RU2107461C1 - Method for identifying person by examining skeleton bone remnants - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: method involves examining a set of bone remnants including cranium with mandible, arm and/or femur and/or their fragments. The cranium with mandible are used for sequentially diagnosing race, sex and age and preliminarily identifying personality of particular individual. Arm and/or femur and/or their fragments are used for diagnosing sex and/or height and/or age of a person. The so obtained data give evidence for drawing final conclusion on particular person identification. EFFECT: enhanced reliability of method. 3 cl, 6 dwg , 42 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to forensic medicine and can be used in forensic examination, forensic science, anthropology to identify a person by bone remains.

 There are a large number of methods for determining the morphological characteristics (race, sex, age, height) of a person, determined for personal identification in the process of forensic examination of various bone remains. In particular, a method for determining race according to the features of the structure of teeth (A. Zubov, On the racial and diagnostic significance of some odontological signs. - Soviet ethnography, 1968, p. 8), a method for determining a person’s gender by craniometric indicators of the skull (V. Zvyagin Technique of cranioscopic diagnosis of human sex. - Forensic medical examination, 1983, Ma 3, pp. 15-17), a method for determining age by the mineral composition of bone tissue (Aut. St. USSR N 1192780, class A 61 B 5/00, 1984), methods for determining gender and age by anatomical and morphological display lumbar vertebral bodies (Dzhamolov D.D. Guidelines for determining the species, gender and age of the lumbar vertebrae of the skeleton of an adult.- M .: publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Health, 1978, pp.3-28), methods for determining growth by osteometric indicators the humerus and femur (Pashkova V.I. and Reznikov B.D. Forensic medical identification of the person by the bone remains. - Saratov, publishing house of the University of Saratov, 1978, p.229-268) and others.

 All these methods determine one specific morphological characteristic of a person by specific bone remains (bones), but do not give a general idea of the identity of a particular person.

 There is also a method of identifying a person by skeletal bone remains, including determining their species, bone remains of one or several skeletons, establishing the anatomical and morphological characteristics of a person by determining sex, age, race and height, identifying a person’s personality (Pashkova V.I. and Reznikov B.D. Forensic medical identification of a person by bone remains.- Saratov: Saratov University Press, 1978, p. 4-5).

 The known method does not allow identification with high reliability, because it does not define a specific set of bone remains by which identification is carried out, nor does it give a sequence of determining the morphological characteristics of a person that significantly affect the accuracy of identification of a person.

 The objective of the invention is to increase the reliability of identification.

 The objective is achieved by the fact that in the known method of identifying a person by skeletal bone remains, including determining their species, bone remains of one or more skeletons, and / or establishing morphological characteristics of a person by diagnosing a person’s gender, race, age and height, identifying a person’s personality , personal identification is carried out by a set of bone remains, including a skull with a lower jaw, a humerus and a femur and / or fragments thereof, for which the skull with the lower jaw establish the morphological characteristics of the person, sequentially diagnosing the race, gender, age of the person, and carry out a preliminary identification of the personality of a particular person, and gender and / or height and / or age are diagnosed by the humerus and / or femur bones and / or their fragments person, and on the basis of the data obtained make the final conclusion on the identification of the personality of a particular person.

 In addition, the race, gender, age and height of a person is determined by two or more methods for determining them that exist for the bones indicated in the set. In this case, the preliminary identification of the person by the skull with the lower jaw is carried out by the method of verbal portrait and / or computer-assisted image overlay, and / or by comparing the condition of the teeth of the skull with the lower jaw with an intravital dental formula.

 The proposed method determines the specific minimum set of bone remains by which the identification is carried out, and determines the sequence of the entire identification process, as well as the sequence of determining the morphological characteristics of a person, allowing identification with high reliability of 99 ± 0.1%, not only for whole bones, but also to their fragments. The reliability of the proposed method is confirmed by comparing data on the identity of a particular person, obtained by the proposed method, with intravital data of an identified specific person.

 Initially, if it is not known to whom the bone remains belong, the species belonging of the existing bone remains is established, i.e. determined: skeletal remains of a person or animal. The identification of bone remains is carried out by the comparative anatomical method (Pashkova V.I. and Reznikov B.D. Forensic medical identification of the person by bone remains.- Saratov: publishing house of the University of Saratov, 1978, p. 38-41).

 With a negative result of the comparative anatomical method, species can be determined by other well-known methods: serological (A. Tumanov, Forensic medical examination of material evidence. - M.: Medgiz, 1961, p.119-160); spectrographic (Yablonsky MF On the issue of forensic identification of long tubular bones of a person by mineral composition. - M. - Stavropol: 1972, p. 111-112); histological (Anatomy of domestic animals / Under the editorship of prof. A.I. Akayevsky. M: Kolos, 1984, pp. 27-30).

 Simultaneously with the determination of the species affiliation of the bone remains, the affiliation of the bone remains to one or several skeletons is established by the absence of the same skeleton bones in the bone remains. If it is reliably known that the bone remains belong to the human skeleton, then the determination of their species affiliation is not carried out.

 From the existing bone remains, a skull with a lower jaw and a humerus and / or femur and / or fragments thereof are selected for identification. For subsequent identification by the skull with the lower jaw, an anatomical and morphological study is carried out, including osteometry of the skull, their x-ray examination and determination of the shape of the skull. The data obtained as a result of the study are then used in the process of determining morphological characteristics and with preliminary identification of a person. Then the morphological characteristics of a person are established in the following sequence: race, gender, age. To establish each of the morphological characteristics, two or more methods of its determination are used with a reliability of 87-95% existing in the test set.

 The establishment of a race is carried out according to the anatomical and morphological parameters of the skull (Gerasimov M.M. Fundamentals of facial restoration from the skull.- Sov. Science, 1949, p. 7-45) and / or according to the peculiarities of the structure of teeth (A. Zubov, About racial- diagnostic value of some odontological features. - Soviet ethnography, 1968, N 8, p.32), and / or craniometric indicators of the skull (V. Zvyagin. Forensic medical identification of the person by the skull. Abstract of the dissertation. - M, 1981, p. 16-24).

 The sex of a person is determined by the anatomical and morphological features of the skull (Pashkova V.I. and Reznikov B.D. Forensic medical identification of a person by bone remains. - Saratov, Saratov University Press, 1978, p. 76) and / or lower jaw (O. P. Korovyansky et al. Forensic medical examination, 1984, N 3, p. 36-37), and / or sexual characteristics of teeth (Pashkova V.I. and Reznikov B.D., ibid., P. 101-105), and / or craniometric indicators of the skull (Zvyagin VN Technique of cranioscopic diagnosis of human sex. - Forensic medical examination, 1983, N 3, p.15-17).

 The age of a person is determined by the dental status - teething and / or degree of tooth erasure (B. Svadkovsky. Textbook of forensic dentistry. Medicine, 1974, pp. 132- 135, Song Hangvei, Jingtao. The Ectimotion of Tooth Age from Attrition of Occlusal furfuce. - Med. Sci Laro, 1989, v. 29. N 1, p.69-73; Tetsuji Takei. The use of tooth attritions in age estimation - Jap. Ly.J, 1981, v. 36, N 6, p. 400-410; Hikio Hayashi. The estimation age of tooth attritions. Med. Sci. Laro, 1968, v. 8, N 3, p. 4-12; forensische Wissenschaften. 1982, Heft, v. 33- 44).

 Then, a preliminary identification of the person is carried out, which is carried out by the method of compiling a verbal portrait (M. Gerasimov. Fundamentals of facial restoration from the skull. - Sov. Science, 1949, p. 7-45) and / or computer-assisted image overlay (S. Abramov. The program complex "Automation of comparative research in forensic-portrait identification using the overlay method" .- M., 1993), and / or by comparing the condition of the teeth of the skull and lower jaw with an intravital dental formula.

 In parallel with the studies conducted on the skull and lower jaw, or after their conduct, the morphological characteristics of a person are established, namely: gender and / or height, and / or age along the humerus and / or along the femur and / or their fragments. To do this, osteometry of the humerus and / or femur is initially performed (Alekseev V.P. Osteometry.- M .: Nauka Publishing House, 1966, pp. 75-81, 148-160) and their x-ray examination, and the obtained data are then used for subsequent research.

 According to the presented fragments of the femurs, the sex and their lengths are determined according to the method of A. Sterlin (Sterlin A.I. Osteometric studies of the femur or its fragments during a forensic examination of a skeletonized corpse. Abstract of the dissertation. - Barnaul: 1979, p.27).

 Sex is determined by the anatomical and morphological and osteometric indicators of the humerus and / or femur (Pashkova V.I. and Reznikov B.D., ibid., Pp. 182-183).

 Human growth is determined by osteometric indicators of the humerus and / or femur (Pashkova V. I. Essays on forensic osteology. - M.: Medgiz, 1963, pp. 115-127).

 The age of a person is established by osteometric indicators of the humerus and / or femur (V. Pashkova, Essays on Forensic Medical Osteology, Moscow: Medgiz, 1963, p. 81-86).

 Based on the results of a study of the skull with the lower jaw and the humerus and / or femur and / or their fragments and the available intravital data on a particular person, a final conclusion is made on the identification of the personality of a particular person.

 The following are examples illustrating the proposed method.

EXAMPLE 1
Bone remains are presented for identification, including an open skull with a lower jaw and a left humerus and a left femur. It is necessary to establish whether the indicated skeletal remains of a skeleton belong to citizen A, born in 1952, whose expected death date is September 1995. There is also a lifetime photograph of citizen A, his height is known - 163-167 cm, and his medical record is attached to the dental patient.

 1. ANATOMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SKULL AND LOWER JAW.

 According to the state of fusion of the suture between the sphenoid and occipital bones, the age of an unknown person whose skeleton belongs to the skull is older than 16-18 years. This made it possible to carry out further identification of the skull using methods developed for the skeleton of an adult (over 17-20 years old).

 a) Osteometry of the skull (dimensions that are important for the diagnosis of race, gender, and the preparation of a "verbal portrait") are presented in Table 1.

 The gender of the skull is determined by the presence of a large number of probable signs characteristic of this gender. In the presence of at least one reliable sign, the studied skull is assigned to the gender to which the reliable sign belongs.

 Thus, the studied skull reliably belongs to the skeleton of the male face.

 b) X-ray examination of the skull and lower jaw is carried out with the aim of detecting pathological changes in bone tissue, identifying x-ray structural signs of the structure of the bones of the skull, and also eliminating the presence of foreign inclusions in the bone tissue and cavity of the skull.

 X-ray diffraction is carried out by the apparatus "DR-1T UHL 4" on a film "RM-1", placed in a cassette without reinforcing screens, with the operating mode: focal length 70 mm, mAs 4 - 6 minutes

 On the negative and positive photographic imprints of the X-ray of the skull (front projection), the contours of the bones of the arch, base and facial skeleton are quite clearly distinguished. The occipital sutures without signs of former traumatic changes (elements of bone calluses) are clearly distinguishable. The frontal and maxillary sinuses are clearly defined without thickening and interruptions in the contours of the walls and the bottom.

 Excessive porosity of the bone tissue of the bones of the arch and facial skull was not detected.

 Thus, the revealed x-ray structural changes in the bone tissue of the skull are inherent in mature and late adulthood.

 c) Determination of the shape of the skull and the shape of the orbits.

где
В - поперечный размер черепа - 138,0 мм;
А - продольный размер черепа -175,0 мм.The cranial index, which is the percentage ratio between the smallest (transverse) and largest (longitudinal) dimensions of the arch of the skull under study, is calculated by the formula

Where
B - transverse size of the skull - 138.0 mm;
And - the longitudinal size of the skull is -175.0 mm.

 Dolichocrane (narrow) skulls are characterized by a ratio of the width of the cranial vault to a length of less than 75%. Mesocranes (medium wide) have a cranial index of 75 to 79.9%. And, finally, skulls with an index of more than 80% are attributed to brachicran (broad, short).

 Thus, the investigated skull in shape refers to mesocrane.

где
С - высотный размер черепа -145,0 мм;
А - продольный размер черепа -175,0 мм.The value of the altitude indicator, which is a percentage of the altitude of the skull to its longitudinal size, is calculated by the formula

Where
C is the height of the skull -145.0 mm;
And - the longitudinal size of the skull is -175.0 mm.

 The height of the skull is divided into high (gypsum) with an index of more than 75%; medium-high (orthocrane) with an indicator of 70 to 74.9%; low (chamencranes) with an indicator of less than 70%.

 Thus, the investigated skull in height refers to gypsum.

где
H - высота орбиты;
L - длина орбиты.The value of the Brock orbit pointer, which is a percentage of the height of the left orbit to its length, is determined by the formula

Where
H is the height of the orbit;
L is the length of the orbit.

 On the Brock scale, the following forms of the orbit are distinguished: chamenoconchus - up to 82.99% (Negroid), mesoconchus - 83.00-88.99% (Caucasoid), gypsiconchus - more than 89.00% (Mongoloid). Thus, the shape of the orbits of the studied skull according to Brock is the mesoconch.

2. RACE DIAGNOSTICS
The signs necessary for the diagnosis of race are given in Table 2.

When establishing a race to study the characteristics of dental status, one should keep in mind:
if the examined skull has all three signs: 2.4., 2.5., 2.6. - belonging of the skull to the Mongoloid race is considered proven;
if the signs inherent in the teeth of the Mongoloid are absent, therefore, we can talk about the belonging of the studied teeth to a Caucasian or Negroid;
if there is a set of features 2.1., 2.10., 2.11., 2.12. - reliably diagnosed a person of a black race;
in the absence of reliable signs on the teeth inherent in the representatives of the Mongoloid or Negroid race, they conclude that the teeth belong to the representative of the Caucasian race;
with weakly expressed main signs or with only a few secondary ones, you should think about a mixed race - or a Caucasoid-Mongoloid mestizo, or a representative of one of the nationalities that developed in the distant past when the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races were mixed (Kazakhs, Khakass, Mari, etc.) .

 Thus, the totality of the identified racial traits allows us to speak about the Caucasian race of the individual whose skeleton belongs to the studied skull.

3. FLOOR DIAGNOSTICS
a) Cranioscopic diagnosis of human sex
An assessment of the qualitative signs of sexual dimorphism presented for the study of the skull is presented in Table 3.

где
ДК - дополнительный коэффициент;
М - количество мужских вариантов;
Ж - количество женских вариантов.Evaluation of the data produced by the formula

Where
DK - an additional factor;
M - the number of male options;
F - the number of female options.

Женщины - - 20.681 и менее
Пол не установлен - от - 20.682 до + 26.552
Мужчины - +26.553 и более
Диагностический коэффициент: + 71,6.Threshold DC Levels

Women - - 20.681 and less
Sex not established - from - 20.682 to + 26.552
Men - +26.553 and more
Diagnostic coefficient: + 71.6.

 Thus, the studied skull refers to the skeleton of a male individual.

b) Diagnosis of human gender in the lower jaw
The essence of the method consists in sequentially fixing the size of the jaw and evaluating them according to the tabular values of the diagnostic coefficient (DC).

 Dimensional values (in mm) of 14 anthropometric signs of gender differences in the lower jaw were obtained by fixing 29 points characterizing its relief.

 Each value corresponds to certain DCs, which are added up to the threshold value (DC) with the sign (+) or (-).

 The sign (+) DK is typical for males.

 The sign (-) of the Palace of Culture is characteristic of the female sex.

 The reliability of the answer (87-99.9%) is established according to Table 4.

 The results of the diagnosis of sex in the lower jaw of the studied skull are presented in table 5.

 Thus, the revealed anatomical and morphological signs of the structure of the lower jaw of the skull, submitted for examination, are reliably (in 90.0% of cases) inherent in the male person.

 4. DIAGNOSTIC AGE.

a) Establishment of age by dental status
Individual age diagnostics according to the degree of tooth erasure are given in Tables 6 and 7.

Thus, according to the methodology, the age of an unknown man in table 6 is 44.06 years and in table 7 - 45.88 years
b) Individual diagnosis of age according to the degree of fusion of the sutures of the skull
In order to identify and exclude from the subsequent study of the skull with abnormal and premature closure (craniostenosis) of the sutures, an analysis of their overgrowth from the outer bone plate with respect to its inner surface is carried out. The sequence of closure of the coronary, sagittal, and occipital sutures is studied in relation to each other, taking into account the shape and gender of the skull.

Specific signs of craniostenosis are:
1. Premature ossification of one or more cranial sutures:
a. complete absence of a diploic tooth in the area of the former suture;
b. the complete absence of a suture line, including on the outer compact plate (not observed normally even in elderly people).

 2. The occurrence of a characteristic deformation of the cranial vault and base (scaphocephaly, scaphoid, keel heads, tower skull, acrocephaly, turicocephaly, plagiocephaly, trigonocephaly, clinocephaly, wedge-shaped head, triangular skull, oxycephaly, pointed head, "sugar head".

3. An increase in intracranial pressure as a result of a mismatch between the size of the brain and the volume of the skull (determined primarily by the time of premature suture overgrowth):
a. deepening of the vascular grooves and sinuses, a decrease in the number of diploic veins and their ampoule-shaped expansion, the development of venous graduates in the occipital region;
b. significant prevalence of finger impressions and pronounced thinning of the bones of their bottom;
in. underdevelopment or lack of pneumatization of the frontal and sphenoid bones;
G. a sharp compaction of the bones of the arch and the lack of severity of their differentiation into layers; replacement of lamellar tissue of the inner plate with osteon structures.

In addition, when applying the methodology for determining age at the seams of the cranial vault, it is necessary to take into account some restrictive conditions:
1. Seams on the side of the outer surface of the skull have a weak ability to completely close, in contrast to the seams on its inner surface.

 2. On the inner surface of the skull, the coronal suture is most infectious, the arrow-shaped one is weaker, and the occipital one is even weaker.

 3. On male turtles, from the side of the outer surface, the maximum closing speed is characteristic for the swept seam, and the minimum for the coronal. Overgrowth of the occipital suture is intermediate between them.

 In women, the marked external sutures grow evenly in relation to each other, with insignificant greater activity of the coronary and lesser - occipital.

 4. In persons of both sexes, the difference in the rates of joint overgrowth is more characteristic of dolichocranes than meso- and brachicranes.

The technique cannot be applied:
1. If craniostenosis or other pathological changes in the skull are diagnosed.

 2. If the overgrowth of one or more seams from the side of the outer surface of the cranial vault is much stronger than from the side of its inner surface.

 3. If the closing sequence of the coronal, arrow-shaped and occipital sutures does not meet the restrictive conditions set forth above.

 Thus, visually and by stereomicroscopic examination of the sutures of the skull, as well as with the above anatomical and morphological examination of the skull, no signs of craniostenosis were found, which allows the use of this technique.

Age determination by the degree of suture healing using the equations of multiple polynomial regression is carried out according to the formula
y = a ₀ + a ₁ X ₁ + a ₂ X ₁ + ... ak X3n = ± S
Where
y is the predicted age;
a ₀ is a constant coefficient;
a _{1 is the} regression coefficient;
X - value of signs in points (independent variables);
S is the value of the arithmetic mean error.

 The calculated data are given in tables 8 and 9.

 c) Establishing the individual age of an unknown man by correlation averaging.

где
y - усредненный возраст;
y_i - искомый возраст;
R_i - коэффициент множественной корелляции
Таким образом, по степени стирания зубов и облитерации швов черепа индивидуальный "костный" (биологический) возраст неизвестного мужчины составляет 44,73±2 года.

Where
y is the average age;
y _i is the desired age;
R _i - multiple correlation coefficient
Thus, according to the degree of tooth abrasion and obliteration of the sutures of the skull, the individual “bone” (biological) age of an unknown man is 44.73 ± 2 years.

 Thus, according to the degree of obliteration of the sutures of the skull, the age of an unknown man is 44.6 ± 4 years.

5. PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERSONALITY OF A SPECIFIC PERSON
a) Study of the submitted photograph.

 The intravital photograph (Fig. 1) of citizen A. is a black and white photograph measuring 5x6 cm, with a frontal image of the head and upper third of the chest of a man aged about 40 years. Low quality image with no signs of retouching. The positions of constant points are poorly distinguishable.

 Facial contour in fas oval, with left-side asymmetry. The forehead in the face is medium in height, narrow, the frontal tubercles are poorly developed, the hairline is M-shaped with significant frontal bald patches, the hair on the head is dark, short, combed to the right, the general shape of the upper part of the head is oval. The eyebrows are short, sparse, in shape closer to horizontal, far apart, there is a break in their tail area. Their width is uniform along the entire length. Facial features are on average small. The eyes are medium. The corners of the eyes are slightly contoured. Broad nose. The nose is of medium width, its tip is slightly lowered, fleshy. The nostrils are low. The nasolabial filter is quite pronounced. The mouth is closed, small. The lower lip is more pronounced than the upper lip. The chin is round, without a distinct dimple. The corners of the lower jaw are rounded. Auricles are medium, adjacent. Elements of the auricles are not distinguishable. The lobes are free.

 Thus, due to the low quality, the presented photograph of the passport sample of citizen A. was recognized conditionally suitable for the photo-registration method and for correlation analysis and can be used to identify a person by comparing verbal portraits.

b) Identification of the person by the method of verbal portrait
The left-side asymmetry of the studied face and skull shown in FIG. 2
Thus, left-side asymmetry is revealed in the skull and photograph.

 An analysis of the signs of appearance elements according to the skull and photographs submitted for examination is given in Table 10.

 Thus, a comparative study of the predicted signs of appearance in the structure of the skull and signs of the structure of the face in a lifetime photograph of citizen A. revealed their complete coincidence in 25 comparable elements of appearance, which, taking into account the results of the diagnosis of age, allowed us to attribute the investigated skull to the skeleton of citizen A., born in 1952.

b) Computer-assisted image overlay
It is performed using a specialized hardware and software complex consisting of IBM PC / AT-386, a television input and image processing system, as well as programs providing the creation of a three-dimensional model of anatomical constants of the skull, projecting these constants onto the head image, visualizing the results of superimposing images and obtaining solid copies of images on a printing device.

According to the technique, constant points on the face image are noted as follows:
1 point (tray) - is marked at the intersection of the midline of the face with a horizontal line drawn through the lower edges of the wings of the nose, when combined, it can deviate only vertically by 1-2 pixels;
2-3 points (the tops of the tragus of the auricles) - are marked along the edge of the tragus in their middle part, on a perpendicular restored from the center of the base line, when combined, they can deviate only horizontally by 3-4 pixels;
4 point (selion) - the deepest point of the nose in the middle of its width is marked at the level of the lower edge of the eyebrow head, when combined, it can deviate only vertically by 1-2 pixels;
5-8 points (outer and inner corners of the eyes) - are marked at the junction of the lower and upper eyelids of both open eyes, when combined, they can deviate only 3-4 pixels along the line connecting the corners of the eyes;
9 point (center of width and length of the back of the nose) - it is marked below the celion point 1/3 of the distance from the celion to the tray point; when aligned, it can deviate only vertically by 1-2 pixels;
10-11 points (elytra) - are marked on a horizontal line at the location of the upper points of the wings of the nose; when combined, they can deviate only horizontally by 1-2 pixels;
12-13 points (corners of the mouth) - are marked on the closing line of the lips in the corners of the mouth, sometimes they can be hidden by the age-related nasolabial fold, when combined they can deviate vertically and horizontally by 1-2 pixels;
14 point (center of the lip closing line) - is marked on the midline at the lip closing point, when combined, it can deviate only vertically by 1-2 pixels;
15 point (supramental) - is marked on the midline at the deepest point of the chin; when aligned, it can deviate only vertically by 1-2 pixels;
16 point (chin) - is marked in the midline along the lower edge of the chin; when aligned, it can deviate only vertically by 1-2 pixels.

 The "coincidence" of the image of the head and skull is checked by the projection ratio of their constants and contours, taking into account the scale of the images and the thickness standards of the soft tissues of the head. The results of the study are entered using the program into the PC memory. In this case, the relative position of the constants of the same name within the permissible spread is taken into account as “similarities” in the signs, and the discrepancy in their location (outside the limits of the permissible spread of points) is considered as “differences”.

The projection ratios of the contours and elements of the head and skull are taken into account in a similar way in three respects:
by congruence of the contours of the same name;
by the relative position of the elements of the same name of the head and skull;
according to the relative positions of the contours to the standards of the thickness of the soft integument of the head.

 To obtain the final result of a comparative study, assess the identified similarities and differences.

Differences that can be explained:
a change in the general shape of the skull as a result of its traumatic injuries or post-mortem destruction;
the difference in the age of the person shown in the photograph with the age of the deceased;
head position (turns, bends) or facial expressions;
orientation markup of individual signs in the images of the head or skull;
are regarded as insignificant, not excluding the geometric similarity of the compared objects, that is, not excluding, with a sufficient set of similar features, their skeleton belonging to the face depicted in the photograph.

 The differences, which cannot be explained by the reasons listed above, are recognized as significant, denying the geometric similarity of identification, i.e., excluding the skull from belonging to the intended person.

 The results of a comparative study are presented in figure 3 and in table. 11-13. In a comparative study, no differences were found.

c) Identification of the person by the state of the dentition
Forensic odontocard compose according to the studied skull of the unknown (Fig. 2). The dental formula is given in table. 14
Dentistry Status:
In case of post-mortem tooth loss, the holes in the place of missing teeth are deep, not filled with connective tissue, the edges of the holes are sharp (-).

 After 3 months, the hole of the extracted tooth is mainly filled with bone tissue. Its upper part is somewhat different from the surrounding bone tissue of the alveolar process in color and structure (3).

 After 6 months, the bone tissue is no different from the jaw bone, which leads to a thinning and decrease in height of the alveolar process in place of the extracted tooth (atrophy of the alveolar process) (3).

Caries. A progressive localized lesion of hard tissues, leading to the formation of a cavity defect in them. Signs of the disease are:
a) dark spots on the enamel (initial stage);
b) softening of enamel, dentin and cement (deepening of the process);
c) carious cavities on the crown;
g) the destruction of the crown.

Localization:
cervical (enamel damage in the neck of the tooth);
fissure (lesion of the furrows of the chewing surface);
atypical (damage to free surfaces);
approximate (damage to contact surfaces).

 Anomalies in the position of the teeth.

 mesioposition of teeth - an inclination or body displacement of teeth along the anterior arch (both front and side teeth). With mesial displacement of the lateral teeth, the dentition is shortened, the place in the dental arch for permanent incisors, fangs and premolars decreases, which causes the eruption of individual teeth outside the dental arch or their retension. With anomalies in the location of the fangs - a close arrangement of the front teeth, their layering on each other, rotation around the longitudinal axis, displacement of individual teeth from the dental arch, violation of the closing of the lips, incorrect pronunciation of individual speech sounds.

Defects in the dentition (Kennedy classification):
IV dentitions with flaws included in the anterior section.

Functional Bite:
Type 3 - pterygoid (stegontia), a sharp protrusion of the upper incisors.

 Variations of natural prognathism.

 Simple prognathism: the upper jaw and its incisors are beveled forward; incisors of the lower jaw retain their vertical position.

 Thus, the missing 20, 21, 23 teeth per n / h were lost posthumously. 5 teeth per military unit and 19 tooth per unit / hour was lost during life for at least 6 months before death. 30, 31 teeth per n / h were lost during life for at least 3 months before death. During his life, a man whose skeleton owns a skull suffered from severe caries of various localizations, for which he received specialized medical care in a dental clinic, where cement fillings for 4, 7, 12 teeth for military unit and for 17 were delivered at different times. 18, 29 teeth on the lower jaw.

 In addition, when studying the odontological status, an anomaly of the position of the teeth was revealed, which was expressed in the mesial (body displacement anterior) deviation of 25 tooth (1st incisor on the right) in the lower jaw, which, according to Kennedy's classification, belongs to class IV dentition defects.

 The revealed features of the dentofacial apparatus, submitted for examination of the skull, are assessed as "a sign that contributes to the identification of the person."

 Comparative study on odontostatus (method of comparison).

Comparative study were subject to:
the text part of the extract from the odontocard in the name of citizen A .;
odontostatus of teeth on the upper and lower jaws of the examined skull.

 The dental formula marked in the medical file of the dental patient and compiled in the study of the dentition on the presented skull is shown in table. fifteen.

In this case, the presence of:
similarities in the description of the life-time dental formula of citizen A. and the dental formula drawn up when examining the dentoalveolar apparatus on the skull presented (according to the signs of medical intervention on 2, 4, 5 teeth, military unit on the right; on 2, 4 teeth, military unit on the left; on 6 5 teeth n / h on the right and 6, 8 teeth n / h on the left;
differences, not significant, in the state of 3, 5 teeth on the upper jaw on the left and 7, 8 teeth on the lower jaw on the right;
no matches were found due to the lack of intravital radiographs of the teeth of citizen A. with signs of medical intervention;
Thus, the above comparative study allows us to speak out, with a high degree of probability, about the belonging of the studied skull to the skeleton of citizen A.

6. IDENTIFICATION BY HUMAN AND FEMORAL BONES
For examination, the left femur and left humerus of a person deprived of soft tissues are presented. After maceration in water for 10 days, removal of the remnants of soft tissues, cartilage, periosteum by mechanical means and acetone degreasing bone preparations from the surface of gray-yellow color, without mechanical damage.

A. Osteometry
When measuring fresh bones, 2 mm is subtracted from the obtained bone length, 1-2 mm from the circumference.

Brachial bone:
the greatest length - the distance between the highest point of the head and the lowest point of the shoulder block is 320 mm;
the width of the distal pineal gland - the distance between the most medially located point of the internal condyle and the most laterally located point of the external condyle - 58 mm;
head circumference - along the edge of the articular surface - 143 mm;
the circumference of the middle of the diaphysis is determined by half of the largest bone length, usually it is located several millimeters above the lower limit of the deltoid tuberosity - 73 mm;
the smallest diaphysis circumference - is determined a few millimeters below the deltoid tuberosity -71 mm;
the diameter of the humerus (on the radiograph) - determined on the border of the middle lower third of the bone (in the narrowest part of the diaphysis) - 20.6 mm;
the thickness of the compact layer (in the radiograph) is at the same level, determined by summing the indicators when measuring the thickness of the compact layer from the medial and lateral sides of the bone - 5.0 + 5.0 = 10.0 mm.

Left femur:
total length of the femur (in the natural position) - the distance from the highest point of the femur to the plane passing through the lowest lying points of the lateral and medial condyles tightly pressed against the vertical wall of the osteometric board - 441 mm;
degree of bending - the distance from the point most protruding upward on the front surface of the diaphysis to the osteometric board, on which the femur is located with its back surface - 37 mm;
the width of the distal epiphysis — the distance between the points farthest from each other on the lateral surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles — 81.4 mm;
the circumference of the middle of the diaphysis - is determined visually or by the length of the bone - 94 mm;
bone diameter in the narrowest part of the bone marrow cavity (on the radiograph) - approximately at the border of the upper and middle third - 26.2 mm;
the width of the proximal pineal gland (in the radiograph) is the distance between the end point of the axis of the femoral neck on the lateral side of the bone and the point farthest from the femoral head is 97 mm.

B. X-ray examination
The study is performed to identify signs of age-related changes in bone tissue, to exclude or confirm painful changes, as well as to exclude the presence of foreign bodies, such as bullets, grains.

 X-ray diffraction is carried out by the DR-1T UHL4 apparatus on a RM-1 film during operation: focal length 70 cm, 4-6 mAs.

 On radiographs and positive photographic prints, signs of osteoporosis were observed in the bones of the human skeleton of a given age period of bone tissue development.

 Pronounced pathological changes that could affect age-related changes in bone tissue, for example, deforming ostosis, severe osteoporosis, etc., were not found.

 In addition, foreign inclusions in the bone tissue were not detected.

 Thus, painful changes in bone tissue, which can affect the rate of its age-related changes, were not revealed radiographically.

B. Gender Diagnostics
The method is based on the study of osteometric and radiological signs of the humerus, femur, tibia and fibula of the human skeleton.

 To determine whether a bone belongs to any sex, it is necessary to calculate the sum of the diagnostic coefficients (DC) obtained on the experimental material. As soon as the amount of DC exceeds a certain limit, the individual is considered diagnosed.

Diagnostic coefficients for determining the sex of the humerus and femur are presented in tables 16 and 17
Boundary values of the amount of DC:
± 128 - the probability of an incorrect diagnosis of 0.05 (96.6% - a positive result);
± 200 - probability of error 0.01 (99.0% - positive result);
± 300 - the probability of error is 0.001 (99.9% is a positive result).

 The transition of the amount of DC through a positive boundary value means that the individual is a woman, and if it deviates in the negative direction - a man.

 The most valuable features are the circumference of the head and the minimum circumference of the humerus, as well as the width of the distal pineal gland and the circumference of the femoral head, where from 64.4 to 47.0% of all cases have DC values exceeding ± 128.

 Thus, the obtained diagnostic coefficient (-274) did not allow to determine the gender of the humerus.

 Thus, the obtained diagnostic coefficient (-164) did not allow to determine the gender of the femur.

 D. DETERMINATION OF GROWTH. DIAGNOSTICS.

 Determining the height of an unknown man.

a) according to I.I.-V.Nainis
L = 74.30 + 2.814; H ± 9.78 cm;
L = 64.63 + 2.297; F ± 8.85 cm;
L = 57.47 + 1.012; H + 1.705; F ± 8.64 cm.

 According to the author’s tabular data: the length of the humerus (320 mm) corresponds to a height of 164 cm; the length of the femur (446 mm) corresponds to a height of 166 cm.

Along the humerus
L1 = 74.30 + 2.814 • 32.0 = 164.35 ± 9.78 cm
On the femur
L2 = 64.63 + 2.297 • 44.6 = 167.08 ± 8.85 cm
On the humerus and femur
L3 = 57.47 + 1.012 • 32.0 + 1.705 • 44.6 = 165.9 ± 8.64 cm
Thus, the growth of an unknown man whose skeleton belongs to the studied long tubular bones lies in the range 164.35 - 165.9 cm.

b) Determination of the growth of an unknown man according to Lorca, Münzner and Walter
S = 65.98 + 3.133 • H
S = 61.34 + 2.358 • F
Along the humerus
S1 = 65.98 + 3.133 • 32.0 = 166.24 cm
On the femur
S2 = 61.34 + 2.358 • 44.6 = 166.51 cm
Thus, the growth of an unknown man whose skeleton belongs to the test bones lies in the range 162.26 - 172 cm.

c) Determining the height of an unknown woman according to Pearson
S = 81.231 + 1.880 • F
S = 70.714 + 2.894 • H
S = 68.287 + 1.030 • F + 1.557 • H
Along the humerus
S = 81.231 + 1.880 • 32.0 = 165.08
On the femur:
S = 70.714 + 2.894 • 44.6 = 163.32
On the humerus and femur:
S = 68.287 + 1.030 • 44.6 + 1.557 • 32.0 = 164.05
d) Determination of growth according to the tabular data of Manouvrier (1892)
the length of the humerus (320 mm) corresponds to the growth of 164.4 cm
the length of the femur (446 mm) corresponds to a height of 166.6 cm
Thus, according to this technique, the growth of an unknown man whose skeleton belongs to the studied left femur and humerus lies in the range of 164-166 cm.

 E) AGE DIAGNOSTICS.

 The following were assessed: the appearance of the femur and humerus, the nature of the epiphyseal line of the upper ends of these bones, age-related changes in the compact and spongy substance, the distance of the bone marrow cavity and (c.m.) from the top of the greater trochanter of the femur and from the highest point upper epiphysis of the humerus.

It is established:
on the femur
Remoteness from the top of the greater trochanter 67.0 mm .;
Roughnesses and roughness are noted on the surface of the neck. The edges of the fossa are rough and sharp. The epiphyseal line is completely absent. The structure of the spongy substance is fine-meshed. The beams are rough. In the middle part of the head they are arranged in the form of strips, and on the lateral side and around the fossa they have a radial direction. The compact layer is solid, sturdy. On its cut, a small number of longitudinal cracks is noted. The upper edge of the bone marrow cavity is at the level of the lower edge of the lesser trochanter.

on the humerus
Remoteness from the highest point of the pineal gland 51.0 mm.

 The bone has a rounded shape. The epiphyseal line on the cut looks like a narrow ossified strip. The structure of the spongy substance is thick, thin, fine-meshed. The upper border of the bone marrow cavity is slightly lower than the surgical neck.

 Thus, the revealed features of age-related changes in the upper ends of these long tubular bones correspond to an age period of 40-49 years.

CONCLUSIONS
The skull with the lower jaw and the left humerus and femur submitted for examination belong to the same skeleton of a Caucasian, male, male (bone) (biological) age of 44.73 ± 2 years, height about 164-166 cm.

 Thus, the above data coincided with the presented anthropometric, sexual, odonto-and age-related data of citizen A., which, taking into account the positive results of the computer-based overlay method and other images submitted for examination of the skull and intravital photograph of citizen A., made it possible to come to a reliable conclusion. on the belonging of the skeletons submitted for examination to the skeleton of citizen A., born in 1952.

EXAMPLE 2
Bone remains are presented for identification, including the skull with the lower jaw, the cervical spine, two ribs on the left, fragments of the pelvic bones, fragments of the right and left femurs. It is necessary to establish the identity of a particular person, i.e. gender, age, height and verbal portrait of a particular person. For identification, the following were selected: skull with lower jaw, fragments of the right and left femurs.

1. ANATOMO-MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SKULL AND LOWER JAW
According to the state of fusion of the suture between the sphenoid and occipital bones, the age of an unknown person whose skeleton belongs to the skull is older than 16-18 years. This made it possible to carry out further identification of the skull using methods developed for the skeleton of an adult (over 17-20 years old).

 a) Osteometry of the skull (dimensions that are important for the diagnosis of race, gender, and the preparation of a “verbal portrait”) are presented in Table 18.

 The gender of the skull is determined by the presence of a large number of probable signs characteristic of this gender. In the presence of at least one reliable sign, the studied skull refers to the sex to which the reliable sign belongs.

 Thus, the examined skull probably belongs to the skeleton of the male face.

 b) X-ray examination of the skull and lower jaw is carried out with the aim of detecting pathological changes in bone tissue, identifying x-ray structural signs of the structure of the bones of the skull, and also eliminating the presence of foreign inclusions in the bone tissue and cavity of the skull.

 X-ray diffraction was carried out by the apparatus “DR-1T UHL 4” on a film “RM-1”, placed in a cassette without reinforcing screens, during operation: focal length 70 mm, mAs 4 - 6 min.

 On the negatives and positive photographic prints of the X-ray of the skull (front projection), the contours of the bones of the arch, base and facial skeleton are quite clearly distinguished. In the parietal region, thinning of the bone (thickness 20 mm) is detected, the inner bone plate is also thinned, sometimes not visible. In the temporal region, the vascular depressions are dilated. Pachyon fossae in the frontal and parietal areas are expanded. The occipital sutures are clearly distinguishable without signs of traumatic changes (discrepancies, bone callus elements). The shape of the frontal sinuses on the right is bicellular (its lateral part is elongated and has the appearance of three petals located together), on the left - single-cell.

 On the lower and upper jaws, the interalveolar septa are shortened, the necks of the teeth are exposed to 1/3 of the root length.

 Thus, signs of increased intracranial pressure have been identified.

 In addition, the above features of the frontal sinuses can be an identifying sign in a comparative study with intravital x-rays.

 c) Determination of the shape of the skull and the shape of the orbits.

где
В - поперечный размер черепа - 140,5 мм;
А - продольный размер черепа - 165,0 мм.The cranial index, which is the percentage ratio between the smallest (transverse) and largest (longitudinal) dimensions of the arch of the skull under study, is calculated by the formula

Where
B - transverse size of the skull - 140.5 mm;
And - the longitudinal size of the skull is 165.0 mm.

 Dolichocrane (narrow) skulls are characterized by a ratio of the width of the cranial vault to a length of less than 75%. Mesocranes (medium-wide) have a cranial index of 75 to 79.9%. And, finally, skulls with an index of more than 80% are attributed to brachicran (broad, short).

 Thus, the investigated skull in shape refers to brachicran.

где
С - высотный размер черепа - 132,5 мм;
А - продольный размер черепа - 165,0 мм.The value of the altitude indicator, which is a percentage of the altitude of the skull to its longitudinal size, is calculated by the formula

Where
C - the height of the skull - 132.5 mm;
And - the longitudinal size of the skull is 165.0 mm.

 The height of the skull is divided into high (gypsum) with an index of more than 75%; medium-high (orthocrane) with an indicator of 70 to 74.9%; low (chamencranes) with an indicator of less than 70%.

 Thus, the investigated skull in height refers to gypsum.

где
H - высота орбиты;
L - длина орбиты.The value of the Brock orbit pointer, which is a percentage of the height of the left orbit to its length, is determined by the formula

Where
H is the height of the orbit;
L is the length of the orbit.

 On the Brock scale, the following forms of the orbit are distinguished: chamenoconchus - up to 82.99% (Negroid), mesoconchus - 83.00-88.99% (Caucasoid), gypsiconchus - more than 89.00% (Mongoloid).

 Thus, the shape of the orbits of the studied skull according to Brock is the mesoconch.

2. RACE DIAGNOSTICS
The signs necessary for the diagnosis of race are presented in Table 19.

When establishing a race to study the characteristics of dental status, one should keep in mind:
if on the examined skull there are all three signs: 2.4., 2.5., 2.6, the membership of the skull in the Mongoloid race is considered proven;
if the signs inherent in the teeth of the Mongoloid are absent, therefore, we can talk about the belonging of the studied teeth to a Caucasian or Negroid;
if there is a complex of signs 2.1., 2.10., 2.11., 2.12., the face of the black race is reliably diagnosed.

 in the absence of reliable signs on the teeth inherent in the representatives of the Mongoloid or Negroid race, they conclude that the teeth belong to the representative of the Caucasian race.

 with weakly expressed main signs or in the presence of only a few secondary ones, one should think about a mixed race - or a Caucasoid-Mongoloid mestizo, or a representative of one of the nationalities that developed in the distant past when the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races were mixed (Kazakhs, Khakasses, Mari, etc.) .

 Thus, the totality of the identified racial traits allows us to speak about the Caucasian, with single traits, the Mongoloid race of the individual whose skeleton belongs to the studied skull.

где
ДК - дополнительный коэффициент;
М - количество мужских вариантов;
Ж - количество женских вариантов.3. FLOOR DIAGNOSTICS
a) Cranioscopic diagnosis of human sex
Assessment of the qualitative signs of sexual dimorphism presented for the study of the human skull is presented in table 20
Evaluation of the data produced by the formula

Where
DK - an additional factor;
M - the number of male options;
F - the number of female options.

Пороговые уровни ДК:
Женщины - - 20.681 и менее
Пол не установлен - от - 20.682 до + 26.552
Мужчины - + 26.553 и более
Диагностический коэффициент: + 47,7.

Threshold DC levels:
Women - - 20.681 and less
Sex not established - from - 20.682 to + 26.552
Men - + 26.553 and more
Diagnostic coefficient: + 47.7.

 Thus, the studied skull refers to the skeleton of a male individual.

4. STATE OF THE DENTAL JAW
a) Forensic odontocard compiled according to the data of the examined skull of an unknown man. The dental formula is given in table.21
ODONTOLOGICAL STATUS
with post-mortem tooth loss, the holes in the place of missing teeth are deep, not filled with connective tissue, the edges of the holes are sharp (-).

 after 3 months, the hole of the extracted tooth is mainly filled with bone tissue. Its upper part is somewhat different from the surrounding bone tissue of the alveolar process in color and structure (3).

 after 6 months, the bone tissue is no different from the jaw bone, which leads to a thinning and decrease in height of the alveolar process in place of the extracted tooth (atrophy of the alveolar process) (3).

 Caries. A progressive localized lesion of hard tissues, leading to the formation of a cavity defect in them. Signs of the disease are: d) crown destruction.

 Amphodontosis (periodontal disease). It is characterized by a generalized degenerative lesion of all periodontal tissues (affected: tooth, periodontium, alveolus and gum). Signs: exposure of the necks of the teeth (initial stage) by 1/3 of the root length.

X-ray:
decrease in the height of the alveolar processes (horizontal type of atrophy of the alveolar septa with preservation of cortical plates);
reduction of bone marrow spaces and fine-mesh bone pattern.

Osteomyelitis of the jaws:
chronic odontogenic: characterized by the presence of fistulous passages on the mucous membrane of the alveolar process with purulent discharge with small sequestration from them. On the alveolar edge of the jaw in the projection of 4 teeth on the left and 2 teeth on the right on the upper jaw, rounded bone defects with uneven edges are visible, exposing the roots of the teeth.

b) Functional bite and variations of natural prognathism
Not determined due to lack of front teeth on the upper and lower jaws.

 Thus, missing: 4, 3, 2, 1, teeth on the upper and lower jaws on both sides and 7 teeth on the left side of the jaw were lost posthumously, 7th teeth on both sides of the lower jaw were lost for at least 6 months before death, the 5th tooth on the left in the upper jaw was lost for at least 3 months before death. During his life, a man whose skeleton owns a skull suffered from periodontosis, deep caries (with the destruction of the tooth crown), complicated by osteomyelitis.

Besides:
On the lower jaw revealed;
tooth positioning of the teeth - rotation of 5 teeth on the right on the lower jaw around the axis (30 - 45 ^o );
endoposition of the posterior teeth — deflection of the inside of 8 teeth on both sides of the lower jaw — significantly pronounced and weakly expressed — 6 teeth on the lower jaw.

 Thus, the revealed features of the dentofacial apparatus presented for the examination of the skull are evaluated as a “sign that facilitates the identification of the person”.

5. AGE DIAGNOSTICS
a) Establishment of age by dental status
Age determination by the degree of erasure of individual teeth is given in table.22
Thus, the age of an individual whose skeleton belongs to the studied skull is about 30 years old. The degree of wear of the teeth of the upper jaw is shown in table.23.

 Thus, the age of the individual whose skeleton belongs to the studied skull lies in the range of 18-25 years.

 Individual diagnosis of age according to the degree of tooth erasure (according to Song).

 Considering that, according to the data in Tables 22 and 23, the “bone” (biological) age is in the range of 18-30 years, to refine the calculation, we used the data from Tables VI-VIII of this methodology for the age groups of 18-30 and 25-40 years .

 Determining age by the degree of tooth erasure using Excel 5.0 spreadsheets. by the method of Sona are given in table.24.

b) Individual diagnosis of age according to the degree of fusion of the sutures of the skull
To identify and exclude from the subsequent study of the skull with abnormal and premature closure (craniostenosis) of the sutures, an analysis of their overgrowth on the side of the outer bone plate with respect to its inner surface is carried out. We studied the sequence of closure of the coronary, arrow-shaped, and occipital sutures with respect to each other, taking into account the shape and gender of the skull.

The study revealed specific signs of craniostenosis:
1. Premature ossification of one or more cranial sutures:
a. complete absence of a diploic tooth in the area of the former suture;
b. the complete absence of a suture line, including on the outer compact plate (not observed normally even in elderly people) in the apical part of the swept suture.

An increase in intracranial pressure as a result of a mismatch between the size of the brain and the volume of the skull, in this case manifested:
a) deepening of the vascular grooves and sinuses;
b) the significant prevalence of finger impressions and pronounced thinning of the bones of their bottom;
c) a sharp compaction of the bones of the arch and the lack of severity of their differentiation into layers. Replacing the lamellar tissue of the inner plate with osteon structures;
g) thinning of the bones of the cranial vault.

 Thus, the technique cannot be applied, since specific signs of craniostenosis have been identified.

An assessment of the degree of fusion of the sutures of the skull is given in table 25
6. PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERSONALITY OF A SPECIFIC PERSON
a) Verbal portrait of the skull represented
Visually and by measuring three distances between constant points of the skull, a right-sided Z-shaped asymmetry of the studied skull was revealed.

 The measurement values are given in table.26.

 Thus, a right-sided Z-shaped asymmetry was revealed on the skull.

 An analysis of the signs of appearance elements according to the skull submitted for examination is given in Table 27.

Thus, the predicted “verbal portrait” has enough individual characteristics to identify a specific person:
the shape of the head is round, with right-side asymmetry;
general face shape in fas oval, vertical nasal profiling, average facial features;
forehead low, narrow, oblique, frontal tubercles small;
the epiglottis is narrow, the eyebrows are close, middle, horizontal or arched, the horizontal section of the eyes, the interpupillary distance is small, the eyeball does not protrude (of moderate planting depth), the eyelid is somewhat swollen, hangs in the upper external corner above the eye;
cheekbones are small;
thin, medium in height, expanding toward the tip of the nose, the width and height of the wings of the nose is average, the nose is narrow, medium in depth, the back of the nose is curved outward to the left, with a small “hump”, the base of the nose is down, the tip of the nose is medium wide, with a groove in the lower part ;
nasolabial filter is expressed only in the upper part of the nasolabial fold;
the chin is straight, medium in height, rounded with a distinguishable "fossa";
the auricles are large, moderately protruding, larger on the right.

It should be noted the following "conspicuous" appearance of an unknown man:
low, narrow forehead;
close or fused eyebrows;
thin, expanding to the tip of the nose, with some deformation of the back of the nose to the left and with a small hump.

7. IDENTIFICATION BY FEMORAL BONES AND RESTORATION OF FEMALE LENGTH BY REPRESENTED Fragments
For examination, the left and right femurs of a person deprived of soft tissues are presented. After maceration in water for 10 days, removal of the remnants of soft tissues, cartilage, periosteum mechanically and degreasing with acetone, bone preparations from the surface are gray-yellow in color. The distal and proximal ends of the bones are absent, only the small trochanter and part of the neck of the head along the medial surface are preserved in the left femur. The femoral head is presented separately. The fracture line is uneven, along the edge of the fragment there are multiple notches parallel to each other, as well as semicircular defects in the tissue with relatively even edges, about 0.3 • 0.4 cm in size.

 Thus, the characteristic features of these lesions may indicate that they were caused by the teeth of animals.

 The methodology for establishing gender and restoring the length of the femur from fragments is based on a regression analysis of osteometric, radiological signs of the structure of 120 femurs of the skeleton of an adult male and female.

The relationship between bone size, gender, and total length is described by the paired linear regression equation
Y = Y cf. + (X - X cf.) • α
Where
Y is the total length of the femur;
Wed - the average value of this length, equal for femurs from the bodies of men 439.6 ± 2, 4 mm, for bones from the bodies of women - 412.9 ± 2.3 mm;
X is one of the sizes of the femur associated with its total length (true value);
X Wed - the average value of this size (author data);
α is the coefficient of pairwise linear regression between two given sizes.

A. Determination of the total length of the femur from the fragments presented
Before restoring the total length of the femur, an anthropological group is determined from its fragment (according to the author: "small body length", "average body length", "long body length") by comparing the values of the true measurements (X) with tabular data of average values (X Wed) and taking into account the diagnosed gender of the bone.

 In a particular case, the values of the true measurements (X) correspond to the tabular data (X cf.) of the group "average body length" according to most signs. Based on this, the anthropological group “average body length” was selected to determine the total bone length.

 The data necessary to restore the total length of the femur (group - "average body length") are presented in table 28.

B) Determination of growth
a) Determining the height of an unknown man according to Pearson
Based on the fact that according to the method of A.I. Sterlin, the total length of the femur was determined, 32 mm were added to the values of 437.6 mm and 439.66 mm before determining the growth according to Pearson's data.

S1 = 81.306 + 1.88 • 46.96 = 169.59 (cm)
S2 = 81.306 + 1.88 • 47.166 = 169.98 (cm)
To find out the height of a living person to whom the bones belonged, 1.26 cm were subtracted from the body length established by the formula.

 Thus, the body length of the unknown man predicted by this method lies in the range of 169.59-169.98 cm. Projected growth: 168.33-168.72 cm.

b) Determination of growth according to Trotter and Glaser
According to tabular data:
the length of the femur (437.6) corresponds to the growth of 165 cm;
the length of the femur (439.6) corresponds to a height of 166 cm.

 Thus, according to this method, the growth of an unknown man whose skeleton belongs to the studied fragments of the femur lies in the range of 165-166 cm.

c) Determination of growth according to tabular data Manouvrier
According to tabular data:
the length of the femur (437.6) corresponds to an increase of 165.4 cm;
the length of the femur (439.6) corresponds to an increase of 165.4 cm.

 Thus, according to this technique, the height of an unknown man whose skeleton belongs to the studied fragments of the femur is 165.4 cm.

 Thus, the growth of an unknown man whose skeleton belongs to the studied fragments of the femur, according to the totality of the applied techniques, is about 166 cm.

CONCLUSIONS
1. All presented bone remains belong to the human skeleton.

 2. Bone remains submitted for examination belong to one skeleton of a human of the Caucasian race with single signs of a mongoloid, male, whose “bone” (biological) age is 24.39 ± 4 g, height about 166 cm.

3. The identification of a particular person has the following features of a “verbal portrait”:
the shape of the head is round, with right-side asymmetry;
general face shape in fas oval, vertical nasal profiling, average facial features;
forehead low, narrow, oblique, frontal tubercles small;
the epigastric is narrow, the eyebrows are close, middle, horizontal or arched, the horizontal section of the eyes, the interpupillary distance is small, the eyeball does not protrude (of moderate planting depth), the eyelid is somewhat swollen, hangs in the upper outer corner above the eye;
cheekbones are small;
thin, medium in height, expanding toward the tip of the nose, the width and height of the wings of the nose is average, the nose is narrow, medium in depth, the back of the nose is curved outward to the left, with a small “hump”, the base of the nose is down, the tip of the nose is medium wide, with a groove in the lower part ;
nasolabial filter is expressed only in the upper part of the nasolabial fold;
the chin is straight, medium in height, rounded with a distinguishable "fossa";
the auricles are large, moderately protruding, larger on the right.

It should be noted the following "conspicuous" appearance of an unknown man:
low, narrow forehead;
close or fused eyebrows;
thin, expanding to the tip of the nose, with some deformation of the back of the nose to the left and with a small hump.

EXAMPLE 3
Bone remains of a person are presented for identification, including a skull with a lower jaw, a femur and a humerus, a cervical spine. It is necessary to establish the correspondence of these bone remains to the skeleton of citizen B., born 03/02/1942. There is also a lifetime photograph of citizen B., his height is known - 175 cm, an individual outpatient card, in which there is a dental formula. The skull with the lower jaw, the left humerus and femur were selected for identification.

1. ANATOMO-MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SKULL
As the suture between the sphenoid (main) and occipital bones is healed, the age of an unknown person, the skeleton of which belongs to the studied skull, is older than 16-18 years. This made it possible to carry out a further identification study of the bone remains submitted for examination by methods developed for the skeleton of an adult (over 17-20 years old).

a) Osteometry of the skull
Dimensions that are important for the diagnosis of race, gender and the compilation of the "verbal portrait" are given in table.29.

 The gender of the skull is determined by the presence of a large number of probable signs characteristic of this gender. In the presence of at least one reliable sign, the studied skull refers to the sex to which the reliable sign belongs.

 Thus, the studied skull belongs to the skeleton of the male face.

b) X-ray examination of the skull with the lower jaw
The study is performed to identify signs of age-related changes in bone tissue, to exclude or confirm its painful changes, as well as to exclude the presence of foreign bodies, such as bullets, grains.

 X-ray diffraction was carried out by the apparatus "DR-1T UHL4" on a film "PM-1, placed in a cassette without reinforcing screens, during operation: focal length 70 cm, mAs 4-6.

 On the negative and positive photographic imprint of the X-ray of the skull (front panoramic image) there is a sharp, contrasting image of the facial part of the skull, lower jaw and the posterior-lateral parts of the arch. The frontal and maxillary sinuses are clearly contoured. A break in the contours of the walls and their bottom was not detected. There is a right-sided asymmetry of frontal sinus development due to a more pronounced, bilingual, monocellular structure. Bone beams and partitions of the dental holes of the alveolar processes of the upper and lower jaws with discharge of beams, the phenomena of osteoporosis. On the lower jaw, the shadow of the crown of the left 8 tooth is clearly contoured (see tooth formula). Separate sections of the sutures of the skull are well contoured.

 Pathological changes that can affect the rate of puberty and age-related development of bone tissue, for example, deforming ostosis, severe osteoporosis, etc., are not found. In addition, foreign inclusions in the bone tissue were not found.

 Thus, painful changes in bone tissue, which can affect the rate of puberty and its age-related development, were not revealed by x-ray. The revealed X-ray structural features of the face image of the skull are suitable for identification research (upon receipt of the intravital face X-ray of the head of the wanted person).

 c) Determination of the shape of the skull.

где
B - поперечный размер черепа - 143,0 мм;
A - продольный размер черепа - 176,0 мм.The cranial index, which is the percentage between the transverse and longitudinal dimensions of the arch of the skull under study, is calculated by the formula

Where
B - transverse size of the skull - 143.0 mm;
A - the longitudinal size of the skull is 176.0 mm.

 Dolichocrane (narrow) skulls are characterized by a ratio of the width of the cranial vault to a length of less than 75%. Mesocranes (medium-wide) have a cranial index of 75 to 79.9%. And, finally, skulls with an index of over 80% are brachicranial (wide, short).

 Thus, the investigated skull in shape refers to brachicran.

где
C - высотный размер черепа - 130,0 мм
A - продольный размер черепа - 176,0 мм
По высоте черепа подразделяются на высокие (гипсикранные) с показателем больше 75%; средневысокие (ортокранные) с показателем от 70 до 74,9%; низкие (хаменокранные) с показателем менее 70%.The height indicator, which is a percentage of the height of the skull to its longitudinal size, is calculated by the formula

Where
C - height of the skull - 130.0 mm
A - longitudinal size of the skull - 176.0 mm
The height of the skull is divided into high (gypsum) with an index of more than 75%; medium-high (orthocrane) with an indicator of 70 to 74.9%; low (chamencranes) with an indicator of less than 70%.

 Thus, the studied skull in height refers to orthocrane.

где
H - высота орбиты
L - длина орбиты
По шкале Брока различают следующие формы орбиты:
хаменоконх - до 82,99% (негроид, европеоид);
мезоконх - 83,00-88,99% (европеоид, негроид);
гипсиконх - более 89,00% (монголоид).Brock's orbit pointer is determined by the formula

Where
H - orbit height
L - orbit length
On the Brock scale, the following forms of the orbit are distinguished:
hamenokonkh - up to 82.99% (negroid, Caucasoid);
mesoconch - 83.00-88.99% (Caucasian, Negroid);
Gipsikonkh - more than 89.00% (Mongoloid).

 Thus, the shape of the orbits of the studied skull according to Brock is the mesoconch.

RACE DIAGNOSTICS
The data necessary for the diagnosis of race are presented in Table 30.

When establishing a race to study the characteristics of dental status, one should keep in mind:
if the examined skull has all three features: 2.4., 2.5., 2.6., the skull belongs to the Mongoloid race is considered proven;
if the signs inherent in the teeth of the Mongoloid are absent, therefore, we can talk about the belonging of the studied teeth to a Caucasian or Negroid;
if there is a complex of signs 2.1., 2.10., 2.11., 2.12., the face of the black race is reliably diagnosed;
in the absence of reliable signs on the teeth inherent in the representatives of the Mongoloid or Negroid race, they conclude that the teeth belong to the representative of the Caucasian race;
with weakly expressed main signs or with only a few secondary ones, you should think about a mixed race - or a Caucasoid-Mongoloid mestizo, or a representative of one of the nationalities that developed in the distant past when the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races were mixed (Kazakhs, Khakass, Mari, etc.) .

 Thus, the identified set of racial characters allows us to reliably relate the studied skull to the skeleton of the face of the Caucasian race with individual signs of the Mongoloid race.

3. CRANIOSCOPIC DIAGNOSTICS OF HUMAN FLOORS
It was not carried out, since the sex was reliably diagnosed by anatomical and morphological characteristics and indicated at autopsy.

 4. DIAGNOSTIC AGE.

a) Diagnosis of individual age by the degree of tooth erasure
Age determination by the degree of tooth erasure is carried out according to the Hayashi method, the data are given in table.31
Thus, according to this technique, the "bone" (biological) age of an unknown man is 53.5 ± 2 years.

b) Diagnosis of age by the degree of fusion of the sutures of the skull
In order to identify and exclude from the subsequent study of the skull with abnormal and premature closure (craniostenosis) of the sutures, an analysis of their overgrowth from the outer bone plate with respect to its inner surface is carried out. We studied the sequence of closure of the coronary, arrow-shaped, and occipital sutures with respect to each other, taking into account the shape and gender of the skull.

 Visually and by direct stereomicroscopy, as well as with the above anatomical and morphological examination of the skull, no signs of craniostenosis were found, which made it possible to apply this technique to solve the problem - diagnosing the age of a particular male individual.

 Age determination by the degree of skull suture healing using multiple polynomial regression equations is performed using Excel 5.0 spreadsheets.

y = a ₀ + a ₁ x ₁ + a ₂ x ₁ + ... a _k x _n = ± S
Where
y is the predicted age;
and _o is a constant coefficient (author data);
a ₁ - regression coefficient (author data);
x - value of signs in points (independent variables);
S is the value of the arithmetic mean error,
The results are presented in table. 32 and 33.

 Thus, according to this technique, the “bone” (biological) age of a male individual whose skeleton belongs to the studied skull is 53.5 ± 2 years.

где
y - усредненный возраст;
yi - искомый возраст;
ri - коэффициент множественной корреляции.c) Establishing the individual age of an unknown man by the method of correlation averaging (according to Kolesnikov, 1979).

Where
y is the average age;
yi is the desired age;
ri is the multiple correlation coefficient.

Таким образом, по степени стирания зубов и облитерации швов черепа индивидуальный "костный" (биологический) возраст неизвестного мужчины, составляет 53.48 ± 2 года.

Thus, according to the degree of tooth erasure and obliteration of the sutures of the skull, the individual “bone” (biological) age of an unknown man is 53.48 ± 2 years.

5. PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERSONALITY OF A SPECIFIC PERSON
A. Study of the submitted photograph.

 The intravital photograph of a passport sample of citizen B., born in 1942 (date of photography from 1981), is a black and white photograph measuring 5.2 x 6.2 cm, with a frontal image of the head and upper third of the chest of a man aged about 55 years. Medium quality image with no signs of retouching. The positions of the individual constant points are distinguishable.

 The reproduced photograph shown in FIG. 4.

 Thus, the intravital fasnaya photograph of citizen B., born in 1942, submitted for examination. recognized as suitable for research by the method of "verbal portrait", as well as by the method of computer overlaying the intravital image of the face of a particular person and skull.

B. Identification of the person using the “verbal portrait” method
An analysis of the signs of elements of appearance according to the skull submitted for examination (Fig. 5) and intravital photography are given in Table 34.

 Thus, a comparative study of the predicted signs of appearance in the structure of the skull and signs of the structure of the face in a lifetime photograph of citizen B. revealed their complete coincidence in 36 elements, which, taking into account the results of the diagnosis of age, made it possible to reliably attribute the studied skull to the skeleton of citizen B.

B. Computer-aided method of superimposing images of the examined skull and intravital photography
It is carried out using a specialized hardware and software complex consisting of IBM PC / AT-386, a television input and image processing system, as well as programs that provide the creation of a three-dimensional model of anatomical constants of the skull, projection of these constants onto the head image, visualization of the image overlay results and obtaining hard copies images on the printing device. The “coincidence” of the image of the head and skull is checked by the projection relations of their constants and contours, taking into account the scale of the images and the thickness standards of the soft tissues of the head. The results of the study are entered using the program into the PC memory. In this case, the relative position of the constants of the same name within the permissible spread is taken into account as “similarities” in the signs, and the discrepancy in their location (outside the limits of the permissible spread of points) is considered as “differences”.

The projection ratios of the contours and elements of the head and skull are taken into account in a similar way in three respects:
by congruence of the contours of the same name;
by the relative position of the elements of the same name of the head and skull;
according to the relative positions of the contours to the standards of the thickness of the soft integument of the head.

 To obtain the final result of a comparative study, assess the identified similarities and differences.

Differences that can be explained:
a change in the general shape of the skull as a result of its traumatic injuries or post-mortem destruction;
the difference in the age of the person shown in the photograph with the age of the deceased;
head position (turns, bends) or facial expressions;
orientation markup of individual signs in the images of the head or skull;
are regarded as insignificant, not excluding the geometric similarity of the compared objects, i.e. not excluding, with a sufficient set of similar features, belonging to their skeleton of the face depicted in the photograph.

 The differences, which cannot be explained by the reasons listed above, are recognized as significant, denying the geometric similarity of identification, i.e., excluding the skull from belonging to the intended person.

 The results of a comparative study are presented in table. 35 - 38 and Fig.6.

 D. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERSONALITY IN THE CONDITION OF THE DENTAL JAUNDICE.

 a) Forensic odontocard compiled according to the data of the examined skull of an unknown man. The dental formula is given in table. 39.

ODONTOLOGICAL STATUS
In case of post-mortem tooth loss, the holes in the place of missing teeth are deep, not filled with connective tissue, the edges of the holes are sharp (-).

 After 6 months, the bone tissue is no different from the jaw bone, which leads to a thinning and decrease in height of the alveolar process in place of the extracted tooth (atrophy of the alveolar process) (3).

Caries. A progressive localized lesion of hard tissues, leading to the formation of a cavity defect in them. Signs of the disease are:
a) dark spots on the enamel (initial stage);
b) softening of enamel, dentin and cement (deepening of the process);
c) carious cavities on the crown;
g) the destruction of the crown.

Localization:
cervical (enamel damage in the neck of the tooth);
Amphodontosis (periodontal disease). It is characterized by a generalized degenerative lesion of all periodontal tissues (affected: tooth, periodontium, alveolus and gum). Signs:
a) sticky plaque on the teeth, a feeling of mobility of the teeth (initial stage);
b) the deepening of the gingival pockets (over 2 mm), a slight allocation of pus in the necks of the teeth (subsequent stage);
c) the constant allocation of pus from the gums, exposure of the necks of the teeth and an increase in gingival pockets, significant tooth mobility;
d) a significantly reduced height of the alveolar processes - atrophy (established radiologically).

 Signs: exposure of the necks of the teeth (initial stage), the appearance of diastemas and three, mobility and displacement of the teeth (developed stage). With complications of periodontal disease, inflammation - periodontal pockets of the gingival tract, the release of pus from them.

 Smoker's raid.

b) tooth abnormalities
Anomaly of the development of enamel - NO.

 Anomalies in the size of the teeth.

 absolute macrodentia - 7 teeth per hour on the right (larger than normal, this leads to a violation of the location of adjacent, opposing teeth, malocclusion).

 Anomalies in the position of the teeth.

mesioposition - 7th teeth per hour; 8 teeth per n / h (inclination or body displacement of the teeth along the anterior arch. When the mesial displacement of the lateral teeth, the dentition is shortened, the place in the arch for permanent incisors, canines and premolars decreases, which causes the eruption of individual teeth outside the arch or their retension);
supraposition - 7 teeth per hour on the right (high position of the teeth and their displacement in the vertical direction relative to the occlusal plane).

 Anomalies in the terms of eruption - NO.

 Anomalies in the structure of hard tissues - NO.

Form Anomalies:
the presence of a two-root canine at n / h (a feature of this individual)
Anomalies in the number - NO.

Series Anomalies:
vertical (violation of the closure of teeth vertically).

c) Functional bite
It was not determined due to the post-mortem and intravital loss of the main part of the teeth.

d) Variations of natural prognathism
Not determined due to the post-mortem and intravital loss of the main part of the teeth.

 Thus, the missing: 5, 6, 9, 10 teeth on the military unit and 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29 teeth on the military unit are lost posthumously. 1, 4, 7, 8, 16 teeth on a military unit and 18, 19, 20, 21, 30, 31 teeth on a military unit were lost during life for at least 6 months before death. During his life, a man whose skeleton owns a skull suffered from severe caries and amphodontosis (periodontal disease).

Anomalies of the size, position, shape and rows of teeth were revealed:
absolute macrodentia - 7 teeth per hour on the right (larger than normal, this leads to a violation of the location of adjacent, opposing teeth, malocclusion);
mesioposition - 7th teeth per hour; 8 teeth per n / h (inclination or body displacement of the teeth along the anterior arch. When the mesial displacement of the lateral teeth, the dentition is shortened, the place in the arch for permanent incisors, canines and premolars decreases, which causes the eruption of individual teeth outside the arch or their retension);
supraposition - 7 teeth per hour on the right (high position of the teeth and their displacement in the vertical direction relative to the occlusal plane);
the presence of a two-root fang on n / h (a feature of this individual);
vertical (violation of the closure of teeth vertically).

 Due to the fact that a complete odontocard for citizen B was not presented (and there is only a dental formula), it was not possible to conduct a complete comparative identification study on the state of the dentition.

 e) COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ODONTOSTATUS (method of comparison).

Comparative study were subject to:
dental formula from an individual card of an outpatient sick citizen B .;
odontostatus of teeth on the upper and lower jaws of the studied skull (Table 40).

In this case, the presence of:
similarities in the description of the intravital dental formula of citizen B. and the dental formula drawn up when examining the dentofacial apparatus on the skull presented;
differences that are not significant (associated with partial intravital and post-mortem loss of part of the teeth);
matches for the presence of a metal crown on the 8th tooth of the lower jaw on the left.

 Thus, the above comparative study allows us to express with a high degree of certainty about the belonging of the studied skull to the skeleton of citizen B.

 Thus, a positive result was obtained of a computer-based method of applying images of the skull submitted to the examination and lifetime photographs of a citizen B. ., Born in 1942.

6. IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONALITY ON THE SHOULDERS AND FEMALS
A. Osteometry
When measuring fresh bones, 2 mm is subtracted from the obtained bone length, 1-2 mm from the circumference.

Brachial bone:
the greatest length is the distance between the highest point of the head and the lowest point of the shoulder block - 350 mm;
total length (physiological length) - the distance between the highest point of the humeral head and the lowest point of the capitate head elevation is 341 mm.

Femur:
the greatest length is the distance from the highest located point of the femoral head to the lowest located point of the medial condyle — 474 mm;
total length of the femur (in the natural position) - the distance from the highest located point of the femur to the plane passing through the lowest lying points of the lateral and medial condyles tightly pressed against the vertical wall of the osteometric board is 476 mm.

B. X-ray examination
The study is performed to identify signs of age-related changes in bone tissue, to exclude or confirm its painful changes, as well as to exclude the presence of foreign bodies, such as bullets, grains.

 X-ray diffraction was performed using a DR-1T UHL4 apparatus on an RM-1 film with an operating mode: focal length 70 cm, 4-6 mAs.

 On radiographs and positive photographic prints, the radiological structural signs of bone tissue observed in the bones of the human skeleton of a given age period are distinguishable.

 Pronounced pathological changes that could affect the rate of age-related development of bone tissue, for example, deforming ostosis, severe osteoporosis, etc., were not detected.

 In addition, no foreign inclusions in bone tissue were detected.

 Thus, painful changes in bone tissue, which can affect the rate of puberty and age-related development, were not revealed radiographically.

B. Definition of growth
a) Determining the height of an unknown man according to Dupertuis and Hedden.

 In order to find out the growth of a living person to whom the bones belonged, it follows from the body length established by the formula, subtract 1.26 cm.

 The average height of men was 172.9 cm.

 The average height of women was 160.9 cm.

 We studied a collection of 400 skeletons aged 20 to 60 years.

 The bones are dry.

Formulas for reconstructing long tubular bones
S = 77.048 + 2.116 • 47.4 = 177.35 cm
S = 98.341 + 2.270 • 35.0 = 177.79 cm
S = 78.261 + 2.129 • 47.4 - 0.055 • 35.0 = 177.24 cm
General formulas for reconstruction of growth on long tubular bones
S = 69.089 + 2.238 • 47.4 = 175.17 cm
S = 73.570 + 2.970 • 35.0 = 177.52 cm
S = 64.505 + 1.928 • 47.4 + 0.568 • 35.0 = 175.77 cm
Thus, according to this technique, the growth of an unknown man whose skeleton belongs to the studied left humerus and femur lies in the range 175.17 - 177.79 cm.

b) Determination of the growth of an unknown man according to Trotter and Glaser
According to the table data of the authors, the length of the femur (474 mm) corresponds to a height of 176 cm
Thus, the growth of an unknown man whose skeleton belongs to the studied left humerus and femur lies in the range 175.17 - 177.7 cm.

D. DETERMINATION OF AGE
Determination of age according to Hansen.

 The remoteness of the bone marrow of the humerus from the highest point of the pineal gland and the bone marrow of the femur from the apex of the greater trochanter is shown in Tables 41 and 42.

 The following were assessed: the appearance of the femur and humerus, the nature of the epiphyseal line of the upper ends of these bones, age-related changes in the compact and spongy substance, the distance of the bone marrow cavity and (c.m.) from the top of the greater trochanter of the femur and from the highest point upper epiphysis of the humerus.

It is established:
On the humerus, the surface of the bone is rough, rough, with many small holes, growths and ridges. The ridges of the large and small tubercles are clearly pronounced. On the edge of the head and in the area of the tubercles there are small porous defects. The structure of the spongy substance is coarse, the beams are rough, the radial structure is well defined. The compact layer is sturdy and powerful. The upper border of the bone marrow cavity reaches the level of the surgical neck.

 Remoteness from the highest point of the pineal gland 45.4 mm.

 On the femur, the surface of the bone is rough, in the area of the head and both trochanteric bone protrusions. The intertrochanteric crest is thick and rough. The fossa of the head is distinct, its edges are sharp. The structure of the spongy substance is rough, erratic. The compact layer is powerful and hard. The upper edge of the bone marrow cavity is located at the lower edge of the lesser trochanter.

 Remoteness from the top of the greater trochanter 68.0 mm.

 Thus, the revealed features of age-related changes in the upper ends of these long tubular bones probably correspond to an age period of 50-59 years.

CONCLUSIONS
The bone remains presented for identification belong to the skeleton of a human of the Caucasian race with certain signs of a mongoloid, a male, whose “bone” (biological) age is 53.48 ± 2 years, growth in the range 175-177 cm.

 Thus, the above data coincided with the presented medical (dental formula), anthropometric, gender, age data of citizen B., which, taking into account the positive results by the methods of “verbal portrait”, a computer method of applying the image presented for examination of the skull and intravital photograph of citizen B., allowed in the aggregate, come to the conclusion that the bone remains submitted for examination to the skeleton of citizen B., born in 1942, are reliable.

Claims (3)

 1. A method of identifying a person by skeletal bone remains, including determining their species, bone remains of one or more skeletons and / or establishing the morphological characteristics of a person to diagnose a person’s gender, race, age and height, identifying a person’s identity, characterized in that the identification personalities are carried out by a set of bone remains, including a skull with a lower jaw, a humerus and / or femur and / or fragments thereof, for which a skull from the lower the jaw establish the morphological characteristics of the person, sequentially diagnosing the race, gender, age of the person, and carry out preliminary identification of the personality of a particular person, and gender and / or height and / or age of the person are diagnosed by the humerus and / or femur bones and / or fragments thereof, and based on the data obtained, they make the final conclusion on the identification of the personality of a particular person.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the race, gender, age and height of a person is diagnosed by two or more methods for their determination, existing for specified in the set of bones.  3. The method according to p. 1 or 2, characterized in that the preliminary identification of the person by the skull with the lower jaw is carried out by the method of verbal portrait and / or computer-assisted image overlay, and / or comparing the condition of the teeth of the skull with the lower jaw with an intravital dental formula.

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