 • 10 ¹⁰ kcal, then for the synthesis of helium nuclei from 1 kg of hydrogen nuclei there will be 4 times more.

 Thermonuclear reactions - reactions of the synthesis of atomic nuclei that occur at high temperatures - play a huge role in the life of the universe, being the main source of star energy.

Of great interest is the possibility of implementing controlled thermonuclear reactions, because: of all the known transformations of matter that occur with the release of energy, thermonuclear reactions give the largest amount per unit mass of the substance used. When a helium nucleus is formed, an energy of 24 MeV is released from two deuterons. Knowing the mass of the deuteron, it is easy to calculate that a kilogram of deuterium contains 1.5 • 10 ²⁶ pairs of connecting nuclei. The energy that would be released during the synthesis of helium from a kilogram of deuterium would be
1.5 • 10 ²⁶ • 24 = 3.6 • 10 ²⁷ MeV = 1.62 • 10 ⁸ kWh
In terms of deuterium in ordinary water, this gives about 6100 kWh due to deuterium contained in 1 liter of water. For comparison, we indicate that this is the amount of energy that is released when burning about 672 liters of gasoline (and this requires about seven more tons of oxygen).

Если эта работа производится двумя сталкивающимися дейтонами, то кинетическая энергия каждого должна составлять половину этой величины 1/2•7,7•10^-7= 3/2 кТ, откуда T≈2•10⁹ К, т.е. для зажигания водородной бомбы необходима начальная температура в несколько миллиардов градусов.How high is the temperature needed for a fast fusion reaction?
To merge the deuterons, they need to get closer to a distance of the order of 3 • 10 ^-13 cm. At this distance, the potential energy of their interaction, in other words, the work that needs to be done to get them closer is

If this work is carried out by two colliding deuterons, then the kinetic energy of each should be half this value 1/2 / 7.7 • 10 ^-7 = 3/2 kT, whence T≈2 • 10 ⁹ K, i.e. ignition of a hydrogen bomb requires an initial temperature of several billion degrees.

Let us pay attention to what success science has achieved on the way to creating thermonuclear controlled installations. (Yu.M. Shirokov and N.P. Yudin Nuclear Physics, Moscow, 1972, p. 512) Quote
"Now it is believed that power plants based on nuclear fusion reactions can only be hoped to be created by heating a mixture of reacting nuclei to very high temperatures, at which a significant fraction of the nuclei will have energies sufficient to effectively sustain the reaction.""At temperatures characteristic of thermonuclear reactions, any substance is strongly ionized, thereby turning into the fourth state of matter - plasma."
“Up to now, even the first stage has not been passed. The main difficulty of this stage is to solve the problem of retaining high-temperature plasma in the working volume. No walls of matter are suitable here, since any such wall will quickly turn into vapor. The main hope is to keep the plasma in a limited volume with strong magnetic fields of a special configuration. The achievements on this path do not yet give hope for a quick solution to the problem. "

 The end of the quote.

 Comment.

 As follows from the quote, many teams of scientists from different countries to date have been unsuccessfully working on the problems of curbing the superhigh-temperature state of matter.

 Thus, the invention proposed in this application relates to the field of solving the problems facing nuclear power. The implementation of a controlled energy source using nuclear fusion is available for practical implementation methods.

State of the art
The closest type of nuclear energy source and method of producing nuclear energy are the hitherto unrealized reactions of controlled thermonuclear fusion, replacement of which it is proposed to use these simpler and more easily feasible methods.

 Distinctive features of the claimed type of source and methods of implementation is the ability to avoid a preliminary change in the energy state of the reacting substances and to carry out nuclear fusion reactions under normal temperature conditions without using acceleration of the nuclei of the reacting materials.

The closest analogues of the claimed group of inventions are the device and methods for carrying out low-temperature synthesis, based on the well-known phenomenon discovered by American scientists Fleishman and Pons in 1989 and called "low-temperature nuclear fusion", namely, that I quote
"neutron emission was detected when deuterium was saturated with crystal lattices of transition metals of palladium and titanium." Articles by Tsarev VA in journals / 1 / Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, 1990 v. 160, no. 11 pp. 1-49, and / 2 / Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, 1991, v. 161, no. 4, p. 152-177, are a review of publications investigating this phenomenon and do not contain either a method of using this phenomenon for industrial production of nuclear energy, or a description of a device capable of realizing this phenomenon. The articles contain the research methodology and conclusions and indicate the equipment used in the experiments.

Review articles Tsareva V.A. give the following assessment of the possibility of using this phenomenon:
1) The phenomenon uses not low-temperature nuclear reactions, but reactions of thermonuclear (high-temperature) fusion of deuterium nuclei such as
D + D _ → ³ He + n + 3.27 MeV,
D + D _ → T + p + 4.03 MeV
(see (1), table 1, p. 4).

 2) The mechanism for the implementation of the phenomenon by science is not disclosed.

3) The ongoing processes do not match their name, I quote
"This type of synthesis does not correspond to the name of the NTS, more consistent with the name of the" microscopically hot "synthesis." The energy required to overcome the Coulomb barrier is imparted to ions through acceleration in cracks arising during the saturation of metals with hydrogen isotopes. "

 4) The effect obtained is very weak and is not suitable for use in nuclear energy.

 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

 A controlled energy source using low-temperature nuclear fusion is designed to carry out exothermic nuclear reactions of low-temperature nuclear fusion and to release the energy of exothermic intranuclear reactions when nucleons are combined into fours.

 The controlled energy source contains a nuclear fusion reactor, a control system, a protection system and system maintenance, in addition, according to the present invention, the source includes a turbogenerator, a main neutron generator that emits neutrons upon irradiation of heavy water with gamma radiation emanating from the reagent, a neutron multiplier, while such elements as lithium-7, boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, sodium-23, magnesium-24, aluminum-27, silicon-28, phosphorus-31, sulfur are used as a reagent -32, chlorine-35, potassium-39, calcium-40, scandium-45, in the nuclei of which, when irradiated with neutrons passing through the moderator, neutron capture, beta minus decay and the formation of nuclei with a larger atomic number than the original nucleus, and the union of nucleons into fours with the release of energy.

 A method for carrying out low-temperature nuclear fusion designed to carry out exothermic nuclear reactions in controlled sources of nuclear energy involves the use of materials such as lithium-7, boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, sodium-23, aluminum-27 , phosphorus-31, chlorine-35, potassium-33, scandium-45, selecting the appropriate material from this series for the starting reagent, loading the starting reagent into a nuclear reactor designed for nuclear fusion, bringing the reactor into action and irradiating the starting material is warm neutron neutrons, resulting in the capture of neutrons in the nuclei of the starting material during the course of intranuclear reactions, an increase in the atomic number and the union of nucleons into fours with the release of energy.

 The second variant of the method for carrying out low-temperature nuclear fusion designed for exothermic nuclear reactions in controlled sources of nuclear energy consists in using materials such as magnesium-24, silicon-28, sulfur-32, potassium-40, and using a neutron generator as an auxiliary nuclear reactor operating on the division of the gravity of the nuclei, the choice of the starting reagent, loading the starting reagent into a nuclear reactor, irradiating the starting reagent with a thermal neutron flux, in this case, as a result of irradiation of the starting material with thermal neutrons, four neutrons are captured by the nucleus, accompanied by the conversion of two of them into protons and the union of nucleons, two protons, and two neutrons into fours with the release of energy, resulting in a bond of the order of 28.48 MeV for each four nucleons.

Further, the claimed group of inventions is illustrated by specific examples of implementation using the drawings, which depict the following:
in FIG. 1 is a diagram of a controlled energy source based on low temperature nuclear fusion, and FIG. 2 is a diagram of a nuclear reactor included in a controlled energy source.

The claimed source consists of the following nodes and systems (see Fig. 1):
nuclear fusion reactor (1), in which energy is released as a result of exothermic nuclear reactions of low-temperature nuclear fusion to form nuclei with a higher atomic number than the nuclei of the initial reagent;
heat exchanger (2);
circulation pumps (3);
turbogenerator (4);
capacitor (5);
feed pump (6);
control systems;
protection systems;
serving systems.

 All nodes and systems can be used typical for nuclear energy with the exception of a nuclear reactor, which contains a number of design features and represents the main subject of the invention.

 A low-temperature nuclear fusion nuclear reactor operates on thermal neutrons with a graphite moderator. Nuclear fuel (reagent) is one of the possible reagents specified in paragraph 2 or in paragraph 3 of this description of the invention. The reactor core is a graphite tank in which the following elements are located (see Fig. 2).

Source Reagent Plates (1);
graphite neutron moderator plates (2);
the main heavy water neutron generator (3);
a neutron multiplier for heavy fissile nuclei (4);
trigger neutron generator (5);
coolant (6).

 Functionally, the operation of the reactor consists in the fact that the plates of the initial reagent are irradiated with a stream of thermal neutrons emitted by the main neutron generator. Neutrons are emitted by heavy water when irradiated with a stream of gamma rays emanating from the initial reagent during neutron capture and conversion of neutrons into protons by beta minus decay. The energy of gamma rays should be at least 2.2 MeV. Before reacting with the reagent, the formed neutrons pass through the multiplier and moderator, where the neutron flux increases to the required density and the neutron velocity slows down to the required energy, corresponding to the maximum neutron capture cross section of the source of the initial reagent.

 Distinctive features of the proposed nuclear reactor are related to the fact that the nuclear reactors developed, developed and used in the national economy are designed to isolate and use intranuclear energy by means of fission reactions of heavy nuclei. The fission of nuclei occurs due to the specific effect of neutrons on some heavy nuclei. In the process of nuclear fission, new generations of neutrons are formed, due to which the nuclear fission reaction spreads to other nuclei and the process of energy release continues.

 In fusion reactions, the process of convergence and fusion of nuclei into a more complex and denser core is used than the core of the initial reagent. Neutrons do not participate in these reactions, but as a result of some of them, neutrons are emitted. In the proposed nuclear reactor, low-temperature synthesis of nucleons in the nucleus occurs under the action of capture of slow neutrons by the nucleus. During the synthesis reaction, neutrons are consumed, but new neutrons are not born. Neutrons are forced to deliver using a neutron generator.

 One of the possible varieties of the neutron generator is a system of narrow tubes penetrating the reactor core filled with heavy water. In the initial state of the source, heavy water is removed from the working area and stored in a special tank. In working condition, heavy water is pumped through the tubes, irradiated with gamma rays that arise during the synthesis reaction that occurs in the reagent and generates neutrons. Neutrons enter the reagent, excite the synthesis reaction and take part in it. To increase the neutron flux density, they first pass through the multiplier and moderator. The multiplier increases the neutron density to the required power to isolate, and the moderator slows down the speed of fast neutrons to increase the capture cross section.

 The power control of the released energy is produced by changing the amount of heavy water present in the core. To reduce power, it is enough to displace part of the heavy water from the tubes. This will lead to a decrease in the neutron flux and a decrease in the acts of nuclear fusion per unit time.

 To increase power, it is enough to increase the amount of heavy water in the core. To reduce overhead losses of neutrons, the core is limited by neutron reflectors, which are used as graphite, plates and graphite coating.

В результате которой выделяется энергия 17,29 МэВ в каждом акте синтеза. При израсходовании 1 кг лития 7 выделяется энергия порядка 14,8•10²⁶ МэВ, или 5,67•10¹⁰ ккал, что в 2,8 раза больше, чем при израсходовании 1 кг урана 235. Это эквивалентно сгоранию 5000 т бензина. По сравнению с аналогичным, использующим деление тяжелых ядер, источнику потребуется расходовать 10 г лития-7 в сутки, чтобы получить тот же результат, что получает урановый реактор, расходуя 30 г урана 235 в сутки. К этому следует добавить, что источник энергии на синтезе обладает повышенной безопасностью, поскольку он работает в режиме, удаленном от угрозы возникновения неуправляемой цепной реакции, его исходные реагенты и продукты реакции экологически безвредны и безопасны и не загрязняют окружающую среду.When lithium-7 isotope is used as a starting reagent, a fusion reaction is carried out in a nuclear reactor to obtain nuclear fusion energy

As a result of which an energy of 17.29 MeV is released in each act of synthesis. When 1 kg of lithium 7 is consumed, energy of the order of 14.8 • 10 ²⁶ MeV, or 5.67 • 10 ¹⁰ kcal, is released, which is 2.8 times more than when 1 kg of uranium 235 is consumed. This is equivalent to the combustion of 5000 tons of gasoline. Compared to a similar one using fission of heavy nuclei, the source will need to consume 10 g of lithium-7 per day to get the same result that the uranium reactor receives, consuming 30 g of uranium 235 per day. It should be added that the synthesis energy source has increased safety, since it operates in a mode remote from the threat of an uncontrolled chain reaction, its initial reagents and reaction products are environmentally friendly and safe and do not pollute the environment.

At first glance, there is some seemingly formal similarity between the lithium-6 neutron capture reaction used to produce tritium and the neutron capture reaction by the reagent core in the claimed source, it is especially striking when one of the natural materials recommended for this is used as a reagent - lithium -7. The difference is that a nuclear reaction
₃ Li ⁶ + n _ → ₁ H ³ + ₂ He ⁴ +4.8 MeV
represents the reaction of nuclear fission, and the reaction of neutron capture and conversion of a neutron into a proton used in the claimed source is a nuclear fusion reaction. For instance.

Действительно, результатом первой реакции является образование ядер дейтерия и трития, каждое из которых имеет меньшее атомное число и меньший заряд, чем исходное ядро лития-6, а во второй реакции образуется ядро изотопа исходного реагента с большим атомным числом,
Таким образом, низкотемпературный ядерный синтез использует два типа реакций; 1) реакцию радиационного захвата медленного нейтрона ядром исходного реагента, которая увеличивает атомное числа исходного ядра и 2) реакцию преобразования нейтрона в протон, которая увеличивает заряд исходного ядра.

Indeed, the result of the first reaction is the formation of deuterium and tritium nuclei, each of which has a lower atomic number and lower charge than the original lithium-6 nucleus, and in the second reaction an isotope nucleus of the initial reagent with a large atomic number is formed,
Thus, low temperature fusion uses two types of reactions; 1) the reaction of radiation capture of a slow neutron by the nucleus of the initial reagent, which increases the atomic number of the original nucleus, and 2) the reaction of the conversion of the neutron into a proton, which increases the charge of the original nucleus.

The basis of the proposals for the creation of an energy source using low-temperature nuclear fusion and methods for implementing low-temperature nuclear fusion is the following:
My studies of the structure of the atomic nucleus prove that inside the nucleus nucleons tend to unite into fours (2 protons + 2 neutrons each). Each such combination of unbound nucleons emits a binding energy corresponding to the binding of an alpha particle (28.11 MeV + the binding energy of the resulting particle with the rest of the nucleus), which can be used as an effective source of nuclear energy.

The validity of this provision is confirmed.
1) compliance with the law of conservation of energy in the corresponding exothermic reactions, and
2) the following quote from the technical literature: / 3 /
"We note that the huge difference in the binding energies of the carbon-12 isotope and the boron-12 isotope is now explained by the so-called quadruple effect, according to which it is energetically advantageous for nucleons inside the nucleus to combine into fours containing two protons and two neutrons."
The end of the quote. (Yu.M. Shirokov and N.P. Yudin. Nuclear Physics. M., 1972, p. 182)
a) Therefore, introducing into the atomic nucleus four independent nucleons (2 protons + 2 neutrons) it is possible to form a union of nucleons in the nucleus. In this case, the nucleus emits an energy equal to the binding energy of nucleons in a free alpha particle, of the order of 28.11 MeV + the binding energy of the formed four with the original nucleus.

 b) This way of forming the four nucleons inside the nucleus is not very convenient in technical design and is irrational due to the need for protons to overcome the electric field of the irradiated nucleus, which requires either high heating of the reacting materials or acceleration of protons to high energies. To eliminate this undesirable need, one can use the property of neutrons to turn into protons with an excess of neutrons in the nucleus.

с периодом полураспада 11,7 мин." Конец цитаты. (Ю.М. Широков и Н.П. Юдин. Ядерная физика. М., 1972 г., с. 220).Quote. /4/
“Beta decay is not an intranuclear process, but an intranucleon. A single nucleon decays in the nucleus. This is already seen from the fact that beta is a free neutron decaying into a proton, electron and antineutrino

with a half-life of 11.7 minutes. "End of quote. (Yu. M. Shirokov and NP Yudin. Nuclear Physics. M., 1972, p. 220).

 In fact, it is not the decay of the nucleus, but its formation. A nucleon transforms from a looser neutral state to a denser and more charged state, a neutron decays and turns into a proton. This is precisely the main function of this reaction. The formation of a nucleon is inevitably accompanied by the release of energy, since there has been a change in the internal energy of the nucleon, it becomes more dense, and the release of a negative charge is an electron accompanied by an antineutrino. It is valid to call this reaction the reaction of the conversion of a neutron into a proton.

 Inside atomic nuclei containing a certain excess amount of neutrons relative to their equilibrium number in stable isotopes, some neutrons retain this ability to convert neutrons into protons by beta minus decay.

 Thus, using this ability of atomic nuclei, we get rid of the unpleasant need to bring charged particles closer to small distances, and at the same time we retain the ability to carry out fusion reactions and make full use of the energy released by the nucleus.

In contrast to the known method, in the claimed source, the main energy-generating reactions are the reactions of radiation capture by the core of the reagent (nuclear fuel) of thermal neutrons and the conversion of part of the neutrons into protons inside the natural atomic nucleus. The neutron does not contain uncompensated charges and has the ability to freely penetrate almost every nucleus, with a few exceptions. The core of the reagent places trapped neutrons at nuclear distances of the order of 10 ^-13 cm and a strong nuclear bond arises between them. The energy corresponding to this bond can be released by the reactor and used.

 Thus, one of the distinguishing features of low-temperature nuclear fusion is the completion of the natural atomic nucleus to a more complex one by the addition of nucleons, and a known source gets the result by fusion of lighter and friable atomic nuclei.

 The main idea of the proposed source is that it becomes possible to avoid the collision of positively charged reagent nuclei and at the same time to maintain the ability to produce nuclear fusion reactions.

Таким образом, изменение атомного ядра магния-24 в ядро кремния-28, т.е. на величину, соответствующую образованию альфа- частицы, получим энергию порядка 40 МэВ, тогда как образование альфа-частицы путем слияния трития с дейтерием дает энергию 17,8 МэВ. Как видно, такая цепочка изотермических реакций радиационного захвата четырех нейтронов и преобразование двух из них в протоны представляет собой реакции синтеза, в результате которых ядро магния-24 превращается в ядро кремния-28, у которого число нуклонов оказалось на 4 единицы больше и из ник протонов на 2 больше, чем у ядра магния-24.In addition, a well-known source cannot isolate a part of the internal binding energy of the nucleons that make up the reacting nuclei. For example, when fusing deuterium with tritium, the energy of 2.2 MeV of the internal bond of deuterium and 8.62 MeV of the internal bond of tritium remains unused. Those. energy of the order of 10.82 MeV for each act of synthesis is not used. If the same operations are carried out according to the claimed methods, by completing the natural nucleus, for example, by radiative capture of four neutrons by a magnesium-24 nucleus and converting two of them into protons, we obtain

Thus, a change in the atomic nucleus of magnesium-24 into the core of silicon-28, i.e. by an amount corresponding to the formation of an alpha particle, we obtain an energy of the order of 40 MeV, while the formation of an alpha particle by the fusion of tritium with deuterium gives an energy of 17.8 MeV. As can be seen, such a chain of isothermal reactions of the radiative capture of four neutrons and the conversion of two of them into protons is a synthesis reaction, as a result of which the magnesium-24 nucleus turns into a silicon-28 nucleus, in which the number of nucleons is 4 units larger and from the proton nickname 2 more than magnesium-24 core.

 To realize this low-temperature nuclear fusion, it is sufficient to capture 4 neutrons with a magnesium-24 nucleus. The nuclear charge increased by 2 units, despite the fact that positively charged particles were not introduced into the nucleus.

 2) The second distinguishing feature is the following position. In the claimed source for the implementation of nuclear fusion, the expenditure of neutrons is necessary, which does not require fusion reactions in a known source. In a known source, neutrons are consumed in nuclear fission reactions, but are absent in the claimed source of fission.

 3) The claimed energy source as a reagent (nuclear fuel) uses natural materials, the atomic nuclei of which are capable of capturing neutrons (radiation capture of a neutron) and a part of the captured neutrons is converted into protons and the formation of an atomic nucleus of a higher level of integration (increase mass number A and electric charge Z of the nucleus) compared with the initial reagent nucleus, which indicates that synthesis takes place in the nuclei. The source nuclear reactor releases energy arising from an increase in the binding energy of nucleons in the nucleus. In contrast, a "known" source nuclear power reactor carries out fission reactions of heavy uranium or plutonium nuclei and fission reactions of lithium-6 and the accumulation of tritium.

 4) For the production of neutrons, the reactor of the claimed source contains a main neutron generator, a neutron multiplier, a neutron moderator, a neutron reflector and a neutron trigger generator. All of these devices are known, but in this claimed type of low-temperature nuclear fusion nuclear energy source are used for the first time.

 5) In the second embodiment of the claimed method, it is recommended to use a wide range of cheap and common in nature stable materials as a reagent, such as magnesium-24, silicon-28, sulfur-32, calcium-40.

 These materials are selected in such a way that the atomic nucleus contains an integer number of four nucleons. In accordance with the quote / 4 /, the addition of 4 more nucleons to such a nucleus will make it possible to obtain the next most energetically favorable combination of nucleons in the nucleus, and, accordingly, the most complete energy yield.

 In the first embodiment of the claimed method, the use of equally common, cheap and stable materials is recommended: lithium-7; boron-11; nitrogen-15; fluorine-19; sodium 23; aluminum-27; phosphorus-31; chlorp-35; potassium 39; scandium-45.

 A distinctive feature of these materials is the fact that the atomic nucleus does not contain one four nucleons. It lacks one proton. The introduction of one neutron into the nucleus creates the condition of overloading the nucleus with neutrons, which entails the conversion of the neutron into a proton and the energy union of the four nucleons. In this case, consuming one neutron, we obtain a large energy yield.

 In contrast to the claimed methods, the “known” method has a very meager assortment of lithium-6, deuterium, tritium, uranium-235, plutonium-239 materials not used in the claimed methods. Of these, tritium and plutonium-239 are not found in nature.

 6) The sixth distinguishing feature is the ability to use atomic nuclei having abnormally weak neutron bonds with the rest of the atomic nucleus for the formation of a neutron flux.

For example, deuterium has a neutron binding energy of 2.2 MeV, whence
γ + d _ → p + n-2.2 MeV;
beryllium-9 has a 1.65 MeV neutron bond, whence
₄ Be ⁹ + γ _ → 2α + n-1.65 MeV;
₄ Be ⁹ + n _ → 2n + 2α-2 MeV;
oxygen-17 has a neutron bond of 4.2 MeV, whence
₈ O ¹⁷ + γ _ → ₈ O ¹⁶ + n-4.2 MeV.
As is known, the average binding energy of a nucleon with the rest of the nucleus is about 8 MeV. Thus, if heavy water d ₂ O ¹⁷ is used as a neutron generator, which makes it possible to isolate 3 neutrons, spending an average of 2.8 MeV per neutron, and as an initial reagent an atomic nucleus with a high binding energy per nucleon, we obtain some excess energy. In the considered example of using magnesium-24 as a reagent, we obtain an energy of 40.08 MeV per 4 reacted neutrons, from where 10 MeV of released energy falls on one reacted neutron. If we subtract the energy spent on the production of neutrons, then it is possible to use excess energy on one reacted neutron of the order of 10 - 2.8 = 7.2 MeV.

 The ultimate energy transfer per nucleon for thermonuclear fusion does not exceed 3.5 MeV, which is more than 2 times worse than the claimed method according to the second embodiment.

 In contrast to the claimed method, the known method of thermonuclear fusion is based on a different principle, uses the fusion of atomic nuclei of deuterium and tritium. He does not need neutrons. The neutrons in a known source provide the fission reaction, not synthesis.

 7) The seventh distinguishing feature is the lack of regulation of power released in the process of fusion in a known source. Regulation of the power of the source by changing the neutron flux is noted only with respect to nuclear fission reactions. The presence of neutrons does not affect the fusion reaction by the fusion of deuterium and tritium nuclei.

 Unlike a known source, the claimed source contains a mechanism for controlling the power released in the process of low-temperature nuclear fusion by changing the amount of heavy water present in the core of a nuclear reactor. Heavy water irradiated by a gamma ray stream serves as a source of neutrons that are directly involved in the process of low-temperature nuclear fusion.

 8) The eighth distinguishing feature is the difference in the design, the presence of non-identical functional units having a difference in their purpose, principle of operation and design.

 The proposed method for the implementation of low-temperature nuclear fusion is designed to carry out exothermic nuclear reactions of low-temperature nuclear fusion in controlled sources of nuclear energy by combining the nuclear reactions of capture of slow neutrons by the nuclei of the initial reagent and converting part of the captured neutrons into protons using the beta minus decay reaction.

 As a starting reagent, any of the following materials is used: lithium-7; boron-11; nitrogen-15; fluorine-19; sodium 23; aluminum-27; phosphorus-31; chlorine 35; potassium 39; skandny-45.

 If necessary, they can be used in various combinations. Distinctive features of these materials are: widespread in nature, stability, safety for humans and the environment, a feature of the structure of the nucleus, which consists in the fact that it consists of a number of energetically combined four nucleons into denser compounds and one incomplete four that lacks one proton. Radiation capture of a neutron leads to an overload of the original nucleus with neutrons, which entails the conversion of a neutron into a proton by beta minus decay and the energy union of the four nucleons. In this case, only one neutron is consumed, and a large energy output is obtained.

 To implement the method, the following operations are performed: The selected material is loaded into the reactor core in the form of plates, the reactor is prepared for operation, the reactor is turned on, and the reagent is irradiated with slow neutrons. Atomic nuclei capture neutrons. Having captured a neutron, the atomic nucleus acquires the missing nucleon, converts it into a proton, forms the next energy union of nucleons from four nucleons, releasing a large portion of energy. Energy is captured by the source and converted into useful work. For example, if lithium-7 is used as a reagent, it is a stable, harmless, widely distributed material (its content in the earth's crust is 0.005% and 92.7% in the natural mixture, then irradiating it with neutrons gives an energy of the order of 17.29 MeV per act of synthesis: An energy source using lithium-7 as a reagent can have a specific energy yield several times greater than nuclear reactors operating on fission of heavy nuclei. It should be added that the lithium source is environmentally friendly, its reaction products and the original materials are not radioactive and do not pollute the environment.

 A feature of lithium-7, unlike other reagents, is the fact that the reaction product of low-temperature nuclear fusion (radiation capture of a slow neutron and the conversion of a neutron into a proton) is a naturally occurring alpha-isotope of beryllium-8, which, when formed, decomposes into 2 alpha particles with kinetic energy of the order of 0.1 MeV.

 The reaction products of other recommended reagents are stable.

 The second variant of the method for carrying out reactions of low-temperature nuclear fusion in the same way as the first option is intended for exothermic nuclear reactions of low-temperature nuclear fusion in controlled sources of nuclear energy. It consists in the fact that four nucleons (2 neutrons and 2 protons) are combined into a four inside the nucleus. The increased binding energy between the four nucleons is accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy in accordance with the change in binding energy. To implement this method, choose a neutron generator, structurally made in the form of an auxiliary nuclear reactor operating on the division of heavy nuclei. Such a reactor generates a powerful neutron flux, a part of the neutrons is diverted through an opening in the wall of the reactor-neutron generator to the main fusion reactor. In the process of transmission, a pulsed neutron arrival mode is formed. Pulse mode allows you to withstand the necessary sequence of operations. To implement the pulse mode, between the output of the auxiliary reactor and the input of the main reactor, a rotating graphite disk with holes is installed. The optimal neutron arrival frequency is selected experimentally.

 The implementation of this variant of the method for implementing low-temperature nuclear fusion allows energy to be allocated to one four nucleons of the order of 40 MeV. The advantage of this method is that at the end of the formation of the four, the source material does not collapse and does not lose the ability to continue the formation of the next four nucleons. Therefore, a very high specific energy efficiency can be obtained.

 As the starting reagent, materials such as magnesium-24, silicon-28, sulfur-32, calcium-40, titanium-44, chromium-48 are used. The starting material is placed in a nuclear reactor and irradiated with neutrons. The capture of neutrons by the nucleus is accompanied by the release of large quantities of energy. Part of the captured neutrons in the nucleus are converted into protons. The four captured nucleons are combined energetically, as a result of which, from four captured neutrons, the nucleon binding energy corresponding to the binding energy of a free alpha particle (28.48 MeV) + the energy of converting two neutrons into protons (0.8 • 2 = 1.6 MeV) + energy is obtained the connection of the formed group with the initial nucleus (of the order of 5–8 MeV). For example, if magnesium 24 is used as the initial reagent, then energy is obtained from a source of the order of 40.1 MeV per one formed group of nucleons. A useful property of atomic nuclei of this type is the ability of reaction products to continue neutron capture and the formation of the following groups of nucleons. This greatly increases the specific energy efficiency. For example, if magnesium-24 is used as the initial reagent, then capturing 4 neutrons will release an energy of about 40.1 MeV, which corresponds to the binding energy of the alpha particle in the nucleus and silicon-28 is obtained as the reaction product. Silicon-28 is able to capture 4 more neutrons and form a sulfur nucleus 32, which, after capturing 4 neutrons, will turn into a nucleus of argon 36. Argon 36 is an inert gas that is not very suitable for further use as nuclear fuel. It is pumped out of the reactor core. We assume that at this point the chain of nuclear fusion reactions is interrupted.

If such a chain of reactions is used, the result is an energy of the order of 113.8 MeV or 4.77 MeV per nucleon, which is 4.7 times more than for the fission reaction of heavy nuclei. When 1 kg of magnesium-24 is consumed, energy of the order of 10.9 • 10 ¹⁰ kcal is obtained, which corresponds to the combustion of 9.63 thousand tons of gasoline.

Even greater energy efficiency is obtained if a calcium-40 isotope is used as a reagent. As a result of the formation of six generations of fours: nucleons, 214.6 MeV of energy or 5.365 MeV / nucleon are obtained. When 1 kg of calcium-40 is consumed, energy of the order of 12.3 • 10 ¹⁰ kcal / nucleon is obtained, which corresponds to the combustion of 11 thousand tons of gasoline.

Description of the design of a controlled energy source using low-temperature nuclear fusion
The source is a stationary power plant placed in a thick-walled concrete structure that serves as protection against radioactive emissions from the environment and maintenance personnel. The source consists of the following structural units (Fig. 1)
Nuclear reactor (1),
heat exchanger (2),
circulation pumps (3),
turbogenerator (4),
capacitor (5),
feed pump (6),
control systems,
security systems
serving systems.

 The nuclear reactor (1) of FIG. 1 is intended for exothermic nuclear fusion reactions and consists of the following functional elements (see Fig. 2).

 Reagent (1), the plates of which are evenly distributed over the working volume of the reactor core.

 The coolant (2), which is a thin-walled tube located in the immediate vicinity of the reagent plates, moves distilled water or liquid metal through the tubes, the cooling plates of the reagent and removes thermal energy from the reagent to the heat exchanger (2) of FIG. 1.

 The main neutron generator (3), which is a system of thin tubes located between the reagent plates, heavy water circulates through the tubes. As a result of irradiation with gamma rays emanating from the reagent, heavy water emits neutrons that are captured by the reagent nuclei and an exothermic synthesis reaction occurs.

 The neutron multiplier (4), which is heavy elements capable of sharing with neutrons more neutrons than it was captured, the fissile elements of the multiplier are distributed between the main neutron generator and the reagent and ensure that the given power level is maintained by the reagent or increased to the required value . A neutron moderator (5), representing a graphite aggregate of the entire free space of the reactor core. Serves to reduce the speed of fast neutrons and increase the cross section for neutron capture by reagent nuclei.

 Starting neutron generator (6), which is a radioactive isotope with a long half-life. It is installed in special sockets located in the active zone at the moment of switching on and initiates an initial neutron flux sufficient to initiate the synthesis reaction and turn the main neutron generator into operation.

 The power control of the released energy is produced by changing the amount of heavy water present in the core. To reduce power, it is enough to displace part of the heavy water from the tubes. This will lead to a decrease in the neutron flux and a decrease in the acts of nuclear fusion per unit time. To increase power, it is enough to increase the amount of heavy water in the core.

 To reduce overhead losses of neutrons, the core is limited by neutron reflectors, which are used as graphite plates and graphite coating.

Start mode
To start the energy source and bring it into working condition, the reactor tubes are filled with heavy water from the tank and circulated for cooling and restoring the deuterium concentration, which is constantly decreasing as the neutrons are consumed.

 Plates serving as a starting and duty neutron generator are inserted into special sockets. The start-up generator is a weak long-lived radioactive source. For example, plates containing a mixture of the alpha - active isotope of radium 226, polonium 210 or plutonium 239 with beryllium-9 isotopes can be used.

α + ₄ Be ⁸ _ → ₆ C ¹² + n + 5.6 MeV.
In the area surrounding the starting generator, there is an increased concentration of the neutron multiplier, which facilitates starting the source. The neutrons from the starting generator initiate the initial synthesis reaction, which quickly spreads to neighboring nuclei, grows until the operating mode, saturation mode, limited by a given number of emitted neutrons of the main generator.

Stop mode
To stop and turn off the source, heavy water is poured into the tank, the starting neutron generator is removed from the active zone. At the same time, the synthesis reaction and energy release stop.

Emergency mode
Monitoring and control of the source power is carried out using an automatic system that maintains the amount of heavy water in the reactor core at a given level. In the event of a failure of the basic means of control and management and the occurrence of an alarming situation of an accident, use means to emergency shut off the circulation of heavy water and drain it into the tank. If this operation turns out to be difficult, as a result of an excessive temperature increase in the reactor, heavy water will boil, the resulting steam will displace heavy water from the reactor core through the emergency valves, this will lead to a decrease in the reactor power and its shutdown.

The proposed method for the implementation of low-temperature nuclear fusion includes the following operations:
1) Selection of the source of combustible material.

 Combustible material must be stable, widespread in nature, low cost, high energy efficiency. The atomic nucleus of a combustible material must contain an unfinished four nucleons.

 When using the recommended combustible materials, the following amount of energy is released during neutron capture (see Table 1).

 From the table. Figure 1 shows that the lightest elements have the highest energy efficiency. When choosing a material, it should be borne in mind that lighter materials have a higher specific energy yield per nucleon, since they contain fewer nucleons in the nucleus. Thus, lithium-7, which, in addition to its high energy qualities, is an environmentally friendly material, should be preferred as nuclear fuel.

 Its starting material and reaction products are stable and harmless.

 2) Preparation of the source for work.

 All nodes of the source are inspected, the source of combustible material is loaded, the coolant is charged to normal, the neutron generator is charged with normal water, the functioning of the reactor nodes is tested without neutron supply, the operation of the automatic control system is checked, and the operation of the protection system is checked.

 3) Turn on the source.

 The protection system is turned on, the automatic control system is turned on, the coolant is turned on, the main neutron generator is turned on, the trigger neutron generator is turned on and turned on, after which the synthesis reaction is excited, the main neutron generator begins to function and the source operating mode is established. When the source is turned on, the amount of heavy water in the reactor core is set so that when the source enters the operating mode it produces the minimum power of generated energy during stable operation without interruptions. Then gradually increase the power to a predetermined level, controlling the operation of all nodes of the source.

 4) Operating mode.

 In the operating mode, energy is produced due to exothermic nuclear fusion reactions. In this mode, the operation of the nodes and systems of the source is controlled and the power of the produced energy is automatically maintained at a given level. To reduce power, reduce the amount of heavy water in the core, and to increase it, increase the amount of heavy water.

 5) Stop mode.

 To stop and turn off the source, heavy water is poured into the tank, the starting neutron generator is removed from the active zone. This stops the reaction of nuclear fusion. As the reactor cools down, the remaining nodes and source systems are turned off.

 6) Emergency mode.

 Monitoring and control of the source power is carried out using an automatic system that maintains the amount of heavy water in the reactor core at a given level. In the event of a failure of the basic means of control and management and the occurrence of an alarming situation of an accident, use means to emergency shut off the circulation of heavy water and drain it into the tank. If this operation turns out to be difficult, as a result of an excessive temperature increase in the reactor, heavy water will boil, the resulting steam will displace heavy water from the reactor core through the emergency valves, this will lead to a decrease in the reactor power and its shutdown. Let us consider an example of a nuclear fusion reaction when using lithium-7 isotope as a nuclear fuel.

 The synthesis reaction is excited by irradiating the nuclear fuel with neutrons, as a result of which the capture of the neutron by the nucleus of lithium-7 occurs.

 The possibility of neutron capture by a lithium-7 nucleus is confirmed by the following quote from a textbook.

"Neutrons are not affected by the Coulomb barrier and enter into exothermic reactions with all nuclei (except He3 and He4). Therefore, the interaction of neutrons with nuclei is extremely intense at a neutron energy close to zero."
The end of the quote. (Yu. M. Shirokov and N.P. Yudin. Nuclear Physics. M., 1972, p. 435).

Справедливость этой реакции подтверждается следующими сведениями:
1. Безусловное соблюдение закона сохранения энергии, который можно выразить следующей формулировкой:
Если в ядерной реакции принимают участие нуклоны, и в результате реакции энергия связи между нуклонами увеличилась на величину ΔE, то такая реакция экзотермична и происходит излучение энергии, равной ΔE.
Из справочных данных (Ю. М. Широков и Н.П. Юдин. Ядерная физика. М., 1972, с. 657) имеем;
Энергия связи лития-7 составляет 39,2 МэВ
Энергия связи лития-8 составляет 41,3 МэВ
Энергия связи бериллия 8 составляет 56,5 МэВ
Основанием низкотемпературного ядерного синтеза служат следующие положения:
1) Стремление нуклонов в атомном ядре объединяться в четверки (2 протона + 2 нейтрона)
Цитата
"Отметим, что громадная разница в энергиях связи изотопа углерода 12 и изотопа бора 12 сейчас объясняется так называемым эффектом счетверения, согласно которому нуклонам внутри ядра энергетически выгодно объединяться в четверки, содержащие по два протона и два нейтрона".

The validity of this reaction is confirmed by the following information:
1. Unconditional observance of the law of conservation of energy, which can be expressed as follows:
If nucleons take part in a nuclear reaction, and as a result of the reaction, the binding energy between the nucleons increases by ΔE, then such a reaction is exothermic and an emission of energy equal to ΔE occurs.
From the reference data (Yu. M. Shirokov and NP Yudin. Nuclear Physics. M., 1972, p. 657) we have;
The binding energy of lithium-7 is 39.2 MeV
The binding energy of lithium-8 is 41.3 MeV
The beryllium 8 binding energy is 56.5 MeV
The basis for low-temperature nuclear fusion is the following:
1) The desire of nucleons in the atomic nucleus to unite into fours (2 protons + 2 neutrons)
Quote
"We note that the huge difference in the binding energies of the carbon isotope 12 and the boron isotope 12 is now explained by the so-called quadruple effect, according to which it is energetically favorable for nucleons inside the nucleus to unite into fours containing two protons and two neutrons."

 The end of the quote. (Yu. M. Shirokov and N.P. Yudin. Nuclear Physics. M., 1972, p. 182).

 2) The ability of nuclei overloaded with neutrons to convert part of the neutrons into protons.

 The structure of the lithium-7 nucleus can be represented as the union of an alpha particle, deuterium, and neutron.

 Thus, neutron capture is accompanied by the release of energy of 41.3-39.2 = 2.1 MeV and the formation of four nucleons striving to unite into an alpha particle. In this case, one of the neutrons turns into a proton and an electron is emitted, taking away with it the remainder of the alpha-particle binding energy of the order of 15.2 MeV. The resulting beryllium-8 nucleus is unstable and decomposes into two helium-4 nuclei. As a result of the reaction, an energy of 2.1 + 15.2 = 17.3 MeV is released, which corresponds to a difference in the binding energies between the reaction products and the starting materials of 56.5-39.2 = 17.3 MeV.

When 1 kg of lithium-7 is consumed, energy of the order of 14.8 • 10 ²⁶ MeV, or 5.67 • 10 ¹⁰ kcal, is released, which is 2.8 times more than when 1 kg of uranium 235 is consumed. This is equivalent to the combustion of 5000 tons of gasoline.

The proposed variant of the method of implementing low-temperature nuclear fusion includes the following operations:
1) Selection of the source of combustible material. Combustible material must be stable, widespread in nature, low cost, high energy efficiency. The atomic nucleus of the recommended combustible material contains an integer number of fours.

 When using the recommended combustible materials, the following amounts of energy are obtained as a result of the capture of four neutrons by the nucleus (see Table 2).

 2) Preparation of the source for work.

 Inspect all nodes of the source, load the initial reagent, fill the coolant to normal, test the functioning of the source nodes without neutrons, check the operation of the automatic control system, and check the operation of the protection system.

 3) Turn on the source.

 The protection system is turned on, the automatic control system is turned on, the coolant is turned on, the auxiliary reactor of the main neutron generator is turned on, the main neutron generator is turned on. The neutrons coming from the auxiliary reactor excite the synthesis reactions in the source, as a result of which the operating mode of the source is established. The generated power of the source is smoothly increased from a minimum to a predetermined level.

 4) Operating mode.

 In the operating mode, energy is produced due to exothermic nuclear fusion reactions by converting part of the neutrons captured by the nucleus into protons and combining the four nucleons. In this mode, the operation of the nodes and systems of the source is controlled and the power of the produced energy is automatically maintained at a given level. To reduce the power of the source, the neutron flux coming from the main neutron generator is reduced, and to increase the power, the number of incoming neutrons is increased.

 5) Stop mode.

 To stop and turn off the source, the neutrons from the auxiliary reactor are switched off. This leads to the cessation of nuclear fusion reactions. As the reactor cools, the nodes and systems of the source are turned off.

 If magnesium-24 is used as the initial reagent, then irradiating it with neutrons gives the following chain of synthesis reactions (see Table 2).

 Argon is an inert gas; it is not suitable for use in subsequent reactions; it is pumped out of the reactor core and the synthesis reaction chain is interrupted at this point.

Information confirming the possibility of nuclear fusion, the proposed method are:
1) The formation of a more complex argon nucleus 36 from the original magnesium 24 nucleus by irradiating the nucleus with neutrons.

 2) All nuclear reactions are exothermic.

 3) The resulting energy as a result of synthesis is 4.7 MeV per nucleon. Thus, the energy yield obtained using this variant of the low-temperature nuclear fusion method is not inferior to the synthesis by the nuclear collision method, and the proposed method does not have the main disadvantages inherent in the analogue.

4) Unconditional observance of the law of conservation of energy, which can be expressed in the following wording; If nucleons take part in a nuclear reaction, and as a result of the reaction, the binding energy between the nucleons increases by ΔE, then such a reaction is exothermic and an emission of energy equal to ΔE occurs.
In our example, the starting point is the magnesium 24 nucleus, the core of which contains the nucleon binding energy of 199.3 MeV. As a result of the reactions, an argon-36 nucleus was formed, the binding energy of which is 308.3 MeV. Thus, the released energy is 308.3 - 199.3 = 109 MeB + The energy of conversion of six neutrons into protons of the order of 4.8 MeV, totaling 113.8 MeV, which corresponds to the calculated values.

 5) To implement the method, the desire of nucleons in the nucleus to unite into fours (Yu.M. Shirokov and NP Yudin. Nuclear Physics. M., 1972, p. 182) was used.

 6) The ability of nuclei overloaded with neutrons to convert part of the neutrons into protons was used.

When 1 kg of magnesium-24 is consumed, energy is obtained) of the order of 10.9 • 10 ¹⁰ kcal, which corresponds to the combustion of 9.63 thousand tons of gasoline.

Literature
1. Tsarev V.A. Low temperature nuclear fusion. UFN, 1990, v. 160, no. 11, pp. 1-49.

 2. Tsarev V.A. New data on low-temperature nuclear fusion. Physics-Uspekhi 1991, vol. 161, no. 4.

 3. Physical encyclopedic dictionary. 1983, p. 784. Guided thermonuclear fusion.

 4. Shirokov Yu.M. and Yudin N.P. Nuclear physics. 1980 year

5. Alekseev G. N. The formation and development of nuclear energy. 1990, p. 351
6. Mukhin K.N. Experimental nuclear physics. 1983, vol. 1, 2.

 7. Kiselev G.V. Problems of the development of nuclear energy. 1990 g.

 8. Nuclear power today and tomorrow. 1989, p. 151 Thermonuclear energy.

 9. Kashcheev V.P., Levadny V.A. Atomic Energy. Past, present and future.

 10. Nuclear industry of foreign countries. 1980 year

 11. Nuclear and thermonuclear energy of the future. Ed. V. A, Chuyanova, 1987

 12. Engineering and physical problems of thermonuclear energy, 1989

 13. Neutron-energy problems of thermonuclear installations. 1989 year

Claims (3)

 1. A controlled energy source based on the use of low-temperature nuclear fusion and designed for exothermic nuclear reactions, comprising a nuclear fusion reactor, a control system, a protection system and service systems, characterized in that it further comprises a turbogenerator, a main neutron generator that emits neutrons upon irradiation of heavy water with gamma radiation coming from the reagent, a neutron multiplier, and as a reagent such elements as lithium-7, boron-11, nitrogen-15, flu -19, sodium-23, magnesium-24, aluminum-27, silicon-28, phosphorus-31, sulfur-32, chlorine-35, potassium-39, calcium-40, scandium-45, in the nuclei of which upon irradiation with neutrons, passing through the moderator, neutron capture, beta minus decay and the formation of nuclei with a larger atomic number than the original nucleus, and the union of nucleons into fours with the release of energy.  2. The method of implementing low-temperature nuclear fusion, designed to carry out exothermic nuclear reactions in controlled sources of nuclear energy, characterized in that the reagent is used such materials as lithium-7, boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, sodium- 23, aluminum-27, phosphorus-31, chlorine-35, potassium-37, scandium-45, select the appropriate material from this series for the starting reagent, loading the starting reagent into a nuclear fusion reactor, turning on the reactor and irradiating the starting material thermal n ytronami, resulting in nuclei starting material while flowing intranuclear reactions neutron capture occurs, and the increase in atomic number of nucleons in association with the four release of energy.  3. The method of implementing low-temperature nuclear fusion, designed to carry out exothermic nuclear reactions in controlled sources of nuclear energy, characterized in that the reagent is used such materials, magnesium-24, silicon-28, sulfur-32, calcium-40, to implement the method choose a neutron generator in the form of an auxiliary nuclear reactor operating on the fission of heavy nuclei, select the starting reagent, load the starting reagent into the nuclear reactor, turn on the nuclear reactor, irradiate the starting reagent thermal neutrons, as a result of irradiation of the starting material with thermal neutrons, 4 nuclei are captured by the nucleus, accompanied by the conversion of two of them into protons and the union of nucleons, two protons and two neutrons, into fours with the release of the energy of the formed bond of about 28, 48 MeV for each four nucleons .

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