NZ785748A - Blue light adjustment for biometric security - Google Patents

Abstract

head mounted display system configured to project variable levels of blue light to an eye of a user, the display system comprising: a frame configured to be wearable on a head of the user; a display configured to project at least blue light into the eye of the user and to modify an intensity of the blue light relative to an intensity of non-blue light; a camera configured to capture images of the eye while the display projects light into the eye; and a hardware processor programmed to: instruct the camera to capture a first image of the eye while the display projects light at a first ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light into the eye, the first ratio being greater than zero; instruct the display to change the first ratio to a second ratio of the intensity of blue light to non-blue light; instruct the camera to capture a second image of the eye while the display projects the second ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light, the second ratio being greater than zero and different from the first ratio; determine that a change in a pupil parameter between the second image and the first image matches a biometric characteristic of a human individual; and based on the determination that the change in the pupil parameter between the second image and the first image matches the biometric characteristic of the human individual, determine an identity of the human individual.

Description

BLUE LIGHT ADJUSTMENT FOR BIOMETRIC SECURITY CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/304,556, filed on March 7, 2016, entitled "BLUE LIGHT ADJUSTMENT FOR BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION," and U.S. Provisional Application No. ,573, filed on March 7, 2016, entitled, "BLUE LIGHT ADJUSTMENT FOR BIOMETRIC SECURITY", each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. [0001A] The present ation is a divisional of New Zealand Patent Application No. , which is a divisional of New Zealand Patent Application No. 746021, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for processing eye imagery. ption of the Related Art The human iris can be used as a source of biometric ation. Biometric information can provide authentication or identification of an individual. The process of extracting biometric information, broadly called a biometric template, typically has many challenges.

SUMMARY Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the . Neither this summary nor the following ed ption purports to define or limit the scope of the ive subject matter.

In one aspect, a method for adjusting a level of blue light exposed to an eye is disclosed. The method is performed under control of a hardware computer processor. The method comprises receiving an initial eye image obtained by an image e device, adjusting a level of blue light exposed to an eye ated with the initial eye image, receiving an adjustment eye image of the eye exposed to the ed level of blue light, detecting a change in a pupillary response of the adjustment eye image relative to the l eye image, determining that the ed change in the pupillary se passes a biometric application threshold, and performing a biometric application. The method can be performed by a head mounted display system that includes a processor configured to adjust the level of blue light.

In another aspect, a method for identifying a human individual is described.

The method is performed under control of a hardware computer processor. The method ses adjusting a level of blue light, receiving an eye image of an eye exposed to the adjusted level of blue light, detecting a change in a pupillary response by comparison of the received eye image to a reference image, ining that the pupillary response corresponds to a biometric teristic of a human individual, and allowing access to a ric application based on the pupillary response determination. The method can be performed by a head mounted display system that includes a processor configured to identify a human individual.

Accordingly, systems and methods for blue light adjustment with a wearable display system are ed. Embodiments of the systems and methods for blue light adjustment can include receiving an initial eye image obtained by an image capture device; adjusting a level of blue light exposed to an eye associated with the initial eye image; receiving an adjustment eye image of the eye exposed to the adjusted level of blue light; detecting a change in a ary response of the adjustment eye image relative to the initial eye image; ining that the detected change in the pupillary response passes a biometric application threshold; and ing eye images or the detected change in the pupillary response for a biometric application.

Embodiments of the systems and methods for blue light adjustment can include receiving an eye image of an eye exposed to the adjusted level of blue light; detecting a change in a pupillary response by comparison of the received eye image to a reference image; determining that the pupillary response corresponds to a biometric characteristic of a human individual; and allowing access to a ric application based on the pupillary response determination or performing a biometric security application based on the pupillary response ination.

Head-mounted, wearable ted reality devices configured to perform embodiments of the disclosed blue light adjustment methods are provided.

] In one broad form, the present invention seeks to provide a head d display system configured to project variable levels of blue light to an eye of a user, the display system comprising: a frame configured to be wearable on a head of the user; a display configured to project at least blue light into the eye of the user and to modify an intensity of the blue light relative to an intensity of non-blue light; a camera configured to capture images of the eye while the display projects light into the eye; and a re processor programmed to: instruct the camera to capture a first image of the eye while the display projects light at a first ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light into the eye, the first ratio being greater than zero; instruct the display to change the first ratio to a second ratio of the intensity of blue light to non-blue light; instruct the camera to capture a second image of the eye while the display projects the second ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light, the second ratio being greater than zero and different from the first ratio; determine that a change in a pupil parameter between the second image and the first image matches a biometric characteristic of a human individual; and based on the determination that the change in the pupil parameter n the second image and the first image matches the biometric characteristic of the human individual, determine an identity of the human individual. [0009B] In one embodiment, the display comprises a ng fiber projector. [0009C] In one embodiment, the hardware processor is programmed to ct access to a system application if the identity of the human individual does not match an identity of an individual authorized to use the system ation. [0009D] In one embodiment, the system application comprises displaying images as if at a plurality of depths. [0009E] In one embodiment, the display is ured to modify the intensity of blue light in a wavelength range of between 445 nm and 525 nm. [0009F] In one embodiment, the display is configured to change the first ratio to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light by flashing blue light for longer than 10 ms. [0009G] In one ment, the display is configured to project light at two or more colors.

] In one embodiment, the display is configured to display content as if at a plurality of depths from a user. [0009I] In one embodiment, the display comprises a plurality of stacked waveguides. [0009J] In one embodiment, to ct the display to change the first ratio to the second ratio of the intensity of blue light ve to non-blue light, the hardware processor is programmed to instruct an image injection device to se a proportion of blue light injected into a corresponding stacked waveguide of the plurality of stacked waveguides. [0009K] In one embodiment, the hardware processor is further configured to form an dual biometric model comprising at least one of: a rise time of a pupillary se to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to ity of non-blue light, a decay time of the pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, a delay time of the pupillary se to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, a rise curve of the pupillary response to the second ratio of ity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, or a decay curve of the pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light. [0009L] In one embodiment, the hardware processor is programmed to calculate a cognitive load based on the change in the pupil parameter. [0009M] In one embodiment, the change in the pupil parameter comprises an sed pupil radius. [0009N] In one embodiment, the hardware processor is programmed to: determine a current change in the pupil parameter of an individual wearing the head mounted display system; correlate the current change in the pupil parameter with a ed change in the pupil parameter of an individual biometric model to generate a cognitive load pupillary response, wherein the modelled change comprises a change in a pupil parameter under a normal cognitive load; and determine a level of cognitive load based on the cognitive load pupillary response. [0009O] In a further broad form, the present invention seeks to provide a method for identifying a human dual using a wearable display system comprising a camera configured to image an eye of the human individual, the wearable display system comprising a display configured to direct light into the eye, the method comprising: directing reference light comprising a first level of an intensity of blue light into the eye, the first level of the intensity of blue light being greater than zero; using the camera, capturing a first image of the eye while the reference light is ed into the eye; directing modified light comprising a second level of an ity of blue light different from the first level into the eye, the second level of the intensity of blue light being greater than zero; using the camera, ing a second image of the eye while the modified light is directed into the eye; detecting a change in a pupil parameter of the eye between the first image and the second image; ining that the detected change in the pupil parameter matches a biometric characteristic of a human dual; and based on the detected change, identifying the human individual. [0009P] In one embodiment, the method further comprises allowing access to a system application of the wearable display system based on the ed change in the pupil parameter. [0009Q] In one embodiment, allowing access to the system ation based on the ed change in the pupil parameter comprises at least one of determining a cognitive load, estimating an eye pose, generating an iris code, or determining an emotional response. [0009R] In one embodiment, the pupil parameter comprises at least one of: a maximum radius of the pupil, a minimum radius of the pupil, a rise time of a pupillary response to the second level of intensity of blue light, a decay time of a pupillary response to the second level of intensity of blue light, or a delay time of a pupillary response to the second level of intensity of blue light. [0009S] In one embodiment, the method further comprises determining that the ed change in the pupil parameter matches a change in pupil parameter of at least one of an unconscious human individual, a sleeping human individual, a tired human individual, an inebriated human individual, or a human individual under the influence of cognition-impairing substances. [0009T] In one embodiment, the method further comprises ining that an image quality metric measured from the second image exceeds an image y threshold, the image quality metric comprising one or more of: a ce between a part of the eye and an eyelid, an area of an iris of the eye, or a resolution of the iris of the eye.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1A-1B schematically illustrate es of an eye experiencing blue light adjustment. schematically illustrates an example of a wearable display system. schematically illustrates aspects of an approach for simulating threedimensional imagery using multiple depth . schematically illustrates an example of a waveguide stack for outputting image information to a user. shows example exit beams that may be outputted by a waveguide. is a schematic diagram showing an optical system including a waveguide apparatus, an optical coupler subsystem to optically couple light to or from the waveguide apparatus, and a control subsystem, used in the generation of a multi-focal volumetric y, image, or light field. schematically illustrates an example pupillary response to light adjustment. schematically rates an example of a blue light pupillary se routine. schematically illustrates an example of a blue light identification routine. schematically illustrates an example of a blue light pupillary response routine. hout the drawings, reference numbers may be d to indicate correspondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided to rate example embodiments described herein and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Overview Extracting biometric ation from the eye generally es a procedure for the segmentation of the iris within an eye image. Iris segmentation can involve operations including locating the iris boundaries, including finding the pupillary and limbic boundaries of the iris, localizing upper or lower eyelids if they occlude the iris, detecting and excluding occlusions of eyelashes, shadows, or reflections, and so forth. For e, the eye image can be included in an image of the face or may be an image of the periocular region. To perform iris segmentation, both the boundary of the pupil (the or boundary of the iris) and the limbus (the exterior boundary of the iris) can be identified. In addition to this segmentation of the iris, the n of the iris that is occluded by the eyelids (upper or lower) can be estimated. This estimation is performed because, during normal human activity, the entire iris of a person is rarely visible. In other words, the entire iris is not generally free from occlusions of the eyelids and eyelashes. Moreover, in dim or dark lighting environments, the pupil is dilated and the area of the iris is small. In such dim or dark lighting environments, it may be challenging to obtain quality images of the iris and to identify biometric features within the iris image.

The pupillary response of the human eye is particularly sensitive to changes in the level of blue light ed by the eye. By increasing the level of blue light transmitted to the eye, the pupil will constrict. Iris images taken when the pupil is constricted are more likely to be of higher quality, because the iris area is larger and more ric features of the iris will be apparent. For a given camera resolution, an iris image taken when the iris is expanded (e.g., due to increased levels of blue light) and the pupil is constricted will have higher resolution than an image taken when the iris is constricted (and the pupil ed), because the expanded iris presents a greater area of the iris to the camera. More iris features can be obtained from such an image and better quality iris codes can be ted from such images.

Further, the pupil of a living human eye has distinctive biometric responses to s in light levels, particularly levels of blue light. For example, the times needed for the pupil to dilate (in response to a decrease in light levels) or constrict (in response to an increase in light levels) are not only measurable but can be specific to each particular individual. By measuring the time-varying pupillary response caused by changing light levels (particularly blue light), the systems bed in more detail below can not only identify a particular individual but also determine that the eye images are from a living individual (the pupil size will change in a specific fashion) rather than from a still image or 3D model of the individual’s eye (in which the pupil size is fixed). Accordingly, embodiments of these systems can provide sed security, because they reduce the likelihood that an unauthorized person can attempt to fool (or "spoof") the system into permitting access by presenting still images or 3D models of the authorized user’s iris. An individual may experience ary a response that is different when he or she is under the influence of alcohol or tions. Embodiments of these systems may be used to determine that the individual’s pupillary se is different (e.g., from the individual’s pupillary response in a coholic or non-medicated state) or from a normal pupillary response that is typical for a relevant class of individuals (e.g., gender identity, age, sex, ethnicity, familial response, health, physical abilities, etc.) and can thereby assist identifying individuals who are under the influence of l or medication. e of an Eye Experiencing Blue Light Adjustment FIGS. 1A-1B schematically illustrate an example of an eye experiencing blue light adjustment, possibly due to pupillary light reflex (PLR) or photopupillary reflex. illustrates an image of an eye 102 with the eyelids 110, the iris 112, and the pupil 114.

In , the pupil 114 has a radius r1 119a. The pupillary boundary 114a is between the pupil 114 and the iris 112, and the limbic boundary 112a is between the iris 112 and the sclera 113 (the "white" of the eye). The eyelids 110 include an upper eyelid 110a and a lower eyelid 110b. When a human eye is exposed to light or darkness, the pupil exhibits a physiological response – the pupillary response. The pupillary response includes both constriction and dilation responses. For e, exposure to light may cause a pupillary constriction response (e.g., reducing the size of the pupil). This may be referred to as miosis. In contrast, a dark nment may cause the ary dilation se (e.g., enlarging the size of the pupil).

This may be referred to as mydriasis. A change in size can refer to a change in the diameter, radius, circumference, and/or area of the element of the eye 102 experiencing that change (e.g., increasing size or decreasing size of the pupil or the iris).

The term pupillary response may refer to measurement from an eye image of a feature of the eye (e.g., a pupil or iris size) or a change the eye feature calculated between two or more images (e.g., a change in pupil or iris size). When referring to light, the term "level" may refer to an te intensity of a certain range of wavelengths or a relative intensity (e.g., tion of intensity, ratio of intensity) of a range of wavelengths compared to a different range of wavelengths. The term "level" may also refer to the ion the light is directed and/or into which ide the light is ed. For example, light may be referred to as being at a higher level when it is directed into a more sensitive area of an eye or when a greater proportion of a color (e.g., range of wavelengths) is directed into a waveguide tuned to that color. A certain level of a color (e.g., blue) of light may be increased by tuning the wavelength or wavelengths of the light to more fully or directly fall in a given range of wavelengths. For example, blue light may refer to wavelengths between 400 nm and 525 nm.

However, a level of blue light may be said to increase by changing a wavelength from 450 nm to 470 nm since 470 nm is said to be more "deeply" or more "centrally" in the blue color range.

A level of blue may be said to increase by changing the amount of blue light relative to the amount of light in other visible wavelength bands (e.g., green light from 525 nm to 600 nm and red light from 600 nm to 750 nm). One range of wavelengths may be different from another range of wavelengths even if the ranges partially overlap.

The human eye includes intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs or pRGCs) that contribute to the ary response. For example, such cells, responding to light absorbed by the pigment melonopsin, are primarily sensitive to light in a dth range between about 445 nm and 525 nm. Such a bandwidth range includes violet light colors and blue light colors. The ipRGCs may have peak ivity at around 488 nm, in the middle of the blue light color band. Any light in the sensitivity range for the ipRGCs may be referred to as blue light.

When a human eye is exposed to light, and particularly to an increased level of blue light, the pupil 114 may decrease in size. For example, shows a decreased radius r2 119b relative to the radius r1 119a in . Accordingly, schematically illustrates an e of an eye experiencing blue light adjustment. The increased level of blue light in relative to the light exposed to the eye 102 in constricts the size of the pupil 114. In turn, the size and area of the iris 112 increases in relative to its size in . Thus, this increased level of blue light exposure may enhance the resolution of an iris in eye image (because a greater iris area is presented to an eye-imaging camera), allowing enhanced iris code generation given that more iris features can be identified in the larger iris. Systems and s are bed herein to adjust the level of blue light to enhance iris code generation, to identify individuals, to identify biometric ses of individuals, or to reduce or prevent spoofing of the system. For example, from the Munsell color system perspective, colors are represented by three spectral attributes: chroma, ess (or value), and hue. Continuing in this e with FIGS. 1A-1B, the eye 102 is d to light in ; and, in , an increased blue light means increased chroma (or saturation) values corresponding to sed "blueness." Increasing the level of blue light exposed to the eye 102 can be accomplished in a variety of ways. For example, a display may se the level of blue light relative to the level of blue light at an earlier time (e.g., flash blue light for a certain time period). Some or all of the light source may output primarily blue light for a short period of time, e.g., by increasing the number of pixels or the amount of display area that is outputting blue light. The light source may output blue light by actuating or increasing the intensity of blue pixels. Or as another example, the light source may increase the ved output of blue light by de-actuating or decreasing the intensity from red and green pixels. Other variations or controls can also be implemented to increase the level of blue light from a light source. A displayed pixel can be shifted to an increased level of blue light relative to levels of non-blue light. As yet another example, a blue graphic may be displayed on the image being shown to the user to increase the amount of blue light. For example, a blue butterfly (or any other suitable graphic) may be mposed on the image so that the user’s eyes perceive more blue light than they would from the image without the blue graphic. Such a blue butterfly may appear at start-up times for a wearable display system. For example, it may be advantageous to have a scene (e.g., with a blue butterfly) displayed by the wearable display system with increasing blue light during start-up of a wearable y system for user identification. As described herein (e.g., with respect to the "Example of Individual Identification with a Pupillary Response" below), the pupillary response to blue light (e.g., a scene with a blue fly and/or an increasingly blue sky) can be utilized in a biometric identification system.

The level of blue light (e.g., brightness or area of the blue c) may change with time so that a arying pupillary response is induced in the viewer of the display system.

Pixels in a display may be represented by subpixels displaying red (R), green (G), blue (B) colors. Accordingly, a displayed pixel represented by a blue value, a red value, and a green value can be shifted to a changed (increased or decreased) amount of blue values by, e.g., changing the ity of the B subpixels. Devices coupled to the wearable display system (e.g., image ion devices 200, 202, 204, 206, 208 bed with reference to may also change levels of blue light, for example, by changing the blue color projected by the device. In some embodiments, the wearable display system may e a separate light source that can project primarily blue toward one or both of the wearer’s eyes.

An eyepiece can be included in the head mounted display system. It can be configured to it light from one or more light sources to the user as an image. In some embodiments, the eyepiece is optically transmissive and is configured to transmit light from a user’s environment to the user. The eyepiece may e one or more light sources that are configured to display light through the eyepiece.

The level of blue light can be increased or sed in a time-varying fashion to elicit a corresponding pupillary response from the individual. The individual’s pupillary response to the time-varying light levels can be used for the biometric applications described .

An image of the iris can be taken and regularized. In some embodiments, when the iris image has been regularized, the image data can be used to decompose the iris into individual cells. For example, a Gabor (or similar) filter convolution method may be used to calculate a dominant orientation for each cell. Once an orientation is computed, it may be binned. In some embodiments, four bins are used, from which a two bit signature for each cell can be assigned. This two-bit signature may be referred to as the bin ID.

In some implementations, bin IDs for 1000 cells (or more) can be computed from between 25,000 and 60,000 pixels. In some embodiments, fewer than 25,000 pixels are used to compute the bin IDs for the cells.

The amount of information which is spread across the regularized image may depend on the dilation state of the pupil. In some embodiments, the regularized image is a rectangular image with pixels mapped from the iris such that their angular location in the original iris is mapped to the long axis of the rectangle (e.g., the ontal" or "x" axis), while the radial ce from the pupil out toward the limbus boundary is mapped to short axis (e.g., the "vertical" or "y" axis). When the pupil is strongly dilated, the number of pixels available in the input image to map onto the regularized image may be much less than when the pupil is constricted. The distortion of the iris may not be linear.

Example Wearable Display System Using Blue Light Adjustment In some embodiments, display systems can be wearable, which may advantageously provide a more immersive virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) ence, wherein digitally reproduced images or portions thereof are presented to a wearer in a manner wherein they seem to be, or may be perceived as, real.

Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the human eye typically can interpret a finite number of depth planes to provide depth perception. Consequently, a highly able simulation of perceived depth may be achieved by ing, to the eye, different presentations of an image corresponding to each of these limited number of depth planes. For example, displays containing a stack of waveguides may be ured to be worn positioned in front of the eyes of a user, or viewer. The stack of ides may be utilized to provide three-dimensional perception to the eye/brain by using a plurality of waveguides to direct light from an image injection device (e.g., discrete displays or output ends of a multiplexed display which pipe image information via one or more optical fibers) to the viewer’s eye at particular angles (and amounts of divergence) corresponding to the depth plane associated with a particular waveguide.

In some ments, two stacks of waveguides, one for each eye of a viewer, may be utilized to provide different images to each eye. As one example, an augmented reality scene may be such that a wearer of an AR logy sees a real-world parklike setting featuring people, trees, buildings in the background, and a concrete platform. In on to these items, the wearer of the AR technology may also perceive that he "sees" a robot statue standing upon the real-world rm, and a cartoon-like avatar character flying by which seems to be a personification of a bumble bee, even though the robot statue and the bumble bee do not exist in the real world. The stack(s) of waveguides may be used to generate a light field corresponding to an input image and in some implementations, the wearable display comprises a wearable light field display. Examples of le display device and waveguide stacks for providing light field images are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 016777, which is hereby orated by reference herein in its entirety for all it contains. illustrates an example of a le display system 100 that can be used to present a VR or an AR experience to the . VR and AR systems that provide multiple depth plane virtual or augmented reality experiences may also be termed mixed reality (MR) systems or experiences. The wearable display system 100 may be programmed to perform blue light adjustment to provide any of the applications or embodiments described herein. The display system 100 includes a display 62, and various mechanical and electronic modules and systems to support the functioning of that display 62. The display 62 may be coupled to a frame 64, which is wearable by a display system wearer or viewer 60 and which is configured to position the display 62 in front of the eyes of the wearer 60. The display 62 may be a light field y. In some embodiments, a speaker 66 is coupled to the frame 64 and positioned adjacent the ear canal of the user (in some embodiments, r speaker, not shown, is positioned adjacent the other ear canal of the user to provide for stereo/shapeable sound control). The display system 100 can include an outward-facing imaging system which observes the world in the environment around the wearer (see, e.g., the imaging system 502 shown in . The outward-facing imaging system 502 can include cameras equipped with light sensors that can detect blue light. The y system 100 can also include an facing imaging system which can track the eye movements of the wearer (see, e.g., the imaging system 500 shown in . The inward-facing imaging system may track either one eye’s movements or both eyes’ movements. The display 62 is ively coupled 68, such as by a wired lead or wireless connectivity, to a local data processing module 70 which may be mounted in a variety of configurations, such as fixedly attached to the frame 64, y attached to a helmet or hat worn by the user, embedded in headphones, or otherwise removably attached to the user 60 (e.g., in a backpack-style configuration, in a oupling style configuration). The local data processing module 70 can comprise one or more re processors (e.g., programmable electronic devices, microprocessers, microcontrollers, etc.).

The frame 64 can have one or more cameras attached or mounted to the frame 64 to obtain images of the wearer’s eye(s). In one embodiment, the camera(s) may be mounted to the frame 64 in front of a ’s eye so that the eye can be imaged directly. In other embodiments, the camera can be mounted along a stem of the frame 62 (e.g., near the wearer’s ear). In such an embodiment, the display 62 may be coated with a material that reflects light from the wearer’s eye back toward the camera. The light may be infrared light, since iris features are prominent in ed images.

In the context of a wearable head mounted display (HMD) such as wearable display system 100, cameras may be closer to the user’s eyes than a camera coupled to a user’s monitor. For example, cameras may be mounted on the wearable HMD, which itself is worn on a user’s head. The proximity of the eyes to such a camera can result in higher resolution eye image. Accordingly, it is possible for er vision techniques to extract visual features from the user’s eyes, particularly at the iris (e.g., an iris feature) or in the sclera surrounding the iris (e.g., a scleral feature). For e, when viewed by a camera near the eye, the iris of an eye will show detailed structures. Such iris features are particularly pronounced when observed under ed illumination and can be used for biometric identification. These iris features are unique from user to user and, in the manner of a fingerprint, can be used to fy the user uniquely. Eye features can include blood vessels in the sclera of the eye (outside the iris), which may also appear particularly nced when viewed under red or infrared light.

Such distinctive iris features, viewed at a higher resolution, may lead to more unique or accurate iris codes generated for various eye pose image. For example, with the techniques disclosed herein, blue light adjustment can be used to substantially enhance the resolution of eye image for iris code generation.

The local processing and data module 70 may comprise a hardware processor, as well as non-transitory digital memory, such as non-volatile memory e.g., flash memory, both of which may be utilized to assist in the processing, caching, and storage of data.

The data include data (a) captured from sensors (which may be, e.g., operatively coupled to the frame 64 or otherwise attached to the wearer 60), such as image capture devices (such as cameras), hones, inertial measurement units, rometers, compasses, GPS units, radio devices, and/or gyros; and/or (b) acquired and/or processed using remote processing module 72 and/or remote data tory 74, possibly for passage to the display 62 after such processing or retrieval. The local processing and data module 70 may be ively coupled by communication links 76, 78, such as via a wired or wireless communication links, to the remote processing module 72 and remote data repository 74 such that these remote modules 72, 74 are operatively coupled to each other and available as resources to the local processing and data module 70. The image capture device(s) can be used to capture the eye images used in the blue light ment procedures.

In some embodiments, the remote processing module 72 may comprise one or more hardware processors (e.g., servers) configured to analyze and process data and/or image information such as video ation captured by an image e device. The video data may be stored locally in the local processing and data module 70 and/or in the remote data repository 74. As used herein, video is used in its ordinary sense and includes, but is not limited to, a recording of a sequence of visual images. Each image in a video is mes referred to as an image frame or simply a frame. A video can include a plurality of tial frames, either with or without an audio channel. A video can include a plurality of frames, which are ordered in time. Accordingly, an image in a video can be ed to as an eye image frame or eye image.

In some embodiments, the remote data repository 74 may comprise a digital data storage facility, which may be available through the internet or other networking configuration in a "cloud" resource configuration. In some embodiments, all data is stored and all computations are performed in the local processing and data module 70, allowing fully autonomous use from a remote module.

In some implementations, the local processing and data module 70 and/or the remote processing module 72 are programmed to m embodiments of obtaining eye images or processing eye images as described herein. For example, the local processing and data module 70 and/or the remote processing module 72 can be programmed to perform embodiments of the e 800, 900, or 1000 bed with reference to FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 respectively. The local processing and data module 70 and/or the remote sing module 72 can be programmed to use the blue light adjustment techniques sed herein in biometric extraction, for example to identify or ticate the identity of the wearer 60, or in estimating pose, for example to determine a direction toward which each eye is looking. The image capture device can capture video for a particular application (e.g., video of the wearer’s eye for an eye-tracking application). The video can be analyzed using various eye image processing techniques by one or both of the processing modules 70, 72. With this analysis, processing modules 70, 72 may m blue light adjustments. As an example, the local processing and data module 70 and/or the remote processing module 72 can be programmed to e an initial eye image from s attached to the frame 64 (e.g., the routine 900 or 950). In on, the local processing and data module 70 and/or the remote processing module 72 can be programmed, for example, to ine whether a detected change passes a biometric application threshold (e.g., the routine 800) or, as another example, to determine whether the pupillary response (e.g., a particular state of the ary response) identifies a characteristic of an individual (e.g., the routine 900) based on the level of blue light adjusted in connection with the wearable display system 100. In some cases, off-loading at least some of the techniques described herein to a remote processing module (e.g., in the "cloud") may improve efficiency or speed of the ations, for example, the blue light pupillary response routine (e.g., routine 800) may be off loaded to a remote processing module. Or as another example, some portions of the techniques can be off-loaded to a remote processing module, such as the blue light identification routine (e.g., routine 900).

The s of the video analysis (e.g., an estimated eye pose) can be used by one or both of the processing modules 70, 72 for additional operations or processing. For example, in various applications, biometric identification, acking, recognition, or classification of objects, poses, etc. may be used by the wearable y system 100. For example, video of the wearer’s eye(s) can be used for obtaining eye , which, in turn, can be used by the processing modules 70, 72 to ine an iris code of an eye of the wearer 60 through the display 62. The processing s 70, 72 of the wearable display system 100 can be programmed with one or more embodiments of blue light adjustment to perform any of the video or image processing applications described herein.

The human visual system is complicated and providing a realistic perception of depth is challenging. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that viewers of an object may perceive the object as being three-dimensional due to a combination of vergence and accommodation. Vergence movements (e.g., rotational movements of the pupils toward or away from each other to converge the lines of sight of the eyes to fixate upon an object) of the two eyes relative to each other are closely associated with focusing (or "accommodation") of the lenses of the eyes. Under normal conditions, changing the focus of the lenses of the eyes, or accommodating the eyes, to change focus from one object to another object at a different distance will automatically cause a matching change in ce to the same distance, under a relationship known as the "accommodation-vergence reflex." se, a change in vergence will trigger a matching change in accommodation, under normal conditions. Display systems that provide a better match between accommodation and vergence may form more realistic and comfortable simulations of dimensional imagery. illustrates s of an approach for simulating three-dimensional imagery using multiple depth planes. With reference to objects at various distances from eyes 302 and 304 on the z-axis are accommodated by the eyes 302 and 304 so that those objects are in focus. The eyes 302 and 304 assume particular accommodated states to bring into focus objects at ent distances along the z-axis. Consequently, a particular accommodated state may be said to be associated with a particular one of depth planes 306, with has an associated focal distance, such that objects or parts of objects in a particular depth plane are in focus when the eye is in the accommodated state for that depth plane. In some embodiments, three-dimensional imagery may be simulated by ing different presentations of an image for each of the eyes 302 and 304, and also by ing different presentations of the image corresponding to each of the depth planes. While shown as being separate for clarity of illustration, it will be appreciated that the fields of view of the eyes 302 and 304 may overlap, for example, as ce along the z-axis increases. In addition, while shown as flat for ease of illustration, it will be iated that the contours of a depth plane may be curved in physical space, such that all features in a depth plane are in focus with the eye in a particular accommodated state. Without being limited by theory, it is ed that the human eye typically can interpret a finite number of depth planes to provide depth perception.

Consequently, a highly able simulation of perceived depth may be achieved by providing, to the eye, different presentations of an image corresponding to each of these limited number of depth planes.

Waveguide Stack Assembly illustrates an example of a waveguide stack for outputting image information to a user. A display system 100 includes a stack of waveguides, or stacked waveguide assembly 178 that may be utilized to provide three-dimensional perception to the eye/brain using a plurality of waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190. In some embodiments, the display system 100 may correspond to system 100 of with schematically showing some parts of that system 100 in greater detail. For example, in some embodiments, the waveguide assembly 178 may be integrated into the display 62 of With continued reference to the waveguide assembly 178 may also include a plurality of features 198, 196, 194, 192 between the waveguides. In some embodiments, the features 198, 196, 194, 192 may be lenses. The waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190 and/or the plurality of lenses 198, 196, 194, 192 may be configured to send image information to the eye with various levels of wavefront curvature or light ray divergence. Each waveguide level may be associated with a particular depth plane and may be configured to output image information corresponding to that depth plane. Image injection devices 200, 202, 204, 206, 208 may be utilized to inject image information into the waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, each of which may be configured to distribute incoming light across each respective waveguide, for output toward the eye 304. Light exits an output surface of the image ion s 200, 202, 204, 206, 208 and is injected into a corresponding input edge of the waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190. In some ments, a single beam of light (e.g., a collimated beam) may be injected into each waveguide to output an entire field of cloned collimated beams that are directed toward the eye 304 at particular angles (and amounts of ence) corresponding to the depth plane associated with a particular waveguide.

In some embodiments, the image ion devices 200, 202, 204, 206, 208 are discrete displays that each produce image information for injection into a corresponding waveguide 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, respectively. In some other embodiments, the image injection devices 200, 202, 204, 206, 208 are the output ends of a single multiplexed display which may, e.g., pipe image ation via one or more optical conduits (such as fiber optic cables) to each of the image injection devices 200, 202, 204, 206, 208. Image injection s 200, 202, 204, 206, 208 may be configured to e increased levels of blue light to the waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, respectively, ponding to adjustments of blue light, as described in the systems and s herein. In one embodiment, image injection devices 200, 202, 204, 206, 208 are configured to produce light at wavelengths corresponding to the color blue for short periods of time (e.g., from about 10 ms to about 1000 ms). In some embodiments, one or more short flashes of blue light may be yed. The one or more short flashes may each last less than about 1000 ms. In some embodiments, the one or more flashes each last between about 50 ms and 800 ms. The light may be "pulsed" at regular (or lar) intervals. Each pulse may last between about 10 ms and 500 ms. The time between each pulse may be similarly short (e.g., n 10 ms and 500 ms, between 50 ms and 800 ms). The total length of time the pulsing lasts may be less than 100 ms, less than 500 ms, and/or less than 2000 ms.

A controller 210 ls the operation of the stacked ide assembly 178 and the image injection devices 200, 202, 204, 206, 208. In some embodiments, the controller 210 es programming (e.g., instructions in a non-transitory computer-readable medium) that regulates the timing and provision of image information to the waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190. For example, with respect to the blue light adjustment techniques described herein, the controller 210 may regulate the timing and provision of blue light provided to the waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190 by image ion devices 200, 202, 204, 206, 208. In some embodiments, the controller may be a single integral device, or a distributed system connected by wired or wireless communication channels. The controller 210 may be part of the processing modules 71 or 72 (illustrated in in some embodiments.

The waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190 may be configured to propagate light within each tive ide by total internal reflection (TIR). The waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190 may each be planar or have another shape (e.g., curved), with major top and bottom surfaces and edges extending between those major top and bottom surfaces. In the illustrated configuration, the ides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190 may each include light extracting optical elements 282, 284, 286, 288, 290 that are configured to extract light out of a waveguide by cting the light, propagating within each tive waveguide, out of the ide to output image information to the eye 304. Extracted light may also be referred to as outcoupled light, and light extracting optical elements may also be referred to as outcoupling optical elements. An extracted beam of light is ted by the waveguide at locations at which the light propagating in the waveguide strikes a light redirecting element. The light extracting optical elements (82, 284, 286, 288, 290 may, for example, be reflective and/or diffractive optical features. While illustrated disposed at the bottom major surfaces of the waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190 for ease of description and drawing clarity, in some embodiments, the light extracting optical elements 282, 284, 286, 288, 290 may be disposed at the top and/or bottom major surfaces, and/or may be disposed directly in the volume of the waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190. In some embodiments, the light extracting optical elements 282, 284, 286, 288, 290 may be formed in a layer of material that is ed to a transparent substrate to form the waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190. In some other embodiments, the waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190 may be a monolithic piece of material and the light extracting optical elements 282, 284, 286, 288, 290 may be formed on a surface and/or in the interior of that piece of material.

With continued reference to as sed herein, each waveguide 182, 184, 186, 188, 190 is configured to output light to form an image corresponding to a particular depth plane. For example, the waveguide 182 nearest the eye may be configured to deliver collimated light, as injected into such ide 182, to the eye 304. The ated light may be representative of the optical infinity focal plane. The next waveguide up 184 may be configured to send out collimated light which passes through the first lens 192 (e.g., a negative lens) before it can reach the eye 304. First lens 192 may be ured to create a slight convex ont ure so that the eye/brain interprets light coming from that next waveguide up 184 as coming from a first focal plane closer inward toward the eye 304 from optical infinity. rly, the third up waveguide 186 passes its output light through both the first lens 192 and second lens 194 before reaching the eye 304. The combined optical power of the first and second lenses 192 and 194 may be configured to create r incremental amount of wavefront curvature so that the eye/brain interprets light coming from the third waveguide 186 as coming from a second focal plane that is even closer inward toward the person from optical infinity than was light from the next waveguide up 184.

The other waveguide layers (e.g., waveguides 188, 190) and lenses (e.g., lenses 196, 198) are similarly configured, with the highest waveguide 190 in the stack sending its output through all of the lenses between it and the eye for an aggregate focal power representative of the closest focal plane to the person. To compensate for the stack of lenses 198, 196, 194, 192 when viewing/interpreting light coming from the world 144 on the other side of the stacked waveguide assembly 178, a compensating lens layer 180 may be disposed at the top of the stack to compensate for the aggregate power of the lens stack 198, 196, 194, 192 below. Such a configuration provides as many perceived focal planes as there are available waveguide/lens pairings. Both the light ting optical elements of the waveguides and the focusing aspects of the lenses may be static (e.g., not dynamic or electro-active). In some alternative embodiments, either or both may be dynamic using electro-active features.

The display system 100 can e an outward-facing imaging system 502 (e.g., a digital camera) that images a portion of the world 144. This portion of the world 144 may be referred to as the field of view (FOV) and the imaging system 502 is sometimes referred to as an FOV . The entire region ble for viewing or imaging by a viewer may be referred to as the field of regard (FOR). In some HMD implementations, the FOR may include substantially all of the solid angle around a wearer of the HMD, because the wearer can move their head and eyes to look at objects surrounding the wearer (in front, in back, above, below, or on the sides of the wearer). Images obtained from the outward-facing imaging system 502 can be used to track gestures made by the wearer (e.g., hand or finger gestures), detect s in the world 144 in front of the wearer, and so forth.

The display system 100 can include a user input device 504 by which the user can input commands to the controller 210 to interact with the system 100. For example, the user input device 504 can include a trackpad, a touchscreen, a joystick, a multiple degreeof-freedom (DOF) ller, a capacitive sensing device, a game controller, a keyboard, a mouse, a directional pad ), a wand, a haptic device, a totem (e.g., functioning as a virtual user input device), and so forth. In some cases, the user may use a finger (e.g., a thumb) to press or swipe on a touch-sensitive input device to provide input to the system 100 (e.g., to provide user input to a user interface provided by the system 100). The user input device 504 may be held by the user’s hand during use of the system 100. The user input device 504 can be in wired or wireless communication with the display system 100.

With continued reference to the light extracting optical elements 282, 284, 286, 288, 290 may be configured to both ct light out of their respective waveguides and to output this light with the appropriate amount of divergence or ation for a particular depth plane ated with the waveguide. As a result, waveguides having different associated depth planes may have different configurations of light extracting optical elements, which output light with a different amount of divergence depending on the associated depth plane. In some embodiments, as discussed herein, the light extracting optical ts 282, 284, 286, 288, 290 may be volumetric or e features, which may be configured to output light at specific angles. For example, the light extracting optical elements 282, 284, 286, 288, 290 may be volume ams, surface holograms, and/or diffraction gratings. Light ting l elements, such as diffraction gratings, are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0178939, published June 25, 2015, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the features 198, 196, 194, 192 may not be .

Rather, they may simply be spacers (e.g., cladding layers and/or structures for forming air gaps).

In some embodiments, the light extracting optical elements 282, 284, 286, 288, 290 are diffractive features that form a diffraction pattern, or "diffractive optical element" (also referred to herein as a "DOE"). Preferably, the DOE’s have a relatively low diffraction efficiency so that only a n of the light of the beam is deflected away toward the eye 304 with each intersection of the DOE, while the rest continues to move through a waveguide via total internal reflection. The light carrying the image information is thus divided into a number of related exit beams that exit the waveguide at a multiplicity of locations and the result is a fairly uniform pattern of exit emission toward the eye 304 for this ular collimated beam bouncing around within a waveguide.

In some ments, one or more DOEs may be switchable between "on" states in which they actively diffract, and "off" states in which they do not significantly diffract.

For instance, a switchable DOE may comprise a layer of polymer dispersed liquid crystal, in which microdroplets comprise a diffraction pattern in a host medium, and the refractive index of the microdroplets can be switched to substantially match the refractive index of the host material (in which case the pattern does not appreciably diffract incident light) or the microdroplet can be switched to an index that does not match that of the host medium (in which case the pattern actively diffracts incident light).

In some ments, the number and distribution of depth planes and/or depth of field may be varied dynamically based on the pupil sizes and/or orientations of the eyes of the viewer. In some embodiments, an imaging system 500 (e.g., a digital camera) may be used to capture images of the eye 304 to determine the size and/or orientation of the pupil of the eye 304. The g system 500 can be used to obtain images for use in determining the direction the wearer 60 is looking (e.g., eye pose). In some embodiments, the imaging system 500 may be attached to the frame 64 (as illustrated in and may be in ical ication with the sing modules 71 and/or 72, which may process image information from the camera 50) to determine, e.g., the pupil diameters and/or orientations of the eyes or eye pose of the user 60. In some embodiments, one imaging system 500 may be utilized for each eye, to separately determine the pupil size and/or orientation of each eye, thereby allowing the presentation of image information to each eye to be dynamically ed to that eye. In some other ments, the pupil er and/or orientation of only a single eye 304 (e.g., using only a single imaging system 500 per pair of eyes) is ined and assumed to be similar for both eyes of the viewer 60.

For example, depth of field may change inversely with a viewer’s pupil size.

As a result, as the sizes of the pupils of the viewer’s eyes decrease, the depth of field increases such that one plane not discernible because the location of that plane is beyond the depth of focus of the eye may become discernible and appear more in focus with reduction of pupil size and commensurate increase in depth of field. Likewise, the number of spaced apart depth planes used to present different images to the viewer may be sed with decreased pupil size. For e, a viewer may not be able to y perceive the details of both a first depth plane and a second depth plane at one pupil size without adjusting the accommodation of the eye away from one depth plane and to the other depth plane. These two depth planes may, however, be sufficiently in focus at the same time to the user at r pupil size without changing accommodation.

In some embodiments, the display system may vary the number of waveguides receiving image information based upon determinations of pupil size and/or orientation, or upon receiving electrical signals indicative of particular pupil sizes and/or orientations. For example, if the user’s eyes are unable to distinguish between two depth planes associated with two waveguides, then the ller 210 may be configured or programmed to cease providing image information to one of these waveguides. Advantageously, this may reduce the sing burden on the system, thereby increasing the responsiveness of the system. In embodiments in which the DOEs for a waveguide are switchable between on and off states, the DOEs may be switched to the off state when the waveguide does receive image information.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to have an exit beam meet the condition of having a diameter that is less than the diameter of the eye of a viewer. However, meeting this condition may be challenging in view of the variability in size of the viewer’s pupils. In some embodiments, this condition is met over a wide range of pupil sizes by varying the size of the exit beam in response to inations of the size of the viewer’s pupil. For example, as the pupil size decreases, the size of the exit beam may also decrease. In some embodiments, the exit beam size may be varied using a variable aperture. shows an example of exit beams ted by a waveguide. One waveguide is illustrated, but it will be appreciated that other waveguides in the waveguide assembly 178 may function similarly, where the waveguide ly 178 includes multiple waveguides. Light 400 is ed into the waveguide 182 at the input edge 382 of the waveguide 182 and propagates within the waveguide 182 by TIR. At points where the light 400 es on the DOE 282, a portion of the light exits the waveguide as exit beams 402.

The exit beams 402 are illustrated as substantially parallel but they may also be redirected to propagate to the eye 304 at an angle (e.g., forming divergent exit beams), depending on the depth plane associated with the waveguide 182. It will be appreciated that substantially parallel exit beams may be indicative of a waveguide with light extracting optical ts that outcouple light to form images that appear to be set on a depth plane at a large distance (e.g., optical infinity) from the eye 304. Other waveguides or other sets of light extracting optical ts may output an exit beam pattern that is more divergent, which would require the eye 304 to accommodate to a closer distance to bring it into focus on the retina and would be interpreted by the brain as light from a distance closer to the eye 304 than optical infinity. shows another example of the optical display system 100 including a ide apparatus, an optical coupler subsystem to optically couple light to or from the waveguide apparatus, and a control subsystem. The optical system 100 can be used to generate a multi-focal volumetric, image, or light field. The optical system can include one or more primary planar waveguides 1 (only one is shown in and one or more DOEs 2 associated with each of at least some of the primary waveguides 10. The planar ides 1 can be similar to the waveguides 182, 184, 186, 188, 190 discussed with nce to The optical system may employ a distribution ide apparatus, to relay light along a first axis (vertical or Y-axis in view of , and expand the light's effective exit pupil along the first axis (e.g., Y-axis). The distribution waveguide tus, may, for example include a distribution planar waveguide 3 and at least one DOE 4 (illustrated by double dash-dot line) associated with the distribution planar waveguide 3. The distribution planar waveguide 3 may be similar or identical in at least some respects to the primary planar waveguide 1, having a different orientation therefrom. Likewise, the at least one DOE 4 may be similar or identical in at least some respects to the DOE 2. For example, the distribution planar waveguide 3 and/or DOE 4 may be sed of the same materials as the primary planar waveguide 1 and/or DOE 2, respectively. The optical system shown in can be integrated into the le display system 100 shown in The relayed and exit-pupil expanded light is optically coupled from the distribution waveguide apparatus into the one or more primary planar waveguides 10. The y planar waveguide 1 relays light along a second axis, preferably orthogonal to first axis, (e.g., horizontal or X-axis in view of . Notably, the second axis can be a non-orthogonal axis to the first axis. The primary planar waveguide 10 expands the light's effective exit pupil along that second axis (e.g., X-axis). For example, the distribution planar waveguide 3 can relay and expand light along the vertical or Y-axis, and pass that light to the primary planar waveguide 1 which relays and expands light along the horizontal or X-axis.

The optical system may include one or more sources of colored light (e.g., red, green, and blue laser light) 110 which may be optically coupled into a proximal end of a single mode optical fiber 9. A distal end of the optical fiber 9 may be threaded or received through a hollow tube 8 of piezoelectric material. The distal end protrudes from the tube 8 as fixed-free le cantilever 7. The piezoelectric tube 8 can be associated with four quadrant electrodes (not illustrated). The electrodes may, for example, be plated on the outside, outer e or outer periphery or diameter of the tube 8. A core electrode (not rated) is also located in a core, center, inner periphery or inner diameter of the tube 8.

Drive onics 12, for example electrically d via wires 10, drive opposing pairs of odes to bend the piezoelectric tube 8 in two axes independently. The protruding distal tip of the optical fiber 7 has mechanical modes of resonance. The frequencies of resonance can depend upon a diameter, , and material properties of the optical fiber 7. By vibrating the lectric tube 8 near a first mode of mechanical resonance of the fiber ever 7, the fiber cantilever 7 is caused to vibrate, and can sweep through large deflections.

By stimulating resonant vibration in two axes, the tip of the fiber cantilever 7 is scanned biaxially in an area filling two dimensional (2-D) scan. By modulating an intensity of light source(s) 11 in synchrony with the scan of the fiber ever 7, light emerging from the fiber ever 7 forms an image. Descriptions of such a set up are provided in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0003762, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

A component of an optical coupler subsystem collimates the light emerging from the scanning fiber cantilever 7. The collimated light is reflected by mirrored surface 5 into the narrow distribution planar ide 3 which contains the at least one diffractive optical element (DOE) 4. The collimated light propagates vertically (relative to the view of along the distribution planar waveguide 3 by total internal reflection, and in doing so repeatedly intersects with the DOE 4. The DOE 4 preferably has a low diffraction efficiency.

This causes a fraction (e.g., 10%) of the light to be diffracted toward an edge of the larger primary planar waveguide 1 at each point of intersection with the DOE 4, and a on of the light to continue on its original trajectory down the length of the bution planar waveguide 3 via TIR.

At each point of intersection with the DOE 4, additional light is diffracted toward the entrance of the y waveguide 1. By dividing the incoming light into multiple outcoupled sets, the exit pupil of the light is expanded vertically by the DOE 4 in the distribution planar waveguide 3. This vertically expanded light coupled out of distribution planar waveguide 3 enters the edge of the primary planar waveguide 1.

Light ng primary ide 1 propagates horizontally (relative to the view of along the primary waveguide 1 via TIR. As the light intersects with DOE 2 at multiple points as it propagates ntally along at least a portion of the length of the primary waveguide 10 via TIR. The DOE 2 may advantageously be ed or ured to have a phase profile that is a summation of a linear diffraction pattern and a radially symmetric diffractive pattern, to produce both deflection and focusing of the light. The DOE 2 may advantageously have a low diffraction efficiency (e.g., 10%), so that only a portion of the light of the beam is deflected toward the eye of the view with each intersection of the DOE 2 while the rest of the light continues to propagate through the waveguide 1 via TIR.

At each point of ection between the propagating light and the DOE 2, a fraction of the light is diffracted toward the adjacent face of the primary waveguide 1 allowing the light to escape the TIR, and emerge from the face of the primary waveguide 1. In some embodiments, the radially ric ction pattern of the DOE 2 additionally imparts a focus level to the diffracted light, both shaping the light wavefront (e.g., imparting a curvature) of the individual beam as well as steering the beam at an angle that matches the designed focus level.

Accordingly, these different pathways can cause the light to be coupled out of the primary planar waveguide 1 by a multiplicity of DOEs 2 at different angles, focus levels, and/or yielding different fill patterns at the exit pupil. Different fill patterns at the exit pupil can be beneficially used to create a light field display with multiple depth planes. Each layer in the waveguide ly or a set of layers (e.g., 3 layers) in the stack may be employed to generate a tive color (e.g., red, blue, green). Thus, for example, a first set of three adjacent layers may be employed to respectively produce red, blue and green light at a first focal depth. A second set of three adjacent layers may be employed to tively produce red, blue and green light at a second focal depth. Multiple sets may be employed to te a full 3D or 4D color image light field with various focal depths.

Example of Pupillary Response to Blue Light Adjustment schematically illustrates an e pupillary response to light adjustment. In addition to the construction and on of the pupil as described above with respect to the example of an eye experiencing blue light adjustment, other physiological characteristics of the eye may be affected by the exposure of an increased level of light exposed to the eye 102. By using such physiological characteristics, the systems and methods described herein can detect a change in the pupillary se and compare that detected change to a biometric application old. If that detected change passes the biometric application threshold, the wearable display system may utilize the eye images or that detected pupillary response change for a biometric application.

The pupillary se (e.g., pupil parameter, change in a pupil parameter) can include a variety of physiological characteristics, including but not limited to a rise time for a pupillary response curve to an increased level of light, a decay time for the ary response curve to a decreased level of light, a delay time to an increased level of light, a rise curve for the rise time, or a decay curve for the decay time. Such a ary response can be ed by wearable display system coupled to processing modules (e.g., the wearable display system 100 shown in or the display systems 100 in FIGS. 4 and 6). For example, processing modules 70, 72 can process eye images obtained from the imaging system 500 (see, e.g., during the time period when the blue light level is being changed or modified.

For example, eye images obtained from imaging system 500 may be used to form a model of the pupillary response. The model may be based on any ter derived or measured from an eye image, including but not limited to: the pupil area, the pupil radius, the pupil circumference, the pupil diameter, or the outer iris radius relative to the pupil radius.

Additionally, or alternatively, physiological teristics of the pupillary response may be ed by various instruments coupled to the wearable display system 100 or derived from processing eye images. tically illustrates parameters representative of a pupillary response based on an eye image analysis of the sing s 70, 72. illustrates an example pupillary response to light adjustment. The pupillary response curve 109 (r(t)) illustrates an example of a physiological response to changing levels of light 106 (L) for the radius of the pupil, r(t). As depicted in the light levels instantaneously increase from level LA to a higher level, LA + LB, and then back down to the level LA. The pupillary response curve 109, responding to varying levels of light 106, includes both a rise curve portion 109b and a decay curve portion 109d. The human eye 102 may experience a delay time τ1 109a after the level of light has been increased. The rise curve portion 109b illustrates the pupillary response to an increased level of light (e.g., LA + LB) for a rise time τD 109c. In one embodiment, the increased level of light may pond to an overall increase in the total amount of blue light d to the eye.

The pupil ts a particular response to decreased level of light (e.g., the eye 102 is exposed to a darker state due to light level LA+LB changing to a lower level LA).

The decay curve n 109d rates the pupillary response to a decreased level of light for a decay time τC 109e. A decay time delay 109f describes the elapsed time between when the increased level of light LA + LB is returned to the level LA and when the pupil decay response begins. A difference in absolute level of pupillary response between a lighted and a darker state and/or between a darker and lighter state is described by 109g. In some embodiments, ratios of various values shown in (e.g., 09g) can be used to determine whether a threshold pupillary response has been reached. The various times associated with the pupillary response may be measured by a timer or clock implemented by the processing s 70, 72 coupled to the wearable display system 100. The pupillary response to an adjusted level of blue light can include a variety of physiological characteristics, including but not limited to: a rise time for a pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, a decay time for the pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, a delay time to the adjusted level of blue light, a shape of the rise curve portion of the pupillary se curve to the ed level of blue light, or a shape of the decay curve portion of the pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light. The pupillary response times are typically in the range from about 100 ms to about 500 ms. Although illustrated in with respect to seven parameters (e.g., 109a-109g) for a pupillary response, other physiological characteristics of the pupillary response may be measured and included as a parameter of the pupillary response. For example, the minimum and maximum radius of the pupil can be ed as parameters of the pupillary response. Accordingly, the physiological parameters illustrated in are for illustration only, and the actual ary response for a human eye may be different than the example bed above.

Changes in the pupillary response may be detected by wearable y system 100 implementing the blue light adjustment routines described herein. For example, processing modules 70, 72 may implement the routine 800 to adjust the level of blue light exposed to an eye 102 and compare the subsequent adjustment eye image received from the wearable display system 100 to an initial eye image received before the adjustment to the level of blue light occurred. For example, in one ment, detecting the change in the pupillary response may be a comparison of the pupil radius of the adjustment eye image to the pupil radius of the initial eye image. In r embodiment, the initial eye image may be a reference eye image that was stored in a biometric database for a particular dual that owns or es the le display system 100.

The system may capture one or more images of an object (e.g., eye) using an image capture device (e.g., camera). In some ments, a first image is captured under normal lighting conditions (e.g., an unmodified or unadjusted level of blue light directed into an eye) while a second (or third, fourth, etc.) image is captured under modified lighting conditions (e.g., an increased level of blue light directed into an eye). The image captured under the normal lighting conditions may be referred to as the control image, and the s) captured under the modified lighting conditions may be referred to as the modified image(s).

Similarly, normal lighting conditions may be referred to as control lighting conditions.

Detected s in the pupillary response, such as, for example, changes based on adjusted levels of blue light, may be utilized for certain biometric applications. A detected change in any of the physiological characteristics described above may indicate that an enhanced iris code may be generated from the adjustment eye image, because a larger portion of the iris can be imaged when the pupil is smaller. Accordingly, some ric applications may require a detected change in the pupillary response to pass a biometric application threshold. Continuing in the same example of the pupil radii from above, determining whether the detected change passes the biometric application threshold may include determining that a difference of the pupil radius exceeds the biometric application old. In this example, the difference of the pupil radii corresponds to an image quality metric relating an image quality factor of the compared eye images (e.g., the initial eye image to the adjustment eye image). Other image quality metrics are possible as discussed below with respect to the Example of Biometric Application Thresholds.

In some implementations, a target state of the ary response is reached by incrementally adjusting the level of blue light (e.g., ing the level of blue light) after an adjustment eye image has been analyzed for a change in the pupillary response. For example, the target state of the pupillary se may be a threshold pupil radius (e.g. sufficiently small to obtain a high quality iris image). If the adjustment eye image does not have a pupil radius that passes the threshold pupil radius, the level of blue light may be incrementally ed, e.g., to further constrict the pupil towards the target state of the pupillary response. From this perspective, each adjustment eye image received can be viewed as feedback to a system that optimizes for a target state of the pupillary response.

Additionally, or atively, the feedback, e.g. each adjustment image, may be used to regulate the ary response. For example, a model for the pupillary se for a particular individual may be formed using several eye images under varying conditions of light exposed to the eye. Once a model has been formed, the systems and methods described herein may be used to increase or decrease the level of blue light to regulate the pupillary response, thereby achieving a target state (e.g., an brium . An brium state may be achieved by iteratively modifying the level of blue light. The equilibrium state may refer to a state when a predictable response is achieved by a given input (e.g., level of blue light). Such a target state may be helpful to achieve suitable results without producing an unnecessarily high level of blue light by the y.

Example of Modeling a Pupillary Response The pupillary response to light or adjusted levels of blue light, described above in FIGS. 1A-1B and 7, may be used to form an individual biometric model for the individual utilizing the wearable display system 100. For example, sing modules 70, 72 may create an individual biometric model for an dual utilizing the wearable display system 100. To create this individual biometric model, ation obtained from eye images may be used to contribute to that model, including but not d to: a rise time for a pupillary response curve to an increased level of light, a decay time for the pupillary response curve to a sed level of light, a delay time to an increased and/or decreased level of light, a rise curve for the rise time, or a decay curve for the decay time, a rise time for a pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, a decay time for the pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, a delay time to the adjusted level of blue light, a rise curve portion of the pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, or a decay curve portion of the pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light. Accordingly, the individual biometric model may include a ary response under normal light ions (e.g., ambient lighting conditions) and pupillary response under an adjusted level of blue light. The individual biometric model may also include reference eye images, such as eye images obtained under normal lighting conditions. Such reference eye images can be used for comparison to eye images obtained during or subsequent to an adjusted level of blue light. In embodiments with cameras having light sensors (e.g., as part of outward-facing imaging system 502) present on the wearable device, such cameras may be used to measure the ambient light level generally or specifically for wavelengths associated with blue light. Some such embodiments may be advantageous, because the display system has a measure of the level of ambient blue light and can change the level of blue light relative to the ambient level to induce a ary response in the viewer.

Cognitive Load Additionally, or alternatively, the individual biometric model may also include pupillary responses defined by environmental conditions other than levels of light. The mental state of an individual can affect the individual’s pupillary se. ingly, measurements of the pupillary response can be used to infer the individual’s mental state at the time of the measurements. Cognitive load refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in an individual’s working memory (e.g., the memory devoted to holding and processing ation). Cognitive load may impact the pupillary response. An increased cognitive load may increase dilation of the pupil, corresponding to an increase of the pupil radius over time.

Or as another example, the rise time of the pupillary response under conditions of high cognitive load may be shorter than the rise time under conditions of normal cognitive load.

The exposure of a ntially soothing scene on an electronic display may reduce cognitive load and may give rise to measurable changes in the individual’s pupillary response.

Accordingly, the change of ive load may be measured by ing eye images for a change in pupillary response n time periods of high cognitive load (e.g., solving a problem, watching an action scene) and time periods when the user is encing lower cognitive load (e.g., after exposure to a substantially soothing .

As yet other examples of pupillary responses defined by environmental conditions, a ary response may be correlated to a state of the individual, including but not limited to: happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, violent tendencies, arousal, or other emotions. For example, a shorter delay time for pupil constriction relative to normal lighting ions may indicate anger for a particular individual. As another example, a sharp rise curve for pupil on may indicate arousal (e.g., from another individual). Pupillary responses for varying emotional states may vary for different individuals. Such pupillary responses may be ed in the individual biometric model.

The individual biometric model may also be used to determine a level of cognitive load. As described above, the pupillary response may exist for an individual under "normal" lighting conditions, e.g., a normal pupillary response. Once that individual experiences an increased cognitive load (e.g., thinking about a math problem displayed on a wearable display system or thinking during a classroom exercise while ing a wearable display system), the level of the cognitive load may be determined. For example, the current pupillary response of the individual can be determined by eye imaging. The current pupillary response can be compared with the individual’s normal pupillary response (e.g., under normal cognitive load and/or under normal lighting conditions). The normal pupillary response can be measured and stored by the display system. To estimate cognitive load, the normal ary response can be subtracted from the current pupillary response to generate a cognitive load pupillary response, which is a measure of the amount of the cognitive load currently experienced by the individual. Other distractors can be subtracted or compensated for (e.g., a difference in the current light level as compared to the light level under normal conditions). A greater r) cognitive load pupillary response tends to indicate the individual is undergoing larger (smaller) cognitive activities. A level of cognitive load can be estimated based on the cognitive load ary response. For e, determining a level of cognitive load based on the cognitive load pupillary response may include correlating the pupil radius to a cognitive load score.

In various ments, the system may monitor the wearer’s eyes to determine the wearer’s cognitive load. This monitoring could occur continuously, at particular times (e.g., when the wearer is studying), or upon user activation of a cognitive load measurement application. The wearer’s cognitive load can be stored and accessed by the wearer (or e authorized by the wearer) for analysis. For example, a teacher may review a student’s cognitive load while studying to determine whether the student is studying efficiently or day-dreaming. In other ments, the system may include an outward facing camera that can image the eyes of individuals nearby the wearer. The eye images of those duals can be analyzed and cognitive load estimated. The system may display to the wearer a graphic indicating the other individual’s cognitive loads. For example, a teacher may view students in a classroom and be able to obtain an te of cognitive load, which will tend to indicate which students are paying attention during class.

Once constructed, an individual biometric model may be stored in a biometric se. For example, processing modules 70, 72 may communicate via secure communication channel (e.g., the channel is encrypted) with a server hosting a ric database. Biometric database may store the individual biometric model as a data record corresponding to that specific individual. In this way, the biometric database may store several biometric models obtained from s wearable display systems 100. Additionally, or alternatively, the dual biometric model may be stored locally (e.g., processing module 70). In such a case, the locally stored individual biometric model may be used for identification of an individual utilizing the wearable display system 100. For example, the wearable display system 100 may only allow access or partial access to an individual that matches the y stored dual ric model.

Example of Individual Identification with a ary Response The pupillary response to light or adjusted levels of blue light, described above in FIGS. 1A-1B and 7, may be used to identify an individual utilizing the wearable display system 100. Once the individual ing that wearable display system is identified, the system may allow access to certain biometric applications based on the associated pupillary response. For example, sing modules 70, 72 may determine that the pupillary response, alone or in conjunction with other biometric or non-biometric factors, identifies an individual utilizing the wearable display system 100. As but one example of processing modules 70, 72 making this determination, eye images obtained from a user utilizing a wearable display system 100 are analyzed for a rise time of a pupillary response curve to an increased level of light.

That is is compared to a stored biometric record for a particular individual to determine r that rise time corresponds to the rise time of the stored biometric record. Once it is determined that the rise curve does correspond to the rise curve of the stored biometric record, processing modules 70, 72 may allow access to certain biometric applications.

Illustratively, in one implementation of identifying a human individual, five or more ric characteristics may be used to determine that the pupillary response identifies a specific human individual. Those five biometric or more characteristics may include a rise time for a pupillary response curve to an increased level of light, a decay time for the pupillary response curve to a decreased level of light, a delay time to an increased and/or decreased level of light, a maximum pupil , and/or a minimum pupil radius. When an individual attempts to utilize the wearable display system 100 that is associated with an individual biometric model having these five biometric characteristics (e.g., stored as a record in local processing module 70), eye images are obtained to determine these five biometric characteristics, while preventing further access to any biometric applications that are part of the wearable y system. For example, levels of blue light may be adjusted while the eye images are obtained. Once the pupillary response is ined for this individual, each biometric characteristic may be compared to the stored characteristic to determine whether access to a ric application should be allowed, e.g., by comparing an image quality metric to a biometric application threshold, as described above. In some implementations, a set of biometric characteristics, such as the five or more biometric characteristics described, may be ed to as a biometric vector. Additionally or atively, some implementations may obtain an extended biometric vector, which includes the set of biometric characteristics for each eye. Such biometric measurements (e.g., a biometric vector) may be ed in conjunction with other biometric or non-biometric metrics for verifying the identity of the user.

Some advantages of storing a biometric characteristic corresponding to a specific human individual may include improving the security of the wearable display system.

For example, an unauthorized individual may attempt to gain access to the y system and/or system application by imitating (also known as spoofing) the ric characteristics of an actual authorized user. For example, an unauthorized individual seeking to e illicit access to wearable display system may present to the display system a picture (or a 3D model) of the iris of the authorized user. One system application may be projecting images onto the display for a user as if the images appear at different ces from the user. Other examples may include re that allow a user to engage with the Internet, software applications ("apps"), system settings, system security features, etc. The display system may image the iris picture or model and be fooled into permitting access to the unauthorized individual. As another example of improving the security of the wearable display, start-up routines for a wearable display system may incorporate a scene that stimulates the pupillary response. For example, as part of a startup routine that initiates the wearable display system, the display can project an image of a sunrise, where the sky increasingly s more blue. Such a scene can stimulate or trigger the pupillary response of the individual g the system, so that the wearable display can measure the wearer’s pupillary response (e.g., in se to the bluing of the sky) and use the measured response to identify the wearer or determine the wearer is a living individual (e.g., poofing). Such a "sunrise" scenario is not limited to startup and can be used at other times when identification or other ric applications are desired.

Further, the image of a sunrise is a non-limiting example, and in other cases, other types of images (e.g., with time-varying bluing) can be used. However, using the system and methods described herein, such spoofing may be reduced. Pupillary responses identify specific physiological responses and parameters that only a living human dual, and not a fixed image or 3D model, can replicate. Moreover, the pupillary response can be specific to one human individual, and not duplicated by another, analogous to a human fingerprint. ingly, identification of a specific, living, human individual may be facilitated by the determination of a pupillary se for their eye and corresponding biometric characteristics associated with that response, such as the information obtained to construct an individual biometric model, described above.

Processing modules 70, 72 may also determine that the pupillary response corresponds to specific individuals or specific types of individuals. Access to biometric applications may be d or denied based on the type of dual identified. Various types of individuals may be identified by their respective pupillary response. In one implementation, access may be denied to a human eye that matches some biometric characteristics, but not others. For example, a deceased human eye may be distinguished from a living human eye based on the pupillary response. ratively, an eye from a deceased human will not display any pupillary response to ng light levels, whereas an eye in a living human will y a pupillary response. As onal examples of types of individuals that may be identified by the pupillary response, pupillary responses can indicate various physiological states of an individual, including but not limited to: an unconscious human individual, a sleeping individual, a tired individual, an inebriated individual, an elderly individual, an injured individual, an individual undergoing stress or other emotions, or an individual under the influence of reflex or cognitively impairing substances. As an example, access to a ial biometric application may not be granted to an inebriated dual, as identified by their pupillary response. ary responses may also be used to contribute to ement of other physiological states of an dual such as performing a medical diagnosis. For example, a long delay time for an eye exposed to an adjusted level of blue light may indicate a certain eye disease or human malady. Accordingly, a clinician may use one or more biometric characteristics identified from the pupillary response to assist in a medical diagnosis of an individual utilizing the wearable display system 100.

Example of Blue Light Pupillary se Routine schematically illustrates an example of a blue light pupillary response routine. The routine 800 depicts an example flow for adjusting a level of blue light, detecting a change in the pupillary response, determining whether the detected change in pupillary response passes a ric application threshold in utilizing the detected pupillary response for a biometric application. For example, the routine 800 can be ented by the wearable display system 100 via the processing modules 70, 72.

The routine 800 begins at block 804. At block 808, an l eye image is ed. The eye image can be received from a variety of sources including, but not limited to: an image capture device, a head mounted display system, a server, a non-transitory computer-readable medium, or a client computing device (e.g., a smartphone). In some implementations, receiving an initial eye image is an optional step. The initial eye image may be a reference image, such as a nce eye image stored in a ric database as a biometric record.

Continuing in the routine 800, at block 812, the level of blue light exposed to the eye 102 is adjusted. For example, the display of a wearable display system 100 may be adjusted so that more blue colors are displayed. Illustratively, certain areas of the display can be converted to blue pixels from r non-blue pixel. Other ways to adjust the level of blue light are possible, as described above with respect to the e of an eye experiencing blue light adjustment. During this blue light adjustment or subsequent to the blue light adjustment, additional eye images may be received. In this implementation, at block 816, an adjustment eye image is received. That is, the eye image received during or subsequent to the blue light ment is received by the wearable display system 100, e.g., via an image capture device.

For example, the adjustment eye image may be received as described above with respect to ing an initial eye image at block 808.

At block 820, a change in the pupillary response is detected. As bed above with respect to the example of a pupillary response to blue light adjustment, changes in the pupillary response may be detected by analyzing various physiological responses, such as a rise time for a ary response curve to an increased level of light. For example, a change in the pupillary response may be detected by comparing the l eye image to the adjustment eye image. Once the change in the pupillary response is detected, the flow of routine 800 proceeds to decision block 824. At decision block 824, the detected change is compared to a ric application threshold to determine whether the detected change passes that threshold.

As described above with respect to the example of a pupillary response to blue light adjustment, s image quality metrics are possible to represent the detected change pupillary response.

In addition, various biometric application thresholds that correspond to a respective image quality metrics are le. If an image quality metric representing the detected change does not pass the biometric application threshold, the flow proceeds back to block 812, where the level of blue light may be adjusted further. If, however, an image quality metric representing the ed change passes the biometric application threshold, the flow proceeds to block 828.

At block 828, the image quality metric representing the detected change or the received eye images, including the adjustment eye , may be utilized for a biometric application. For example, in one embodiment, the detected change in pupillary response may be used to identify whether an individual is human. As yet another example, a biometric characteristic of the pupillary response may be utilized to identify a specific human dual.

In yet other embodiments, the eye images received maybe utilized to determine an eye pose or an iris code for the associated eye. The biometric characteristic may include a state of an individual, such as, for e, whether the individual is inebriated, is partially or fully awake, is under partial or heavy cognitive load, is under the influence of mind- or awarenessaltering substances, and/or is unconscious. Thereafter, at block 828, the routine 800 ends.

In various embodiments, the routine 800 may be performed by a hardware processor (e.g., the processing s 70, 72 or the ller 210) of a y system such as embodiments of the display system 100. In other ments, a remote computing device with computer-executable instructions can cause the head mounted display system to perform the routine 800. For e, the remote computing device can be caused to detect a change in pupillary se at block 820, while the local processing module 70 may be caused to perform other steps in the routine 800.

Example of a Blue Light Identification Routine schematically illustrates an example of a blue light identification routine. The routine 900 depicts an example flow for ing a level of blue light, ing a change in the pupillary response, determining whether a biometric characteristic of the pupillary response identifies an individual, and allowing access to a ric application based on the pupillary response identification. For example, the routine 900 can be implemented by the wearable display system 100 via the processing modules 70, 72.

The routine 900 begins at block 904. At block 908, the level of blue light d to the eye 102 is adjusted. For example, the display of a wearable display system 100 may be adjusted so that more blue colors are displayed. Illustratively, certain areas of the display can be converted to blue pixels from another non-blue pixel. Other ways to adjust the level of blue light are possible, as bed above with respect to the example of an eye experiencing blue light adjustment. During this blue light adjustment and/or subsequent to the blue light adjustment, an eye image is received.

In this implementation, at block 912, an eye image is received. For example, an eye image can be received from a variety of sources including, but not limited to: an image capture device, a head mounted y system, a server, a non-transitory computer-readable medium, or a client computing device (e.g., a smartphone). Optionally, l eye images may be ed over a time period. For example, the time period may pond to a period over which the blue light is entally sed. As another example, the time period may correspond to a finite period subsequent to the blue light adjustment.

At block 916, a change in the pupillary response is detected. As described above with respect to the example of a pupillary response to blue light adjustment, changes in the pupillary response may be detected by analyzing various physiological responses, such as a rise time for a pupillary response curve to an increased level of light. For example, a change in the pupillary response may be ed by comparing the received eye image to a reference eye image. In one embodiment, the received eye image may be ed to several reference eye images to detect the change in pupillary response over a time period. Once the change in the pupillary response is detected, the flow of routine 900 proceeds to decision block 920. At decision block 920, the detected change in pupillary response or the pupillary se itself is compared to biometric characteristics of an individual. For example, the detected change in the pupillary response may be compared to several biometric models stored as records in a biometric se. As described above with respect to the example of individual identification with a pupillary response, various individual identifications are possible, including but not limited to: identifications of human individuals, identifications of types and/or classes of individuals, and identifications of certain biometric characteristics associated with the pupillary response. If the pupillary response ponds to a biometric characteristic of an individual, the flow proceeds back to block 908, where the level of blue light may be adjusted further. If, however, the pupillary response does not correspond to a ric teristic of a human individual, the flow proceeds to block 920.

At block 924, a pupillary response ination that corresponds a biometric characteristic to a specific individual may allow access to a biometric application.

For example, in one embodiment, the identification of human individual allows access to all biometric applications associated with a wearable y system 100. As yet another e, an identification of an inebriated individual allows access only to non-financial biometric applications. Thereafter, at block 924, the routine 900 ends.

In various embodiments, the routine 900 may be performed by a hardware processor (e.g., the processing s 70, 72 or the controller 210) of a display system such as embodiments of the display system 100. In other embodiments, a remote computing device with computer-executable instructions can cause the head mounted display system to perform the routine 900. For e, the remote ing device can be caused to detect a change in pupillary response at block 916, while the local processing module 70 may be caused to perform other steps in the routine 900.

Additional Example of Blue Light Pupillary Response Routine schematically illustrates an example of a blue light pupillary response routine. The routine 1000 depicts an example flow for adjusting a level of blue light, ing the pupillary response, performing a biometric application. For example, the routine 1000 can be ented by the wearable display system 100 via the processing modules 70, 72.

The routine 1000 begins at block 1004. At block 1008, the level of blue light d to the eye 102 is adjusted. For example, the display of a wearable display system 100 may be adjusted so that more blue colors are displayed. Illustratively, certain areas of the display can be converted to blue pixels from another non-blue pixel. Other ways to adjust the level of blue light are possible, as bed above with respect to the example of an eye experiencing blue light adjustment. In some implementations, at block 1008, eye images are received during a time period. For example, the time period may correspond to a period of blue light adjustment. As another example, the time period may pond to a finite period subsequent to the blue light adjustment. The eye images can be received from a variety of sources ing, but not limited to: an image capture device, a head mounted display system, a server, a non-transitory computer-readable medium, or a client computing device (e.g., a smartphone).

At block 1012, a pupillary response is measured. As described above with respect to the example of a pupillary response to blue light adjustment and an eye experiencing blue light adjustment, the pupillary response may be measured by detecting various physiological responses, such as a rise time for a ary response curve to an increased level of light or the maximum radius of the pupil. Once measured, the flow of routine 1000 proceeds to decision block 1016. In some implementations, the measured pupillary response may be ented by image y metrics for comparisons to biometric ation thresholds or identification of biometric characteristics. In some implementations, block 1012 is an al step.

At block 1016, a biometric application is performed. For example, the local processing module 70 of the wearable y system 100 may implement an iris code generation routine utilizing eye images ed during the blue light adjustment. As yet another example, processing modules 70 may perform a biometric identification routine utilizing eye images obtained during the blue light adjustment. Examples of biometric applications e, but are not d to, generating an iris code, determining a cognitive response, authorizing access to the head mounted display , identifying a wearer of the head mounted display system, displaying information associated with an individual associated with the determined pupillary response, or determining a physiological state of the wearer of the head mounted display system. For e, by using the blue light adjustment techniques bed herein, the display system may be able to identify that a wearer is an individual authorized to use the display system and present (e.g., by the display or by an audio device) a message (e.g., "Welcome, Adrian"). If the wearer is determined to be an individual not authorized to use the device, the system may present a different message (e.g., "You are not authorized to use the display," or, if the user is identified, but not authorized, "Andrew, this is Adrian’s display"). Thereafter, at block 1020, the routine 1000 ends.

In various embodiments, the routine 1000 may be med by a hardware processor (e.g., the processing modules 70, 72 or the controller 210) of a display system such as ments of the display system 100. In other embodiments, a remote computing device with computer-executable instructions can cause the head mounted display system to perform the routine 1000. For example, the remote computing device can be caused to adjust the level of blue light at block 1008, while the local processing module 70 may be caused to perform biometric application at block 1016.

Example of Biometric Application olds As described herein, by increasing the level of blue light to an eye, the pupil constricts, and the area of the iris increases, which permits better imaging of the iris. The level of blue light may be changed as eye images are taken until an eye image passes a biometric application quality threshold in order to obtain high quality iris image(s) for various ric applications (e.g., iris codes).

The biometric application threshold (Q) may share a relationship with a specific quality level of an image quality metric for an eye image. An eye image can have various quality factors associated with the image including, but not limited to: resolution (e.g., iris resolution), focus, defocus, sharpness, blur, unoccluded pixels or occluded pixels (e.g., occluded by eye lashes or eyelids), glare, glints (e.g., corneal reflections, from natural or artificial s), noise, dynamic range, tone reproduction, luminance, contrast (e.g., gamma), color accuracy, color tion, ess, distortion, vignetting, exposure accuracy, lateral chromatic aberration, lens flare, artifacts (e.g., re processing artifacts such as during RAW conversion), and color moiré. One or more of these image quality factors may have an image quality metric associated with a measure of the quality factor. An image quality metric for l eye images can be ed or processed in processing s 70, 72. As but one example, the processing modules 70, 72 can ine an image quality metric associated with an adjustment eye image (e.g., an eye image obtained after an adjustment to the level of blue light). Accordingly, a relationship can be determined between a certain quality metric and the pupillary response ented by at least two eye images (e.g., by calibration using a standard or control eye image). For example, one or more image quality metrics can have an associated biometric ation threshold, Q. In some embodiments, a reference eye image may be used to determine the biometric application threshold, Q.

Illustratively, the resolution of an eye image (e.g., a y metric) can be expressed in terms of the tion of the iris, with the resolution of the iris being expressed as a distance in pixels. In many applications, to capture the iris details, the radial resolution of the iris is greater than about 70 pixels and may be in a range from 80 to 200 pixels. For example, the biometric application threshold can be 130 pixels for the radius of the iris. In one embodiment, this ric application old of 130 pixels can be determined from a nce eye image. For example, the old may be set as a fraction of the observed (measured) radius of the iris. uing in this example, an initial eye image with the radius of the iris being 110 pixels can be compared to this biometric application threshold of 130 pixels for the radius of the iris. Such an image would not pass the threshold, and thus not be utilized in a biometric application or utilized in eye image processing. However, if an adjustment eye image (e.g., adjusted with increased levels of blue light) has a radius of the iris being 150 pixels (e.g., due to the constriction of the pupil), the adjustment eye image may pass the biometric application threshold and may be ed in a biometric application or utilized in eye image processing. For example, the adjustment eye image can be used to generate an iris code. In some implementations, the image quality metric can be a percentage of the iris that is visible between the eyelids. For example, a percentage lower than 50% can indicate the eye is in blink or that a user is not in a fully functional cognitive state (e.g., the user is sleepy, unconscious, medicated, inebriated, under cognitive load). Thus, images can be selected if the image y metric passes an image quality threshold (e.g., 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90% or higher). As illustrated with these examples, any eye image can be used to compute an image quality metric (e.g., a real valued number), q, that reflects the quality of the eye image.

Accordingly, with the utilization of biometric application thresholds, any eye image with a computed image quality metric can be used detect changes in the pupillary response (e.g., comparing two eye images) or the state of the pupillary response (e.g., analyzing a single eye image for identification of an dual characteristic). In many cases, q is higher for images of higher quality (e.g., q for unoccluded pixels may increase as the amount of unoccluded pixels increases), and high quality images include those that have a q value that passes (increases above) a biometric application threshold, Q. In other cases, q is lower for images of higher quality (e.g., q for occluded pixels may decrease as the amount of occluded pixels decreases), and high y images include those that have a q value that passes (decreases below) a biometric ation threshold, Q.

In some implementations, the quality metric for an eye image may be a combination of a plurality of component quality metrics calculated for the image. For example, the quality metric for an eye image can be a weighted sum of various component y metrics. Such a quality metric may advantageously quantify different types of image ies (e.g., amount of unoccluded pixels, resolution, and focus) into a single, overall measure of image quality.

In some cases, perspective correction can be applied to the eye images (e.g., to reduce the effect of a perspective n the imaging camera and the eye). For example, eye images can be perspective corrected so that the eye appears to be viewed straight on rather than from an angle. Perspective correction can improve the quality of the eye images and in some cases, the quality metric(s) are calculated from the perspective-corrected eye images.

As can be seen from these es, the biometric application threshold can relate the image quality of an adjustment eye image to uent utilization of that eye image in a biometric application. For example, adjustment eye images that pass the biometric application threshold may be utilized in a ric application, while adjustment eye images that do not pass the biometric application threshold will not be utilized. For example, with an adjustment eye image having passed a ric application threshold, the adjustment eye image may be utilized in a biometric application, such as performing a biometric data operation on a set of eye images to obtain biometric information. Or as another example, a biometric application may be performing a pose estimation or iris code generation based on the ment eye image. Any such biometric application techniques can be used in conjunction with the techniques and system described herein. For example, as bed above in Figure 8, the e 800 depicts an example flow for processing of such eye images to determine whether they pass a biometric application threshold and whether to utilize such images in a biometric application (e.g. identification of an individual).

Example Embodiments The blue light adjustment techniques described here in can be applied to an electronic display or any wearable display system. Blue light adjustment techniques can be viewed together as a single s and/or methodology for processing an image of an eye.

Accordingly, at least the following embodiments are contemplated. (1) An apparatus comprising a camera that takes an image of an eye. The camera can be a digital camera. The apparatus further comprises a display and a processing system that work in ction to adjust the level of blue light. (2) The embodiment in (1), in which (a) an increasingly large area of the display is converted to blue pixels or (b) (2) all pixels of the display are d toward the blue from their existing color.

The techniques (2)(a) and (2)(b) can be med sequentially or as part of a simultaneous combination. (3) The embodiment in any of (1) or (2), in which the processing system controls the blue light as a means of explicitly controlling the user’s pupil dilation state. (4) The embodiment in any of (1) to (3), in which the processing system includes feedback control as the pupil dilation state is ed (e.g. by analyzing the images from the same camera which is being used for iris code extraction), and adjusts the blue light level until a target equilibrium state is ed. For example, an eye image may be analyzed from a camera utilized for iris code extraction. (5) The ment in any of (1) to (4), in which the processing system identifies a high degree of confidence is needed in iris code construction. For e, a high degree of confidence may be needed for original enrollment in a biometric system or when a financial transaction is being made. That is, the degree of confidence for original enrollment in a biometric system or such a financial transaction passes a confidence threshold. (6) The embodiment in any of (1) to (5), in which the processing systems measures the pupillary response or the m dilation state (or both) as a means of verifying the identity of the user. (7) The embodiment in any of (1) to (6), in which the sing system (a) measures the pupillary response the measurement of five parameters including the maximum and minimum dilation radii, the pupillary response delay, and the two parameters that characterize the adaptation curves of the pupil when the light level is raised or lowered; and (b) verifies that the five parameters are within the range of possibility for a human subject as a means of verifying that a live human being is the subject of an iris identification system. (8) The embodiment in any of (1) to (7), in which the sing system uses the five parameters as a means of identification. (9) The ment in any of (1) to (8), in which the processing system models the or of the pupil, including the behavior of the pupil as it adapts as function of time after a change in illumination. (10) The embodiment in any of (1) to (9), in which the processing system identifies parameters of the model for the behavior of the pupil. (11) The ment in any of (1) to (10), in which the processing system calculates the identified parameters of the model for the behavior of the pupil for each eye of a human individual. (12) The ment in any of (1) to (11), in which the processing system uses the pupillary light reflex (e.g., pupillary response) as a means of distinguishing living persons from ed persons. (13) The embodiment in any of (1) to (12), in which the processing system uses the pupillary light reflex (e.g., pupillary response) as a means of identifying persons who are cious, asleep, tired, inebriated, or otherwise under the influence of reflex or cognitive impairment nces.

Additional Aspects In a 1st aspect, a head mounted display system configured to project variable levels of blue light to an eye of a user is disclosed. The display system comprises: a frame configured to be wearable on the head of the user; a display configured to project at least blue light into the eye of the user and to modify an intensity of the blue light relative to an intensity of non-blue light; a camera configured to capture a first image of the eye while the display projects light at a first ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light into the eye and configured to capture a second image of the eye while the display projects a second ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light different from the first ratio into the eye; and a hardware processor mmed to: analyze an image from the camera to determine a change in a pupil parameter between the reference image and the survey image passes a biometric application threshold; based at least in part on the determined change, instruct the display to modify a ratio of the intensity of blue light to non-blue light; determine that the change in the pupil parameter between the second image and the first image matches a biometric characteristic of a human individual; and determine an identity of the human individual.

In a 2nd aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 1, wherein the display comprises a scanning fiber projector.

In a 3rd aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 1 or aspect 2, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to restrict access to a system application if the identity of the individual does not match an identity of an individual authorized to use the system ation.

In a 4th aspect, the head mounted y system of aspect 3, wherein the system ation comprises displaying images as if at a plurality of depths.

In a 5th aspect, the head d display system of any one of s 1 to 4, wherein the display is configured to modify the intensity of light in a wavelength range of n about 445 nm and 525 nm.

In a 6th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 1 to , wherein the display is configured to se the second ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light by flashing blue light for longer than 10 ms.

In a 7th aspect, the head d display system of any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein the display is configured to project light at two or more colors.

In a 8th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the display is ured to display content as if at a plurality of depths from a user.

In a 9th , the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 1 to 8, wherein the display comprises a plurality of stacked waveguides.

In a 10th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein to instruct the display to modify the intensity of blue light relative to non-blue light, the hardware processor is mmed to instruct an image injection device to increase a proportion of blue light injected into a ponding stacked waveguide of the plurality of stacked waveguides.

In a 11th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 1 to 10, wherein the hardware sor is further configured to form an individual biometric model sing at least one of a first rise time of a pupillary response to the first ratio of intensity of blue light to ity of non-blue light, a first decay time of the pupillary response to the first ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, a first delay time of a pupillary response to the first ratio of intensity of blue light to ity of ue light, a first rise curve of the pupillary response to the first ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, a first decay curve of a pupillary response to the first ratio of intensity of blue light to ity of ue light, a second rise time of a pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to ity of non-blue light, a second decay time of the pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, a second delay time of a pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, a second rise curve of the pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, or a second decay curve of a pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light.

In a 12th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to calculate a cognitive load score based on the change in the pupil parameter.

In a 13th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the change in the pupil parameter comprises an increased pupil radius.

In a 14th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 1 to 13, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to: determine a current change in the pupil parameter of the individual wearing the head mounted display system; correlate the current change in the pupil parameter with a modelled change in the pupil parameter of an individual biometric model to generate a cognitive load ary response, wherein the modelled change comprises a change in a pupil ter under a normal ive load; determine a level of cognitive load based on the ive load pupillary response.

In a 15th aspect, a method for identifying a human individual using a wearable display system comprising a camera coupled to computing hardware, the wearable display system comprising a stack of waveguides configured to direct light into the eye is disclosed. The method ses: directing reference light comprising a first ratio of an intensity of blue light to an intensity of ue light into the eye; using the camera, capturing a first image of the eye while reference light is directed into the eye; directing modified light comprising a second ratio of an intensity of blue light to an intensity of non-blue light ent from the first ratio into the eye; using the camera, capturing a second image of the eye while modified light is directed into the eye; ing a change in a pupil parameter of the eye between the first image and the second image; determining that the detected change in the pupil parameter matches to a biometric characteristic of a human individual; and identifying the human individual.

In a 16th aspect, the method of aspect 15 further comprising the steps of allowing access to a system application based on the detected change in the pupil parameter.

In a 17th aspect, the method of aspect 16 or aspect 15, wherein ng access to a system application based on the detected change in the pupil parameter comprises at least one of ining a cognitive load, estimating an eye pose, generating an iris code, or determining an emotional response.

In a 18th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 15 to 17, wherein the pupil parameter comprises at least one of a maximum radius of the pupil, a m radius of the pupil, a rise time of the pupillary response to the second ratio of ity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, a decay time of a ary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, or a delay time of a pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light.

In a 19th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 15 to 18, further comprising determining that the detected change in the pupil ter matches a change in pupil parameter of at least one of an unconscious human individual, a sleeping individual, a tired individual, an inebriated dual, or an individual under the influence of cognitionimpairing substances.

In a 20th aspect, the method of any one of s 15 to 19, further comprising the step of determining that an image quality metric measured from the second image exceeds an image quality threshold, the image quality metric comprising a distance between a part of the eye and an eyelid.

In a 21st aspect, a head mounted display system configured to project variable levels of blue light to an eye of a user is disclosed. The display system comprises: a frame configured to be wearable on the head of the user; a display comprising configured to project at least blue light into the eye of the user and to modify an intensity of the blue light relative to an intensity of ue light; a camera configured to capture a first image of the eye while the display projects light at a first ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light into the eye and configured to capture a second image of the eye while the display projects a second ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light different from the first ratio into the eye; and a hardware processor programmed to: analyze an image from the camera to determine whether a change in a pupil parameter between the second image and the first image passes a biometric application threshold; based at least in part on the determined change, ct the y to modify a ratio of the intensity of blue light to non-blue light; determine that the change in the pupil ter between the second image and the first image passes a biometric application threshold; and perform a biometric application in response to the determination.

In a 22nd aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 21, wherein the display is ured to modify the intensity of light in a ngth range of between about 445 nm and 525 nm.

In a 23rd aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 21 or aspect 22, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to increase a number of pixels of the display projecting blue light during the first image relative to the number of pixels of the y projecting blue light during the second image.

In a 24th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 21 to 23, wherein the y is configured to display content as if at a plurality of depths from a user.

In a 25th aspect, the head mounted y system of any one of aspects 21 to 24, wherein the display comprises a scanning fiber tor.

In a 26th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 21 to 25, wherein the display is configured to present a light field image to the user.

In a 27th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 21 to 26, wherein the system comprises a plurality of stacked waveguides.

In a 28th , the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 21 to 27, wherein to instruct the display to modify the intensity of blue light relative to non-blue light, the hardware sor is programmed to instruct an image injection device to increase a ratio of blue light injected into a corresponding stacked waveguide of the plurality of stacked waveguides.

In a 29th , the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 21 to 28, wherein the pupil parameter ses at least one of a maximum radius of the pupil, a minimum radius of the pupil, a rise time of the pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, a decay time of a pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, or a delay time of a ary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light.

In a 30th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 21 to 29, wherein the pupil parameter comprises a circumference of the pupil.

In a 31st aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 21 to 30, wherein the change in the pupil parameter comprises at least one of a rise curve for the rise time of the pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light or a decay curve for the decay time of the pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light.

In a 32rd aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 21 to 31, wherein the biometric application comprises at least one of generating an iris code, ining a cognitive response, authorizing access to the head mounted display system, identifying a user of the head mounted display , displaying information associated with an dual associated with the determined pupillary response, or determining a physiological state of the user of the head mounted display system.

In a 33rd , the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 21 to 32, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to present, during a start-up of software for the head mounted display system, an image that s in intensity of blue light.

In a 34th aspect, the head mounted y system of aspect 33, wherein the hardware sor is programmed to e a change in the pupil parameter during the startup of the software, and perform a biometric fication action.

In a 35th aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 34, wherein performing the biometric identification action comprises at least one of identifying the user of the display system, determining that the user of the display system is a living individual, determining that the user of the display system is authorized to use the display system, or ying information that is associated with an individual having the measured change in pupil parameter.

In a 36th aspect, a method for fying a human individual using a wearable display system comprising a camera coupled to computing hardware, the wearable display system comprising a stack of ides configured to direct light into the eye is disclosed. The method comprises: directing reference light comprising a first ratio of an ity of blue light to an intensity of non-blue light into the eye; using the camera, capturing a first image of the eye while the nce light is directed into the eye; directing modified light comprising a second ratio of an intensity of blue light to an ity of non-blue light different from the first ratio into the eye; using the camera, capturing a second image of the eye while the modified light is directed into the eye; detecting a change in a pupil parameter of the eye between the second image and the first image; determining that the detected change in the pupil parameter passes a biometric application threshold; and ming a biometric application.

In a 37th aspect, the method of aspect 36, wherein directing modified light into the eye comprises increasing the intensity of blue light relative to the reference light.

In a 38th , the method of aspect 36 or aspect 37, wherein increasing the intensity of blue light comprises flashing blue light for longer than 10 ms.

In a 39th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 36 to 38, wherein detecting the change in the pupil parameter of the eye between the second image and the first image comprises comparing a pupil radius of the first image to a pupil radius of the second image, wherein determining that the detected change in the pupil parameter passes the biometric application threshold comprises determining that a difference in the pupil radius exceeds the biometric application threshold.

In a 40th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 36 to 40, further comprising the step of determining that an image quality metric ed from the first image exceeds an image quality threshold, the image quality metric comprising a distance between a part of the eye and an eyelid.

In a 41st , a method for adjusting a level of blue light exposed to an eye is disclosed. The method comprises: under l of computing hardware: receiving an initial eye image obtained by an image capture device; adjusting a level of blue light exposed to an eye associated with the initial eye image; receiving an adjustment eye image of the eye exposed to the adjusted level of blue light; detecting a change in a pupillary response of the adjustment eye image relative to the initial eye image; determining that the detected change in the pupillary response passes a biometric application old; and performing a biometric application.

In a 42nd aspect, the method of aspect 41, wherein ing the level of blue light exposed to the eye comprises increasing the level of blue light.

In a 43rd aspect, the method of aspect 41 or aspect 42, wherein increasing the level of blue light corresponds to at least one of flashing blue light for a time period, pulsing blue light for a time period, increasing areas of a display to blue pixels, shifting displayed pixels of a display to increased blue values, or increasing an amount of blue pixels in a display.

In a 44th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 41-43, wherein detecting the change in the pupillary se of the adjustment eye image relative to the initial eye image comprises comparing a pupil radius of the adjustment eye image to a pupil radius of the initial eye image.

In a 45th aspect, the method of aspect 44, wherein determining that the detected change in the pupillary response passes the biometric application threshold comprises determining that a difference of the pupil radius exceeds the biometric application threshold, wherein the biometric application threshold ates a difference of the pupil radius with an image y metric.

In a 46th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 41-45, wherein the image quality metric comprises a measure relating to one or more of: eye blink, glare, s, resolution, ed pixels, unoccluded pixels, noise, artifacts, or blur.

In a 47th , the method of any one of aspects 41-46, wherein performing the ric application comprises ining a cognitive load or determining an emotional response.

In a 48th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 41-47, wherein performing a biometric application comprises estimating an eye pose or ting an iris code.

In a 49th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 41-48, wherein adjusting the level of blue light is performed in a feedback loop until a target brium state of the eye is reached.

In a 50th , a hardware processor programmed to perform the method of any one of aspects 41-49.

In a 51st aspect, a wearable display system for performing biometric applications is disclosed. The wearable display system comprises: the hardware sor of aspect 50; and an image device configured to transmit eye images of a wearer of the wearable display system to the hardware processor.

In a 52nd aspect, the wearable y system of aspect 51, wherein the hardware processor is further programmed to perform the method of any one of aspects 41-49 to adjust the level of blue light exposed to an eye.

In a 53rd aspect, a head mounted display system comprising: a display; an image capture device configured to capture an image of an eye; and a hardware processor programmed to: adjust a level of blue light; and perform a biometric application.

In a 54th aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 53, wherein to adjust the level of blue light comprises adjusting light in a wavelength range from 445 nm to 525 nm.

In a 55th aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 53 or aspect 54, wherein to adjust the level of blue light, the hardware sor is programmed to: adjust pixels of the display to increase the blue values of pixels relative to the other color values.

In a 56th aspect, the head mounted y system of any one of aspects 53-55, wherein the display is configured to t a plurality of depth planes to the wearer.

In a 57th aspect, the head mounted y system of any one of aspects 53-56, wherein the display is configured to present a light field image to the wearer.

In a 58th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 53-57, wherein the y comprises a ity of d waveguides.

In a 59th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 53-58, wherein to adjust the level of blue light, the hardware sor is programmed to: adjust an image injection device to increase levels of blue light injected into a corresponding stacked waveguide of the ity of stacked waveguides.

In a 60th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 53-59, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to: measure a pupillary response of an eye exposed to the adjusted level of blue light.

In a 61st aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of s 53-60, wherein the pupillary response comprises a maximum radius of a pupil, a minimum radius of a pupil, a rise time of a pupil response to the adjusted level of blue light, a decay time of a pupil response to the adjusted level of blue light, or a delay time to the adjusted level of blue light.

In a 62nd aspect, the head mounted y system of any one of aspects 53-61, wherein the pupillary response comprises a circumference of the pupil.

In a 63rd aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 53-62, wherein the pupillary response comprises a rise curve for the rise time of the pupil response to the adjusted level of blue light or a decay curve for the decay time of the pupil se to the adjusted level of blue light.

In a 64th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 53- 63, wherein the biometric application comprises one or more of: generating an iris code, determining a cognitive response, authorizing access to the head mounted display system, identifying a wearer of the head mounted display system, displaying information ated with an individual associated with the determined pupillary response, or ining a physiological state of the wearer of the head mounted y system.

In a 65th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 53- 64, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to: present, during a start-up for the head mounted display system, an image that changes in level of blue light during the start-up.

In a 66th aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 65, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to measure a pupillary response during the start-up, and perform a biometric identification action.

In a 67th aspect, the head d display system of aspect 66, wherein the biometric identification action comprises an fication of the wearer of the display , a determination that the wearer of the display system is a living individual, a determination that the wearer of the display system is authorized to use the display , or a y of information that is associated with an individual having the measured pupillary response.

In a 68th aspect, a method for identifying a human individual is disclosed.

The method comprises: under control of computing hardware: adjusting a level of blue light; receiving an eye image of an eye exposed to the adjusted level of blue light; detecting a change in a pupillary response by comparison of the received eye image to a reference image; ining that the pupillary response corresponds to a biometric characteristic of a human individual; and allowing access to a biometric application based on the pupillary response ination.

In a 69th aspect, the method of aspect 68 further comprising: measuring a pupillary response of the eye exposed to the adjusted level of blue light.

In a 70th aspect, the method of aspect 68 or aspect 69, wherein the ed pupillary response comprises a maximum radius of a pupil, a m radius of a pupil, a rise time for a pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, a decay time for the pupillary response curve to the ed level of blue light, or a delay time to the adjusted level of blue light.

In a 71st aspect, the method of any one of aspects 68-70, wherein the pupillary response curve comprises a rise curve for the rise time of the ary response to the adjusted level of blue light or a decay curve for the decay time of the pupillary response to the adjusted level of blue light.

In a 72nd aspect, the method of any one of s 68-71, wherein the biometric characteristic of the human individual corresponds to a characteristic of an individual in a biometric database.

In a 73rd aspect, the method of any one of aspects 68-72, wherein determining that the pupillary response corresponds to a biometric characteristic of a human individual comprises determining that the pupillary response corresponds to a living human individual.

In a 74th aspect, the method of any one of s 68-73, r comprising: determining whether the pupillary response corresponds to an unconscious human individual, a sleeping individual, a tired individual, an inebriated dual, an individual under the influence of reflex or cognitively impairing substances, or an individual experiencing a corresponding level of cognitive load.

In a 75th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 68-74, n the biometric database comprises a plurality of individual data s, each individual data record including at least one biometric characteristic associated with an individual.

In a 76th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 68-75, further comprising: forming an individual biometric model comprising at least one of the maximum radius of the pupil, the m radius of the pupil, the rise time for the pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, the decay time for the ary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, or the delay time to the adjusted level of blue light.

In a 77th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 68-76, wherein adjusting the level of blue light exposed to the eye comprises increasing the level of blue light.

In a 78th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 68-77, wherein increasing the level of blue light corresponds to at least one of flashing blue light for a time period, pulsing blue light for a time period, increasing areas of a display to blue pixels, shifting yed pixels of a display to sed blue values, or increasing an amount of blue pixels in a display.

In a 79th aspect, the method of any one of aspects 68-78, wherein detecting the change in the pupillary response of the adjustment eye image relative to the initial eye image comprises ing an iris radius of the adjustment eye image to an iris radius of the initial eye image.

In a 80th , the method of any one of aspects 68-79, wherein determining that the detected change in the pupillary response passes the biometric application threshold comprises determined that a ence of the iris radius exceeds the ric application threshold, wherein the ric application threshold associates a difference of the iris radius with the image quality metric.

In a 81st aspect, the method of any one of aspects 68-80, wherein the image quality metric comprises a measure ng to one or more of: eye blink, glare, defocus, resolution, occluded pixels, unoccluded , noise, artifacts, or blur.

In a 82nd aspect, the method of any one of aspects 68-81, wherein allowed biometric application comprises determining a cognitive load or determining an emotional response.

In a 83rd aspect, the method of any one of aspect 68-82, wherein the allowed biometric application ses estimating an eye pose or generating an iris code.

In a 84th aspect, the method of any one of aspect 68-83, wherein the method is performed by an iris identification system.

In a 85th aspect, a hardware processor programmed to perform the method of any one of s 68-84.

In a 86th , a wearable display system for performing biometric ations, the wearable display system comprising: the hardware processor of aspect 85; and an image device configured to transmit eye images of a wearer of the le display system to the re processor.

In a 87th aspect, the wearable display system of aspect 86, wherein the hardware processor is further programmed to perform the method of any one of aspects 68-83 to adjust the level of blue light exposed to an eye.

In a 88th aspect, a head mounted display system comprising: a display; an image capture device configured to capture an image of an eye; and a hardware sor programmed to: adjust a level of blue light; and perform a biometric application.

In a 89th aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 88, wherein to adjust the level of blue light, the hardware processor is programmed to: adjust light in a wavelength range from 445 nm to 525 nm.

In a 90th aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 88 or aspect 89, wherein to adjust the level of blue light , the hardware processor is programmed to: adjust pixels of the display to increase the blue values of pixels.

In a 91st aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 88-90, wherein the display is ured to t a plurality of depth planes to the wearer.

In a 92nd aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 88-91, n the display is configured to present a light field image to the wearer.

In a 93rd aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 88-92, wherein the display comprises a plurality of d waveguides.

In a 94th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 88-93, wherein to adjust the level of blue light, the hardware processor is programmed to: adjust an image injection device to increase levels of blue light injected into a corresponding stacked waveguide of the plurality of d waveguides.

In a 95th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 88-94, wherein the hardware processor is further programmed to: obtain eye images under normal light conditions; and obtain eye images under the adjusted level of blue light.

In a 96th aspect, the head mounted y system of any one of aspects 88-95, wherein the hardware processor is further programmed to: form an dual biometric model comprising at least one of a first rise time for a pupillary response curve to an increased level of normal light conditions, a first decay time for the pupillary se curve to a decreased level of normal light conditions, a first delay time to the increased level of normal light conditions, a first rise curve for the first rise time, a first decay curve for the first decay time, a second rise time for a pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, a second decay time for the pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, a second delay time to the adjusted level of blue light, a second rise curve portion of the pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light, or a second decay curve portion of the pupillary response curve to the adjusted level of blue light.

In a 97th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 88-96, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to: obtain eye images for an individual utilizing the head mounted display system while experiencing a cognitive load.

In a 98th aspect, the head mounted display system of aspect 97, wherein the re processor is mmed to: detect changes in the pupillary response for the individual utilizing the head mounted y while experiencing the cognitive load.

In a 99th aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 97-98, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to: correlate the detected change in the pupillary response to a ive load score.

In a 100th , the head mounted display system of 99, wherein the ed change in the pupillary response corresponds to an increased pupil radius relative to a pupil radius under normal lighting conditions.

In a 101st aspect, the head mounted display system of any one of aspects 97-100, wherein the hardware sor is programmed to: determine a current pupillary response of the individual utilizing the head mounted display system; ate the current pupillary response with an individual biometric model to generate a cognitive load pupillary response, wherein the individual biometric model includes a pupillary response under normal cognitive load; determine a level of cognitive load based on the cognitive load pupillary response.

Conclusion Each of the processes, methods, and algorithms described herein and/or depicted in the attached figures may be embodied in, and fully or partially automated by, code modules executed by one or more physical computing systems, hardware computer sors, application-specific circuitry, and/or electronic hardware configured to e specific and particular computer instructions. For example, computing systems can include general purpose computers (e.g., servers) programmed with specific computer instructions or special purpose computers, special purpose circuitry, and so forth. A code module may be ed and linked into an executable program, installed in a dynamic link library, or may be n in an interpreted programming language. In some implementations, particular operations and methods may be performed by circuitry that is ic to a given function.

Further, certain implementations of the functionality of the present disclosure are sufficiently mathematically, ationally, or technically complex that application-specific hardware or one or more physical computing devices (utilizing appropriate specialized executable ctions) may be necessary to perform the functionality, for e, due to the volume or complexity of the calculations involved or to provide results substantially in real-time. For example, a video may include many frames, with each frame having millions of pixels, and specifically programmed computer hardware is ary to process the video data to provide a desired image processing task or application in a commercially reasonable amount of time.

Code modules or any type of data may be stored on any type of nontransitory computer-readable medium, such as al computer storage including hard drives, solid state memory, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), optical disc, volatile or non-volatile storage, combinations of the same and/or the like. The methods and modules (or data) may also be transmitted as ted data signals (e.g., as part of a carrier wave or other analog or digital propagated signal) on a y of er-readable transmission mediums, including ss-based and wired/cable-based mediums, and may take a variety of forms (e.g., as part of a single or multiplexed analog signal, or as multiple discrete digital packets or frames). The s of the disclosed processes or process steps may be stored, persistently or otherwise, in any type of non-transitory, tangible computer storage or may be communicated via a computer-readable transmission medium.

Any processes, blocks, states, steps, or onalities in flow diagrams described herein and/or ed in the attached figures should be understood as potentially representing code modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing ic functions (e.g., logical or arithmetical) or steps in the process. The various processes, blocks, states, steps, or functionalities can be combined, rearranged, added to, deleted from, modified, or otherwise changed from the illustrative examples provided herein. In some embodiments, additional or different computing systems or code modules may perform some or all of the functionalities described herein. The methods and processes described herein are also not limited to any particular sequence, and the blocks, steps, or states relating thereto can be performed in other sequences that are appropriate, for e, in serial, in parallel, or in some other manner. Tasks or events may be added to or removed from the disclosed example embodiments. er, the separation of various system components in the implementations described herein is for illustrative purposes and should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations. It should be understood that the described program components, methods, and s can generally be ated together in a single computer t or packaged into multiple computer products. Many implementation variations are le.

The processes, methods, and systems may be ented in a network (or buted) computing environment. Network nments include enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), personal area networks (PAN), cloud computing networks, crowd-sourced computing networks, the et, and the World Wide Web. The network may be a wired or a ss network or any other type of communication network.

The systems and methods of the disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible or required for the desirable attributes disclosed herein. The various es and processes described above may be used independently of one another, or may be combined in various ways. All possible ations and subcombinations are intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure. s modifications to the implementations described in this disclosure may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. Thus, the claims are not intended to be d to the implementations shown herein, but are to be ed the widest scope consistent with this disclosure, the principles and the novel features disclosed herein.

Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations also can be implemented in combination in a single implementation.

Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation also can be implemented in multiple entations separately or in any suitable subcombination.

Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more es from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a bination. No single feature or group of features is necessary or indispensable to each and every embodiment. ional language used herein, such as, among others, "can," "could," "might," "may," "e.g.," and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that es, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or ing, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. The terms ising," ding," "having," and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude onal elements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. Also, the term "or" is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to t a list of elements, the term "or" means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. In addition, the articles "a," "an," and "the" as used in this application and the appended claims are to be construed to mean "one or more" or "at least one" unless specified otherwise.

As used herein, a phrase referring to "at least one of" a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, "at least one of: A, B, or C" is intended to cover: A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, and A, B, and C.

Conjunctive language such as the phrase "at least one of X, Y and Z," unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in l to convey that an item, term, etc. may be at least one of X, Y or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally ed to imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y and at least one of Z to each be present.

Similarly, while operations may be ed in the drawings in a particular order, it is to be recognized that such operations need not be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Further, the drawings may schematically depict one more example processes in the form of a flowchart. However, other operations that are not depicted can be orated in the example methods and processes that are schematically illustrated. For example, one or more additional operations can be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the illustrated ions. Additionally, the ions may be rearranged or reordered in other implementations. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the entations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software t or packaged into multiple software products.

Additionally, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results.

The nce in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that the prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common l knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.

Claims (20)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A head d display system configured to project variable levels of blue light to an eye of a user, the display system comprising: a frame configured to be wearable on a head of the user; a display configured to t at least blue light into the eye of the user and to modify an intensity of the blue light relative to an intensity of non-blue light; a camera configured to capture images of the eye while the display projects light into the eye; and a hardware processor programmed to: ct the camera to capture a first image of the eye while the display ts light at a first ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light into the eye, the first ratio being r than zero; instruct the display to change the first ratio to a second ratio of the intensity of blue light to non-blue light; instruct the camera to capture a second image of the eye while the display ts the second ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light, the second ratio being greater than zero and different from the first ratio; determine that a change in a pupil parameter between the second image and the first image matches a biometric characteristic of a human individual; and based on the determination that the change in the pupil parameter between the second image and the first image matches the biometric characteristic of the human individual, determine an identity of the human individual.

2. The head mounted display system of claim 1, wherein the display comprises a scanning fiber projector.

3. The head mounted display system of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the re processor is programmed to restrict access to a system application if the identity of the human individual does not match an ty of an individual authorized to use the system application.

4. The head mounted display system of claim 3, wherein the system application comprises displaying images as if at a plurality of depths.

5. The head mounted display system of any one of the claims 1 to 4, wherein the display is configured to modify the intensity of blue light in a wavelength range of between 445 nm and 525 nm.

6. The head mounted display system of any one of the claims 1 to 5, wherein the display is configured to change the first ratio to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to non-blue light by flashing blue light for longer than 10 ms.

7. The head mounted display system of any one of the claims 1 to 6, wherein the display is configured to t light at two or more .

8. The head mounted display system of any one of the claims 1 to 7, wherein the display is configured to display content as if at a ity of depths from a user.

9. The head mounted display system of any one of the claims 1 to 8, wherein the display comprises a plurality of stacked waveguides.

10. The head mounted display system of claim 9, wherein to instruct the display to change the first ratio to the second ratio of the intensity of blue light relative to nonblue light, the hardware sor is programmed to instruct an image injection device to increase a proportion of blue light injected into a corresponding stacked waveguide of the plurality of stacked waveguides.

11. The head mounted display system of any one of the claims 1 to 10, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to form an dual biometric model comprising at least one of: a rise time of a pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, a decay time of the pupillary response to the second ratio of ity of blue light to intensity of ue light, a delay time of the ary se to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, a rise curve of the pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light, or a decay curve of the pupillary response to the second ratio of intensity of blue light to intensity of non-blue light.

12. The head mounted display system of any one of the claims 1 to 11, wherein the hardware processor is programmed to calculate a cognitive load based on the change in the pupil parameter.

13. The head mounted display system of any one of the claims 1 to 12, wherein the change in the pupil parameter comprises an increased pupil radius.

14. The head mounted display system of any one of the claims 1 to 13, wherein the hardware processor is mmed to: ine a current change in the pupil parameter of an dual wearing the head mounted display system; correlate the t change in the pupil parameter with a modelled change in the pupil parameter of an individual biometric model to generate a cognitive load pupillary response, n the modelled change ses a change in a pupil parameter under a normal ive load; and determine a level of cognitive load based on the cognitive load pupillary response.

15. A method for identifying a human individual using a wearable display system comprising a camera configured to image an eye of the human individual, the wearable display system comprising a display configured to direct light into the eye, the method comprising: directing reference light comprising a first level of an intensity of blue light into the eye, the first level of the intensity of blue light being greater than zero; using the camera, capturing a first image of the eye while the reference light is directed into the eye; directing modified light comprising a second level of an intensity of blue light different from the first level into the eye, the second level of the ity of blue light being r than zero; using the camera, capturing a second image of the eye while the modified light is directed into the eye; detecting a change in a pupil parameter of the eye between the first image and the second image; determining that the detected change in the pupil parameter matches a biometric characteristic of a human individual; and based on the detected change, identifying the human individual.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising allowing access to a system application of the wearable display system based on the detected change in the pupil parameter.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein ng access to the system application based on the detected change in the pupil parameter comprises at least one of determining a cognitive load, ting an eye pose, generating an iris code, or determining an emotional response.

18. The method of any one of the claims 15 to 17, wherein the pupil parameter comprises at least one of: a maximum radius of the pupil, a minimum radius of the pupil, a rise time of a pupillary response to the second level of intensity of blue light, a decay time of a ary response to the second level of intensity of blue light, a delay time of a pupillary response to the second level of intensity of blue light.

19. The method of any one of the claims 15 to 18, further comprising determining that the detected change in the pupil parameter s a change in pupil parameter of at least one of an unconscious human individual, a sleeping human individual, a tired human individual, an inebriated human dual, or a human individual under the nce of cognition-impairing substances.

20. The method of any one of the claims 15 to 19, further comprising ining that an image quality metric measured from the second image exceeds an image quality threshold, the image quality metric comprising one or more of: a distance between a part of the eye and an eyelid, an area of an iris of the eye, or a resolution of the iris of the eye. V...WW M. W®W§W§aW §3§$ E. .2. WWWWWWWWWW .Nm.S WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWHWW .. W.\W .. WWWWWWWW i.3§5<3<§~«¢&31$<<« WWW. .w. 5. W.HW ...W w ...........\. WWWWWWWW J... $3.... W...v. ..W..WW. .. ....... WWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWW WWW-.. <............w Ekwsisi. mm. WWmWWWWWWWwawfiWWnWWWs 3...... MONK, [m. ssssssssss \ Era)“mm.“ w i--~w-~w . “V “Sm \ttt “xx; .x::::::.y,¥\“ Q\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\V\vxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuxc‘ u...»»»».»§. .xxxxvxxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxvxxxxxxxxxvxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxxxvxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxvxxxxxxxxxvxxxtttftttttttt \\\\\\\§\\\\\§xx §.\§\\§§\v§§\ \\\\\\§\\ §§~§V§¥3¥ \\§\\\ \\\\\\\§\§\§\\\. \.\§§§\\v§§§ VV«xxxxiittfvvxkxxxx (xxé «xvxxxxkxxtxfixbk. .KKKKKK\KKK«Kttfittxtfitti xvxxx\xxsx..x.«\xxxv‘xa\uvxxxuvx\....u\x\..xx..\ah.\xv«xx.x..xx\«v\«x«sx\xx\v.««x\\x\.( KAKKK\AKKKKK\KKK\AKwKKKAKKKKAKKK.KKAKKKAAKKKKKKKKKAAKKKKKK\KKKKKKK.KKiEtttttzmtmtkiktir. ,..ittxxtitkA1‘“\«iétiétt‘té{tuitiit \ hiisxki «\{Axttxkx ‘ mmmmm mm. \ 1». at. §\i m KKKuKKKu\\\\\,\\u\uu\uu\u “ \.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\V\. 803 - x- 884 START ELITE LIGHT PUPILLERY t‘, RESPQNS‘E ROUTINE RECEIVE INITIAL EYE EMASE ATHLIST LEVEL (1E BLUE LIGHT DETECT CHENGE IN PUPILLARY RIB-SEQN813 v BIOME’I‘RIC .APPMCAIIEMN a THRESHGLD31‘ LEEEIZE EYE {MAGES OR. DEEECTEE) PUPILLARY RESEQNSE EUR R1C .58?I"LIEATIGN 53