NZ625176B2 - Method for producing solvent from biomass - Google Patents
Method for producing solvent from biomass Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ625176B2 NZ625176B2 NZ625176A NZ62517612A NZ625176B2 NZ 625176 B2 NZ625176 B2 NZ 625176B2 NZ 625176 A NZ625176 A NZ 625176A NZ 62517612 A NZ62517612 A NZ 62517612A NZ 625176 B2 NZ625176 B2 NZ 625176B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- biomass
- fructose
- glucose
- microorganism
- paper
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 title claims description 25
- BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N Fructose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(=O)CO BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 108020000244 Xylose isomerases Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000002633 protecting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 159
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N D-Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- -1 card stock Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 108090000769 Isomerases Proteins 0.000 claims description 25
- 102000004195 Isomerases Human genes 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 241000209149 Zea Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000005824 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 241000193403 Clostridium Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 240000008529 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000007558 Avena sp Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000021307 wheat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 241001508458 Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- MNQZXJOMYWMBOU-VKHMYHEASA-N D-glyceraldehyde Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)C=O MNQZXJOMYWMBOU-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- AWUCVROLDVIAJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol 3-phosphate Chemical compound OCC(O)COP(O)(O)=O AWUCVROLDVIAJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001520808 Panicum virgatum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001681 protective Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010907 stover Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002588 toxic Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000009030 Agave Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000005337 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000116 Alocasia Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000082175 Arracacia xanthorrhiza Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000003917 Bambusa tulda Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006008 Brassica napus var napus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000385 Brassica napus var. napus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006618 Brassica rapa subsp oleifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000218 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006481 Colocasia esculenta Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000003608 Feces Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000007842 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000002678 Ipomoea batatas Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000003613 Ipomoea batatas Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000004322 Lens culinaris Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000014647 Lens culinaris subsp culinaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000003433 Miscanthus floridulus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000005561 Musa balbisiana Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000907 Musa textilis Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000018290 Musa x paradisiaca Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000008469 Oxalis tuberosa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000645 Oxalis tuberosa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000006169 Phalaris arundinacea Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000005158 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000004713 Pisum sativum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010582 Pisum sativum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000183024 Populus tremula Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010575 Pueraria lobata Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000046146 Pueraria lobata Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000001016 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000003829 Sorghum propinquum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000746413 Spartina Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002154 agricultural waste Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017585 alfalfa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017587 alfalfa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000008984 brauner Senf Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000004879 dioscorea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012765 hemp Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012766 marijuana Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002503 metabolic Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011087 paperboard Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007170 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000009419 Fagopyrum esculentum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000008620 Fagopyrum esculentum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000003183 Manihot esculenta Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000016735 Manihot esculenta subsp esculenta Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940035295 Ting Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 46
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 abstract description 40
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 abstract description 40
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 abstract description 39
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 abstract description 39
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 48
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N β-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 43
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 35
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-SQOUGZDYSA-N Xylose Natural products O[C@@H]1CO[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 25
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 24
- 229940088598 Enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 24
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 24
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 23
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 21
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229960003487 Xylose Drugs 0.000 description 16
- LXJXRIRHZLFYRP-VKHMYHEASA-L (R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-propanal Natural products O=C[C@H](O)COP([O-])([O-])=O LXJXRIRHZLFYRP-VKHMYHEASA-L 0.000 description 14
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 210000004027 cells Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 230000001965 increased Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 12
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 11
- GNGACRATGGDKBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Chemical compound OCC(=O)COP(O)(O)=O GNGACRATGGDKBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 241001019659 Acremonium <Plectosphaerellaceae> Species 0.000 description 9
- ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N Adenosine triphosphate Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butanoic acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-CUHNMECISA-N D-Cellobiose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-CUHNMECISA-N 0.000 description 8
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000002029 lignocellulosic biomass Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000001461 cytolytic Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000036740 Metabolism Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000004940 Nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000035786 metabolism Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000813 microbial Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 108010047754 beta-Glucosidase Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000006995 beta-Glucosidase Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 238000010504 bond cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000034659 glycolysis Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 5
- 108010059892 Cellulase Proteins 0.000 description 4
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N D-xylose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1COC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000282619 Hylobates lar Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 description 4
- 229940039696 Lactobacillus Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003115 biocidal Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002829 reduced Effects 0.000 description 4
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 description 3
- 108010008885 Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-KCDKBNATSA-N D-(+)-Galactose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-KCDKBNATSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-QWWZWVQMSA-N D-Threitol Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-QWWZWVQMSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N D-mannopyranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZKLLSNQJRLJIGT-UYFOZJQFSA-N Fructose 1-phosphate Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(=O)COP(O)(O)=O ZKLLSNQJRLJIGT-UYFOZJQFSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940045189 Glucose-6-Phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- NBSCHQHZLSJFNQ-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose-6-phosphate Chemical compound OC1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NBSCHQHZLSJFNQ-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 102000005548 Hexokinases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108020002022 Hexokinases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000235648 Pichia Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000588901 Zymomonas Species 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000845 anti-microbial Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000005255 beta decay Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001488 breeding Effects 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid Chemical compound OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002068 genetic Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000004676 glycans Polymers 0.000 description 3
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium(0) Chemical group [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004804 polysaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionic acid Chemical compound CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000171 quenching Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002285 radioactive Effects 0.000 description 3
- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N technetium Chemical compound [Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N α-D-galactose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propanediol Chemical compound OCCCO YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N 1-[(1S,2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3-carbamimidamido-6-{[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3-{[(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(methylamino)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-formyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyloxolan-2-yl]oxy}-2,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexyl]guanidine Chemical compound CN[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@](C=O)(O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YJISHJVIRFPGGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-[5-[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyloxane-3,4-diol Chemical compound O1C(CO)C(OC)C(O)C(O)C1OCC1C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O2)O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(OC(C)C(O)C2O)CO)O1 YJISHJVIRFPGGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001438625 Acremonium dichromosporum Species 0.000 description 2
- 229940064005 Antibiotic throat preparations Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940083879 Antibiotics FOR TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS AND ANAL FISSURES FOR TOPICAL USE Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940042052 Antibiotics for systemic use Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940042786 Antitubercular Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-QWWZWVQMSA-N Arabitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)C(O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-QWWZWVQMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010084185 Cellulases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000005575 Cellulases Human genes 0.000 description 2
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cesium Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000936506 Citrobacter intermedius Species 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAQJHHRNXZUBTE-WUJLRWPWSA-N D-xylulose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(=O)CO ZAQJHHRNXZUBTE-WUJLRWPWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000602080 Dracaena fragrans Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000001390 EC 4.1.2.13 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010068561 EC 4.1.2.13 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229940096118 Ella Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furfural Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000223221 Fusarium oxysporum Species 0.000 description 2
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000219146 Gossypium Species 0.000 description 2
- 229940093922 Gynecological Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001480714 Humicola insolens Species 0.000 description 2
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N Linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-WUJBLJFYSA-N Maltitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([C@H](O)CO)O[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-WUJBLJFYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N Oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palmitic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000589516 Pseudomonas Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100002032 RAPGEF3 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710009870 RAPGEF3 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000190542 Sarocladium kiliense Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000906075 Simplicillium obclavatum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000191940 Staphylococcus Species 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Stearic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000187747 Streptomyces Species 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940024982 Topical Antifungal Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 241000223259 Trichoderma Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000005924 Triose-phosphate isomerases Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020003073 Triose-phosphate isomerases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N Xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960002675 Xylitol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive Effects 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003698 anagen phase Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001479 arabinose derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M butyrate Chemical compound CCCC([O-])=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 101710014331 celS Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003196 chaotropic Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004059 degradation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003013 deoxyribonucleic acid Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019534 high fructose corn syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atoms Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940079866 intestinal antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001678 irradiating Effects 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000051 modifying Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002772 monosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001264 neutralization Effects 0.000 description 2
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229940005935 ophthalmologic Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propanol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003134 recirculating Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001603 reducing Effects 0.000 description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010027322 single cell proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000005549 size reduction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static Effects 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N t-BuOH Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960000200 ulipristal Drugs 0.000 description 2
- OOLLAFOLCSJHRE-ZHAKMVSLSA-N ulipristal acetate Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1[C@@H]1C2=C3CCC(=O)C=C3CC[C@H]2[C@H](CC[C@]2(OC(C)=O)C(C)=O)[C@]2(C)C1 OOLLAFOLCSJHRE-ZHAKMVSLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000811 xylitol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- XJCCHWKNFMUJFE-CGQAXDJHSA-N (2S,3R,4R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)CO)[C@H](O)CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 XJCCHWKNFMUJFE-CGQAXDJHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LUAHEUHBAZYUOI-KVXMBEGHSA-N (2S,3R,4R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)CO)[C@H](O)CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@@H](CO)O1 LUAHEUHBAZYUOI-KVXMBEGHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-WFVLMXAXSA-N (6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-{[(3S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1C(CO)OC(O)C(O)C1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-WFVLMXAXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940035437 1,3-propanediol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid methyl ester Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALRHLSYJTWAHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Hydroxypropionic acid Chemical compound OCCC(O)=O ALRHLSYJTWAHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALYNCZNDIQEVRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Aminobenzoic acid Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 ALYNCZNDIQEVRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940100198 ALKYLATING AGENTS Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241001114518 Acaulium acremonium Species 0.000 description 1
- ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZSJPKINUSA-N Acetyl-CoA Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC(=O)C)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(N)=C2N=C1 ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZSJPKINUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZZSFXRQLSA-N Acetyl-CoA Natural products S(C(=O)C)CCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@H](O)C(CO[P@@](=O)(O[P@](=O)(OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](OP(=O)(O)O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](n2c3ncnc(N)c3nc2)O1)O)O)(C)C ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZZSFXRQLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000186046 Actinomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000187843 Actinoplanes missouriensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607528 Aeromonas hydrophila Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001466460 Alveolata Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052695 Americium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N Ampicillin Chemical compound C1([C@@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H]2[C@H]3SC([C@@H](N3C2=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)=CC=CC=C1 AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000272522 Anas Species 0.000 description 1
- DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-K Arsenate Chemical compound [O-][As]([O-])([O-])=O DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 241000186063 Arthrobacter Species 0.000 description 1
- APKFDSVGJQXUKY-INPOYWNPSA-N BRL-49594 Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@H](C)OC(=O)C[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)CC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)C[C@](O)(C[C@H](O)[C@H]2C(O)=O)O[C@H]2C1 APKFDSVGJQXUKY-INPOYWNPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000193749 Bacillus coagulans Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940054340 Bacillus coagulans Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000219310 Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000005461 Bremsstrahlung Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000186146 Brevibacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007436 Cassia auriculata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000007668 Cassia auriculata Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 Cell Membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 Cell Wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960005091 Chloramphenicol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N Chloramphenicol Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(=O)N[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001147674 Chlorarachniophyceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000123346 Chrysosporium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223782 Ciliophora Species 0.000 description 1
- MYSWGUAQZAJSOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ciprofloxacin Chemical compound C12=CC(N3CCNCC3)=C(F)C=C2C(=O)C(C(=O)O)=CN1C1CC1 MYSWGUAQZAJSOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000588919 Citrobacter freundii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000207199 Citrus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001147704 Clostridium puniceum Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000007466 Corylus avellana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007582 Corylus avellana Species 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KAZBKCHUSA-N D-Mannitol Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KAZBKCHUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-AQKNRBDQSA-N D-glucopyranuronic acid Chemical compound OC1O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-AQKNRBDQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N D-sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101700024340 DDC Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100016784 DDC Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000235035 Debaryomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001635321 Desemzia incerta Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001425 Diethylaminoethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RXKJFZQQPQGTFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydroxyacetone Chemical compound OCC(=O)CO RXKJFZQQPQGTFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940120503 Dihydroxyacetone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L Dipotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 108010070600 EC 5.3.1.9 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004386 Erythritol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940009714 Erythritol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000588722 Escherichia Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000195623 Euglenida Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000003793 Fructokinases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000156 Fructokinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RNBGYGVWRKECFJ-ZXXMMSQZSA-N Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@](O)(COP(O)(O)=O)O[C@@H]1COP(O)(O)=O RNBGYGVWRKECFJ-ZXXMMSQZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000223218 Fusarium Species 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N Galactitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N Gentamicin Chemical compound O1[C@H](C(C)NC)CC[C@@H](N)[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](NC)[C@@](C)(O)CO2)O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1N CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000193385 Geobacillus stearothermophilus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001019284 Gliomastix roseogrisea Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091000071 Glycerol Kinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000002387 Glycerol kinases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000000587 Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010041921 Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000004341 Gossypium herbaceum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002024 Gossypium herbaceum Species 0.000 description 1
- 101700070089 HBD Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000206759 Haptophyceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223198 Humicola Species 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-ZXXMMSQZSA-N Iditol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-ZXXMMSQZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000367 Inositol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SERLAGPUMNYUCK-DCUALPFSSA-N Isomalt Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SERLAGPUMNYUCK-DCUALPFSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000229754 Iva xanthiifolia Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000007976 Ketosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000285963 Kluyveromyces fragilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000001929 Lactobacillus brevis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013957 Lactobacillus brevis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000186679 Lactobacillus buchneri Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186840 Lactobacillus fermentum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186684 Lactobacillus pentosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000006024 Lactobacillus plantarum Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940072205 Lactobacillus plantarum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013965 Lactobacillus plantarum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000283986 Lepus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001467579 Microbacterium arborescens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000203578 Microbispora Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186359 Mycobacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O NAD(+) Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=C[N+]([C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]3[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O3)N3C4=NC=NC(N)=C4N=C3)O)O2)O)=C1 BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 241001182492 Nes Species 0.000 description 1
- BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=C[N+]([C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]3[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O3)N3C4=NC=NC(N)=C4N=C3)O)O2)O)=C1 BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108090000854 Oxidoreductases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004316 Oxidoreductases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710007304 PAAS Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229950010131 PUROMYCIN Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RXWNCPJZOCPEPQ-NVWDDTSBSA-N PUROMYCIN Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](N2C3=NC=NC(=C3N=C2)N(C)C)O[C@@H]1CO RXWNCPJZOCPEPQ-NVWDDTSBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000235652 Pachysolen Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940049954 Penicillin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N Penicillin G Chemical compound N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000228143 Penicillium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000364057 Peoria Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000222180 Pseudozyma tsukubaensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940100486 RICE STARCH Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007868 Raney catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000564 Raney nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 108020004511 Recombinant DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000206572 Rhodophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-ZXFHETKHSA-N Ribitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-ZXFHETKHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000193448 Ruminiclostridium thermocellum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000235070 Saccharomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000192263 Scheffersomyces shehatae Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 Serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001466451 Stramenopiles Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000187134 Streptomyces olivochromogenes Species 0.000 description 1
- 229960005322 Streptomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-GDQSFJPYSA-N Sucrose Natural products O([C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](CO)O1)[C@@]1(CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-GDQSFJPYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101710028148 TDC Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001133165 Thermopolyspora Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589596 Thermus Species 0.000 description 1
- JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiamine Natural products CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000006364 Torula Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000378866 Trichoderma koningii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223261 Trichoderma viride Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001079965 Trichosporon sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000918129 Typhula variabilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000221533 Ustilaginomycetes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000545067 Venus Species 0.000 description 1
- OXQKEKGBFMQTML-KVTDHHQDSA-N Volemitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO OXQKEKGBFMQTML-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940100445 WHEAT STARCH Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000589634 Xanthomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000235017 Zygosaccharomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222292 [Candida] magnoliae Species 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002053 acidogenic Effects 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N actinium Chemical compound [Ac] QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052767 actinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001323 aldoses Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930013930 alkaloids Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002168 alkylating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005262 alpha decay Effects 0.000 description 1
- LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N americium Chemical compound [Am] LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004050 aminobenzoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960003942 amphotericin B Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000723 ampicillin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940000489 arsenate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052789 astatine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYXHOMYVWAEKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N astatine(.) Chemical compound [At] RYXHOMYVWAEKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004774 atomic orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atoms Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000626 benzylpenicillin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003851 biochemical process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002551 biofuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002685 biotin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M buffer Substances [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- UVMPXOYNLLXNTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-ol;ethanol;propan-2-one Chemical compound CCO.CC(C)=O.CCCCO UVMPXOYNLLXNTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CRFNGMNYKDXRTN-CITAKDKDSA-N butyryl-CoA Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC(=O)CCC)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(N)=C2N=C1 CRFNGMNYKDXRTN-CITAKDKDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002962 chemical mutagen Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlorate Chemical class [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003405 ciprofloxacin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000020971 citrus fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052803 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940099112 cornstarch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005712 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019797 dipotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002016 disaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011143 downstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005520 electrodynamics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004520 electroporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006047 enzymatic hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019414 erythritol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101700047641 fadB2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N francium Chemical compound [Fr] KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000030279 gene silencing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005017 genetic modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013617 genetically modified food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002518 gentamicin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000004153 glucose metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004190 glucose uptake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940097042 glucuronate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000411 inducer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002198 insoluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003834 intracellular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000905 isomalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010439 isomalt Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GSXOAOHZAIYLCY-HSUXUTPPSA-N keto-D-fructose 6-phosphate Chemical compound OCC(=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)COP(O)(O)=O GSXOAOHZAIYLCY-HSUXUTPPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002584 ketoses Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton(0) Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000832 lactitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010448 lactitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003451 lactitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 108010062085 ligninase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001638 lipofection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 load Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000845 maltitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010449 maltitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940035436 maltitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037353 metabolic pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000004492 methyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000520 microinjection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229950006238 nadide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004927 neomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005658 nuclear physics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative Effects 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002972 pentoses Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005373 pervaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006366 phosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000865 phosphorylative Effects 0.000 description 1
- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N plutonium Chemical compound [Pu] OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N polonium Chemical compound [Po] HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052699 polonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000166 polytrimethylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940116317 potato starch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000012015 potatoes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000941 radioactive substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052704 radon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N radon(0) Chemical compound [Rn] SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000026367 regulation of glycolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007142 ring opening reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011012 sanitization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004326 stimulated echo acquisition mode for imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KYMBYSLLVAOCFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiamine Chemical compound CC1=C(CCO)SCN1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N KYMBYSLLVAOCFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019157 thiamine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003495 thiamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011721 thiamine Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium Chemical compound [Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003612 virological Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon(0) Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001221 xylan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004823 xylans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ-Hydroxybutyric acid Chemical compound OCCCC(O)=O SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/16—Yeasts; Culture media therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/90—Isomerases (5.)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/02—Monosaccharides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/24—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of an isomerase, e.g. fructose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P2201/00—Pretreatment of cellulosic or lignocellulosic material for subsequent enzymatic treatment or hydrolysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
- C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/16—Butanols
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Abstract
Disclosed is a method of producing butanol comprising: producing fructose by saccharifying a biomass and contacting the saccharifed biomass with a microorganism/enzyme isomerization agent (e.g., xylose isomerase) to convert the fructose to butanol. The fructose produces triglycerides which protect the microorganism during the fermentation process. he microorganism during the fermentation process.
Description
METHOD FOR PRODUCING SOLVENT FROM BIOMASS
by Marshall Medoff, Thomas Craig Masterman, Michael W. Finn
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
61/579,559, filed on December 22, 2011. The entire disclosure of the above
application is incorporated herein by nce.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention pertains to methods of converting biomass to useful
products. In particular, the inventions s to the tion of products, such as
butanol from sugars, such as fructose.
BACKGROUND
As demand for petroleum increases, so too does interest in renewable
feedstocks for manufacturing biofuels and micals. The use of lignocellulosic
biomass as a feedstock for such manufacturing processes has been studied since the
1970s. Lignocellulosic biomass is attractive because it is abundant, renewable,
domestically produced, and does not compete with food industry uses.
Many potential lignocellulosic feedstocks are available today, including
agricultural residues, woody biomass, municipal waste, oilseeds/cakes and sea weeds,
to name a few. At present these materials are either used as animal feed, biocompost
materials, are burned in a cogeneration facility or are landfilled.
Lignocellulosic biomass is recalcitrant to degradation as the plant cell walls have a
ure that is rigid and compact. The structure comprises crystalline cellulose
fibrils embedded in a hemicellulose matrix, surrounded by . This compact
matrix is difficult to access by enzymes and other chemical, biochemical and
biological processes. osic biomass materials (e.g., biomass material from which
ntially all the lignin has been d) can be more accessible to enzymes and
other conversion processes, but even so, lly-occurring cellulosic materials often
have low yields (relative to theoretical yields)
when contacted with hydrolyzing enzymes. Lignocellulosic biomass is even more
recalcitrant to enzyme attack. Furthermore, each type of lignocellulosic biomass has
its own ic composition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
While a number of methods have been tried to extract structural
carbohydrates from lignocellulosic biomass, they are either are too expensive,
produce too low a yield, leave undesirable chemicals in the resulting product, or
simply degrade the sugars.
Monosaccharides from renewable biomass sources could become the basis
of chemical and fuels industries by replacing, menting or substituting
petroleum and other fossil feedstocks. However, techniques need to be developed that
will make these monosaccharides available in large quantities and at acceptable
purities and prices.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Provided herein are methods of increasing the efficiency of
rification of biomass. In particular, efficiencies can be achieved by avoiding
negative feedback inhibition of enzymatic ons.
In one aspect, the invention features a method for producing a product, the
method comprising: producing se by saccharifying a biomass and contacting the
saccharifed biomass with an isomerization agent, and converting the fructose to a
product with a microorganism and/or an enzyme.
[0009B] In r , the invention features a method for producing a
solvent, the method comprising: producing se by saccharifying a biomass and
contacting the saccharified biomass with an isomerization agent selected to convert
glucose to fructose, and converting the fructose to the solvent with a microorganism
while maintaining metabolic ions that cause the microorganism to produce a
protective ate that protects the microorganism from a toxic effect of the solvent,
wherein the microorganism ses a strain of Clostridium spp.
In some implementations, the biomass comprises a cellulosic or
lignocellulosic material. The cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass is d to reduce
its itrance to saccharification, for example using a treatment method selected
from the group consisting of: bombardment with electrons, sonication, oxidation,
pyrolysis, steam ion, chemical treatment, mechanical treatment, freeze grinding
and ation thereof.
] The isomerization agent may be, for example, an isomerase, e.g., xylose
isomerase.
In some implementations, the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass is
selected from the group consisting of: paper, paper products, paper waste, paper pulp,
pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated papers, filled papers, magazines, printed
matter, printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock, cardboard, paperboard, cotton,
wood, particle board, ry wastes, t, aspen wood, wood chips, grasses,
switchgrass, miscanthus, cord grass, reed canary grass, grain residues, rice hulls, oat
hulls, wheat chaff, barley hulls, agricultural waste, silage, canola straw,
[Text continued on page 3]
wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs,
corn stover, soybean stover, corn fiber, alfalfa, hay, coconut hair, sugar processing residues,
bagasse, beet pulp, agave bagasse, algae, seaweed, manure, , arracacha, buckwheat,
banana, barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, potato, sweet potato, taro, yams, beans,
favas, lentils, peas, industrial waste, and mixtures of any of these.
In some cases, the microorganism comprises a strain of Clostridium spp. For
example, the microorganism may be C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum, e.g., C.
saccharoperbutylacetonicum strain ATCC 27021 or C. roperbutylacetonicum strain ATCC
27022.
The product may comprise a solvent, e.g., an alcohol such as isobutanol or nol.
In some embodiments described herein, while it is generally red that products
such as butanol be produced from sugars, such as fructose, that is derived from a osic or
ellulosic material, fructose from other sources may be used.
It should be tood that this invention is not limited to the embodiments
disclosed in this Summary, and it is intended to cover modifications that are within the spirit and
scope of the invention, as defined by the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of
example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying gs in which
like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are
not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments of the
present invention.
] is a m illustrating enzymatic hydrolysis of ose to glucose.
Cellulosic substrate (A) is converted by endocellulase (i) to cellulose (B), which is converted by
exocellulase (ii) to cellobiose (C), which is converted to glucose (D) by cellobiase (beta-
glucosidase) (iii).
is a flow diagram illustrating conversion of a biomass feedstock to one or
more products. Feedstock is ally pretreated (e.g., to reduce its size) (200), optionally
treated to reduce its recalcitrance (210), saccharified to form a sugar solution (220), the solution
is transported (230) to a cturing plant (e.g., by pipeline, railcar) (or if saccharif1cation is
performed en route, the feedstock, enzyme and water is transported), the saccharified feedstock
is bio-processed to e a desired product (e.g., alcohol) (240), and the product can be
processed further, e.g., by lation, to produce a final product (250). Treatment for
recalcitrance can be modified by measuring lignin t (201) and setting or ing process
parameters (205). Saccharifying the feedstock (220) can be modified by mixing the feedstock
with medium and the enzyme (221).
] is a diagram showing the preparatory phase of the metabolism of glucose and
fructose.
] is a diagram showing a metabolic pathway for the formation of triglycerides
during metabolism of fructose.
is a diagram showing a fermentative pathway for a butanol-producing
organism.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This invention relates to methods of processing biomass materials (e.g., biomass
materials or s-derived als) to obtain sugars such as fructose that can then be utilized
to produce a product. For example, , e.g. fructose, can be fermented to produce a solvent,
such as an alcohol, for example butanol, e.g., isobutanol or n-butanol. Butyric acid can also be
produced. The inventors have found that in some cases a fructose solution can be fermented to
an alcohol more rapidly, and with better yields, than a glucose solution.
t being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that products, such as
ts (e.g., butanol), are toxic to solvent-producing organisms, and that metabolism with
some sugars such as fructose produce protective substrates (e.g., triglycerides), to a greater
degree or faster than glucose metabolism. A ted effect of solvents is that they ct
with cell membranes disrupting membrane fluidity. Solvents, such as butanol are also attributed
to have a chaotropic effect on the membrane. Chaotropic agents interfere with stabilizing
intramolecular interactions mediated by non-covalent forces. Due to these effects, solvents can
inhibit active nutrient transport, the activity of membrane-bound enzymes, and glucose uptake.
Solvents can also lly or completely abolish the membrane pH gradient, lower intracellular
pH and ATP trations. In response to increasing solvents, the cells may attempt to adjust
lipid composition to maintain fluidity (Christopher A. Tomas, J. Bacteriol. 186:2006-2018
(2004)). Fructose metabolism can facilitate the increase of lipids such as triglycerides.
Without being bound to any particular theory, it is filrther believed that the benefit of
sugars such as fructose for solvent production may be related to regulation of glycolysis. The
purpose of regulation is to l the growth and health of the organism. It is believed that
since some sugars such as fructose are not as naturally abundant in the world as glucose is, the
regulation mechanism for suppressing its glycolysis is not as well developed. This can allow a
higher intake and metabolism of those sugars such as fructose by an organism.
As shown in for example, during saccharification a cellulosic substrate (A) is
initially hydrolyzed by endoglucanases (i) at random locations ing oligomeric
intermediates (e.g., ose) (B). These intermediates are then ates for exo-splitting
glucanases (ii) such as cellobiohydrolase to produce cellobiose from the ends of the cellulose
polymer. Cellobiose is a water-soluble nked dimer of glucose. Finally cellobiase (iii)
cleaves cellobiose (C) to yield glucose (D). Therefore, the endoglucanases are particularly
effective in attacking the crystalline portions of cellulose and sing the effectiveness of
exocellulases to produce cellobiose, which then requires the specificity of the iose to
produce glucose. Therefore, it is evident that depending on the nature and structure of the
cellulosic substrate, the amount and type of the three different enzymes may need to be modified.
A process for manufacturing an alcohol, e.g., butanol, is shown in A process
for manufacturing an alcohol can include, for example, optionally mechanically treating a
feedstock, e.g., to reduce its size (200), before and/or after this treatment, optionally treating the
feedstock with another physical treatment to further reduce its recalcitrance (210), then
saccharifying the feedstock, using the enzyme complex, to form a sugar solution (220).
Optionally, the method may also include orting, e.g. , by pipeline, railcar, truck or barge,
the on (or the feedstock, enzyme and water, if saccharification is performed en route) to a
manufacturing plant (230). In some cases the saccharified feedstock is fiarther bioprocessed
(e. g., ted) to produce a desired product e.g., alcohol (240). This resulting t may in
some implementations be processed fiarther, e.g., by distillation (250), to produce a final product.
One method of reducing the recalcitrance of the feedstock is by electron bombardment of the
ock. If d, the steps of measuring lignin content of the feedstock (201) and setting or
ing s parameters based on this measurement (205) can be med at various
stages of the s, as described in US. Pat. App. Pub. 203495 A1 by Medoff and
Masterman, published August 12, 2010, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein
by reference. rifying the feedstock (220) can also be modified by mixing the feedstock
with medium and the enzyme (221).
The method steps discussed above with reference to will now be discussed in
fiarther detail, ed by a discussion of the materials used in the process.
FERMENTATION OF FRUCTOSE TO USEFUL PRODUCTS
The fructose solution produced by saccharification or saccharif1cation followed by
isomerization can be fermented to produce an alcohol, e.g., butanol, or butyric acid.
shows the preparatory phase of glycolysis for both fructose and glucose.
Fermentation includes a hase ysis reaction, the preparatory phase of which es
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. As shown in and discussed in detail below, tion of
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from fructose es fewer reactions than production from
e, which may contribute to the greater efficiency observed with fructose fermentation as
compared to glucose fermentation.
Referring to the glucose pathway in glucose is converted to glucose 6-
phosphate by the action of hexokinase with ATP. Glucose 6-phosphate is then isomerized to
fructose 6-phosphate by phosphohexoisomerase and then is fiarther converted to fructose 1,6-
phosphate by the action of phophofructokinase and ATP. At this point, the diphosphated sugar is
split by fructose bisphosphate aldolase into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the
action of triose phosphate isomerase.
Referring again to there are several paths for glycolysis of fructose. While
hexokinase reacts ly with glucose, its affinity for fructose is low. Therefore, although
fructose can be phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate by hexokinase and ATP, it is expected
that the contribution to glycolysis by this y is quite low. The more likely path starts with
the phosphorylation of fructose by the action of fructokinase and ATP, giving fructose 1-
phosphate. Fructose 1-phosphate is then split into dihydroxyacetone ate and D-
glyceraldehyde by fructose 1-phosphate aldolase. As in the glucose pathway, dihydroxyacetone
phosphate is isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by triose phosphate isomerase. The D-
glyceraldehyde is converted to the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by trioskinase and ATP.
The microorganism used in fermentation is ably selected to produce butanol
e.g., anol or n-butanol. Suitable microorganisms include those discussed in the Materials
section, below. Many butanol-producing organisms are obligate anaerobes.
Fructose can drive the production of trigylcerides as a by-product of glycolysis, as
shown in FIG 4. The final step shown in for the formation of triglycerides involves an
esterification between glycerol phate and fatty acids. Fatty acids are formed from
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the formation of which has been described above, with multiple
intermediates not shown here. The formation of glycerol 3-phosphate is shown in and can
occur from the action of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase on dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
This can also occur h the action of glycerol ogenase on D-glyceraldehyde, forming
glycerol, which is then phosphorylated with glycerokinase and ATP to glycerol phate.
Although the formation of glycerol 3-phosphate is possible from glucose through the
dihydroxyacetone phosphate ediate, the additional pathway through D-glycerolaldehyde,
which is only ble through fructose can produce more of this intermediate. The
triglycerides produced by esterification of the glycerol 3-phosphate may help in the production
of butanol by protecting the butanol-producing organism from the toxic effects of butanol.
shows a fermentative pathway for a butanol-producing organism (Clostrz'dz'um
acetobutylicz'um). In a typical fermentation, after an induction period, the cells enter an
exponential growth phase. In the growth phase, butyrate and acetate are first produced, along
with ATP needed for cell growth. This phase is also called the enesis phase.
Approaching, and in the nary phase, the culture undergoes a metabolic shift towards the
formation of e, butanol and ethanol as main solvent ts. This stage is also known as
the solventogenic phase. During and after the solventogenic phase the cells will become
vegetative, die and/or sporulate. In reactions are represented by bold arrows and denoted
by symbols from R1 to R19. The acidogenic reactions are R9 and R18 (catalyzed by PTA-AK
and PTB-BK, respectively), generating acetate and butyrate respectively. The two acids are
reassimilated through R7 and R17 (the reverse paths of R9 and R18), or directly ted to
acetyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA through R8 and R15 (catalyzed by CoAT). The solventogenic
ons are R11, R16 and R19 (catalyzed by AAD, AADC and BDH, respectively), generating
ethanol, acetate and butanol respectively. R14 is a lumped on consisting of reactions
catalyzed by BHBD, CR0 and BCD (http://www.biomedcentral.com/1752-0509/5/S 1/S 12 “An
improved kinetic model for the acetone-butanol-ethanol pathways of Clostridium utylz’cum
and model-based perturbation analysis”).
The optimum pH for fermentation is from about pH 4 to 7. Typical fermentation
times are about 24 to 168 hours with temperatures in the range of 20°C to 40°C, r
thermophilic microorganisms prefer higher temperatures. For anaerobic organisms it is
able to conduct the fermentation in the absence of oxygen e.g., under a blanket of an inert
gas such as N2, Ar, He, C02 or mixtures thereof. Additionally, the mixture may have a constant
purge of an inert gas flowing through the tank during part of or all of the fermentation.
Jet mixing or other ion may be used during fermentation, and in some cases
saccharification and tation are performed in the same tank. In some embodiments the
fermentation is done t any mechanical mixing.
Nutrients may be added during saccharification and/or tation, for example the
food-based nutrient packages described in USSN 61/365,493 and US 6,358,717 the complete
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Mobile fermentors can be ed, as described in US. Serial No. 12/374,549 and
ational Application No. WC 1 1598. Similarly, the saccharification equipment can
be mobile. Further, saccharification and/or fermentation may be performed in part or entirely
during transit.
PREFERRED FERMENTATION AGENTS
The microorganism(s) used in fermentation can be naturally-occurring
microorganisms and/or engineered microorganisms. For example, the microorganism can be a
bacterium, e.g., a cellulolytic bacterium, a fungus, e.g., a yeast, a plant or a protist, e.g., an algae,
a protozoa or a -like protist, e.g. a slime mold. When the organisms are compatible,
mixtures of organisms can be utilized.
Suitable fermenting microorganisms have the ability to convert fructose and
preferably also other sugars, such as glucose, xylose, ose, mannose, galactose,
oligosaccharides or polysaccharides, into an alcohol, e.g., butanol or a butanol derivative.
Exemplary microorganisms include, but are not limited to, the following strains of
Clostridium:
Table l. ary s of Clostridium
XYLOSE ISOMERASE
Xylose isomerase (ES 5.3.1.5) is an enzyme the catalyzes the chemical reaction
back and forth between D-xylose and D-xylulose. It is also known systematically as glucose
isomerase and D-Xylose aldose-ketose ase, and belongs to a family of isomerases,
specifically those olecular oxidoreductases interconverting aldoses and ketoses. Other
names in common use include D-Xylose isomerase, D-Xylose ketoisomerase, and D-Xylose ketol-
isomerase. The enzyme ipates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions and fructose
and mannose metabolism. It is used rially to convert glucose to fructose in the
manufacture of high-fructose corn syrup. It is sometimes ed to as “glucose isomerase.”
“Xylose isomerase” and “glucose isomerase” are used interchangeably herein. In vitro, e
isomerase catalyzes the interconversion of glucose and fructose. In vivo, it catalyzes the
interconversion of xylose and xylulose.
Several types of enzymes are considered xylose isomerases. The first kind is
produced from Pseudomonas hydrophila. This enzyme has 160 times lower affinity to glucose
than xylose but nonetheless is useful for increasing the amount of se in the presence of
glucose. A second kind of enzyme is found in Escherichia intermedia. This enzyme is a
phophoglucose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) and can isomerize unphosphorylated sugar only in the
ce of arsenate. A glucose isomerase (EC 5.3.16) can be isolated from us
megaterium AI and is NAD linked and is specific to glucose. Another glucose isomerase having
similar activity is isolated from Parac0l0bacterium aerogenoides. Glucose isomerases produced
by heterolactic acid ia require xylose as an inducer and are relatively unstable at high
temperature. The xylose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) is the most useful for commercial applications
as it does not require expensive cofactors such as NAD+ or ATP and it is relatively heat stable.
The glucose isomerases are usually produced ellularly but reports of
extracellular ion of glucose isomerases are known. The enzyme used can be isolated from
many bacteria including but not limited to: Actinomyces inereus, myces
phaeochromogenes, Actinoplanes missouriensis, Aerobacter aer0genes,Aer0bacter cl0acae,
Aerobacter levanicum, Arthrobacter spp., Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus megabacterium,
Bacillus coagulans, bacterium spp., Brevibacterium incertum, Brevibacterium
pentosoaminoacidicum, Chainia spp., bacterium spp., C0rt0bacterium helv0lum,
Escherichiafreundii, Escherichia intermedia, Escherichia c0li, Flavobacterium arborescens,
acterium devorans, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillusfermenti,
Lactobacillus mannitopoeus, Lactobacillus gayonii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus
lycopersici, Lactobacillus pentosus, Leuc0n0st0c mesenteroides, Microbispora r0sea,
llobosporiaflavea, Micr0m0n0sp0ra c0erula, Mycobacterium spp., N0cardia asteroides,
Nocarclz'a coralll'a, Nocarclz'a vz'llez', Paracolobacterz'um aerogenoz'des, Pseudonocarclz'a
spp., Pseudomonas hydrophz'la, Sarcz'na spp., Staphylococcus , Staphylococcusflavovz'rens,
Staphylococcus eclu'natus, Streptococcus achromogenes, Streptococcus phaeochromogenes,
Streptococcusfraclz'ae, Streptococcus roseochromogenes, ococcus olivaceus,
Streptococcus ornl'cos, Streptococcus venuceus, Streptococcus virginial, Streptomyces
olivochromogenes, Streptococcus venezaelz'e, Streptococcus wedmorensis, Streptococcus
griseolus, Streptococcus glaucescens, Streptococcus bikiniensz's, Streptococcus rubigz'nosus,
Streptococcus achinatus, Streptococcus cinnamonensis, Streptococcusfraclz'ae, Streptococcus
albus, Streptococcus griseus, Streptococcus hivens, Streptococcus matensis, Streptococcus
murz'nus, Streptococcus nivens, Streptococcus platensz's, Streptosporangl'um album,
Streptosporangl'um oulgare, Thermopolyspora spp., Thermus spp., Xanthomonas spp. and
nas mobilis.
Glucose isomerase can be used free in solution or immobilized on a support to
convert glucose to fructose. Whole cells or cell free enzymes can be immobilized. The support
structure can be any insoluble material. Support structures can be cationic, anionic or neutral
als, for example diethylaminoethyl cellulose, metal oxides, metal chlorides, metal
carbonates and polystyrenes. Immobilization can be accomplished by any suitable means. For
e immobilization can be accomplished by contacting the support and the whole cell or
enzyme in a solvent such as water and then removing the solvent. The solvent can be removed
by any le means, for example filtration or evaporation or spray . As another
example, spray drying the whole cells or enzyme with a t can be effective.
e isomerase can also be present in a living cell that produces the enzyme
during the process. For example a glucose isomerase ing bacteria can be co-cultured in
the process with an ethanol fermenting bacteria. Alternatively, the glucose-isomerase-producing
bacteria can be first contacted with the substrate, followed by ating with an ethanol-
producing substrate.
Glucose isomerase can also be present within or secreted from a cell also capable
of a further useful ormation of sugars. For example a e fermenting species can be
genetically modified to contain and express the gene for production of glucose isomerase.
ISOLATION OF SOLVENTS
After fermentation, the resulting fluids can be purified using any useful method. For
example, some useful methods are lation, adsorption, liquid-liquid tion, perstraction,
reverse osmosis, pervaporation and gas stripping (see, e.g., J. Ind. iol. Biotechnol. (2009)
36:1127-1138).
BIOMASS MATERIALS
As used herein, the term “biomass materials” includes lignocellulosic, cellulosic,
starchy, and microbial materials.
ellulosic materials include, but are not limited to, wood, particle board,
forestry wastes (e.g., sawdust, aspen wood, wood chips), grasses, (e.g., switchgrass, miscanthus,
cord grass, reed canary grass), grain es, (e.g., rice hulls, oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley
hulls), agricultural waste (e.g., silage, canola straw, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice
straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs, corn stover, soybean , corn fiber,
alfalfa, hay, t hair), sugar processing residues (e.g., bagasse, beet pulp, agave e), ,
algae, seaweed, manure, sewage, and mixtures of any of these.
In some cases, the lignocellulosic material includes comcobs. Ground or
hammermilled comcobs can be spread in a layer of relatively uniform thickness for irradiation,
and after irradiation are easy to se in the medium for r processing. To facilitate
harvest and collection, in some cases the entire corn plant is used, including the corn stalk, corn
s, and in some cases even the root system of the plant.
ageously, no additional nutrients (other than a nitrogen source, e.g., urea or
ammonia) are required during fermentation of comcobs or cellulosic or lignocellulosic materials
ning significant amounts of comcobs.
Comcobs, before and after comminution, are also easier to convey and disperse, and
have a lesser tendency to form explosive mixtures in air than other cellulosic or lignocellulosic
materials such as hay and grasses.
Cellulosic materials include, for example, paper, paper products, paper waste, paper
pulp, pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated papers, filled papers, nes, printed matter
(e. g., books, catalogs, manuals, labels, calendars, greeting cards, brochures, prospectuses,
newsprint), printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock, cardboard, paperboard, materials having
a high oc-cellulose content such as cotton, and mixtures of any of these. For example paper
products as described in US. App. No. ,365 (“Magazine Feedstocks” by Medoff et al.,
filed February 14, 2012), the fill disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Cellulosic materials can also include lignocellulosic materials which have been de-
lignif1ed.
Starchy materials include starch itself, e.g., corn starch, wheat starch, potato starch or
rice starch, a derivative of starch, or a material that includes starch, such as an edible food
t or a crop. For example, the starchy material can be arracacha, eat, banana,
barley, a, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, regular household potatoes, sweet potato, taro, yams,
or one or more beans, such as favas, lentils or peas. Blends of any two or more starchy materials
are also starchy materials. es of starchy, cellulosic and or lignocellulosic materials can
also be used. For example, a biomass can be an entire plant, a part of a plant or different parts of
a plant, e.g., a wheat plant, cotton plant, a corn plant, rice plant or a tree. The starchy materials
can be treated by any of the methods described herein.
] Microbial materials include, but are not limited to, any naturally occurring or
genetically modified microorganism or organism that contains or is e of providing a
source of carbohydrates (e.g., ose), for example, protists, e.g., animal protists (e.g.,
protozoa such as flagellates, amoeboids, ciliates, and sporozoa) and plant ts (e.g., algae
such alveolates, chlorarachniophytes, cryptomonads, euglenids, glaucophytes, haptophytes, red
algae, stramenopiles, and viridaeplantae). Other examples include seaweed, plankton (e.g.,
macroplankton, mesoplankton, microplankton, nanoplankton, picoplankton, and
femptoplankton), phytoplankton, bacteria (e.g., gram ve bacteria, gram negative bacteria,
and extremophiles), yeast and/or mixtures of these. In some ces, microbial biomass can be
obtained from natural s, e.g., the ocean, lakes, bodies of water, e.g., salt water or fresh
water, or on land. Alternatively or in addition, microbial biomass can be obtained from culture
systems, e.g., large scale dry and wet culture and fermentation systems.
The biomass al can also include offal, and similar sources of material.
In other embodiments, the biomass materials, such as cellulosic, starchy and
ellulosic ock materials, can be obtained from transgenic microorganisms and plants
that have been modified with respect to a wild type variety. Such modifications may be, for
example, through the iterative steps of selection and breeding to obtain desired traits in a plant.
2012/071097
Furthermore, the plants can have had genetic material removed, modified, silenced and/or added
with respect to the wild type variety. For example, genetically modified plants can be produced
by recombinant DNA methods, where genetic modifications include introducing or modifying
specific genes from parental varieties, or, for example, by using transgenic breeding wherein a
specific gene or genes are uced to a plant from a different species of plant and/or bacteria.
Another way to create genetic variation is through mutation breeding wherein new alleles are
artificially created from endogenous genes. The artificial genes can be created by a variety of
ways including treating the plant or seeds with, for example, chemical mutagens (e.g., using
alkylating agents, epoxides, alkaloids, peroxides, formaldehyde), irradiation (e.g., X-rays,
gamma rays, neutrons, beta particles, alpha particles, protons, deuterons, UV radiation) and
temperature shocking or other external stressing and subsequent selection techniques. Other
methods of providing modified genes is through error prone PCR and DNA shuffling followed
by insertion of the d modified DNA into the desired plant or seed. Methods of introducing
the desired genetic variation in the seed or plant include, for example, the use of a bacterial
carrier, biolistics, m phosphate precipitation, electroporation, gene splicing, gene silencing,
lipofection, microinjection and viral carriers. Additional genetically d als have
been described in US. ation Serial No 13/396,369 filed February 14, 2012 the full
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Any of the methods described herein can be ced with mixtures of any biomass
materials described .
BIOMASS MATERIAL ATION -- MECHANICAL TREATMENTS
The biomass can be in a dry form, for example with less than about 35% moisture
content (e.g., less than about 20 %, less than about 15 %, less than about 10 % less than about 5
%, less than about 4%, less than about 3 %, less than about 2 % or even less than about 1 %).
The biomass can also be delivered in a wet state, for example as a wet solid, a slurry or a
sion with at least about 10 wt% solids (e.g., at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 30 wt.
%, at least about 40 wt.%, at least about 50 wt.%, at least about 60 wt.%, at least about 70
wt%).
The ses disclosed herein can e low bulk density materials, for example
cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstocks that have been physically pretreated to have a bulk
2012/071097
y of less than about 0.75 g/cm3, e.g., less than about 0.7, 0.65, 0.60, 0.50, 0.35, 0.25, 0.20,
0.15, 0.10, 0.05 or less, e.g., less than about 0.025 g/cm3.
Bulk density is determined using
ASTM D1895B. Briefly, the method involves filling a measuring cylinder ofknown volume
with a sample and obtaining a weight of the sample. The bulk density is ated by ng
the weight of the sample in grams by the known volume of the er in cubic centimeters. If
desired, low bulk y als can be densified, for example, by methods described in US.
Pat. No. 7,971,809 to Medoff, the full disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In some cases, the pre-treatment processing includes screening of the biomass
material. Screening can be through a mesh or perforated plate with a desired opening size, for
example, less than about 6.35 mm (1/4 inch, 0.25 inch), (e.g., less than about 3.18 mm (1/8 inch,
0.125 inch), less than about 1.59 mm (1/16 inch, 0.0625 inch), is less than about 0.79 mm (1/32
inch, 0.03125 inch), e.g., less than about 0.51 mm (1/50 inch, 0.02000 inch), less than about 0.40
mm (1/64 inch, 0.015625 inch), less than about 0.23 mm (0.009 inch), less than about 0.20 mm
(1/ 128 inch, 0.0078125 inch), less than about 0.18 mm (0.007 inch), less than about 0.13 mm
(0.005 inch), or even less than about 0.10 mm (1/256 inch, 0.00390625 inch)). In one
configuration the desired biomass falls through the perforations or screen and thus biomass
larger than the perforations or screen are not ated. These larger materials can be re-
processed, for example by comminuting, or they can simply be removed from processing. In
another configuration material that is larger than the perforations is irradiated and the smaller
material is removed by the screening process or recycled. In this kind of a configuration, the
conveyor itself (for example a part of the conveyor) can be perforated or made with a mesh. For
example, in one particular embodiment the biomass material may be wet and the perforations or
mesh allow water to drain away from the biomass before irradiation.
Screening of material can also be by a manual method, for example by an operator or
mechanoid (e.g., a robot equipped with a color, reflectivity or other sensor) that s
unwanted al. Screening can also be by magnetic screening wherein a magnet is disposed
near the conveyed material and the magnetic material is removed magnetically.
Optional pre-treatment processing can e heating the material. For e a
n of the conveyor can be sent through a heated zone. The heated zone can be created, for
example, by IR radiation, microwaves, combustion (e.g., gas, coal, oil, biomass), resistive
heating and/or inductive coils. The heat can be applied from at least one side or more than one
side, can be continuous or periodic and can be for only a portion of the material or all the
material. For example, a portion of the ing trough can be heated by use of a heating
jacket. Heating can be, for example, for the purpose of drying the material. In the case of drying
the material, this can also be facilitated, with or t heating, by the movement of a gas (6.g.
air, oxygen, nitrogen, He, C02, Argon) over and/or through the biomass as it is being conveyed.
Optionally, pre-treatment processing can include cooling the material. Cooling
material is described in US Pat. No. 7,900,857 to Medoff, the disclosure of which in incorporated
herein by reference. For example, cooling can be by supplying a cooling fluid, for example
water (6.g. with glycerol), or en (e.g. to the bottom of the ing
, , liquid nitrogen)
trough. Alternatively, a cooling gas, for example, chilled nitrogen can be blown over the
biomass materials or under the conveying system.
Another optional pre-treatment processing method can include adding a al to
the biomass. The additional material can be added by, for example, by showering, sprinkling
and or g the material onto the biomass as it is conveyed. Materials that can be added
include, for example, metals, ceramics and/or ions as described in US. Pat. App. Pub.
2010/0105119 Al (filed October 26, 2009) and US. Pat. App. Pub. 2010/0159569 Al (filed
December 16, 2009), the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Optional als that can be added include acids and bases. Other materials that can be added
are ts (e.g., peroxides, chlorates), polymers, polymerizable monomers (e.g., containing
unsaturated bonds), water, catalysts, enzymes and/or organisms. Materials can be added, for
example, in pure form, as a solution in a solvent (e.g., water or an organic solvent) and/or as a
solution. In some cases the solvent is volatile and can be made to evaporate e.g., by heating
and/or blowing gas as previously described. The added al may form a uniform coating on
the biomass or be a homogeneous mixture of ent components (e.g., biomass and additional
material). The added material can modulate the subsequent ation step by increasing the
efficiency of the irradiation, damping the irradiation or ng the effect of the irradiation
(e.g., from on beams to X-rays or heat). The method may have no impact on the irradiation
but may be useful for fithher downstream processing. The added al may help in
conveying the material, for example, by lowering dust levels.
Biomass can be delivered to the conveyor by a belt conveyor, a pneumatic conveyor,
a screw conveyor, a hopper, a pipe, manually or by a combination of these. The biomass can, for
-l6-
example, be dropped, poured and/or placed onto the conveyor by any of these methods. In some
embodiments the material is delivered to the conveyor using an enclosed material distribution
system to help maintain a low oxygen atmosphere and/or control dust and fines. Lofted or air
suspended biomass fines and dust are undesirable e these can form an explosion hazard or
damage the window foils of an electron gun (if such a device is used for treating the material).
The material can be leveled to form a m thickness between about 0.0312 and 5
inches (e.g., between about 0.0625 and 2.000 inches, n about 0.125 and 1 inches, n
about 0.125 and 0.5 inches, between about 0.3 and 0.9 inches, between about 0.2 and 0.5 inches
between about 0.25 and 1.0 inches, between about 0.25 and 0.5 , 0.100 +/- 0.025 inches,
0.150 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.200 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.250 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.300 --/- 0.025 inches,
0.350 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.400 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.450 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.500 --/- 0.025 inches,
0.550 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.600 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.700 --/- 0.025 , 0.750 --/- 0.025 inches,
0.800 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.850 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.900 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.900 --/- 0.025 inches.
Generally, it is preferred to convey the material as quickly as possible through the
electron beam to maximize throughput. For example the material can be conveyed at rates of at
least 1 ft/min, e.g., at least 2 ft/min, at least 3 ft/min, at least 4 ft/min, at least 5 ft/min, at least 10
, at least 15 ft/min, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 ft/min. The rate of conveying is related to the
beam current, for example, for a 14 inch thick biomass and 100 mA, the conveyor can move at
about 20 ft/min to provide a useful irradiation dosage, at 50 mA the conveyor can move at about
ft/min to provide imately the same irradiation dosage.
After the biomass material has been conveyed through the radiation zone, optional
post-treatment sing can be done. The optional post-treatment processing can, for example,
be a process described with respect to the pre-irradiation processing. For example, the biomass
can be ed, heated, cooled, and/or combined with additives. Uniquely to post-irradiation,
quenching of the radicals can occur, for example, quenching of ls by the addition of fluids
or gases(e.g., oxygen, nitrous oxide, ammonia, s), using pressure, heat, and/or the addition
of radical scavengers. For example, the biomass can be conveyed out of the enclosed conveyor
and exposed to a gas (e.g., oxygen) where it is quenched, g caboxylated groups. In one
embodiment the biomass is exposed during irradiation to the reactive gas or fluid. Quenching of
biomass that has been irradiated is described in US. Pat. No. 8,083,906 to Medoff, the entire
disclosure of which is incorporate herein by reference.
If d, one or more mechanical treatments can be used in addition to irradiation to
fiarther reduce the recalcitrance of the biomass material. These processes can be applied before,
during and or after irradiation.
In some cases, the ical treatment may include an initial preparation of the
feedstock as received, e.g., size reduction of materials, such as by comminution, e.g, cutting,
grinding, shearing, izing or chopping. For e, in some cases, loose feedstock (e.g.,
recycled paper, starchy materials, or switchgrass) is prepared by shearing or shredding.
Mechanical treatment may reduce the bulk density of the biomass material, increase the surface
area of the biomass al and/or decrease one or more dimensions of the biomass material.
Alternatively, or in addition, the feedstock al can first be physically treated by
one or more of the other physical treatment methods, 6.g. chemical treatment, radiation,
sonication, oxidation, pyrolysis or steam explosion, and then mechanically treated. This
sequence can be advantageous since materials d by one or more of the other treatments,
6.g. irradiation or pyrolysis, tend to be more brittle and, therefore, it may be easier to further
change the structure of the material by mechanical treatment. For example, a feedstock material
can be conveyed through ionizing ion using a conveyor as described herein and then
mechanically d. Chemical treatment can remove some or all of the lignin (for example
chemical pulping) and can partially or completely hydrolyze the material. The methods also can
be used with pre-hydrolyzed material. The methods also can be used with material that has not
been pre hydrolyzed The methods can be used with mixtures of hydrolyzed and drolyzed
materials, for example with about 50% or more non-hydrolyzed material, with about 60% or
more non- hydrolyzed al, with about 70% or more non-hydrolyzed material, with about
80% or more non-hydrolyzed material or even with 90% or more non-hydrolyzed material.
In addition to size reduction, which can be performed initially and/or later in
processing, mechanical treatment can also be advantageous for “opening up,3, “stressing,”
breaking or shattering the biomass als, making the cellulose of the materials more
susceptible to chain scission and/or disruption of crystalline ure during the physical
ent.
Methods of mechanically treating the biomass material include, for example, milling
or grinding. Milling may be performed using, for e, a mill, ball mill, colloid mill, conical
or cone mill, disk mill, edge mill, Wiley mill, grist mill or other mill. Grinding may be
performed using, for example, a cutting/impact type grinder. Some exemplary grinders include
stone rs, pin grinders, coffee grinders, and burr grinders. Grinding or milling may be
provided, for example, by a reciprocating pin or other element, as is the case in a pin mill. Other
mechanical treatment methods include ical ripping, g, shearing or ng, other
methods that apply pressure to the fibers, and air attrition milling. Suitable mechanical
ents further include any other technique that continues the disruption of the internal
structure of the material that was initiated by the previous processing steps.
Mechanical feed preparation systems can be configured to produce streams with
specific characteristics such as, for example, specific maximum sizes, specific length-to-width,
or specific surface areas ratios. Physical preparation can se the rate of ons, improve
the movement of material on a conveyor, improve the irradiation e of the material, improve
the radiation uniformity of the material, or reduce the processing time required by opening up the
materials and making them more accessible to processes and/or reagents, such as reagents in a
solution.
The bulk density of feedstocks can be controlled (e.g., increased). In some situations,
it can be desirable to prepare a low bulk density material, 6.g. the material (e.g.,
, by densifying
densif1cation can make it easier and less costly to transport to another site) and then reverting the
material to a lower bulk density state (e.g., after transport). The material can be densif1ed, for
e from less than about 0.2 g/cc to more than about 0.9 g/cc (e.g., less than about 0.3 to
more than about 0.5 g/cc, less than about 0.3 to more than about 0.9 g/cc, less than about 0.5 to
more than about 0.9 g/cc, less than about 0.3 to more than about 0.8 g/cc, less than about 0.2 to
more than about 0.5 g/cc). For example, the material can be densif1ed by the methods and
equipment disclosed in US. Pat. No. 7,932,065 to Medoff and ational Publication No. WO
2008/073186 (which was filed October 26, 2007, was published in h, and which
designated the United States), the filll disclosures of which are orated herein by reference.
Densifled materials can be processed by any of the s described herein, or any al
processed by any of the methods described herein can be subsequently densif1ed.
In some embodiments, the material to be sed is in the form of a fibrous material
that includes fibers provided by shearing a fiber source. For example, the shearing can be
performed with a rotary knife cutter.
WO 96703 2012/071097
For example, a fiber source, e.g., that is recalcitrant or that has had its recalcitrance
level reduced, can be sheared, e.g., in a rotary knife cutter, to provide a first fibrous material.
The first fibrous material is passed through a first screen, e.g., having an average opening size of
1.59 mm or less (1/16 inch, 0.0625 inch), provide a second fibrous material. If desired, the fiber
source can be cut prior to the ng, e.g., with a shredder. For example, when a paper is used
as the fiber source, the paper can be first cut into strips that are, e.g. 1/4- to 1/2-inch wide, using
a shredder, e.g., a counter-rotating screw shredder, such as those manufactured by Munson
(Utica, N.Y.). As an alternative to shredding, the paper can be reduced in size by cutting to a
desired size using a guillotine cutter. For example, the guillotine cutter can be used to cut the
paper into sheets that are, e.g., 10 inches wide by 12 inches long.
In some embodiments, the shearing of the fiber source and the passing of the ing
first fibrous al through a first screen are performed concurrently. The shearing and the
passing can also be performed in a batch-type process.
] For e, a rotary knife cutter can be used to concurrently shear the fiber source
and screen the first fibrous al. A rotary knife cutter includes a hopper that can be loaded
with a shredded fiber source prepared by shredding a fiber source. The shredded fiber source.
In some implementations, the feedstock is physically treated prior to saccharification
and/or fermentation. Physical treatment processes can e one or more of any of those
described , such as mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, irradiation, sonication,
oxidation, pyrolysis or steam explosion. Treatment methods can be used in combinations of two,
three, four, or even all of these technologies (in any order). When more than one treatment
method is used, the methods can be applied at the same time or at different times. Other
processes that change a molecular structure of a biomass feedstock may also be used, alone or in
combination with the processes disclosed herein.
Mechanical treatments that may be used, and the characteristics of the mechanically
treated biomass materials, are bed in fithher detail in US. Pat. App. Pub. 2012/0100577
A1, filed October 18, 2011, the fill disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by
reference.
TREATMENT OF BIOMASS MATERIAL -- PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT
One or more treatments with energetic particle bombardment can be used to process
raw feedstock from a wide variety of ent s to extract useful substances from the
feedstock, and to provide partially degraded c material which functions as input to fithher
processing steps and/or sequences. Particle bombardment can reduce the lar weight
and/or crystallinity of feedstock. In some embodiments, energy ted in a material that
releases an electron from its atomic orbital can be used to treat the materials. The bombardment
may be provided by heavy charged particles (such as alpha particles or protons), electrons
(produced, for example, in beta decay or electron beam accelerators), or electromagnetic
radiation (for example, gamma rays, x rays, or ultraviolet rays). Alternatively, radiation
produced by radioactive substances can be used to treat the feedstock. Any combination, in any
order, or concurrently of these treatments may be utilized. In another ch, electromagnetic
radiation (e.g., produced using electron beam emitters) can be used to treat the ock.
Each form of energy ionizes the biomass via particular interactions. Heavy d
particles primarily ionize matter via Coulomb scattering; fithhermore, these interactions produce
energetic ons that may further ionize matter. Alpha particles are identical to the nucleus of
a helium atom and are produced by the alpha decay of various radioactive nuclei, such as
isotopes of bismuth, polonium, astatine, radon, francium, radium, several actinides, such as
actinium, thorium, uranium, ium, , califomium, americium, and plutonium.
When particles are utilized, they can be neutral (uncharged), vely charged or
negatively charged. When charged, the charged particles can bear a single positive or negative
charge, or multiple charges, e.g., one, two, three or even four or more charges. In instances in
which chain on is desired, positively charged particles may be desirable, in part, due to their
acidic nature. When les are utilized, the particles can have the mass of a resting electron,
or greater, e.g., 500, 1000, 1500, or 2000 or more times the mass of a g electron. For
example, the particles can have a mass of from about 1 atomic unit to about 150 atomic units,
e.g., from about 1 atomic unit to about 50 atomic units, or from about 1 to about 25, e.g., l, 2, 3,
4, 5, 10, 12 or 15 atomic units. Accelerators used to accelerate the particles can be electrostatic
DC, electrodynamic DC, RF linear, magnetic induction linear or continuous wave. For example,
cyclotron type accelerators are available from IBA (Ion Beam Accelerators, Louvain-la-Neuve,
Belgium), such as the RhodotronTM system, while DC type accelerators are available from RDI,
now IBA Industrial, such as the DynamitronTM. Ions and ion accelerators are discussed in
Introductory Nuclear Physics, Kenneth S. Krane, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1988), Krsto Prelec,
FIZIKA B 6 (1997) 4, 177-206; Chu, William T., “Overview of Light-Ion Beam Therapy”,
us-Ohio, ICRU-IAEA Meeting, 18-20 Mar. 2006; Iwata, Y. et al., “Altemating-Phase-
Focused IH-DTL for Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerators”, Proceedings of EPAC 2006, Edinburgh,
Scotland; and Leitner, C. M. et al., “Status of the Superconducting ECR Ion Source Venus”,
Proceedings of EPAC 2000, Vienna, Austria.
] The doses applied depend on the desired effect and the particular feedstock. For
example, high doses can break chemical bonds within feedstock components and low doses can
increase chemical bonding (e.g, cross-linking) within feedstock components.
In some instances when chain scission is desirable and/or r chain
fianctionalization is desirable, particles heaVier than electrons, such as protons, helium nuclei,
argon ions, silicon ions, neon ions, carbon ions, orus ions, oxygen ions or nitrogen ions
can be utilized. When pening chain scission is desired, positively charged particles can be
utilized for their Lewis acid ties for enhanced ring-opening chain scission. For example,
when oxygen-containing fianctional groups are desired, treatment in the presence of oxygen or
even treatment with oxygen ions can be performed. For example, when nitrogen-containing
fianctional groups are ble, treatment in the presence of nitrogen or even treatment with
nitrogen ions can be performed.
OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY
] ons interact Via Coulomb ring and bremsstrahlung radiation produced by
changes in the velocity of electrons. Electrons may be produced by radioactive nuclei that
undergo beta decay, such as isotopes of iodine, cesium, technetium, and iridium. Alternatively,
an electron gun can be used as an electron source via thermionic emission.
Electromagnetic radiation interacts via three processes: lectric absorption,
Compton scattering, and pair production. The dominating interaction is determined by the
energy of the incident radiation and the atomic number of the material. The summation of
interactions contributing to the absorbed ion in cellulosic al can be expressed by the
mass absorption coefficient.
2012/071097
omagnetic radiation is ssified as gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet rays,
infrared rays, microwaves, or radiowaves, depending on the wavelength.
For e, gamma radiation can be employed to treat the materials. Gamma
radiation has the advantage of a significant ation depth into a variety of material in the
sample. Sources of gamma rays include ctive nuclei, such as isotopes of cobalt, calcium,
technetium, chromium, gallium, indium, iodine, iron, krypton, samarium, selenium, sodium,
thalium, and xenon.
Sources of x rays include electron beam collision with metal targets, such as tungsten
or molybdenum or alloys, or compact light sources, such as those produced commercially by
Lyncean.
s for ultraviolet radiation include deuterium or cadmium lamps.
Sources for infrared radiation include sapphire, zinc, or selenide window ceramic
lamps.
s for microwaves include klystrons, Slevin type RF s, or atom beam
sources that employ hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen gases.
Various other devices may be used in the methods disclosed herein, including field
ionization sources, electrostatic ion separators, field ionization generators, thermionic emission
sources, microwave discharge ion sources, recirculating or static accelerators, dynamic linear
accelerators, van de Graaff accelerators, and folded tandem accelerators. Such devices are
disclosed, for example, in US. Pat. No. 784 B2, the complete disclosure of which is
incorporated herein by reference.
TREATMENT OF BIOMASS MATERIAL -- ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT
The feedstock may be treated with electron bombardment to modify its structure and
y reduce its recalcitrance. Such treatment may, for example, reduce the average molecular
weight of the feedstock, change the crystalline structure of the feedstock, and/or increase the
surface area and/or porosity of the feedstock.
Electron bombardment via an electron beam is generally preferred, because it
provides very high throughput and because the use of a relatively low voltage/high power
electron beam device eliminates the need for expensive concrete vault shielding, as such s
are “self-shielded” and e a safe, efficient process. While the shielded” devices do
e shielding (e.g., metal plate shielding), they do not require the construction of a te
vault, y ng capital expenditure and often allowing an existing manufacturing facility
to be used without expensive ation. Electron beam accelerators are available, for
example, from IBA (Ion Beam Applications, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium), Titan Corporation
(San Diego, rnia, USA), and NHV Corporation (Nippon High Voltage, Japan).
on bombardment may be performed using an electron beam device that has a
l energy of less than 10 MeV, e.g., less than 7 MeV, less than 5 MeV, or less than 2 MeV,
e.g., from about 0.5 to 1.5 MeV, from about 0.8 to 1.8 MeV, from about 0.7 to 1 MeV, or from
about 1 to 3 MeV. In some implementations the l energy is about 500 to 800 keV.
The electron beam may have a relatively high total beam power (the combined beam
power of all accelerating heads, or, if multiple accelerators are used, of all accelerators and all
heads), e.g., at least 25 kW, e.g., at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 65, 70, 80, 100, 125, or 150 kW. In
some cases, the power is even as high as 500 kW, 750 kW, or even 1000 kW or more. In some
cases the electron beam has a beam power of 1200 kW or more.
This high total beam power is usually achieved by utilizing multiple accelerating
heads. For example, the electron beam device may include two, four, or more rating
heads. The use of multiple heads, each of which has a relatively low beam power, prevents
excessive temperature rise in the material, thereby preventing burning of the material, and also
increases the uniformity of the dose through the thickness of the layer of material.
In some implementations, it is desirable to cool the material during electron
bombardment. For example, the material can be cooled while it is being conveyed, for example
by a screw extruder or other conveying equipment.
To reduce the energy required by the recalcitrance-reducing process, it is desirable to
treat the material as quickly as possible. In general, it is preferred that treatment be performed at
a dose rate of greater than about 0.25 Mrad per , e.g., greater than about 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5,
2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, or even greater than about 20 Mrad per second, e.g., about 0.25 to 2 Mrad per
second. Higher dose rates lly require higher line speeds, to avoid thermal decomposition
of the material. In one implementation, the accelerator is set for 3 MeV, 50 mAmp beam
current, and the line speed is 24 feet/minute, for a sample thickness of about 20 mm (e.g.,
comminuted corn cob material with a bulk density of 0.5 g/cm3).
WO 96703
In some embodiments, electron bombardment is performed until the material receives
a total dose of at least 0.5 Mrad, e.g., at least 5, 10, 20, 30 or at least 40 Mrad. In some
embodiments, the treatment is performed until the material receives a dose of from about 0.5
Mrad to about 150 Mrad, about 1 Mrad to about 100 Mrad, about 2 Mrad to about 75 Mrad, lO
Mrad to about 50 Mrad, e.g., about 5 Mrad to about 50 Mrad, from about 20 Mrad to about 40
Mrad, about 10 Mrad to about 35 Mrad, or from about 25 Mrad to about 30 Mrad. In some
entations, a total dose of 25 to 35 Mrad is preferred, applied ideally over a couple of
seconds, e.g., at 5 Mrad/pass with each pass being applied for about one second. Applying a
dose of greater than 7 to 8 Mrad/pass can in some cases cause thermal degradation of the
feedstock al.
Using multiple heads as discussed above, the al can be treated in multiple
passes, for example, two passes at 10 to 20 Mrad/pass, e.g., 12 to 18 Mrad/pass, ted by a
few s of cool-down, or three passes of 7 to 12 Mrad/pass, e.g., 9 to ll Mrad/pass. As
discussed above, treating the material with several relatively low doses, rather than one high
dose, tends to t overheating of the material and also increases dose uniformity through the
thickness of the material. In some implementations, the material is stirred or otherwise mixed
during or after each pass and then smoothed into a uniform layer again before the next pass, to
fiarther enhance treatment uniformity.
In some ments, ons are accelerated to, for example, a speed of greater
than 75 percent of the speed of light, e.g., greater than 85, 90, 95, or 99 percent of the speed of
light.
In some embodiments, any processing described herein occurs on lignocellulosic
material that remains dry as acquired or that has been dried, e.g., using heat and/or reduced
pressure. For example, in some embodiments, the cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic al has
less than about five t by weight retained water, measured at 25°C and at fifty percent
relative humidity.
Electron bombardment can be applied while the cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic
material is exposed to air, oxygen-enriched air, or even oxygen itself, or blanketed by an inert
gas such as nitrogen, argon, or helium. When maximum oxidation is desired, an oxidizing
environment is utilized, such as air or oxygen and the distance from the beam source is
optimized to maximize reactive gas formation, e.g., ozone and/or oxides of nitrogen.
WO 96703
3] In some embodiments, two or more electron sources are used, such as two or more
ionizing s. For example, samples can be treated, in any order, with a beam of electrons,
followed by gamma radiation and UV light having wavelengths from about 100 nm to about 280
nm. In some embodiments, samples are treated with three ng radiation sources, such as a
beam of electrons, gamma radiation, and energetic UV light. The biomass is conveyed through
the treatment zone where it can be bombarded with electrons. It is generally preferred that the
bed of biomass material has a relatively uniform thickness, as previously described, while being
treated.
It may be advantageous to repeat the treatment to more thoroughly reduce the
recalcitrance of the biomass and/or fiarther modify the biomass. In particular the process
parameters can be adjusted after a first (e.g., second, third, fourth or more) pass depending on the
recalcitrance of the material. In some embodiments, a conveyor can be used which includes a
ar system where the s is conveyed multiple times through the s processes
described above. In some other embodiments le treatment devices (e.g., electron beam
generators) are used to treat the biomass multiple (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more) times. In yet other
embodiments, a single electron beam generator may be the source of multiple beams (e.g., 2, 3, 4
or more beams) that can be used for treatment of the biomass.
The effectiveness in changing the lar/supermolecular ure and/or reducing
the recalcitrance of the biomass biomass depends on the electron energy used and the dose
applied, while exposure time depends on the power and dose.
In some embodiments, the treatment (with any electron source or a combination of
sources) is performed until the material receives a dose of at least about 0.05 Mrad, e.g., at least
about 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125,
150, 175, or 200 Mrad. In some embodiments, the treatment is performed until the material
receives a dose of between 0.1-100 Mrad, 1-200, 5-200, , 5-150, 5-100, 5-50, 5-40, 10-50,
-75, 15-50, 20-35 Mrad.
In some embodiments, the treatment is performed at a dose rate of between 5.0 and
1500.0 kilorads/hour, e.g., n 10.0 and 750.0 kilorads/hour or between 50.0 and 350.0
kilorads/hours. In other embodiments the treatment is performed at a dose rate of between 10
and 10000 kilorads/hr, between 100 and 1000 kilorad/hr, or between 500 and 1000 kilorads/hr.
2012/071097
ELECTRON SOURCES
8] Electrons interact via Coulomb scattering and trahlung radiation produced by
changes in the velocity of electrons. Electrons may be produced by radioactive nuclei that
undergo beta decay, such as isotopes of , cesium, technetium, and iridium. Alternatively,
an electron gun can be used as an electron source via thermionic emission and accelerated
h an accelerating potential. An on gun generates electrons, rates them through
a large potential (e.g., greater than about 500 thousand, greater than about lmillion, greater than
about 2 million, greater than about 5 million, greater than about 6 million, greater than about 7
n, greater than about 8 million, r than about 9 million, or even greater than 10 million
volts) and then scans them magnetically in the X-y plane, where the electrons are lly
accelerated in the z direction down the tube and extracted through a foil window. Scanning the
electron beam is useful for increasing the irradiation surface when irradiating materials, e.g., a
biomass, that is ed through the scanned beam. Scanning the electron beam also
distributes the thermal load homogenously on the window and helps reduce the foil window
rupture due to local heating by the electron beam. Window foil rupture is a cause of significant
down-time due to subsequent necessary repairs and re-starting the electron gun.
Various other irradiating devices may be used in the methods disclosed herein,
including field ionization sources, electrostatic ion separators, field ionization generators,
thermionic emission sources, microwave discharge ion sources, recirculating or static
accelerators, dynamic linear accelerators, van de Graaff accelerators, and folded tandem
accelerators. Such devices are sed, for example, in US. Pat. No. 7,931,784 to Medoff, the
complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
A beam of ons can be used as the radiation source. A beam of electrons has the
advantages of high dose rates (e.g., l, 5, or even 10 Mrad per second), high throughput, less
nment, and less confinement equipment. Electron beams can also have high electrical
efficiency (e.g., 80%), allowing for lower energy usage relative to other radiation methods,
which can translate into a lower cost of operation and lower greenhouse gas emissions
corresponding to the smaller amount of energy used. Electron beams can be generated, e.g., by
electrostatic generators, cascade generators, transformer generators, low energy rators with
a ng system, low energy accelerators with a linear cathode, linear accelerators, and pulsed
accelerators.
1] ons can also be more efficient at causing changes in the lar structure of
biomass materials, for example, by the mechanism of chain scission. In on, electrons
having energies of 0.5-10 MeV can penetrate low density materials, such as the biomass
materials described herein, e.g., materials having a bulk density of less than 0.5 g/cm3, and a
depth of 03-10 cm. Electrons as an ionizing radiation source can be useful, e.g., for relatively
thin piles, layers or beds of materials, e.g., less than about 0.5 inch, e.g., less than about 0.4 inch,
0.3 inch, 0.25 inch, or less than about 0.1 inch. In some embodiments, the energy of each
electron of the electron beam is from about 0.3 MeV to about 2.0 MeV (million electron volts),
e.g., from about 0.5 MeV to about 1.5 MeV, or from about 0.7 MeV to about 1.25 MeV.
Methods of ating materials are discussed in US. Pat. App. Pub. 2012/0100577 Al, filed
October 18, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by nce.
Electron beam irradiation devices may be procured commercially from Ion Beam
Applications (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium), the Titan Corporation (San Diego, California, USA),
and NHV ation (Nippon High e, . Typical electron energies can be 0.5
MeV, 1 MeV, 2 MeV, 4.5 MeV, 7.5 MeV, or 10 MeV. Typical electron beam irradiation device
power can be 1 KW, 5 KW, 10 KW, 20 KW, 50 KW, 60 KW, 70 KW, 80 KW, 90 KW, 100 KW,
125 KW, 150 KW, 175 KW, 200 KW, 250 KW, 300 KW, 350 KW, 400 KW, 450 KW, 500 KW,
600 KW, 700 KW, 800 KW, 900 KW or even 1000 KW.
Tradeoffs in considering electron beam irradiation device power specifications
include cost to operate, capital costs, depreciation, and device footprint. Tradeoffs in
considering exposure dose levels of electron beam irradiation would be energy costs and
environment, safety, and health (ESH) concerns. Typically, generators are housed in a vault,
e.g., of lead or concrete, especially for production from X-rays that are generated in the s.
Tradeoffs in considering electron energies include energy costs.
The electron beam irradiation device can produce either a fixed beam or a scanning
beam. A scanning beam may be ageous with large scan sweep length and high scan
speeds, as this would effectively replace a large, fixed beam width. Further, available sweep
widths of 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m or more are ble. The scanning beam is preferred in most
embodiments describe herein because of the larger scan width and reduced possibility of local
heating and failure of the windows.
TREATMENT OF BIOMASS MATERIAL -- SONICATION, PYROLYSIS, OXIDATION,
STEAM EXPLOSION
If desired, one or more sonication, sis, ive, or steam explosion processes
can be used in addition to or instead of other treatments to further reduce the recalcitrance of the
biomass material. These processes can be applied , during and or after another treatment
or treatments. These processes are described in detail in US. Pat. No. 7,932,065 to Medoff, the
filll disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
USE OF TREATED BIOMASS MATERIAL
6] Using the methods described herein, a starting biomass material (e.g., plant biomass,
animal s, paper, and municipal waste biomass) can be used as feedstock to produce useful
intermediates and products such as organic acids, salts of organic acids, anhydrides, esters of
organic acids and fuels, e.g., fuels for internal combustion engines or feedstocks for fuel cells.
s and processes are described herein that can use as feedstock cellulosic and/or
lignocellulosic materials that are readily ble, but often can be difficult to process, e.g.,
municipal waste streams and waste paper streams, such as streams that include newspaper, kraft
paper, corrugated paper or mixtures of these.
In order to convert the feedstock to a form that can be y processed, the glucan-
or xylan-containing cellulose in the feedstock can be hydrolyzed to low molecular weight
carbohydrates, such as sugars, by a saccharifying agent, e.g., an enzyme or acid, a process
referred to as saccharif1cation. The low molecular weight ydrates can then be used, for
example, in an existing manufacturing plant, such as a single cell protein plant, an enzyme
manufacturing plant, or a fuel plant, 6.g. , an ethanol manufacturing facility.
The feedstock can be hydrolyzed using an enzyme, e.g., by combining the als
and the enzyme in a solvent, e.g., in an aqueous solution.
atively, the s can be supplied by organisms that break down biomass,
such as the cellulose and/or the lignin portions of the biomass, contain or manufacture various
cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases), ligninases or various small molecule biomass-degrading
metabolites. These enzymes may be a complex of enzymes that act synergistically to degrade
lline cellulose or the lignin portions of biomass. Examples of cellulolytic enzymes include:
endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and iases (beta-glucosidases).
During saccharification a cellulosic substrate can be initially hydrolyzed by
ucanases at random locations producing oligomeric intermediates. These intermediates
are then ates for exo-splitting glucanases such as cellobiohydrolase to produce cellobiose
from the ends of the cellulose polymer. Cellobiose is a water-soluble l,4-linked dimer of
glucose. y, cellobiase cleaves cellobiose to yield glucose. The efficiency (e.g., time to
yze and/or completeness of hydrolysis) of this process depends on the recalcitrance of the
cellulosic material.
INTERMEDIATES AND PRODUCTS
The ses described herein are preferably used to produce butanol, e.g.,
isobutanol or n-butanol, and derivatives. However, the ses may be used to produce other
products, co-products and intermediates, for example, the products bed in US. Pat. App.
Pub. 2012/0100577 Al, filed October 18, 2011 and published April 26, 2012, the full sure
of which is incorporated herein by reference.
2] Using the processes described herein, the biomass material can be converted to one or
more products, such as energy, fuels, foods and materials. Specific examples of products
include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, sugars (e.g., glucose, xylose, arabinose, e,
galactose, fructose, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides), alcohols (e.g.,
monohydric alcohols or dihydric alcohols, such as ethanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol,
tert-butanol or n-butanol), hydrated or hydrous alcohols (e.g., containing greater than 10%, 20%,
% or even greater than 40% water), biodiesel, organic acids, arbons (e.g., e,
ethane, propane, isobutene, pentane, n-hexane, biodiesel, bio-gasoline and mixtures thereof), co-
products (e.g., proteins, such as cellulolytic proteins (enzymes) or single cell proteins), and
es of any of these in any ation or relative concentration, and optionally in
combination with any ves (e.g., fuel ves). Other es include carboxylic acids,
salts of a carboxylic acid, a e of carboxylic acids and salts of carboxylic acids and esters of
carboxylic acids (e.g., methyl, ethyl and n-propyl esters), ketones (e.g., acetone), aldehydes (e.g.,
acetaldehyde), alpha and beta unsaturated acids (e.g., acrylic acid) and olefins (e.g., ethylene).
Other alcohols and alcohol derivatives include propanol, propylene glycol, l,4-butanediol, 1,3-
propanediol, sugar alcohols and polyols (e.g., glycol, glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol,
xylitol, ribitol, mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol,
maltotriitol, maltotetraitol, and polyglycitol and other polyols), and methyl or ethyl esters of any
of these alcohols. Other ts include methyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate, lactic acid, citric
acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, succinic acid, valeric acid, caproic
acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, glutaric
acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, glycolic acid, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, and mixtures thereof,
salts of any of these acids, mixtures of any of the acids and their respective salts.
Any combination of the above ts with each other, and/or of the above products
with other products, which other products may be made by the processes described herein or
otherwise, may be ed together and sold as products. The products may be ed, e.g.,
mixed, blended or co-dissolved, or may simply be packaged or sold together.
Any of the products or combinations of products described herein may be sanitized or
sterilized prior to selling the products, e.g., after purification or isolation or even after packaging,
to lize one or more potentially undesirable contaminants that could be present in the
product(s). Such sanitation can be done with electron bombardment, for example, be at a dosage
of less than about 20 Mrad, e.g., from about 0.1 to 15 Mrad, from about 0.5 to 7 Mrad, or from
about 1 to 3 Mrad.
The processes described herein can produce various by-product s useful for
generating steam and electricity to be used in other parts of the plant (co-generation) or sold on
the open market. For example, steam generated from g by-product streams can be used in
a lation process. As another e, electricity generated from burning by-product
streams can be used to power electron beam generators used in pretreatment.
6] The by-products used to generate steam and electricity are derived from a number of
sources throughout the process. For example, anaerobic digestion of wastewater can produce a
biogas high in methane and a small amount of waste biomass (sludge). As another e,
post-saccharification and/or post-distillate solids (e.g., unconverted lignin, cellulose, and
hemicellulose remaining from the pretreatment and primary processes) can be used, e.g., burned,
as a fuel.
Many of the products ed, such as ethanol or n-butanol, can be utilized as a fuel
for powering cars, trucks, tractors, ships or trains, e.g., as an internal combustion filel or as a fuel
cell ock. Many of the products obtained can also be utilized to power aircraft, such as
planes, e.g., having jet engines or helicopters. In addition, the ts described herein can be
utilized for ical power generation, e.g., in a conventional steam generating plant or in a fuel
cell plant.
Other ediates and products, including food and pharmaceutical products, are
bed in US. Pat. App. Pub. 2010/0124583 A1, published May 20, 2010, to Medoff, the fill
disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by nce herein.
SACCHARIFICATION
To obtain a fructose on from the reduced-relacitrance feedstock, the treated
biomass materials can be saccharif1ed and then isomerized and optionally purified, generally by
combining the material and a cellulase enzyme in a fluid medium, 6.g. , an s solution. In
some cases, the material is boiled, steeped, or cooked in hot water prior to saccharification, as
described in US. Pat. App. Pub. 2012/0100577 A1 by Medoff and Masterman, published on
April 26, 2012, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein.
0] The saccharif1cation s can be partially or completely performed in a tank (6.g.
a tank having a volume of at least 4000, 40,000, or 500,000 L) in a manufacturing plant, and/or
can be partially or completely performed in transit, e.g., in a rail car, tanker truck, or in a
supertanker or the hold of a ship. The time required for complete saccharif1cation will depend on
the process ions and the biomass material and enzyme used. If saccharification is
performed in a manufacturing plant under controlled conditions, the cellulose may be
substantially entirely converted to sugar, e.g., glucose in about 12-96 hours. If saccharif1cation is
performed partially or completely in transit, rif1cation may take longer.
It is generally preferred that the tank contents be mixed during saccharif1cation, e.g.,
using jet mixing as described in International App. No. PCT/USZOlO/O3533 l , filed May 18,
2010, which was published in English as WC 2010/135380 and designated the United States, the
filll disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
The addition of tants can enhance the rate of saccharif1cation. Examples of
surfactants include non-ionic surfactants, such as a Tween® 20 or Tween® 80 polyethylene
glycol surfactants, ionic surfactants, or amphoteric tants.
It is generally preferred that the concentration of the sugar solution resulting from
saccharif1cation be relatively high, e.g., greater than 40%, or greater than 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or
even greater than 95% by weight. Water may be d, e.g., by evaporation, to increase the
WO 96703
concentration of the sugar solution. This reduces the volume to be shipped, and also inhibits
microbial growth in the solution.
The concentration of fructose solutions, for example after isomerization of a
saccharif1ed solution, can be between about 1 an 40%. For example between about 5 and 40%,
between about 10 and 40%, between about 15 and 40%, between about 5 and 10%, between
about 10% and 30% and between about 30% and 40%.
Other sources of fructose can also be utilized. For example fructose can be obtained
from es. Some examples of different kinds of molasses are Sugar Cane Molasses, Citrus
Molasses, Starch Molasses, Blackstrap Molasses and/or Sugar Beet Molasses. Glucose in
molasses can range between about 30% to 70% (e.g., 40% to 60%, eg., 45% to 55%) of the
glucose/fructose total, for example high fructose corn syrup is 55% fructose and 45% glucose.
Extracts from fruits can also be a source of high fructose products, for example agava extract can
have 90% fructose and 10% e. The isomerization of glucose solutions can se the
concentrations of glucose solutions and is another source of fructose. Isomerization can be done
by an isomerase as sed herein. Another source of fructose is the hydrolysis of sucrose, for
example using an enzyme (e.g., sucarase), using and acid and/or using a base.
Alternatively, sugar solutions of lower concentrations may be used, in which case it
may be desirable to add an antimicrobial additive, eg., a broad um antibiotic, in a low
concentration, eg., 50 to 150 ppm. Other le antibiotics include amphotericin B, ampicillin,
chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, ycin B, cin, neomycin, penicillin,
puromycin, streptomycin. Antibiotics will inhibit growth of microorganisms during transport
and storage, and can be used at appropriate concentrations, e.g., n 15 and 1000 ppm by
weight, e.g., between 25 and 500 ppm, or between 50 and 150 ppm. If desired, an antibiotic can
be included even if the sugar concentration is relatively high. Alternatively, other ves with
anti-microbial of vative properties may be used. Preferably the antimicrobial additive(s)
are food-grade.
A relatively high concentration solution can be obtained by limiting the amount of
water added to the biomass material with the enzyme. The concentration can be controlled, 6.g.
by controlling how much saccharification takes place. For e, concentration can be
increased by adding more biomass material to the solution. In order to keep the sugar that is
being produced in solution, a surfactant can be added, e.g., one of those discussed above.
Solubility can also be increased by increasing the temperature of the on. For example, the
solution can be maintained at a temperature of 40-50°C, 60-80°C, or even higher.
By adding glucose isomerase to the contents of the tank, a high concentration of
se can be obtained without saccharification being inhibited by the sugars in the tank.
e isomerase can be added in any amount. For e, the concentration may be below
about 500 U/g of cellulose (lower than or equal to 100 U/g cellulose, lower than or equal to 50
U/g cellulose, lower than or equal to 10 U/g cellulose, lower than or equal to 5 U/g cellulose).
The concentration is at least about 0.1 U/g cellulose (at least about 0.5 U/g cellulose, at least
about lU/g cellulose, at least about 2 U/g cellulose, at least about 3 U/g cellulose).
The addition of glucose isomerase increases the amount of sugars produced by at
least 5 % (at least 10 %, at least to 15 %, at least 20 %).
The concentration of sugars in the solution can also be enhanced by ng the
amount of water added to the feedstock with the enzyme, and/or the concentration can be
increased by adding more feedstock to the on during saccharification. In order to keep the
sugar that is being produced in solution, a surfactant can be added, e.g., one of those sed
above. lity can also be increased by increasing the temperature of the solution. For
example, the solution can be maintained at a ature of 40-50°C, 60-80°C, or even higher.
SACCHARIFYING AGENTS
le cellulolytic enzymes include cellulases from species in the genera Bacillus,
CaprinuS, Mycell'ophthora, Cephalosporz'um, z'dz'um, Penicillium, ASpergz'lluS,
Pseudomonas, Humicola, Fusarium, vz'a, Acremonium, ChrySOSporz'um and Trichoderma,
especially those produced by a strain selected from the species ASpergz'lluS (see, e.g., EP Pub.
No. 0 458 162), Humicola insolenS (reclassified as Scytalz'dz'um thermophilum, see, e.g., US. Pat.
No. 4,435,307), CaprinuS us, Fusarium oxySporum, Mycelz'ophthora thermophila,
Merlpl'luS giganteus, Thielavz'a triS, Acremonium Sp. (including, but not limited to, A.
perSl'cz'num, A. acremonium, A. brachypem'um, A. dichromosporum, A. obclavatum, A.
pinkertonz'ae, A. roseogriseum, A. incoloratum, and A. furaz‘um). Preferred strains include
Humicola insolenS DSM 1800, Fusarium oxySporum DSM 2672, Mycelz'ophthora thermophila
CBS 117.65, Cephalosporz'um Sp. RYM-202, Acremonium Sp. CBS 478.94, Acremonium Sp.
CBS 265.95, Acremonium perSicz'num CBS 169.65, Acremonium acremonium AHU 95 19,
Cephalosporz'um Sp. CBS 535.71, Acremonium brachypem'um CBS 866.73, Acremonium
dichromosporum CBS 683.73, Acremonium obclavatum CBS 311.74, Acremonium pinkertom'ae
CBS 157.70, Acremonium roseogrz'seum CBS 134.56, Acremonium incoloratum CBS 146.62,
and Acremom’umfuratum CBS 299.70H. Cellulolytic enzymes may also be obtained from
Chrysosporium, ably a strain of Chrysosporz'um lucknowense. Additional strains that can
be used include, but are not limited to, Trichoderma (particularly T. viride, T. reesez’, and T.
koningii), alkalophilic Bacillus (see, for example, US. Pat. No. 3,844,890 and EP Pub. No. 0 458
162), and Streptomyces (see, e.g., EP Pub. No. 0 458 162).
Many microorganisms that can be used to saccharify biomass material and produce
sugars can also be used to ferment and convert those sugars to useful ts.
SUGARS
In the processes described herein, for example after rification, sugars (e.g.,
glucose and xylose) can be isolated. For example sugars can be isolated by itation,
crystallization, chromatography (6.g. , simulated moving bed chromatography, high pressure
chromatography), centrifilgation, extraction, any other isolation method known in the art, and
combinations f.
HYDROGENATION AND OTHER CHEMICAL ORMATIONS
4] The processes described herein can include enation. For e glucose and
xylose can be hydrogenated to sorbitol and xylitol respectively. Hydrogenation can be
lished by use of a catalyst (e.g., Pt/gamma-A1203, Ru/C, Raney Nickel, or other catalysts
know in the art) in combination with H2 under high pressure (e.g., 10 to 12000 psi). Other types
of chemical ormation of the products from the processes described herein can be used, for
example production of organic sugar derived products such (e.g., furfural and furfural-derived
products). Chemical transformations of sugar derived products are described in US Prov. App.
No. 61/667,481, filed July 3, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in
its entirety.
FERMENTATION
Preferably, Clostrz'dz'um spp. are used to convert sugars (e.g., fructose) to butanol.
The optimum pH for fermentations is about pH 4 to 7. For example, the optimum pH for yeast is
from about pH 4 to 5, while the optimum pH for Zymomonas is from about pH 5 to 6. Typical
fermentation times are about 24 to 168 hours (e.g., 24 to 96 hrs) with temperatures in the range
of 20°C to 40°C (e.g., 26°C to 40°C), however thermophilic microorganisms prefer higher
temperatures.
In some embodiments, e.g., when anaerobic organisms are used, at least a portion of
the fermentation is conducted in the absence of oxygen, e.g., under a blanket of an inert gas such
as N2, Ar, He, C02 or mixtures thereof Additionally, the mixture may have a constant purge of
an inert gas flowing through the tank during part of or all of the tation. In some cases,
anaerobic condition, can be achieved or maintained by carbon dioxide production during the
fermentation and no additional inert gas is needed.
In some embodiments, all or a portion of the fermentation process can be interrupted
before the low lar weight sugar is completely converted to a product (e.g., ethanol). The
intermediate fermentation ts include sugar and ydrates in high trations. The
sugars and carbohydrates can be isolated via any means known in the art. These intermediate
fermentation products can be used in preparation of food for human or animal consumption.
Additionally or atively, the intermediate fermentation products can be ground to a fine
particle size in a stainless-steel laboratory mill to produce a flour-like substance.
Jet mixing may be used during tation, and in some cases saccharification and
fermentation are performed in the same tank.
Nutrients for the microorganisms may be added during saccharification and/or
fermentation, for example the ased nutrient packages bed in US. Pat. App. Pub.
2012/0052536, filed July 15, 2011, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by
reference.
“Fermentation” includes the methods and products that are disclosed in US. Prov.
App. No. ,559, filed December 22, 2012, and US. Prov. App. No. 61/579,576, filed
December 22, 2012, the contents of both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their
entirety.
Mobile fermenters can be utilized, as bed in International App. No.
(which was filed July 20, 2007, was published in English as WO
2008/01 1598 and designated the United States), the contents of which is incorporated herein in
its entirety. Similarly, the saccharif1cation equipment can be mobile. Further, saccharif1cation
and/or fermentation may be performed in part or entirely during transit.
OTHER FERMENTATION AGENTS
2] Although z'dz'am is preferred, other microorganisms can be used. For instance,
yeast and Zymomonas bacteria can be used for fermentation or conversion of sugar(s) to other
alcohol(s). Other microorganisms are discussed below. They can be lly-occurring
microorganisms and/or engineered rganisms. For example, the microorganism can be a
bacterium (including, but not d to, e.g., a cellulolytic bacterium), a fiangus, (including, but
not d to, e.g., a yeast), a plant, a protist, e.g. a protozoa or a fungus-like protest (including,
but not limited to, e.g., a slime mold), or an alga. When the organisms are compatible, mixtures
of organisms can be utilized.
Suitable fermenting microorganisms have the ability to convert carbohydrates, such
as glucose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, accharides or polysaccharides
into fermentation products. Fermenting microorganisms include strains of the genus
Saccharomyces spp. (including, but not limited to, S. cerevisiae (baker’s yeast), S. distatz'cas, S.
avaram), the genus Klayveromyces, (including, but not limited to, K. marxz’anas, K. fragilis), the
genus a (including, but not limited to, C. pseudotropicalz’s, and C. brassz'cae), Pichia
stz’pz’tz’s (a relative of Candida shehatae), the genus Clavz'spora (including, but not limited to, C.
lasitam'ae and C. opantz'ae), the genus Pachysolen (including, but not limited to, P. tannophz'las),
the genus Bretannomyces (including, but not limited to, e.g., B. clausem'z' (Philippidis, G. P.,
1996, Cellulose bioconversion technology, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and
ation, Wyman, C.E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, l79-2l2)). Other suitable
microorganisms include, for example, Zymomonas s, Clostrz'dz'am spp. ding, but not
limited to, C. thermocellum (Philippidis, l996, , harobutylacetonicum, C.
saccharobutylz’cum, C. Puniceum, C. beijemckiz’, and C. acetobutylz'cum), Mom'lz'ella pollinz's,
Mom'lz'ella megachiliensz's, Lactobacz'llus spp. Yarrowz'a lipolytl'ca, asidz'um 519.,
Trichosporonoz'des 519., opsz's variabilis, Trichosporon sp., Monilz'ellaacetoabutans sp.,
Typhula variabilis, Candida magnoliae, Ustilaginomycetes sp.,Pseudozyma tsukubaensis,yeast
species of genera Zygosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces, Hansenula and Pichia,and fungi of the
dematioid genus Torula.
4] For instance, Clostrz'dz'um spp. can be used to produce ethanol, butanol, butyric acid,
acetic acid, and acetone. Lactobacillus spp., can be used to produce lactic acid.
Many such microbial strains are publicly available, either commercially or through
depositories such as the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, as, Virginia, USA),
the NRRL (Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection, Peoria, Illinois, USA), or the
DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig,
Germany), to name a few.
Commercially available yeasts include, for example, Red Star®/Lesaffre Ethanol Red
(available from Red esaffre, USA), FALI® (available from Fleischmann’s Yeast, a division
of Burns Philip Food Inc., USA), SUPERSTART® (available from h, now Lalemand),
GERT STRAND® (available from Gert Strand AB, Sweden) and ® (available from
DSM Specialties).
Many microorganisms that can be used to saccharify biomass material and produce
sugars can also be used to ferment and convert those sugars to useful products.
DISTILLATION
After fermentation, the resulting fluids can be distilled using, for example, a “beer
column” to separate ethanol and other ls from the majority of water and residual solids.
The vapor exiting the beer column can be, e.g., 35% by weight ethanol and can be fed to a
rectif1cation . A mixture of nearly azeotropic (92.5%) ethanol and water from the
cation column can be purified to pure (99.5%) ethanol using vapor-phase molecular sieves.
The beer column bottoms can be sent to the first effect of a effect ator. The
rectif1cation column reflux condenser can provide heat for this first effect. After the first effect,
solids can be separated using a fuge and dried in a rotary dryer. A portion (25%) of the
centrifuge effluent can be recycled to fermentation and the rest sent to the second and third
evaporator effects. Most of the evaporator condensate can be returned to the process as fairly
clean condensate with a small portion split off to waste water treatment to prevent build-up of
low-boiling compounds.
Other than in the examples herein, or unless otherwise expressly specified, all of the
numerical ranges, amounts, values and percentages, such as those for amounts of materials,
elemental ts, times and temperatures of reaction, ratios of s, and others, in the
following portion of the specification and attached claims may be read as if prefaced by the word
“about” even though the term “about” may not expressly appear with the value, amount, or
range. Accordingly, unless ted to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the
following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon
the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not
as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of lents to the scope of the claims,
each cal parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported
significant digits and by applying ry rounding techniques.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad
scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific
examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, r, inherently
contains error necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in its underlying tive
testing measurements. Furthermore, when numerical ranges are set forth herein, these ranges are
inclusive of the recited range end points , end points may be used). When percentages by
weight are used herein, the numerical values reported are relative to the total weight.
Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is ed to
include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “l to 10” is intended to
include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of l and the recited
maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a
maximum value of equal to or less than 10. The terms “one,a) :4 a)
a or “an” as used herein are
intended to include “at least one” or “one or more,” unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLES
Example 1. l Production on Glucose, Xylose and Fructose
A P2 based medium as described in US 6,358,717 was used for the following tests.
The medium was composed of the following separately prepared ons (in grams per 100 ml
of distilled water, unless ted otherwise): sugar (see below for types and amounts), 790 ml
2012/071097
of distilled water (solution I), 0.5 g of K2HPO4, 0.5 g of KH2P04, 2.2 g of NH4
(solution 11), 2.0 g ofMgSO4-7H20, 0.1 g oanSO4- H20, 0.1 g ofNaCl, 0.1 g ofFeSO4-7H20
(solution III), and 100 mg of p-aminobenzoic acid, 100 mg of thiamine, 1 mg of biotin (solution
IV). Solutions I and II were filter sterilized and subsequently mixed to form a sugar buffer
solution. Solutions III and IV were filter sterilized. Portions (10 and 1 ml) of ons III and
IV, respectively, were added aseptically to the sugar-buffer on. The final pH of the P2
medium was 6.6.
The amounts of sugars used were: for medium GXP2, 43g e and 24g xylose;
for medium FP2, 43g of fructose; for medium FGP2, 43g fructose and 43g glucose.
The solutions were sparged with argon for 45 min and then brought into an bic
chamber. Solutions (lOmL) were measured into 21, 20mL previously autoclaved serum vials.
The vials were sealed with a sealable septum and then brought out of the anaerobic box. Vials
were inoculated with 1 vol% Clostrz'dz'um saccharoperbutylacetom’cum (ATCC 27021) from an
aqueous glycerol stock prepared following the ATCC recommended protocol from the ATCC
provided pellet. The vials were grown at 30°C for 48 or 96 hours. The head space was analyzed
for butanol production using GC. The results (in g/L) are shown in the table below.
Table 2. Results of butanol production on three different carbon sources.
Sample ID Time Point Media n-Butanol
1 48hr GXP2 3.2
2 48hr GXP2 2.9
3 48hr GXP2 2.0
4 48hr FP2 11.5
48hr FP2 11.0
6 48hr FP2 11.7
7 48hr FGP2 3.1
8 48hr FGP2 3.0
9 48hr FGP2 3.5
96hr GXP2 2.6
11 96hr GXP2 2.9
12 96hr GXP2 3.0
l-13 96hr GXP2 0.0
14 96hr FP2 11.1
96hr FP2 12.0
16 96hr FP2 11.4
Control-17 96hr FP2 0.0
18 96hr FGP2 2.3
19 96hr FGP2 2.7
96hr FGP2 3.4
Control-21 96hr FGP2 0.0
Example 2. Butanol Production on Fructose vs. Glucose & Xylose
Ten ml of P2 media containing either a glucose/xylose mixture of fructose alone (32
g/L) were incubated at 30°C with one of either Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonium ATCC
strain 27021 or 27022. As in Example 1, the s presented in the table below show that more
butanol is generated when Clostridium is grown on fructose, as opposed to glucose or xylose.
Table 3. Clostridium Vial growth on fructose or glucose/xylose as the carbon source.
Strain Substrate Butanol tion (g/L) Timepoint (hrs)
ATCC 27021 Fructose 11.7 48
ATCC 27021 Glucose/Xylose 2.3 48
ATCC 27022 Fructose 11.6 96
ATCC 27022 Glucose/Xylose 4.0 96
Any patent, ation, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said
to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the
incorporated material does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure
material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as
explicitly set forth herein edes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference.
Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by nce herein, but which
conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other sure material set forth herein will
only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated
material and the existing disclosure material.
While this ion has been particularly shown and described with
references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in
the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without
departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
Throughout the specification and claims, unless the context requires
otherwise, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or ising”,
will be understood to imply the ion of a stated integer or group of integers but
not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
Claims (20)
1. A method for producing a solvent, the method comprising: producing fructose by saccharifying a biomass and contacting the saccharified biomass with an isomerization agent selected to convert glucose to fructose, converting the fructose to the solvent with a microorganism while maintaining metabolic conditions that cause the microorganism to produce a protective substrate that protects the rganism from a toxic effect of the t, wherein the microorganism comprises a strain of Clostridium spp.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the biomass comprises a cellulosic or lignocellulosic material.
3. The method according to claim 1 or claim 2 n the isomerization agent is an isomerase.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the isomerase is xylose isomerase.
5. The method according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the biomass has been treated to reduce its recalcitrance to saccharification.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the treatment method is selected from the group ting of: bombardment with electrons, tion, oxidation, pyrolysis, steam explosion, chemical treatment, ical treatment, freeze ng and combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the treatment method is bombardment with electrons.
8. The method according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein the biomass is selected from the group consisting of: paper, paper ts, paper waste, paper pulp, pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated papers, filled papers, magazines, printed matter, printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock, cardboard, paperboard, cotton, wood, particle board, forestry wastes, sawdust, aspen wood, wood chips, s, switchgrass, miscanthus, cord grass, reed canary grass, grain residues, rice hulls, oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley hulls, agricultural waste, silage, canola straw, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs, corn stover, soybean , corn fiber, alfalfa, hay, coconut hair, sugar processing es, bagasse, beet pulp, agave bagasse, algae, seaweed, manure, sewage, arracacha, buckwheat, banana, barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, potato, sweet potato, taro, yams, beans, favas, lentils, peas, industrial waste, and mixtures of any of these.
9. The method according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the rganism is C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the microorganism is C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum strain ATCC 27021.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the microorganism is C. roperbutylacetonicum strain ATCC 27022.
12. The method according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the solvent comprises an alcohol.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the alcohol comprised butanol.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the butanol comprises isobutanol or nbutanol.
15. The method according to any one of claims 1-14, n the protective substrate comprises lipids.
16. The method of claim 15, where the lipid is a triglyceride.
17. The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein the lipids are produced through a glycosis pathway.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the triglyceride is produced by esterification of glycerol 3-phosphate through a D-glyceraldehyde pathway.
19. The method according to any one of claims 1-18, further comprising providing a ased nt package for the microorganism.
20. The method according to claim 1 substantially as herein before described with reference to the Examples. WO 96703 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NZ716016A NZ716016B2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2012-12-20 | A method for producing solvent from biomass |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201161579552P | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | |
US201161579559P | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | |
US61/579,559 | 2011-12-22 | ||
US61/579,552 | 2011-12-22 | ||
PCT/US2012/071097 WO2013096703A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2012-12-20 | Biomass processing |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ625176A NZ625176A (en) | 2016-08-26 |
NZ625176B2 true NZ625176B2 (en) | 2016-11-29 |
Family
ID=
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
AU2016203945B2 (en) | Biomass Processing | |
AU2017200438A1 (en) | Production of Sugar and Alcohol from Biomass | |
NZ625176B2 (en) | Method for producing solvent from biomass | |
NZ748522B2 (en) | A method for producing carboxylic acid, or a salt thereof | |
NZ748522A (en) | A method for producing carboxylic acid, or a salt thereof | |
NZ716016B2 (en) | A method for producing solvent from biomass | |
OA17351A (en) | Biomass Processing | |
NZ739947B2 (en) | Methods for saccharifying biomass | |
NZ625169B2 (en) | Methods for saccharifying biomass | |
NZ715919B2 (en) | Methods of saccharifying biomass | |
NZ724310B2 (en) | Processing Biomass | |
NZ625335B2 (en) | Production of sugar and alcohol from biomass | |
NZ723294A (en) | Processing Biomass For Use In Fuel Cells |