NZ754547A - Deferring invocation requests for remote objects - Google Patents

Abstract

system is provided for an application executing at a client to send invocation requests to remote objects of a server. Each invocation request is generated when the application invokes a proxy of a proxy class of the application corresponding to a remote object of a remote object class. For each invocation request, when the invocation request is deferrable, the system stores the invocation request. When the invocation request is not deferrable, the system sends to the server an invocation request message that includes each stored invocation request not previously sent and the current invocation request. The system receives invocation response messages from the server. For each invocation response of a received invocation response message, the system provides to the application an indication that the invocation response has been received. nvocation request, when the invocation request is deferrable, the system stores the invocation request. When the invocation request is not deferrable, the system sends to the server an invocation request message that includes each stored invocation request not previously sent and the current invocation request. The system receives invocation response messages from the server. For each invocation response of a received invocation response message, the system provides to the application an indication that the invocation response has been received.

Description

DEFERRING INVOCATION REQUESTS FOR REMOTE S BACKGROUND Cloud-based services are often provided via applications that are executed via a web browser. To develop such an application, a programmer may develop an application that is to be executed by a web browser of a client and that accesses services of a server of a cloud data center. The application (or client code) typically es a user interface through which a user can access features of the ation. For example, if the application is a word processor, then the application displays content of a document being edited, a menu bar for accessing features of the word processor (e.g., open document and insert footnote), and so on. The document that is being edited is stored on the server. Thus, when the user ts to open the nt, the application sends an open request to the server and receives a copy of at least a portion of the document. The application displays t of the document. When a user makes a change to the document, the application may update the displayed content and send a message to the server. The server then changes the document. The communications between the client and the server typically are based on Representational State Transfer (“REST”) or RESTful model such as Hypertext Transport Protocol (“HTTP”) request messages (e.g., a GET method) and response messages.

Such applications are typically written in ript because most browsers support the execution of JavaScript applications. The server code, in contrast, is typically written in programming languages other than JavaScn'pt, such as C# or C++, for efficiency reasons because JavaScript is an interpreted language and C# and C++ are compiled in ables. JavaScript and C# and C++ are obj ect-oriented programming languages. An obj iented mming language supports a programming model in which the program specifies s that define the types of objects that can be instantiated. A class defines the data members and methods (also referred to as member functions) for the objects of that class. Each method has a signature that specifies the name of the method, the types of input parameters to be passed to the method, and the types of output parameters to be returned by the . For example, a document class may be defined to include methods for opening a document, ing the document, and saving the document. During execution of an ation, after an object of a certain class is instantiated, the application can invoke a method of the object by specifying a reference to the object, an indication of the method to invoke, and the input parameters (if any) to be passed to the method. When the method completes, the method returns the output parameters (if any).

Such applications have historically accessed services of a server using a web service ace that is defined by a Web Services Description Language (“WSDL”) or using some other type of a remote procedure call (“RPC”) mechanism. Unfortunately, there is little support for object-oriented RPCs, also referred to as remote method invocations (“RMIs”), from such applications to servers. As a result, such applications often do not use an obj ect—oriented approach when ing objects hosted by a server.

SUlVIMARY A system is provided for an application executed by a client to invoke a remote object method of a remote object of a remote object class that is hosted by a server. The application instantiates a proxy of a proxy class that includes a proxy member function with the same signature as the remote object member function. The application associates an object identifier with the proxy. The application invokes the proxy member function of the proxy. Under control of the invoked proxy member function, the application sends to the server an invocation request message that includes the object identifier that is associated with the proxy and an fier of the remote object member function. The application relies on functionality provided by the browser without the need for the browser to access add-on functionality when executing the application.

A system is provided for onizing a property value n a proxy of an ation of a client and a corresponding remote object of a server. The application instantiates a proxy of a proxy class corresponding to a remote object of a remote object class where the proxy class specifies a property with a proxy getter. The application sends to the server an tion request message to invoke a remote object member function of a remote object and receives an invocation se message. When the invocation response message includes a property update, the ation extracts from the tion response message the value of the property from the property update and stores the extracted value in the proxy. When the proxy getter for the property is invoked, the value of the property can be ved from the proxy without having to send an invocation t message to the server.

A system is ed for an application executing at a client to send invocation requests to remote objects of a server. Each invocation request is generated when the application invokes a proxy of a proxy class of the ation corresponding to a remote object of a remote object class. For each invocation request, when the invocation request is deferrable, the system stores the invocation request. When the invocation request is not deferrable, the system sends to the server an invocation request message that includes each stored invocation t not previously sent and the current invocation request. The system receives invocation response messages from the server. For each invocation response of a received invocation se message, the system provides to the application an indication that the tion response has been received.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further bed below in the Detailed Description. This y is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0008] Figure l is a block diagram that illustrates data structures of an application and server component in some embodiments.

Figure 2 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a method of a proxy that is synchronously d in some embodiments.

Figure 3 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a receive request component of a server component in some embodiments.

Figure 4 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of an extract parameters method of a response object class for a response object of a client component in some embodiments.

Figure 5 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a store parameters method of a response object class for a response object of a server component in some ments.

Figure 6 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of a retrieve 1D method of an ID table object class in some embodiments.

Figure 7 is a flow diagram that rates the processing of a ve nce method of an ID table object in some embodiments.

Figure 8 is a flow diagram that rates the processing of an add entry method of an ID table object that is passed a reference in some embodiments.

Figure 9 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of an add entry method of an ID table object that is passed an entry in some embodiments.

[0017] Figure 10 is a block m that illustrates an implementation of the OORPC system that supports peer hosting of remote objects in some embodiments.

Figure 11 is a block diagram that illustrates data structures that support synchronization of values of properties by the OORPC system in some embodiments.

Figure 12 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a get property values component of a server component in some embodiments.

Figure 13 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a store property values ent of a client component in some embodiments.

Figure 14 is a flow diagram that illustrates a code generator of the OORPC system for tically generating code for proxy classes in some embodiments.

Figure 15 is a flow m that illustrates the processing of a process proxy properties component of the code generator in some embodiments.

Figure 16 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a send request component of a client component in some embodiments

[0024] Figure 17 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a receive request component of a server component in some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A method and system is provided for automatically generating code for an application executed by a client to access objects that are hosted remotely by a server or other remote device in an obj ect—oriented . The term “client” refers to a computing device, and the term “server” refers to a computing device. In some embodiments, an Obj ect-Oriented Remote Procedure Call (“OORPC”) system inputs a definition of the interfaces for the remote object classes for objects that are hosted remotely by the server (“remote objects”). For each remote object class, the OORPC system automatically tes a proxy class that serves as a proxy for the remote object class. A “proxy” is an object whose methods primarily send invocation request messages to the server that hosts the corresponding remote . There is lly a one-to-one correspondence between a proxy and a remote object. The proxy class has the same interface (e.g., the same methods and method signatures) as the corresponding remote object class, but with code that is different from the code of the remote object class. For each method of the proxy class, the OORPC system generates code for that method that, when d, sends an invocation request message to the server that hosts a remote object corresponding to the proxy of the proxy class. The invocation request message identifies the remote object, the method, and any input parameters passed to the method. The OORPC system also generates code for the method that, after an invocation response message is received from the remote , returns from the invocation of the method with any output parameters that were identified in the invocation se e. Alternatively, if the invocation of a method is an asynchronous invocation, the OORPC system includes a client ent to process the invocation response message that may not be part of the method, but rather part of a callback method that is to be invoked to signal the application that the execution of the method has completed.

In some embodiments, the OORPC system es a client component for the application that maps each proxy to its corresponding remote object. The application may have a create proxy corresponding to a create remote object that is used to instantiate remote objects. Each method of the create proxy may be d to instantiate a remote object of a certain remote object class. Each method sends an invocation request message to a server component, ed to as a “stub,” to invoke the corresponding method on the create remote object to instantiate a remote object of the remote object class. Each method also instantiates a proxy for the remote object and returns a reference to the proxy. For example, the create proxy may have a create nt method that sends an invocation request e to the server component requesting invocation of the create document method ofthe create remote object to instantiate a document remote obj ect. The instantiated nt remote object may be ed an object identifier (by either the application or the server code). The create document method of the create proxy also instantiates a document proxy corresponding to the document remote object and maps a nce to the document proxy (e.g., address of the document proxy) to the object identifier. The create document method of the create proxy then returns the reference to the document proxy.

When the application subsequently invokes a method of the document proxy as indicated by the reference, that method uses its reference to retrieve the object identifier of the document remote obj ect. That method then sends to the server component an invocation request message as described above that includes the object identifier to fy the document remote object to the server component.

When the server component receives an invocation request message, the server component extracts from the invocation request message the object fier, the method identifier, and any input parameters. The server component retrieves a reference to the remote object that is identified by the object identifier and invokes the identified method passing the input parameters. When the method returns, the server component sends an invocation se message to the client that includes the object identifier, the method identifier, and any output parameters.

In some embodiments, the create proxy and the create remote object are instantiated during initialization of the application and the server component, respectively, independently of the other. That is, the application instantiates the create proxy without communicating with the server component, and the server component instantiates the create 2017/068063 remote object without communicating with the ation. The application and the server component both assign the same object identifier (e. g., predefined) to identify the create proxy and the create remote object so that when the application invokes a method of the create proxy, the invocation request message that is sent to the server es the object identifier of the create remote obj ect. After the server component invokes a method of the create remote , the server component is returned a reference to the newly created remote object. The server component then generates an object identifier for the newly created remote object, maps the object identifier to the reference, and sends an invocation response message that includes the object identifier and the method identifier of the method that was invoked. When the application receives the invocation response message, the application maps the object identifier to the reference to the corresponding proxy. In this way, when a method of the corresponding proxy is subsequently invoked, the method can include the object fier of the remote object in the invocation request message.

In some ments, the OORPC system may not send invocation requests until a send invocation request message ion is ed. When the send invocation request message criterion is satisfied, the OORPC system sends an invocation request message that includes each invocation request that has not yet been sent. For e, the methods of the proxy classes may be designated as deferrable or not deferrable (e. g., via ta associated with the interface for the remote object class). When the application invokes a method that is deferrable, the OORPC system tes an invocation request that includes the object identifier, the method identifier, and any input parameters and queues the invocation request. When the application invokes a method that is not deferrable, the OORPC system sends an invocation request e that includes the queued invocation requests and an invocation request for the t invocation. The send invocation request message criterion may be satisfied when a non-deferrable method is invoked. The send invocation request message may similarly be satisfied when an invocation t has been queued for a certain period, when a certain number of invocation requests are queued, when the application directs that the invocation request message be sent, and/or so on.

When the server component receives an invocation request message with multiple tion requests, the server component processes the invocation requests in the order in which they were queued. After completion of the invocation requests, the server ent sends an invocation response message that includes an invocation response for each invocation request of the invocation t message. When the application receives the invocation response message, it processes the invocation responses in order of their corresponding invocation ts.

In some embodiments, the OORPC system provides support for storing values of properties of remote objects locally at a client. When the OORPC system generates a proxy class for a remote object class, the OORPC system generates getter methods ers”) for properties differently from other methods. The OORPC system generates a getter method that, rather than sending an invocation request message to the server to retrieve the value of the property, retrieves a locally stored value for the property and returns the value. To ensure that the locally stored value for a property of a proxy is synchronized with the value stored by the corresponding remote object, the server component may append to each tion response message a property update for each property of a remote object whose value has changed since the last invocation response message was sent. The server component may maintain a list of the values that were last sent for each property, and when sending an invocation response message, it may invoke the getter method for each property of each remote object to identify the values that have changed.

[0032] When the application receives an invocation response message with a property update, the ation stores the new value of the property update in the ponding proxy. When the OORPC system generates the proxy classes from the interfaces of the remote object classes, the OORPC system may generate a store class for each proxy class.

The store class may include a table that maps an identifier of each property (e.g., hash of the property name) to the type of the property (e. g., r) and a method of the store class for storing the value for that property. The OORPC system may add to a proxy class a static data member that is a reference to a store object that is an instance store class for that proxy class. When the OORPC system receives a new value for a property, it ves from the property update in the invocation response message the object identifier of the remote , the identifier of the property, and the value of the property. The OORPC system uses the object identifier to retrieve the reference to the corresponding proxy and retrieves from that proxy the nce to the store object. The OORPC system then invokes the store method of the store object corresponding to the property passing the reference to the proxy and the value. The store method stores the value in the proxy.

[0033] Figure 1 is a block diagram that illustrates data structures of an application and server component in some ments. A client 110 executes an application 111, and a server 120 executes a server ent 121. The application and the server component are represented as pseudocode. During initialization, a client component 119 of the OORPC system executing at the client may instantiate an ID table object 113, and the server component, which is a component ofthe OORPC system, may instantiate an ID table object 123. The 1]) table objects provide methods for storing and retrieving mappings of object identifiers of proxies and remote objects to their corresponding references in an ID table of the 1]) table objects. The ation instantiates a create proxy 112, and the server ent tiates a corresponding create remote object 122. The client component adds to the 1]) table object 113 a g of an object identifier (e.g., 1) for the create proxy to a reference to (e. g, address of) the create proxy (“S”), and the server component adds to the ID table object 123 a mapping of an object identifier for the create remote object to a reference to the create remote object. The server component then waits to receive invocation requests from the client. The object identifier for a proxy of the client and the object identifier for the corresponding remote object of the server have the same value.

To create a remote object of a remote object class, the ation invokes a method of the create proxy for creating remote objects of the remote object class. For example, if a remote object class is named “X,” the application may invoke a createX method of the create proxy to create a remote object of the remote object class X. The createX method of the create proxy sends to the server an invocation request message (“req”) that includes an object identifier of the create remote object (“rquD”), a method identifier of the createX method (“reqmethod”), and any input parameters (“reqinparam”).

The client component may instantiate a request object 117 to store the data of an invocation request message to be sent and a response object 118 to store the data of an invocation response message that is received. Similarly, the server component may instantiate a request object 127 to store the data of an invocation request message that is received and a response object 128 to store the data of an tion response message to be sent.

Upon ing the invocation request message, the server component extracts the object identifier from the invocation request e and invokes a retrieve reference method (“retrieveref’) of its ID table object passing the object fier to retrieve a reference to the create remote object. The server component then invokes an extract method (“extract”) of the request object to extract any input parameters (“inparam”). The server component then extracts from the request object the method identifier of the X method. The server component then uses the reference to the create remote object and the identifier of the createX method to invoke the createX method of the create remote object g the input parameters. The createX method instantiates a remote object 124 (“X2 object”) of class X and returns an output parameter that is a reference to the remote object 124. Although not illustrated by the pseudocode, the server component also invokes an add 2017/068063 entry method of the ID table object 123 to add to its ID table an entry that maps the object identifier (“2”) for the remote object 124 to the reference for the remote object 124 (“X2”) and adds to a response object (“res”) the object identifier ID”) and the identifier of the createX method (“resmethod”). The server component then invokes a store method (“store”) of the response object to store any output ters. The server component then sends to the client an tion se message based on the response object.

Upon ing the invocation response message, the client component instantiates a response object based on the invocation response message. The client component then instantiates a proxy 114 (“X2 proxy”) and invokes an add entry method of the ID table object 113 to add to its ID table a mapping of the object identifier (“2”) for the proxy 1 14 to the reference for the proxy 1 14 . Ifthe invocation ofthe createX method was synchronous, then the createX method returns with the reference to the proxy 114.

After the remote object 124 and its corresponding proxy 114 are instantiated, the application then invokes a method of the proxy 114 passing an indication of an input parameter (“in”). The invoked method may invoke the client component to generate a t object that includes the object identifier of the proxy 114 (“2”), a method identifier, and the input parameter and to send to the server an invocation request message based on the request object. Upon receiving the invocation response message, the server component retrieves the reference for the remote object 124 from the ID table object and invokes the fied method of the remote object 124 passing the input parameter. When the method returns, the server component generates a response object that includes the object fier ofthe remote object 124 (“2”), the method identifier, and any output parameters. The server component then sends to the client an invocation response message based on the response obj ect. Upon receiving the invocation response message, the client component extracts the output parameters and signals that the method has returned to affect a synchronous or asynchronous tion processing.

The application may then invoke the createX method and the createY method of the create proxy to effect creation of the remote object 125 (“X3 object”) and the remote object 126 (“Y4 object”) at the server and the corresponding proxy 115 (“X3 proxy”) and the corresponding proxy 116 (“Y4 proxy”) at the client. The application can then invoke methods of the remote object 125 and the remote object 126 by invoking the corresponding methods of the proxy 115 and the proxy 116.

The computing systems (e.g., clients, servers, client devices, server devices) on which the OORPC system may be implemented may include a central processing unit, input devices, output devices (e.g., display devices and speakers), storage devices (e.g., memory and disk drives), network interfaces, graphics processing units, accelerometers, cellular radio link interfaces, global positioning system devices, and so on. The computing systems may include s of a data center, massively el systems, and so on. The computing s may access computer-readable media that include computer-readable storage media and data transmission media. The computer-readable storage media are tangible storage means that do not include a transitory, propagating signal. es of computer-readable storage media include memory such as primary memory, cache memory, and ary memory (e.g., DVD) and other storage. The computer-readable storage media may have recorded on them or may be d with computer—executable instructions or logic that implements the OORPC system. The data transmission media are used for transmitting data via transitory, propagating s or carrier waves (e.g., omagnetism) via a wired or ss connection.

The OORPC system may be described in the general context of computer- executable instructions, such as program modules and components, executed by one or more computers, processors, or other devices. Generally, program modules or components include routines, programs, objects, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular data types. lly, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. Aspects of the OORPC system may be implemented in hardware using, for example, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

Figure 2 is a flow diagram that illustrates the sing of a method of a proxy that is synchronously invoked in some embodiments. A method 200, which is automatically generated by a code generator of the OORPC , is passed one or more input parameters and returns one or more output parameters. The method sends to the server an invocation t message and receives an invocation se message. In block 202, the method invokes a retrieve identifier method of the ID table object passing a reference to the proxy (“this”) to retrieve the object identifier of the proxy. The method stores the object identifier of the proxy in a request object. In block 204, the method adds the method identifier to the t object. In block 206, the method invokes a store parameters method of the request object to store the input parameters. In block 208, the method sends to the server an invocation request message that is based on the request obj ect. In block 210, the method receives from the server an invocation response message and generates a response object.

In block 212, the method invokes an extract parameters method of the response object to extract the output ters. The method then completes. In some embodiments, the method may invoke a client component to perform the processing of blocks 2.

Figure 3 is a flow diagram that illustrates processing of a receive t component of a server component in some embodiments. A receive request component 300 is invoked when an invocation request e is received from a client and is passed a request object that is based on the tion request message. The ent invokes a method of a remote object and sends to the client an invocation response message. In block 302, the component extracts the object identifier of a remote object from the request object and invokes a retrieve reference method of the 1]) table object, passing the object identifier, and es a nce to the remote obj ect. In block 304, the component ts the method identifier from the request object. In block 306, the component invokes an extract parameters method of the request object to extract the input parameters. In block 308, the component invokes the identifier method of the remote object, passing the input ters and receiving any output parameters upon return. In block 310, the component generates a response object that includes the object identifier, the method identifier, and output parameters. In block 312, the component sends to the client an invocation response message that is based on the response object and then completes.

Figure 4 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of an extract parameters method of a response object class for a response object of a client component in some embodiments. An extract parameters method 400 is invoked by a client component to extract the output parameters returned by an invoked method. In block 402, the method selects the next output parameter starting with the first. In decision block 404, if all the output parameters have already been selected, then the method completes, else the method continues at block 406. In on block 406, if the selected output parameter is an identifier of a remote object, then the method continues at block 410, else the method continues at block 408. In block 408, the component stores the selected output parameter as an output ter and then loops to block 402 to select the next output parameter. In block 410, the method invokes the retrieve reference method of the ID table object to retrieve a reference to the remote object identified in the response object. In decision block 412, if the reference is null, then a proxy for the remote object has not been instantiated and the method continues at block 414, else the method continues at block 422. In block 414, the method instantiates a proxy for the class of the remote object. The code generator for the OORPC system can identify the class of the remote object, and more generally the type of any parameter, from the signature of the invoked method. In blocks 416 and 418, the method creates an entry for the ID table. In block 420, the method invokes an add entry method of the ID table object to store the entry and then continues at block 422. In block 422, the component sets the output parameter to the returned reference and then loops to block 402 to select the next output parameter of the response obj ect.

Figure 5 is a flow m that illustrates the processing of a store parameters method of a response object class for a response object of a server component in some embodiments. A store parameters method 500 is passed output ters to be stored in the response obj ect. In block 502, the method selects the next output parameter. In decision block 504, if all the output parameters have already been selected, then the method completes, else the method continues at block 506. In decision block 506, if the output parameter is a reference to an object, then the component continues at block at 508, else the component ues at block 510. In block 508, the component s a retrieve ID method of the ID table object to ve the object identifier ponding to the reference and sets the output parameter to the reference. In block 510, the ent stores the output parameter in the response object and then loops to block 502 to select the next output parameter. Although not rated, a request object also has an extract parameters method and a store parameters method that function in a manner similar to those of a response obj ect.

Figures 6-9 are flow diagrams illustrating methods of an ID table object class in some embodiments. Figure 6 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of a retrieve ID method of an ID table object class in some ments. A retrieve ID method 600 is passed a reference to an object and returns the object identifier corresponding to that reference. In block 602, the method selects the next entry of the ID table. In decision block 604, if all the entries have already been selected, then the method returns a null value to indicate that an entry for the reference is not in the ID table, else the method continues at block 606. In decision block 606, if the reference in the selected entry matches the passed reference, then the method returns an indication of the object identifier of that entry, else the method loops to block 602 to select the next entry of the ID table.

Figure 7 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a ve reference method of an ID table object in some embodiments. A retrieve reference method 700 is passed an object identifier and returns the reference corresponding to that object identifier.

In block 702, the method retrieves the next entry of the ID table. In decision block 704, if all the entries have already been selected, then the method returns a null value to indicate that an entry for the object identifier is not in the ID table, else the method ues at block 706. In decision block 706, if the object identifier of the selected entry matches the passed object identifier, then the method returns the reference of the selected entry, else the method loops to block 702 to select the next entry of the ID table.

Figure 8 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of an add entry method of an ID table object that is passed a reference in some ments. An add entry method 800 is passed a reference to an object (i.e., proxy or remote object) and adds an entry to the ID table for that reference if the ID table does not already contain an entry for that reference. In block 802, the method invokes the retrieve ID method of this 1D table object g the reference to retrieve the object identifier if the ID table contains an entry corresponding to the reference. In decision block 804, if the returned object identifier is null, then the ID table does not contain a corresponding entry and the method continues at block 806, else the method returns the object identifier. In block 806, the method sets the object identifier to a next object identifier field of the ID table object and increments the next object identifier field. In blocks 808-810, the method lizes the entry for the reference. In block 812, the method appends the entry to the ID table and then returns an indication of the object identifier.

Figure 9 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of an add entry method of an ID table object that is passed an entry in some embodiments. An add entry method 900 is passed an entry that is to be added to the ID table if the entry is not already in the ID table. In block 902, the method invokes a ve ID method of this ID table object passing the nce of the entry. In decision block 904, if the entry is null, then the ID table does not n that entry and the method continues at block 906, else the method returns. In block 906, the method adds the entry to the ID table and then s.

In some embodiments, the OORPC system allows both the client and the server to host remote objects that are accessed remotely by the other. The client and the server thus may be considered peers in the sense that both host remote objects. For example, if a document is being processed in a collaborative environment by multiple clients, each client may register an object with the server to e event ations of changes to the document. In such a case, a client may invoke a register method of the document proxy passing an event listener object that is instantiated by the client. The client may maintain a proxy 1D table for mapping object fiers to references to proxies for objects hosted remotely at the server and an object ID table that maps object identifiers to references to objects hosted locally by the client. Similarly, the server may maintain a proxy 1]) table for mapping object identifiers to references to proxies for objects hosted remotely by a client and an object ID table that maps object identifiers to references to objects hosted locally by 2017/068063 the server. The register method of the document proxy may add an entry for the event listener object to the object [D table and include the object identifier of the entry as an input parameter in the invocation request message for the register method. When the server receives the invocation request message, the server component may search both the object ID table and proxy ID table for an entry with a matching object identifier. If such an entry is found, the server component replaces the object identifier with the reference of the entry as the input parameter to the er method. If such an entry is not found, the server component instantiates an event listener proxy for the event er object and adds an entry to the proxy ID table that maps the object identifier to the reference to the event er object proxy. The server ent then invokes the er method of the document remote object passing the reference to the listener proxy. When the server component sends an event to the application, the server code invokes an event method of the listener proxy, which sends to the client an invocation request e. When the client receives the invocation request message, a client component processes the invocation request message in much the same manner as the server component of the server handles invocation request messages. In this way, both the client and the server can invoke methods of remote objects hosted remotely by the other.

In some embodiments, an object method of a remote object may have an input parameter and/or an output ter that is passed by value. To pass an input parameter by value, the proxy method of the proxy corresponding to the remote object retrieves the value for the input parameter and adds the retrieved value to the invocation request message.

If the input ter is itself a remote object hosted by the server, then the proxy method may send an tion request message to the server to retrieve the value. Similarly, when returning an output parameter by value, the object method retrieves the value of the output parameter and adds the retrieved value to the invocation response message. In some embodiments, an input parameter or an output ter may be a data ure containing multiple objects. To pass an input ter that is such a data structure, the proxy method retrieve the object identifier of each object in the data structure and add each object identifier to the invocation request message. For example, if the data structure is an array, the proxy method for each element of the array, selects the element, retrieves the object identifier of the selected element, and adds the retrieved object identifier to the invocation request message. To pass an output parameter that is an array, the object method processes the elements of the array in a similar manner. The data structure of an input parameter or an output parameter may contain an object hosted on the server and object hosted on the client.

When processing such an input parameter, a proxy method adds the object identifier of each object to the invocation request message. Upon receiving, the invocation t message, the server component retrieves the references to the objects from either the object identifier table or the proxy identifier table and invokes the object method passing the retrieved references. The server component may instantiate a corresponding object or proxy if not yet instantiated.

Figure 10 is a block diagram that illustrates an entation of the OORPC system that supports peer hosting of remote objects in some embodiments. A client 1010 includes a proxy ID table object 1011 and an object ID table object 1015. The proxy ID table object 1011 includes an ID table that contains entries for proxies 1012, and the object ID table object 1015 includes an ID table that contains entries for remote objects 1016. A server 1020 includes an object ID table object 1021 and a proxy ID table object 1025. The object ID table object 1021 includes an ID table that contains an entry for each object 1022, and the proxy ID table object 1025 includes an ID table that contains an entry for each proxy 1026.

Figure 11 is a block diagram that illustrates data ures that support synchronization of values of properties by the OORPC system in some embodiments. A client 1 1 10 includes an ID table object 1 1 1 1 with an ID table that includes entries for proxies 1112 and 1113 for remote objects of the remote object class X and that es an entry for a proxy 1114 for a remote object of the remote object class Y. Each proxy includes a static data member for referencing a store object for its remote object class. Proxies 1112 and 1113 e a reference to a store object 1115 for the remote object class X, and proxy 1114 includes a nce to a store object 1116 for the remote object class Y. The store object for a remote object class may include a method for each getter method of the remote object class that stores a value for a property locally in a proxy. A server 1120 includes an ID table object 1121 with an 1]) table that includes entries for remote objects 1122 and 1123 of the remote object class X and that includes an entry for an object 1124 of the remote object class Y. The server also includes a property table object 1125 with a property table that includes an entry for each property of each remote object. Each entry includes an object fier of the remote object, the last retrieved value of each property of the remote object, and a reference to a getter table for the remote object class of the remote obj ect. In some embodiments, each entry may contain a reference to a data structure that stores the last retrieved values for the remote object. Also, the ID table and the property table may be combined into a single table. As rated, the first entry of the property table corresponds to the remote object 1122 and includes a pointer to a getter table 1126 for the remote object class X. The getter table 1126 includes an entry for each getter method 1128 and 1129 of the remote object class X. A getter table 1127 includes an entry for each getter method 1130 and 1131 of the remote object class Y. The entries point to code that invokes the corresponding getter method of a remote object to retrieve the value of a property Prior to sending a response invocation e, the server component may select each entry of the property table and invoke the getter methods of the remote object of each entry to retrieve the value of each property. If a value of a property returned by a getter method for an object is different from the value for that property that is stored in the ty table, the server component adds a property update to the invocation response message. The property update includes the object identifier, a property identifier, and the new value.

When the client receives the invocation response message, the client ent processes each property update. For each property update, the client component retrieves the reference to the proxy corresponding to the object fier of the property update. The client component retrieves the reference to the store object from the proxy and invokes the corresponding store method for that property of the store object g an indication of the reference. The store method then stores the value of the property in the proxy. In some embodiments, each property update may contain the values for all the changed properties of a remote object. That is, the invocation response message ns only one property update for a remote object, rather than a separate property update for each changed property of the remote object.

Figure 12 is a flow m that illustrates the sing of a get property values component of a server component in some embodiments. A get property values component 1200 is d to add a property update to an invocation response message for each property of each remote object whose value has changed. In block 1202, the component selects the next entry of the property table. In decision block 1204, if all the entries have already been selected, then the component completes, else the component continues at block 1206. In block 1206, the component invokes the retrieve reference method of the ID table object to retrieve the nce corresponding to the object identifier of the selected entry. In blocks 1208-1218, the component loops processing each property ofthe referenced remote object. In block 1208, the component selects the next getter method from the getter table referenced by the selected entry. In decision block 1210, if all the getter methods have already been selected, then the ent loops to block 1202 to select the next entry in the ty table, else the component continues at block 1212. In block 1212, the component invokes the selected getter method of the referenced remote object. In decision block 1214, if the current value of the property is the same as the value in the selected entry for the property, then the component loops to block 1208 to select the next getter , else the component continues at block 1216. In block 1216, the component sets the value in the entry for the ty to the current value. In block 1218, the component adds a property update with the object identifier, the property identifier, and the current value of the property to the invocation response message and then loops to block 1208 to select the next getter method.

Figure 13 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a store ty values component of a client component in some embodiments. A store property values component 1300 is invoked when an tion se message is received that includes property updates and updates the locally stored values for the ties. In block 1302, the component selects the next property update of the invocation response message. In decision block 1304, if all the property updates have already been selected, then the component completes, else the component continues at block 1306. In block 1306, the component invokes the retrieve reference method of the 1]) table object, passing the object identifier of the selected entry, and receives a reference to the corresponding proxy. In block 1308, the component s a store method of the store object referenced by a static data member of the proxy passing the value of the entry. The component then loops to block 1302 to select 2O the next property update entry ofthe response invocation message. A store object may have a separate store method generated to handle each ty. atively, the store object may have a single store method that accesses a table with an entry for each property with information such as type of object and name of property.

Figure 14 is a flow diagram that illustrates a code generator of the OORPC system for automatically generating code for proxy classes in some embodiments. A proxy code component 1400 is passed an interface for each class of objects hosted by a server and generates the proxy classes (e.g., JavaScript). In block 1402, the component selects the next interface. In decision block 1404, if all the interfaces have already been selected, then the component completes, else the component continues at block 1406. In block 1406, the component generates initial code for the proxy class, which may e a class template that includes the name of the class, beginning and ending symbols of the class (e. g., parentheses), and so on. In blocks 1408—1412, the component loops sing each method of the interface that is not a getter method. In block 1408, the ent selects the next method. In decision block 1410, if all the s have already been selected, then the WO 40183 ent continues at block 1414, else the ent continues at block 1412. In block 1412, the component generates code for the selected method of the proxy class and then loops to block 1408 to select the next method. In block 1414, the component invokes a process proxy properties component of the code generator g an tion of the selected interface to generate code for a store class for the proxy class. The component then loops to block 1402 to select the next interface.

Figure 15 is a flow diagram that rates the processing of a process proxy properties ent of the code generator in some embodiments. A process proxy properties component 1500 is invoked to generate a store class for a proxy class and add a static data member to the proxy class for storing a reference to a store object for the proxy class. In block 1502, the component generates the initial code for the store class. In block 1504, the component adds to the proxy class a static data member for referencing a store obj ect. In block 1506, the component selects the next property of the interface. In decision block 1508, if all the properties of the interface have already been selected, then the component completes, else the component continues at block 1510. In block 1510, the component generates code for a setter method of the proxy class for the ed property that sends an invocation t message to a server. In block 1512, the component generates code for a getter method of the proxy class for the selected property that retrieves the local value of the property. In block 1514, the component generates code for a store method of the store class for storing in the proxy a value of the selected property that is received in an invocation response message and then loops to block 1506 to select the next property of the interface.

In some embodiments, a code generator of the OORPC system may automatically generate a server component for a server to support invocation of remote objects. The code generator may be provided the interfaces for the remote objects hosted by the server. The code generator generates code to receive from a client an invocation t e and to invoke the identified remote object method of the identified remote object passing the identified input ter. The code generator also generates code to, after the invoked remote object method returns, send to the client an invocation response e with an object identifier of the remote object, a method identifier of the remote object methods, and an output parameter returned by the invoked remote object method.

The code generator may also automatically generate the code that supports the synchronization of property values based on the interfaces.

Figure 16 and 17 are flow diagrams that illustrate the deferring of invocation WO 40183 requests in some embodiments, Figure 16 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a send request component of a client component in some embodiments. A send request component 1600 is invoked passing an invocation request (e.g., via a request object) to invoke a method of a remote object. The component sends to a server an invocation request message with any queued invocation requests when the invocation of the method is not deferrable. In block 1602, the component appends the invocation request to a request queue.

In decision block 1604, if the invocation of the method is deferrable, then the component completes, else the component continues at block 1606. In block 1606, the component adds the invocation requests of the invocation request queue to an invocation request message.

In block 1608, the ent sends to the server the invocation t message. In block 1610, the component empties the request queue and then tes.

Figure 17 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing of a receive request ent of a server component in some embodiments. A receive request component 1700 is invoked when a server component receives an invocation request message. In block 1702, the component selects the next invocation request of the tion t message.

In decision block 1704, if all the invocation requests have already been selected, then the component completes, else the component continues at block 1706. In block 1706, the component processes the selected invocation t by invoking the method of the remote object identified by the invocation request. The component then loops to block 1702 to select the next invocation request.

The following aphs describe various embodiments of aspects of the OORPC system. An entation of the OORPC system may employ any combination of the embodiments. The processing bed below may be performed by a computing device with a processor that executes computer-executable instructions stored on a computer-readable storage medium that implements the OORPC system.

In some embodiments, a method performed by a client is provided for invoking a remote object member function of a remote object of a remote object class where the remote object is hosted by a server. Under l of a browser, the method performs the following. The method retrieves a web page that includes the application. Under control of the application, the method instantiates a proxy of a proxy class where the proxy class includes a proxy member function with a same signature as the remote object member function. The method associates an object identifier with the proxy where the object identifier is for use in identifying the remote object to the server. The method invokes the proxy member function of the proxy object. Under control of the invoked proxy member 2017/068063 function, the method sends to the server an invocation request message that includes the object identifier that is associated with the proxy and an identifier of the remote object member function. The application relies on functionality provided by the browser without the need for the browser to access add-on functionality when ing the application. In some embodiments, the method further sends to the server an invocation request message that requests to invoke a member function of a create remote object to instantiate the remote object. In some embodiments, the method further, under control of the application, receives from the server an tion response message that indicates the remote object has been instantiated. In some ments, the tion response e es the object identifier that is assigned to the remote object by the . In some embodiments, the invocation request message includes the object identifier that is assigned to the remote object by the client. In some embodiments, the invocation request message includes an input parameter that is passed to the proxy member function. In some embodiments, the invocation response message includes an output parameter to be returned by the proxy member function. In some embodiments, the proxy is identified by a proxy reference and further comprising associating the proxy reference with the object identifier. In some embodiments, the associating includes adding to an object identifier table an entry that includes the proxy nce and the object identifier. In some embodiments, the remote object class and proxy class are implemented in different programming languages. In some embodiments, the proxy class is automatically generated based on an interface definition for the remote object class, the proxy class including an implementation of the proxy member function. In some embodiments, the invocation of the proxy member function is an asynchronous invocation.

In some embodiments, a method performed by a computing system is provided for generating proxy s for an application executing at a client to access remote objects of remote object classes hosted by a server The method accesses aces of the remote object classes where each interface es a signature of a remote object member function of the remote class. For each remote object class, the method generates a proxy class for the remote object class. The proxy class includes an proxy member function for each remote object member function of the remote object class. Each proxy member function of the proxy class is generated to, upon invocation of the proxy member function, send to the server an invocation request message that an object identifier of a remote object, a member function identifier of the remote object member function, and an input parameter passed to the proxy member function. The method provides code to, after an invocation response message is received from the server, extract an object identifier of a remote object, a member function fier of the remote object member function, and an output parameter from the invocation response e and indicate that the invocation of the remote object member function has completed. In some embodiments, the method further generates a server component for the server wherein the server component is generated, based on the interfaces of the remote objects hosted by, to receive from the client an invocation request e, invoke the identified remote object member function of the identified remote object passing the identified input parameter and after the invoked remote object member function returns, send to the client an invocation response message with an object identifier of the remote object, a member function identifier of the remote object member function, and an output parameter returned by the invoked remote object member function. In some embodiments, the code of the ation relies on functionality provided by the browser without the need for the r to access add-on functionality when executing the application.

In some ments, a client is provided that is configured to enable an ation executed by an application execution engine of a program to invoke a remote object member function of a remote object of a remote object class hosted by a server. The client includes a processor to execute computer-executable instructions and a computer- readable storage medium storing computer-executable ctions that, when executed by the processor, l the client to perform the following processing. The processing instantiates a proxy of a proxy class where the proxy class includes a proxy member function with a same signature as the remote object member function. The processing associates an object identifier with the proxy where the object identifier is for use in identifying the remote object to a server. The processing s the proxy member function of the proxy. Under l of the invoked proxy member function, the processing sends to the server an invocation t message that includes an object identifier that identifies the remote object and a member function identifier that identifies the remote object member function. In some embodiments, the application relies on functionality provided by the program without the need for the program to access add-on functionality when executing the application and the proxy class of the application is automatically ted from an interface of the remote object class to support accessing by the client of the remote object. In some embodiments, the processing further sends to the server an invocation request e that requests to instantiate an instance of the remote object class and receive from the server an invocation response message that indicates that the remote object has been instantiated. In some embodiments, the processing instantiates a create proxy with a member function that when invoked directs the instantiating of the proxy and the sending of the invocation request message. In some embodiments, the invocation response message includes the object identifier. In some embodiments, the program is as browser, and the application is downloaded and executed in response to a user accessing a web page via the browser.

In some embodiments, a client is provided that is configured to enable an application executed by a program with an application execution engine to invoke a remote object member function of a remote object of a remote object class hosted by a server and to support invoking by the server of a local object member function of a local object of a local object class hosted by the client. The client includes a processor that executes computer—executable instructions and a computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable ctions that, when executed by the processor, control the client to perform the following processing. Under control of the application ed by the program, the processing instantiates a proxy of a proxy class, where the proxy class including a proxy member function with a same ure as the remote object member function. The processing instantiates a local object ofthe local object class. The processing associates a remote object identifier with a proxy nce to the proxy and a local object identifier with a local object reference to the local . Under control of the invoked proxy member function, the processing sends to the server an tion t message that includes the remote object identifier that identifies the remote object and a member 2O function identifier that identifies the remote object member function. Upon receiving from the server an tion request message that includes the local object identifier and identifies the local object member function, the processing ves the local object nce associated with to the included local object identifier and invoke the local object member function of the local object referenced by the retrieved local object reference.

[0066] In some embodiments, a method med by a client for synchronizing a property value is provided. The method instantiates a proxy of a proxy class corresponding to a remote object of a remote object class. The remote object is instantiated at a server.

The proxy class specifies a property with a proxy getter. The proxy getter for the proxy is for retrieving a value for the property that is stored in the proxy. The method sends the server an invocation request message to invoke a remote object member function of a remote object. The method receives from the server an invocation se message to the invocation request message. When the invocation response message includes a property update, the method ts from the invocation se message the value of the property from the property update and stores the extracted value in the proxy. When the proxy getter WO 40183 for the property is d, the method allows the value of the property to be retrieved from the proxy without having to send an invocation request message to the server. In some embodiments, the proxy is part of an application that is executed by a browser. In some embodiments, the sending to the server and receiving from the server are via HTTP messages. In some embodiments, the proxy class es a static nce to a store object of a store class with a store member function for the property and wherein the extracting and storing are performed by the store member on. In some embodiments, the store class includes a store member function for each property of the proxy class. In some embodiments, the store class includes a getter table that maps an identifier of the property to an identifier of the store member function of the store class for that property for storing the ted value and to an identifier of a type of the property. In some embodiments, the store member function is passed a reference to a proxy and performs the ting of the value ofthe property based on the type ofthe ty and storing the value in the referenced proxy. In some embodiments, the store member function is passed the fier of the proxy. In some embodiments, the invocation response message includes values for multiple properties of the proxy. In some embodiments, the invocation response message includes values for multiple properties of different proxies. In some embodiments, the invocation response message includes values for only those properties whose value has changed since a prior invocation response message was sent by the server.

[0067] In some embodiments, a method performed by a server for synchronizing a property value stored at a client is provided. The method receives from the client a request to invoke a remote object member function of a remote object hosted by the server. The method s the remote object member function of the remote object. After invoking the remote object member function of the remote object, the method retrieves a value for a property of the remote object. When the ved value is not the same as a last retrieved value for the property, the method adds to an invocation response message an object identifier of the remote object, a property identifier of the property, and the retrieved value.

The method sends to the client the invocation response message to indicate that the remote object member function was invoked and that the value for the ty has changed so that a getter member function for the property of a proxy of the client for the remote object can retrieve the value of the property locally with accessing the . In some embodiments, the retrieving and adding are performed for multiple properties. In some embodiments, the multiple properties include properties of different remote s. In some embodiments, the retrieving and adding are performed for each invocation response message that is to be WO 40183 sent to indicate that a remote object member function of a remote object was invoked.

In some embodiments, a method that is performed by a computing system is provided for supporting synchronization of values of properties of remote objects of remote object classes with values of properties of proxies of proxy classes. The method inputs a description of an ace for each remote object class. For each interface for remote object class, the method generates code for the proxy class. The method generates code for each proxy member on of the proxy class to send an invocation request e to invoke the corresponding remote object member function on a corresponding remote object. The method generates code for each proxy getter member function of a property of the proxy class to retrieve and return a value of the property that is stored locally at a proxy of the proxy class without accessing the corresponding remote object. The method generating code for storing values of the properties of the proxy class received from the server so that each proxy getter member function of a property of the proxy class can retrieve a locally stored value for the property. In some embodiments, the method further, for each proxy class, adds to the proxy class a static reference to the code for storing values of the properties. In some ments, the code for storing the values of the properties is implemented as part of a store class. In some embodiments, the store class includes a table that maps, for each property of the proxy class, an identifier of the property to a store member function for storing a value for that property so that the value can be retrieved by the proxy getter member function of that property. In some embodiments, the identifier of the property is further mapped to an indication of a type of the ty for use in extracting the value of the property from an invocation response message received from server.

In some ments, a method performed by a client for g invocation requests of an ation to remote objects of a server is provided. The method receives invocation requests. Each invocation t is from a proxy of a proxy class of the application corresponding to a remote object of a remote object class. For each received invocation request, when the invocation request is deferrable, the method stores the invocation request. When the invocation request is not deferrable, the method sends to the server an invocation request message that includes each stored invocation request not previously sent and the received tion request. The method receives from the server invocation response messages. Each invocation response message is in response to an invocation request message that included one or more invocation requests. At least one tion response message includes multiple invocation ses. For each invocation response of a received invocation response message, when the invocation response includes WO 40183 an output parameter, the method ts the output parameter from the invocation response.

The method provides to the application an indication that the invocation response has been received and any extracted output parameter. In some embodiments, the invocation t message indicates an order in which the invocation requests were received. In some embodiments, the invocation responses of an invocation response message are processed in an order in which the corresponding invocation requests were received. In some ments, the invocation ts are asynchronous invocation requests. In some embodiments, when an invocation request has been stored for more than a designated amount of time, the method sends an invocation request message that includes the invocation request. In some embodiments, in response to receiving from the application a request to send an unsent invocation request, the method further sends an invocation request message that includes the invocation request. In some embodiments, invocation requests are received for remote objects hosted by different servers and n an invocation request message that is sent to a server includes only invocation requests for remote objects hosted by that server. In some embodiments, the application is executed under control of a browser.

In some embodiments, a client is provided for sending invocation requests of an application to invoke member functions of remote objects hosted by a server. The client includes a processor that es the er—executable ctions and a computer- le storage medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, control the client to perform the following processing. The processing queues invocation requests. Each invocation request is from a proxy of a proxy class of the application ponding to a remote object of a remote object class of the application. The invocation request is for invoking a remote object member function of the remote object.

When a send invocation t ion is satisfied, the processing sends to the server an tion request message that includes each queued invocation request. The processing indicates that each queued invocation request is no longer . The processing receives from the server an invocation response message that is in response to the tion request message. For each invocation response of the ed invocation response message, the processing provides to the application an indication that the invocation response has been received. In some embodiments, the send invocation request criterion is satisfied when an invocation request is received that is to not be queued; In some embodiments, the send invocation request criterion is satisfied when an invocation request has been stored for more than a ated amount of time. In some embodiments, the send invocation request criterion is satisfied when a request is received from the application to send queued invocation requests. In some embodiments, he invocation request message indicates an order in which the invocation requests were generated by the application. In some embodiments, the invocation responses of the tion response message are processed in an order in which the corresponding invocation requests were ted. In some embodiments, the invocation ts are asynchronous invocation requests. In some embodiments, the invocation requests are received for remote s hosted by different servers and wherein an tion request message that is sent to a server includes only tion requests for remote objects hosted by that server. In some embodiments, the application is executed under control of a program with an application execution engine.

In some embodiments, a method performed by a server for processing invocation requests of an application. The method receives from a client an invocation request message that includes tion ts. Each invocation request is from a proxy of a proxy class of the application corresponding to a remote object of a remote object class of the application. The invocation request is for invoking a remote object member function of the remote object. For each invocation request of the invocation request message, the processes the invocation request. The processing includes extracting from the invocation request an object identifier of a remote object, a member function identifier of a remote object member function, and an input parameter. The processing invokes the identified remote object member function of the fied remote object passing the input parameter.

Upon return from the d remote object member function, the processing stores an invocation response for the invocation request that es an output parameter returned by the invoked remote object member function. After processing the invocation requests, the method sends to the client an invocation response e that includes the tion ses. In some embodiments, the invocation requests are processed in an order specified by the invocation request e. In some embodiments, the invocation requests corresponding to the invocation responses are identifiable from the invocation responses.

In some embodiments, Although the subject matter has been described in language c to structural features and/or acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above.

Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. For example, although the OORPC system is describes primarily in the context of a web browser that executes an application, the OORPC may be used in other contexts. For example, a customer relationship management (“CRM”) system may allow applications to be developed to customize the CRM system. In such a case, a client- side component of the CRM system executes applications that access objects hosted by a server that has a server-side component of the CRM system. Web browsers, CRM , and other programs that execute such applications may be referred as a program having an application execution . Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the ed claims.

Claims (15)

1. A client computing system comprising: a computer-readable storage medium storing er-executable ctions; and a processor configured to execute the computer-executable ctions, which, when executed by the processor, control the client computing system to: queue a plurality of invocation requests, each invocation t being received from a proxy object of a proxy class of an application of the client computing system that corresponds to a remote object of a remote object class of a server computing system; and for each received invocation request, store the invocation request when the invocation t is deferrable; send, when the invocation request is not deferrable, an invocation request message to the server computing system that includes each stored invocation request not previously sent and the invocation request that is not deferrable; receive from the server computing system a ity of invocation response messages, each invocation response message being in response to a previously sent invocation request message from the client computing device, at least one of the invocation response messages ing a plurality of tion responses, and for each invocation response of the plurality of invocation responses, extract, when the invocation response es an output parameter, the output parameter from the invocation response, and provide to the application an indication that the invocation response has been received and any extracted output parameter.

2. The client computing system of claim 1, the invocation t message indicating an order in which the invocation ts were received.

3. The client computing system of claim 1, the plurality of invocation responses being processed in an order in which the corresponding invocation requests were received.

4. The client computing system of claim 1, the computer-executable instructions, when executed by the processor, controlling the client computing system to send an invocation request message that includes the stored tion request when a stored invocation request has been stored for more than a designated amount of time.

5. The client computing system of claim 1, the computer-executable instructions, when executed by the processor, controlling the client ing system to send an invocation request message that includes the invocation request in se to receiving from the application a request to send an unsent invocation t.

6. The client computing system of claim 1, the plurality of invocation requests being received for remote objects hosted by different server computing systems and any invocation t messages sent to a particular server computing system include only invocation requests for remote objects hosted by that server computing system.

7. The client computing system of claim 1, the application being executed under control of a browser.

8. A method comprising: receiving, with a client ing system, a plurality of invocation requests, each invocation t being received from a proxy object of a proxy class of an ation of the client computing system that corresponds to a remote object of a remote object class of a server computing system; for each received invocation request, when the invocation request is able, storing, with the client ing system, the tion t; and when the invocation request is not deferrable, sending, with the client computing system, to the server computing system an invocation request message that includes each stored invocation request not previously sent and the invocation request that is not deferrable; receiving, with the client computing system, from the server computing system a plurality of invocation response messages, each invocation response message being in se to a previously sent invocation request message from the client computing device, at least one of the invocation response messages including a plurality of invocation responses; and for each invocation response of the plurality of invocation responses, when the invocation response includes an output parameter, extracting, with the client computing device, the output parameter from the invocation response; and providing, with the client computing device, to the application an indication that the invocation response has been received and any extracted output parameter.

9. The method of claim 8, the invocation request message indicating an order in which the invocation requests were received.

10. The method of claim 8, the plurality of invocation responses being processed in an order in which the corresponding invocation ts were received.

11. The method of claim 8, further comprising: when a stored invocation request has been stored for more than a designated amount of time, sending, with the client ing device, an invocation request message that includes the stored invocation

12. The method of claim 8, r comprising, in response to receiving from the application a request to send an unsent invocation t, sending an invocation request message that es the invocation request.

13. The method of claim 8, the plurality of invocation requests being received for remote objects hosted by different server computing systems and any invocation request messages sent to a particular server computing system include only invocation requests for remote objects hosted by that server computing .

14. The method of claim 8, the application being ed under control of a web browser.

15. The method of claim 8, the plurality of invocation requests being asynchronous invocation requests. W0 2018;140183