MXPA05013525A - Radial airgap, transverse flux motor - Google Patents

Abstract

A radial gap, transverse flux dynamoelectric machine comprises stator (102) and rotor assemblies (154). The rotor assembly comprises at least two axially spaced, planar rotor layers (152) having equal numbers of magnetic poles of alternating polarity disposed equiangularly about the rotor peripheral circumference. A magnetically permeable member (156) optionally links adjacent rotor magnets. The stator assembly (102) comprises a plurality of amorphous metal stator cores terminating in first and second polefaces. The cores are disposed equiangularly about the peripheral circumference of the stator assembly with their polefaces axially aligned. Respective first and second polefaces are in layers radially adjacent corresponding rotor layers. Stator windings encircle the stator cores. The device is operable at a high commutating frequency and may have a high pole count, providing high efficiency, torque, and power density, along with flexibility of design, ease of manufacture, and efficient use of magnetic materials.

Description

TRANSVERSAL FLOW MOTOR RADIAL E? TREHIERRO Field of the Invention The present invention relates, in general, to a dynamo-electric rotating machine, and more particularly, to a motor, generator or electric regenerative motor which is highly efficient and has improved operating characteristics as a result of use in the same of advanced magnetic materials. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The electric motor and generator industry is in a continuous search for modes that provide dynamo-electric rotating machines with an increase in power densities and efficiencies. As used herein, the term "engine" refers to all classes of engines and engines that convert electrical energy into rotary motion and vice versa. These machines include devices that could alternatively be called engines, generators and regenerative motors. The term regenerative motor is used in this document to refer to a device that can be operated, either as a motor or as an electric generator. A wide variety of motors is known, including the motors of permanent magnet, field winding, induction, variable reluctance, switched reluctance type and Ref.:168927 brushless and brushless motor. These motors can be directly energized from a direct or alternating current source provided by a general-purpose electric grid source, by batteries or other alternative source. Alternatively, these motors can be supplied with a current having the required waveform that is synthesized using a set of electronic excitation circuits. The rotational energy derived from any mechanical source could drive a generator. The output of the generator could be connected directly to a load or it could be conditioned using a set of electronic circuits. Optionally, a given machine, which is connected to a mechanical source that functions either as a source or load of mechanical energy during different periods in its operation, can act as a regenerative engine, for example, by connecting through a set of energy conditioning circuits that have the ability to operate in all four quadrants. Normally, rotating machines include a fixed component known as a stator and a rotating component known as a rotor. The adjacent faces of the rotor and stator are separated by a small air gap traversed by a magnetic flux that joins the rotor and the stator. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that rotating machines could comprise one or more joined rotors and one or more stators. Accordingly, the terms "one rotor" and "one stator" as used herein with reference to rotating machines, mean a number of rotors and stators that range from one to three or more. In virtual form, all rotating machines are conventionally classified to be of radial air gap or axial air gap types. In a radial air gap device is one in which the rotor and the stator are radially separated and the transverse magnetic flux is directed predominantly perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotor. In an axial air gap device, the rotor and the stator are axially spaced apart and the transverse flow is predominantly parallel to the axis of rotation. Although axial air gap devices are advantageous in certain applications, radial air gap types are more commonly used and have been studied in a more extensive manner. Except for certain specialized types, motors and generators generally use soft magnetic materials of one or more kinds. The term "soft magnetic material" means a material that is magnetized and demagnetized in an easy and efficient manner. Energy, which is inevitably dissipated in a magnetic material during each magnetization cycle, is called hysteresis loss or core loss. The magnitude of the hysteresis loss is a function of both the amplitude and the excitation frequency. A soft magnetic material also has a high permeability and a low magnetic coercivity. The motors and generators also include a source of magnetizing force, which can be provided either by one or more permanent magnets or by an additional soft magnetic material enclosed by current carrying windings. The term "permanent magnet material", which is also referred to as "magnetic material of great remanence", means a magnetic material that has a high magnetic coercivity and firmly maintains its magnetization - and resists being demagnetized. Depending on the type of motor, soft magnetic and permanent magnet materials can be placed either on the rotor or on the stator. So far, the preponderance of currently produced engines uses, as a soft magnetic material, different grades of electric or motor steels, which are Fe alloys with one or more alloying elements, especially, including Si, P, C and Al. While it is generally believed that motors and generators, which have rotors built with an advanced permanent magnet material and stators that have cores made with advanced low loss soft materials, such as amorphous metal, have the potential to provide substantially higher efficiencies and power densities compared to conventional radial air gap motors and generators, there has been little success in the construction of these axial or radial air gap type machines. Previous attempts at incorporating an amorphous material into conventional radial air gap machines have not yielded good results to a large extent in the commercial aspect. Previous designs primarily involved replace the stator and / or rotor with coils or circular amorphous metal laminations that are normally cut and have teeth through the inner or outer surface. An amorphous metal has unique magnetic and mechanical properties that make direct replacement by common steels difficult or impossible in conventionally designed engines. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4, 286,188 discloses an electric radial air motor having a centrally positioned rotor constructed simply by winding a strip of an amorphous metal ribbon. The stator of the design is a conventional stator comprising a stack of conventional laminations provided with stator winding slots, which receive an adequate stator winding.

U.S. Patent No. 4,392,073 discloses a stator for use in a radial air dynamoelectric machine having a rotor positioned centrally, and related U.S. Patent No. 4,403,401 discloses a method for development of this stator. The stator is constructed by grooving an amorphous metal strip of ribbon and helical winding of the amorphous metal grooved ribbon in a grooved toroidal coil, which is then wrapped with a suitable stator winding. U.S. Patent No. 4, 211,944 discloses an electric radial air gap machine with a stator or rotor laminated core made from amorphous metal slats, which are slotted or wound into a helical shape without a groove or wound by the edge. A dielectric material is placed between the amorphous metal slats, so that they also function as plates of an integral capacitor. U.S. Patent No. 4, 255,684 discloses a stator structure for use in an engine that is manufactured using a strip material and a moldable magnetic composite, either an amorphous metal strip and amorphous flakes or similar conventional materials. These and other prior art designs have proven to be too expensive and difficult for the development of a radial air gap engine using the amorphous metal. Due to a variety of reasons, these efforts have not provided designs that are competitive, and apparently, have been abandoned because the designs did not prove to be competitive against conventional Si-Fe engines. However, the potential benefit and value of an improved radial air gap engine has not diminished. For some time now, high-speed electric machines (ie, high revolutions per minute (rpm)) have been manufactured with low polar values, because electric machines operating at higher frequencies cause significant core losses that contribute to inefficient engine design. This is mainly due to the fact that the material used in the vast majority of current engines is an alloy of silicon-iron (Si-Fe). It is well known. that the losses, which originate from the change of a magnetic field at frequencies greater than approximately 400 Hz in conventional materials based on Si-Fe, cause the material to heat up, sometimes to a point where the device can not be cooled by no acceptable means. A number of applications in current technology, comprising widely diverse areas, such as high-speed machine tools, aerospace motors and actuators, and motion transmissions of a compressor, require electric motors that can be operated at high speeds , many times above 15,000-20,000 rpm, and in some cases up to 100,000 rpm. To date, it has been proven that it is very difficult to provide at an effective cost an electrical device that can be manufactured with ease and that takes the advantages of low loss materials. There is a need in the art for highly efficient radial air gap electrical devices, which take full advantage of the specific characteristics associated with the low loss material, thereby eliminating the disadvantages associated with conventional engines. Ideally, an improved engine would provide a higher conversion efficiency between mechanical and electrical energy forms, which would often result in the concomitant reduction of air pollution. The engine would be smaller, lighter and could meet the most demanding requirements of torque or torque, power and speed. The cooling requirements would be reduced and the motors that operate from a battery source would work for a longer time. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An electric radial air gap machine having a rotor and stator assembly is provided, the stator assembly includes magnetic cores made from a low loss material having the ability to operate at high frequency. Preferably, the soft magnetic cores of the stator are made of an amorphous Fe-based, nanocrystalline, grain-oriented material or a Fe-based material not oriented by grain and have a horseshoe-shaped design wrapped with the stator windings in each extreme. The stator cores are coupled with one or more rotors. The inclusion of a magnetically amorphous Fe-based material for improving flow or nanocrystalline in the present electrical device allows the frequency of the machine to be increased without the corresponding increase in core loss, thus producing a highly efficient electrical apparatus that It has the ability to provide an increase in power density. The apparatus has a radial air gap transverse flow design. That is, the magnetic flux traverses the air gap between the rotor and the stator predominantly in a radial direction, i.e., a direction perpendicular to the rotational axis of the machine. Furthermore, the apparatus is a transverse flow machine, by which means that the flow is closed through the stator in a direction that is predominantly transverse, ie, along a direction parallel to the rotational axis.

In one embodiment, a dynamo-electric machine according to the invention comprises at least one stator assembly, a plurality of stator windings and at least one rotor assembly supported to rotate about a rotational axis, the rotor and stator assemblies are concentric with the rotational axis. The rotor assembly comprises at least one rotor magnet structure that provides magnetic poles having the north and south polarity. The poles are located in at least two layers of the rotor which are substantially flat, perpendicular to the rotational axis and are separated in axial position. Each of the layers has the same number of poles. The poles in each layer are located at the same angular distance around the circumference of the rotor assembly on the cylindrical periphery thereof. The stator assembly comprises a plurality of stator cores, each of the stator cores terminating in a first and a second stator pole faces. The stator cores are located at the same angular distance around the circumference of the stator assembly, so that: (i) the first and second pole faces of the stator of each of the stator cores are located on the periphery cylindrical stator assembly in axial alignment; (ii) the first polar faces of the stator are in a first stator layer in a radial position adjacent to one of the rotor layers; and (iii) the second polar faces of the stator are in the second stator layer adjacent to the other layers of the rotor. The stator windings enclose the stator cores. In some embodiments, the magnet structure of the rotor comprises one or more pieces of permanent magnetic material having one or more pairs of poles. In other embodiments, the magnetic structure of the rotor comprises a plurality of discrete rotor magnets. In these embodiments, one of the poles of each of the discrete magnets is attached in an optionally magnetic form to a pole of an adjacent magnet of the magnets through a magnetically permeable link member. Various embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide highly efficient electrical devices that have improved performance characteristics, such as a high polar value that has the ability to operate simultaneously at high frequencies and a low loss of magnetic core and a high density of power. Some embodiments of the present machine have a radial air gap transverse flow configuration, in which the number of slots, in a magnetic core divided by the number of phases in the stator winding divided by the number of poles in the array in the form optimal, has a value of 0.5.

Brief Description of the Figures The invention will be more fully understood and the additional advantages will be apparent when reference is made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention and the accompanying figures, wherein the same reference numerals denote similar elements through the various views and in which: Figure 1 is a partial axial cross-sectional view of a radial air gap engine according to one embodiment of the invention, showing a portion of a rotor assembly located in central position around the rotational axis of the "X" motor and a portion of a separate stator concentric assembly; Figure 2 is a cross-sectional cross-sectional view along line A-A of Figure 1, showing the orientation of the stator core and the discrete rotor magnets along the motor shaft; Figure 3 is a partial axial cross-sectional view of a radial airgap engine according to one embodiment of the invention, showing a portion of a rotor assembly extending towards the rotational axis of the "X" engine and a portion of a separate stator concentric assembly; Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view along the axis of Figure 3 showing the stator core and the rotor magnets mounted on the stator carrier and the rotor carrier, respectively, and the bearings of the shaft for the rotation of the rotor; Figure 5 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the rolling direction of the stator cores and link members along a view similar to that of Figures 1 and 3; Figure 6 is a cross-sectional cross-sectional view showing the rolling direction of the stator cores and link members along a view similar to that of Figures 2 and 4; Figure 7 is a partial axial cross-sectional view of a radial air gap motor according to an embodiment of the invention with a distributed winding scheme, wherein multiple stator cores share a common stator coil; Figure 8 is a cross-sectional cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of Figure 7, showing the orientation of the stator core and the rotor magnets along the motor shaft; Figure 9 is a partial cross-sectional view of the radial air gap motor according to another embodiment of the invention having - a distributed winding scheme (multiple stator cores share a common stator coil) and wherein the link members they join the pairs of rotor magnets within the plane of a rotor assembly; Figure 10 is a cross-sectional cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of Figure 9, showing the rolling direction of the stator core and the link members along the motor shaft; Figure 11 is a partial cross-sectional view of a radial air gap motor according to an embodiment of the invention having a rotor assembly radially outwardly of the stator assembly; Figure 12 is a sectional cross-sectional view; cross section taken along the line AA of Figure 11, showing the orientation of the stator core and the rotor magnets along the motor shaft, Figure 13 is a partial view in axial cross section of a motor radial gap according to another embodiment of the invention, comprising multiple rotor assemblies and stator assemblies; Figure 14 is a cross-sectional cross-sectional view along line AA of Figure 13, showing the orientation of the stator cores and rotor magnets along the motor shaft; Figure 15 is a plan view of a rolled coil of advanced magnetic material that is directed to be short for the purpose of configuring two horseshoe-shaped cores for use in the stator of the present device; Figure 16 is a plan view of a rolled coil of an advanced magnetic material that is directed to be cut in order to configure two cores having an elongated rear portion for use in the stator of the present device; and Figure 17 is a plan view, partially in section, of a section of a rotor assembly showing magnets in two layers that are circumferentially displaced.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be explained in greater detail hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying figures. The present invention provides an electrical radial cross-sectional air flow device having stator cores made from a low loss material. Preferably, the stator cores are made using a material in the form of a thin strip or strip consisting essentially of an amorphous or nanocrystalline metal or Fe-based metal alloy materials, oriented by grain or non-grain oriented. Fe-based materials oriented by grain and non-grain-oriented Fe-based materials, which often have a higher saturation induction than amorphous or nanocrystalline materials, are collectively referred to in this document as "Fe-based magnetic materials for improvement." flow". Amorphous Metals Amorphous metals, which are also known as metallic glasses, exist in many different compositions suitable for use in the present engine. Metal glasses are commonly formed from a molten alloy of the required composition that is rapidly quenched from melting, for example, by cooling at a rate of at least about 106 ° C / sec. These do not have a long-range atomic order and have X-ray diffraction patterns that show only diffuse haloes, similar to those observed for inorganic oxide glasses. A number of compositions having suitable magnetic properties are indicated in U.S. Patent No. RE32,925 to Chen et al. Typically, the amorphous metal is supplied in the form of extended lengths of thin ribbon (e.g., at a thickness at most approximately 50 μm) in widths of 20 cm or more. A useful process for the formation of metal strips of indefinite length is described by U.S. Patent No. 4, 142,571 of Narasimhan. An amorphous metal example material which is suitable for use in the present invention is METGLAS® 2605 SAI sold by Metglas, Inc., Conway, SC in the form of a ribbon of indefinite length and approximately up to a width of 20 cm and a thickness of 20-25 μm (see http://www.metglas.com/products/page5_l_2_4.htm). Other amorphous materials with required properties could also be used. Amorphous metals have a number. - ~ of characteristics that must be taken into account in the manufacture and use of magnetic implements. Unlike most soft magnetic materials, metallic glasses are hard and brittle, especially after heat treatment is normally used to optimize their soft magnetic properties. As a result, many of the mechanical operations, commonly used to process soft magnetic conventional materials for engines, are difficult or impossible to perform on amorphous metals. The material produced in the processes of stamping, die-cutting or cutting generally causes unacceptable tool wear and is virtually impossible in the heat-treated brittle material. Conventional drilling and welding processes, which are often performed with conventional steels, are also normally impeded. In addition, amorphous metals exhibit a lower saturation flux density (or induction) than Si-Fe alloys. The lower flow density usually results in lower power densities in engines designed according to conventional methods. Amorphous metals also have lower thermal conductivities than Si-Fe alloys. Since thermal conductivity determines how heat can be conducted quickly through a material from a hot position to a cold position, a lower value of the thermal conductivity needs the careful design of the motor to guarantee the adequate elimination of the residual heat that is generated from the core losses in the magnetic materials, the ohmic losses in the windings, the friction, the resistance aerodynamics and other sources of loss. In turn, inadequate removal of residual heat would cause the engine temperature to increase unacceptably. Excessive temperature is probably the cause of premature failure of electrical insulation or other engine components. In some cases, excess temperature could cause the danger of electric shocks or the activation of a catastrophic fire or other serious hazards to health and safety. Amorphous metals also have a higher magnetostriction coefficient than certain conventional materials. A material with a lower magnetostriction coefficient undergoes a smaller dimensional change, under the influence of a magnetic field, which in turn would probably reduce the audible noise of a machine, as well as make the material more susceptible to degradation of its magnetic properties as a result of the induced stresses during the manufacture or operation of the machine. Despite these challenges, an aspect of the present invention provides an engine that successfully incorporates amorphous metals and allows the operation of the motor with high frequency excitation, eg, a larger switching frequency of approximately 400 Hz. The construction techniques for the manufacture of the engine are also provided. As a result of the configuration and use of advanced materials, especially amorphous metals, the present invention provides with good results an engine operating at high frequencies. (defined as larger switching frequencies approximately 400 Hz) with a high polar value. Amorphous metals have much lower hysteresis losses at high frequencies, which results in much lower core losses. Compared to Si-Fe alloys, amorphous metals have a much lower electrical conductivity and are usually much thinner than commonly used Si-Fe alloys, which are often 200 μm thick or more. Both of these characteristics promote lower core, parasitic current losses. The invention provides with good results an engine that benefits from one or more of these favorable attributes and thereby works efficiently at high frequencies, using a configuration that allows the advantageous qualities of the amorphous metal, such as the lower loss core, to be exploited, while avoiding the challenges faced in previous attempts to use advanced materials. Nanocrystalline Metals Nanocrystalline materials are polycrystalline materials with average grain sizes of approximately 100 nanometers or less. The attributes of nanocrystalline metals when compared to conventional coarse-grained metals generally include increased strength and hardness, improved diffusivity, improved ductility and stiffness, reduced density, reduced modulus, higher electrical resistance, increased of specific heat, higher coefficients of thermal expansion, lower thermal conductivity and superior magnetic properties. Nanocrystalline metals also have somewhat higher saturation induction in general than most amorphous metals based on Fe. Nanocrystalline metals could be formed through a number of techniques. A preferred method initially comprises casting the required composition as a metal glass strip of undefined length, using techniques such as those taught above, and forming the ribbon into a desired configuration such as a rolled shape. Subsequently, the initially amorphous material is heat treated to form a nanocrystalline microstructure therein. The microstructure is characterized by the presence of a high density of grains having an average size of less than about 100 nm, preferably less than about 50 nm, and more preferably about 10-20 nm. Preferably, the grains occupy at least 50% of the volume of the iron-base alloy. These preferred materials have a low core loss and low magnetostriction. The latter property also makes the material less vulnerable to the degradation of magnetic properties by stresses that arise from the manufacture and / or operation of a device comprising the component. The heat treatment necessary to produce the nanocrystalline structure in a given alloy must be effected at a higher temperature or for a longer time than would be necessary for a thermal treatment designed to preserve a substantially glassy microstructure therein. Representative nanocrystalline alloys which are suitable for use in the construction of magnetic elements for the present device are known, for example, the alloys noted in US Patent No. 4,881,989 to Yoshizawa and in the United States Patent. No. of Suzuki et al. These materials are available from Hitachi Metals and Alps Electric. Grain Oriented Metals and Non-Grain Oriented The present machines could also be constructed with a low loss Fe based crystalline alloy material. Preferably, this material is in the form of a strip having a thickness of less than approximately 125 μm, which is much thinner than steels conventionally used in engines, which have thicknesses of 200 μm or more, and sometimes as much as 400 μm or more. Both materials oriented by grain and not oriented by grain could be used. As used herein, an oriented material is one in which the major crystallographic axes of the crystallite constituent grains are not randomly oriented, but are predominantly correlated along one or more preferred directions. As a result of the preceding microstructure, a strip oriented material responds differently to the magnetic excitation a, along different directions, while a non-oriented material responds in an isotropic manner, i.e. substantially with the same response to excitation along any direction in the plane of the strip. Preferably, the grain oriented material is located in the present motor with its simple direction of magnetization that is substantially coincident with the predominant direction of the magnetic flux. The non-grain oriented Fe-based material that is used in the construction of machines according to the present invention is preferred to consist essentially of a Fe-Si alloy in an amount ranging from about 4 to 7% by weight of Yes. Preferred non-oriented alloys have a composition consisting of Fe essence at about 6.5% by weight Si and have values close to zero saturation magnetostriction, making them less susceptible to damaging degradation of magnetic property due to stresses found during the construction or operation of a device that contains the material. An alloy form of Fe-6.5% by weight of Si is supplied as magnetic strips of 50 and 100 μm thickness through JFE Steel Corporation, Tokyo, Japan (see also http: // www. J fe-steel co.jp / en / products / electrical / supercore / index.html). The Fe-6.5% by weight Si Si alloy made by rapid solidification processing, as described by U.S. Patent No. 4,865,657 to Das et al., And U.S. Pat. No. 4, 265,682 to Tsuya et al., Can also be used. General Motor Structure Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the general structure of a radial air gap transverse flow motor in an implementation of the present invention. Referring to Figure 1, a centrally positioned rotor assembly 150 and a concentric stator assembly 100 is seen. Stator assembly 100 comprises a plurality of stator cores 102 mounted on (or placed within) a carrier 104, and wound with stator coils or windings 106. The carrier 104 could be the stator housing or a separate part inside the motor housing (not shown). The rotor assembly 150 could be supported by ings of any suitable type (not shown) which are positioned for rotation about the rotational axis X. The rotor assembly 150 comprises a rotor magnet structure having discrete rotor magnets 152. mounted on (or placed inside) a rotor carrier 154. Figure 2 provides a sectional view along line AA of Figure 1, which shows in more "detail the orientation of the stator core 102 relative to the rotor magnets 152. For reasons of clarity, neither the stator carrier 104 nor the rotor carrier 154 are shown in Figure 2. The magnets are axially spaced and substantially flat rotor layers, which are substantially perpendicular to the axis The same amounts of magnets 152 are found in each layer and are located at the same angular distance around the circumference of the rotor assembly 150. Each magnet 152 has a po This defines the north (N) and south (S) poles at opposite ends of the same, with one end of each magnet that is located on the cylindrical periphery of the rotor assembly 150. The peripheral ends of the magnets in each layer have alternating circumferentially the north and south poles. In the embodiment of Figures 1-2, the magnets in the two layers are placed in axial alignment, so that the corresponding axially and peripherally adjacent ends have an opposite polarity. It will be understood that the rotor assembly 150 could comprise, in alternate fashion, plural sub-assemblies, each of which contains some of the rotor magnets. For example, the rotor carrier 154 could be constructed in two sections, each providing a layer of magnets. In addition, each section could only form a portion of a total layer. As shown in Figure 1, a plurality of permanent magnets having an alternating polarity is located around the circumference of the rotor assembly 150. In different embodiments, the positioning and polarity of the magnets may vary, as desired for a particular design of the electrical device. Figure 2 further represents the magnetically permeable link members 156, which are optionally included in the rotor magnet structure shown in Figures 1 and 2. Each link member 156 attaches one of the magnets to a magnet adjacent to the magnets and is located near one end of the linked magnets, the joined ends have an alternating polarity. Figure 4 provides a side view similar to that of Figure 2 showing the stator core 102 positioned within the stator carrier 104, and the rotor magnets 152 and the link member 156 positioned within the rotor carrier 154. that the embodiments of Figures 1-4 show the link members 156, in other embodiments, the link members 156 are absent. Link member 156 is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 as a rectangular block of flat laminated strips, which is comprised of a magnetically permeable material that is preferably selected from the group consisting of an amorphous, nanocrystalline material and a magnetic material based on Fe for flow improvement. The link member 156 connects the rotor magnets 152 from two different layers of the rotor assembly 150. This member 156 serves to conduct the magnetic flux of a rotor magnet 152 to an axially adjacent rotor magnet 152, thereby , a higher permeability flow path for the magnets is provided. As a result, the flow of the magnet is increased, so that the volume of the motor could be reduced without decreasing the performance or performance of the motor, by using magnets that have a smaller volume. Permanent magnets, especially magnets based on foreign earth materials such as SmCo and FeNdB are among the most expensive components of the engine, providing a considerable incentive to minimize the amount of permanent magnet material that is required. Figure 4 illustrates a possible positioning of the link member 156 placed within the rotor carrier 154 and axially bonding the adjacent magnets. In addition to the laminate shape shown in Figures 1-2, the link member 156 may alternatively comprise any magnetically permeable material including solid steel. In a preferred embodiment, the linking member comprises rectangular blocks located in a position substantially parallel to the axis 158, wherein the sheet face of the laminations of the link member 156 is shown in the view of Figure 4. An alternative orientation of the link member 156 is illustrated in Figures 9 and 10, wherein each link member 156 is joined to two rotor magnets 152 within the plane of view of Figure 9. Each sheet of the lamination is also located within the plane of Figure 9. In the list in Figure 10, lamination sheets running perpendicular to the line of rotation are shown. While link members 156 are illustrated as rectangular blocks, they can be in any form. For example, other prismatic shapes may be used, since the horseshoe cores may be similar to those used in the stator assembly of Figure 1. In addition, the link member 156 may be connected with one or more pairs of rotor magnets 152. Figure 2 and Figure 9 illustrate a configuration in which the link members are connected only with a single pair of magnets. In various embodiments, the link member 156 may encompass a larger number or all of the magnets in a single rotor assembly 150 simultaneously, or may even encompass all magnets in any number of rotor assemblies 150. However , link members 156 are optional components and in different modalities one or more link members 156 may be absent. Preferably, if the link member 156 were used, it would have low hysteresis losses to improve the efficiency of the magneal. As the rotor rotates during the operation of the machine, changes in the reluctance of the portions of the magnetic circuit cause a variable flow with respect to time in the permanent magnets, and therefore, in the link members. This variation causes loss of hysteresis in the link member, decreasing the efficiency and requiring the dissipation of the residual heat generated. Therefore, the use of a low loss link member is preferred. Each stator core 102 has a horseshoe shape that includes a base portion 200 and two legs 201 hanging in generally parallel directions therefrom and ending at the ends of the stator core 202. The base portion 200 of the core stator 102 is mounted on carrier 104, while stator coils 106 are wound around stator core legs 201. Stator coils 106 are electrically wired so as to produce a magnetic field in stator core 102 on which will repel or attract the rotor magnets located in central position 152. Magnetic flux lines emerge from the ends 202, which form the polar faces for the stator core 102. As best seen in Figure 2, the two Polar faces 202 of the stator core are substantially coplanar and aligned in the axial direction. The stator cores are located at the same angular distance around the circumference of the stator assembly with their respective faces placed on the cylindrical periphery of the stator assembly. The stator core 102 comprises sheets or strips which are preferably composed of a material selected from the group consisting of an amorphous metal based on nanocrystalline Fe and increased flow. More preferably, the material is composed of an unoriented alloy consisting of Fe-Si essence in an amount ranging from about 4 to 7% by weight Si. The most preferred alloys include amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys and Fe-6.5% by weight of Si non-oriented. Preferably, the sheets within the stator core 102 are joined together, for example, by impregnation with an epoxy resin of low viscosity. In the embodiment of Figures 1 and 2, the cylindrical periphery of the rotor assembly 150 is radially inwardly of the cylindrical periphery of the stator assembly 100. These respective peripheries are in an orientation relationship through the radial air gap. The stator cores are placed within one or more suitable housings. Which can be made of metal, plastic or other material that has convenient mechanical and electrical properties. The stator cores are held in place within this housing (s) through a structural adhesive, such as a one or two part epoxide. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate another implementation, wherein the rotor carrier 154 extends -to the central axis of the engine. Figure 4 provides a sectional view similar to the view of Figure 3, showing the rotor magnets 150 positioned within the rotor carrier 154. The rotor assembly 150 in this implementation further comprises an axis 158, in which it is secured the rotor carrier 154 comprising the magnets 152. The stator carrier 102 is fixed relative to the motor, while the rotor assembly 150 rotates thereon. bearings 160. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate a top view and a side view, respectively, showing additional details relating to the construction of stator cores 102 (for reasons of clarity, the carrier is not shown). stator 104). As best seen in Figure 6, the stator core 102 has a horseshoe shape with dimensions of length 1, width w, thickness t and folding angles x x and 2 2. In a specific embodiment, the stator core 102 has a horseshoe shape with the following dimensions 1 = 35 mm, w = 20 mm, t = 11 mm and? X and? 2 = 90 °. The dimensions of the stator core 102 will vary with the design of the stator and are chosen to optimize the performance of the electrical device. The horseshoe shape is chosen to illustrate a stator core design used in some implementations, since this is easily manufcured using existing techniques. The variations or shape of the stator core 102 or the orientation of the sheets or strips comprising the stator core 102, which are readily apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art, are also considered to be within the scope of the present invention. . For example, while the stator core 102 is shown with the radii of uniform curvature forming the angles? X =? 2 = 90 °, then, the angles? X and? 2 could be larger or smaller than 90 °, or the stator core 102 could be continuous as a long curvature, that is, forming a generally circular arc. The number of stator cores 102 and the circumferential distance of the Z spacing (see FIG. 5) within the stator carrier 104 vary according to the design of the electrical device. Another form of the stator core 102 is represented by Figure 16, in which the base portion 202 is elongated relative to the substantially parallel legs 201. This core configuration allows the stator windings to be located in the portion elongated, by removing them in radial direction from the ends 202, and thereby, stray field current losses induced in the windings through the changing flux of the rotor magnets are reduced. In a preferred embodiment, the stator cores 102 are sized in accordance with engine design principles based on the Faraday Law applied to the sinusoidal machine operation, which is applied in all dynamoelectric machines. Based on these and the related principles and the required properties of the machine, the total volume of the stator, i.e. the thickness of the volume, is preferably kept at the minimum. Preferably, the design would minimize the entire volume of the motor that is consumed by the stator components, including the stator cores 102 and the volumes occupied by the windings. A minimum stator volume (Vmin) is preferred, where Vm £ n = t X w, (means the length of the end face 202 to the opposite end face 202). The reduction of the stator volume contributes in a beneficial way to decrease the core losses, which originate the residual heat, and also reduces the cost of materials and the total volume of the engine. The cross section (t x w) is optimized together with the magnetic flux density, in order to make an optimal number of magnetic flux lines pass through the coils 106. The increase of the area (txw) decreases the area available for the coils 106. The total power of the machine (Ptot) is approximately proportional to the number of turns (n) of the coil 106, multiplied by the area (xw), which in turn is multiplied by the magnetic flux density (B) in the - region of the coils 106, the frequency /, and the number of stator segments (N), that is, Ptot ~ nxtx tv x S x / x N. Preferably, the orientation of the amorphous metal laminations based on Nanocrystalline Fe or flow-shaped sheet or ribbon enhancement which comprises the stator core 102 is chosen in consideration of the direction of the magnetic flux that varies in a sinusoidal manner produced by the rotation of the rotor magnets. In the case of a radial air gap machine, the sinusoidal variation of the magnetic flux is predominantly located within a series of planes that are placed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotor (i.e., within the plane of Figures 1 and 3). ). However, in an axial air gap machine, the sinusoidal variation of the magnetic flux is located within a series of cylinders that are placed coaxial with the axis of rotation. Preferably, the laminations of the stator core are substantially parallel to the planes or cylinders comprising the magnetic flux that varies in sinusoidal fashion for the radial or axial air gap machine, respectively. Figures 4 and 6 show the rolling direction of the sheets or slats of the material comprising the stator core 102 for the radial air gap machine. The sheet plane of the laminations adjacent the stator ends 202. is illustrated to be substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotor magnets (along the axis 158). Any flux that comes from the rotor magnets that has a vector component perpendicular to the lamination plane in the stator core, will induce eddy currents to flow in this plane, contributing to unwanted stray current losses. Accordingly, it is preferred that the stator core be located in such a way that substantially all the flux coming from the rotor magnets is present in a direction within the rolling plane and not out of the plane. Preferably, the stator coils 106 comprise a highly conductive wire, such as a copper or aluminum wire, which is wound enclosing the stator core legs 201 (see Figure 2). However, the wire material is not restricted to copper, and could be any conductive material. The wires could have any desirable cross section, such as round, square or rectangular. The braided wire could be used to facilitate winding and for improved high frequency operation. Any number of stator windings 106 could be used for each stator core 102. Stator winding 106 could be wound up through the spool winding process, where the spool is wound in a similar fashion to a spool of sewing machine . The coil, which is optionally wound on the coil former, is subsequently assembled on the stator core legs 201, which form the "teeth" of the stator. In the embodiment of Figures 1 and 2, the spool coil is assembled onto the stator core legs 201. In addition, in other embodiments, the stator coils 106 could also be placed on the base portion 200 of the core. stator 102, or both in the base portion 200 and in the legs 201. As an alternative to the reel winding, the stator winding 106 could be wound up through the needle winding process, wherein the wires are wound onto a existing assembly of stator teeth, that is, directly through the stator core ends 202. The needle winding is commonly employed in the construction of conventional radial air gap machines, and can be performed in any teeth assembly. In other implementations, windings of stator coil 106 are distributed, because one or more electrical coils encompass multiple teeth or stator core ends 202, and overlap with other coils. Figures 7 and 8 illustrate a mode using distributed coils, in which two stator cores 102 are wound with stator coils 106. In other distributed coil schemes, stator coils 106 enclose more than two stator cores. Preferably, the size and spacing of the rotor magnets 152 in the rotor carrier 154 are chosen to minimize material waste by optimizing the performance of the machine. In some embodiments, the rotor magnets 152 are spaced apart so that there is little or no circumferential clearance between the alternating magnets. In still other embodiments, discrete rotor magnets are not used, such as the magnets 152 shown in Figures 1-2. Instead, one or more pieces of permanent magnetic material, preferably arcuate in shape, are located around the circumference of the rotor assembly 150. Each piece could provide a single pair of NS pole, with magnetic flux lines moving in a semicircle trajectory around the solid single-piece magnet from one face to the other. Alternatively, each piece could provide a plurality of polar pairs, for example, poles printed on a bonded magnet. Union members 156 are not normally used with these magnet configurations. The magnets 152 in one or more rotor assemblies 150 may optionally be alternated in circumferential form, as shown in Figure 17. That is, the magnet ends 153a in one layer could be rotated through an oblique angle fa from the corresponding ends 153b in the adjacent layer, as shown in Figure 17. A non-zero value of f is often selected to reduce the uneven gait of the torque or torque. As is known in the art, uneven gait is the variation in torque with rotational position in a machine once the input current is greatly reduced and while the axis is at zero or very low rpms. Uneven torque walking could cause undesirable operating problems and acoustic problems. At any given position of the rotor, there is a number of flow lines facing north that traverse the radial air gap, as well as an equal number of flow lines facing south that cross the air gap, according to Gauss's Law . An unequal gait machine of zero is one in which the magnitude of the net value of the magnetic flux through the air gap is a constant, where the flow lines of the magnetic south lines are taken to be negative, and those of the magnetic north as positive. In this machine, there is no change in the absolute value of the magnetic flux that crosses the radial air gap as the rotor is rotated. In practice, the uneven gait of torque is minimized by reducing the angular variation of the absolute value of the magnetic flux by optimizing the size, shape, position and quantity of the rotor magnets 152, while taking into consideration the material properties of the rotor magnets. magnet materials of great remanence and soft of the rotor magnets. It is also preferable that the circumferential spacing between the rotor magnets 152 within a given rotor mounting layer 150, and between the adjacent layers and between the separate rotor assemblies 150, be maintained at an optimum value. In one embodiment, it is found an optimal circumferential separation between the rotor magnets 152, so that the total area of each rotor magnet 152 is equal to 175% +/- 20% of the area of the stator core end 202. The spacing between the legs of the stator cores affects a number of factors. A large gap decreases the unwanted escape of pole-to-pole flow, although it adds cost, because the axial length of the motor increases. Therefore, a greater amount of soft magnetic material is required, and core loss increases proportionally with the increase in volume of the core material. The optimal choice of leg separation involves these considerations, as well as the effects of the air gap magnetic surface area and the stator core surface area. The staggering or alternating of the rotor assemblies 150 in circumferential position also produces lower loss characteristics. Magnetic flux variations of the rotor magnets 152 due to changes in position could also lead to unwanted losses in the magnet itself, due to both parasitic currents and hysteresis. These originate from a change in the magnetic permeability of the total magnetic circuit, as experienced by each magnet. The change in the magnetic permeability of the magnetic circuit causes a change in the magnetic flux produced by the magnets. This change in magnetic flux produces stray current and hysteresis losses that depend on the frequency in the magnets. Losses do not occur in the switching frequency (CF), which is the rotational speed multiplied by the number of pairs of rotor poles, where the pairs of rotor poles are the number of rotor poles divided by two, and the rotating speed is in units of the number of revolutions per second (CF = rpm / 60 x pole / 2). Rather, the losses occur at a frequency that is equal to the revolutions per second multiplied by the number of teeth of the stator, where the number of teeth of the stator refers to the teeth that the DC magnet will find for each revolution. Therefore, for a machine specific mode with slot number per phase per pole (SPP) of 0.5, which is described in more detail below, the number of stator teeth is equal to the number of three times the pairs of rotor poles. The rotor magnets 152 can be any type of permanent magnet. Rare earth transition metal alloy magnets such as samarium cobalt magnets, other cobalt rare earth magnets, or metal-metalloid rare earth transition magnets, e.g., NdFeB magnets, are suitable. The rotor magnet structure could also comprise any other sintered permanent magnet material, bonded with plastic or ceramic. Preferably, the magnets have a product of high energy, coercivity and saturation magnetization, together with a linear curve of perpendicular magnetization of the second quadrant. More preferably, oriented, sintered rare earth transition metal alloy magnets are used, because their higher energy product increases the flow and therefore the torque, while allowing the volume of the material to be minimized. costly permanent magnet. In alternate embodiments, the rotor magnets 152 are constructed as electromagnets. The rotor assembly 150, including the rotor magnets 152, is supported for rotation on the bearings 160 about the axis of coordinates of an axis 158 or any suitable arrangement through the rotor carrier 154, so that the poles of the magnets are accessible along a predetermined path adjacent to the stator array (see Figure 4). Figure 1 illustrates the rectangular rotor magnets 152, wherein the outside length ax and the inside length a2 are approximately equal. Preferably, the rotor magnets 152 are rectangular, since they are generally less expensive to produce. The trapezoidal wedge-shaped magnets, such as those depicted in Figure 17, could also be used. The rotor magnets with arcs presented in the air gap are an optimal design. In the illustration of Figure 1, rotor magnets 152 with a curved shape would be defined by an outside arc length a2 and an interior arc length a2. However, arc-shaped rotor magnets are more expensive to produce. Furthermore, for the high frequency embodiments of the invention having high polar values, a large number of small rectangular rotor magnets is normally used. Each outer length ax forms a string that subtends a rather small angle, which closely approximates an arc. Alternatively, the rotor magnets 152 may be of any polygonal shape. In still other embodiments, for example, for switched reluctance designs, the motor could be constructed of a solid or laminated magnetic material, such as steel. In a specific embodiment, the outer length a of the rotor magnet 152 and the width w of the stator core 102 combined with the stator windings 106 are substantially identical. If a were much larger than w, the magnetic flux lines would not cross the air gap, rather, they would "escape" in some other direction. This is a nuisance because the magnets are expensive, and no benefit would be obtained. Processing a in a significantly smaller form than w would result in a lower magnetic flux density in the stator that could otherwise be obtained, which decreases the total power density of the machine. In still other embodiments, the rotor magnet 152 could comprise one or more continuous solid magnets such as bonded magnets, with magnetic poles applied. In these embodiments, the number of rotor magnet parts could be different from the polar value of the effective work magnet. It is recognized that the designer works with the polar value of the magnet to determine the operation and performance of the motor. Any suitable material, which has the aty to adequately support the stator cores 102 or the rotor magnets 152, could be used by the stator carrier 104 and the rotor carrier 154. Preferably, non-magnetic materials are used. However, the stator carrier 104 and the rotor carrier 154 may comprise a conductive material, without restriction on the conductivity of the carrier material. Preferably, the carriers 104, 154 could be any highly thermal conductive arrangement, with sufficient strength to support the rotor assembly 150 and the stator assembly 100 in relative position while the rotor assembly 150 is allowed to rotate. Other factors also they can influence the choice of the carrier material, such as the mechanical strength requirement. In a specific embodiment, the stator carrier 104 or the rotor carrier 154 are formed from aluminum. In another specific embodiment, the carrier material 104, 154 could be entirely organic, for example, an organic dielectric material such as a two part epoxy resin / hardener system. The active components of the electrical device, for example, the stator core 102 and the rotor magnets 152, could be fixed within the stator carrier 104 and the rotor carrier 154, respectively, by means of adhesive, fastening, welding , fixation or another type of suitable union. Preferably, the rotor carrier 154 is mounted on suitable bearing surfaces to facilitate rotation about the axis of the machine. A variety of bearings, bushings and related items that are conventionally used in the motor industry may be suitable. The multiple stator cores 102 can be wired in a common magnetic section. This corresponds to a slot value per phase per pole (SPP) greater than 0.5, wherein the SPP ratio is determined by dividing the number of stator cores 102 between the number of phases in the stator winding and the number of DC poles (SPP = slots / phases / poles). In accordance with the motor designs of the present invention, a slot refers to the spacing between the stator alternating cores 102 within a plane orthogonal to the axis of rotation. In calculating the SPP value, a pole refers to the DC magnetic field that interacts with a changing magnetic field. Therefore, in the preferred embodiment, the permanent magnets mounted on (or placed inside) the rotor carrier 154 provide the magnetic field DC and hence the number of DC poles. In other embodiments of synchronous motors according to the invention, a DC electromagnet provides the DC field. The electromagnets of the stator windings provide the changing magnetic field, that is, one that varies with time and position. The radial air gap electrical device of the present invention can take a wide variation of cylinder or radial type configurations. For example, the fixed stator assembly 100 could be located centrally, radially inwardly of the rotor assembly located in a concentric and spaced position 150. The rotating portion with the rotor magnets 152 could then be the outer portion of the electrical device, and the stator assembly 100 could be the non-rotating inner portion. Figures 11 and 12 illustrate one embodiment of the invention, wherein the rotor assembly 150 enclosed by the trace line is the outer portion of the engine. This is the outer rotor assembly 150 which has the ability to rotate, for example, on suitable bearings (the bearings are not shown). Any rotor carrier 154, which is similar to those of the other embodiments, is suitable for use in the design of Figures 11 and 12. The stationary stator assembly 100, comprising stator windings 106 and stator cores 102 , is on the non-rotating inner portion of the motor. There could also be multiple alternating rotor assemblies 150 or multiple stator assemblies 100. Figures 13 and 14 illustrate one embodiment having two rotor assemblies 150 and two stator assemblies 100. The stator cores located in axial position 102 are illustrated as they are mounted on a single unitary stator carrier 104. Similarly, the rotor magnets located in axial position 152 are placed within a single adjacent rotor carrier 154. Alternatively, "multiple separate carriers of rotor assembled on an axis and / or stator carriers separate Several winding schemes could be used in the embodiment of Figures 13-14, including a scheme wherein multiple stator cores 102, optionally comprised in different stator assemblies, share a stator common coil 106. In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a rotating machine of radial air gap transverse flow that is operatively connected to the properly designed power electronics. For example, it is preferred that the power electronics be designed to minimize the fluctuation of the power electronics (PE), which is an undesirable variation in torque during the operation of an engine and can adversely affect its operation. Switching to high frequencies with these motors that have a low inductance and maintain low speed control is preferred to be optimized together. As used in that document, the term "power electronics" is understood to mean a set of electronic circuits adapted to convert the electrical energy supplied as direct current (DC) or as alternating current (AC) of a frequency and particular waveform for the output of electrical power as DC or AC, the output and the input differ at least in one of the voltage, frequency and waveform. The conversion is achieved through a set of power electronics conversion circuits. For a different transformation of the simple voltage transformation of the AC power using a common transformer that preserves the frequency and the simple AC bridge rectification in order to provide DC, the modern power conversion usually employs non-linear semiconductor devices and other associated components that provide active control. The motoring machines must be supplied with AC power, either directly or through the switching of the DC power. Although mechanical commutation with brush-type machines has been widely used, the availability of high-power semiconductor devices has enabled the design of electronic brushless switching means, which are used with many modern permanent magnet motors. During the generation mode, a machine (unless it is mechanically switched) inherently produces AC. A large proportion of the machines are to operate synchronously, by which means that the input or output of AC power has an adequate frequency with the rotational frequency and the number of poles. Synchronous motors are directly connected to an energy grid, for example, the 50 or 60 Hz grid that is normally used by electric entities or the 400 Hz grid frequently used in on-board and aerospace systems, therefore, they work particular speeds with variations that can only be obtained by changing the polar value. For synchronous generation, the rotational frequency of the mobile motor must be controlled in order to provide a stable frequency. In some cases, the mobile motor inherently produces a rotational frequency that is too high or too low to be accommodated by motors having polar values within practical limits for known machine designs. In these cases, the rotating machine can not be directly connected to a mechanical axis, so that a gearbox must often be used, despite the added complexity involved and the loss of efficiency. For example, wind turbines rotate so slowly that an excessively large polar value would be required in a conventional motor. On the other hand, to obtain the proper operation with a desired mechanical efficiency, the common gas turbine engines rotate so rapidly that even with a low polar value, the generated frequency is unacceptably high. The alternative for motorcycling and generation applications is the active conversion of energy. As discussed in more detail above, machines constructed in accordance with the present invention can be operated as motors or generators with respect to a much wider range of rotational speed than conventional devices. In many cases, the gearboxes required so far in motor and generator applications can be eliminated. However, the resulting benefits also require the use of power electronics that can be operated with respect to a wider range of electronic frequency than that used with conventional machines. In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a dynamo-electric machine system that includes a dynamo-electric machine of any of the mentioned types, which is operatively connected to power electronics means for the interconnection and control of the machine. For motorcycling applications, the machine is interconnected with an electrical source, such as a grid of electrical energy, electrochemical batteries, fuel cells, solar cells or any other suitable source of electrical energy. A mechanical load of any required type could be connected to the axis of the machine. In generation mode, the axis of the machine is mechanically coupled with a movable motor, which could be any source of rotational mechanical energy and the system is connected with an electrical load, which could include any form of electrical apparatus or electrical energy storage . The machine system could also be used as a regenerative engine system, for example, as a system connected to the drive wheels of a vehicle, alternatively, mechanical propulsion is provided to the vehicle and the kinetic energy of the vehicle is converted vehicle back to the electrical energy stored in the battery to effect braking. An exemplary embodiment of a dynamo-electric machine system includes a dynamo-electric machine having at least one stator assembly, a plurality of stator windings, and at least one rotor assembly supported for rotation about a rotational axis, The rotor and stator are concentric with the rotational axis. The rotor assembly comprises at least two rotor layers having the same numbers of discrete rotor magnets, each of the magnets having a polarity defining the north and south poles at the opposite ends thereof, the layers being substantially flat, perpendicular to the rotational axis and separated in axial position, the magnets in each layer are located at the same angular distance around the circumference of the rotor assembly, so that: (i) one end of each of the magnets is on the cylindrical periphery of the rotor assembly; (ii) the ends of the periphery have the north and south poles alternating in a circumferential position; e (iii) each of the magnets is magnetically linked with an adjacent magnet thereof through a magnetically permeable link member that is located near the other end of the adjacent magnet. The stator assembly comprises a plurality of stator cores, each of the stator cores terminates on a first and a second stator pole faces, the stator cores are located at the same angular distance around the circumference of the stator assembly , so that: (i) the first and second pole faces of the stator of each of the stator cores are located on the cylindrical periphery of the stator assembly in axial alignment; (ii) the first stator polar faces are in a first stator layer radially adjacent to one of the rotor layers; and (iii) the second stator polar faces are in a second stator layer adjacent to the other rotor layers. The stator windings enclose the stator cores. The dynamo-electric machine system also comprises means of power electronics. The power electronics means useful in the present system should commonly include active control with a sufficient dynamic range to accommodate the expected variations in mechanical and electrical loading, while maintaining the electromechanical satisfactory control and regulation operation. Any form of energy conversion topology could be used, including switching regulators that employ voltage boost converters, or voltage and return position and pulse width modulation. Preferably, both voltage and current can be controlled by phase independently, and control of the power electronics could operate, either with or without direct detection of the position of the shaft. Furthermore, it is preferred that the control of the four quadrants be provided, allowing the machine to operate either to rotate in the direction of rotation or in the counterclockwise direction of rotation and in a motor or generation mode. Preferably, the antinode current and speed control circuit are included, by means of which both controls in the torque mode and in the speed mode can be used. Preferably, for a stable operation, the power electronics means must have a control antinode frequency range at least about 10 times as large as the intended switching frequency. For the present system, the operation of the rotary machine approximately up to a switching frequency of 2 kHz requires a control antinode frequency range of at least about 20 kHz. Through the present invention, electric radial air gap machines incorporating advanced material are now possible. There are a number of applications that demand radial air gap motors, which include, but are not limited to, some gasoline and diesel engines that have an integrated starter / alternator. In these applications, the manufacturing assembly imposes the ability to assemble the stator as a separate component of the rotor. This is very difficult using axial air gap motors, although in comparative form it is much easier using radial air gap motors. Now, these applications can be beneficial from the high-frequency design characteristics of amorphous metal based on flow-enhancing or nanocrystalline Fe. As these materials are readily available, the invention will not depend on any change in the existing supply chains of material. Any improvement in amorphous metal permanent magnets based on flow-enhancing or nanocrystalline Fe, or copper wires, will be easily applied in this invention. The rectangular rotor magnets 152 of the preferred embodiments are simple to manufacture, and the stator windings 106 could be rolled types of spools manufactured with ease. The invention can also be miniaturized easily, even to the point of being assembled in its entirety on small components of printed circuit board type. There are several benefits of certain embodiments of the present transverse flow radial air motor compared to the conventional radial air gap motor. Fe-based amorphous metal materials oriented by grain or unguided by nanocrystalline metal ribbon grain can be incorporated into the radial air gap configuration in a cost effective mode, a design that has been sought by the industry for many years. Although permanent magnets in a number of ways could be used for the construction of the present motors, rectangular permanent rotor magnets are preferred in most modes, because they are less expensive to manufacture, since the technology of pressing by Magnet does not tend easily by itself to the direct formation of arcs and curved surfaces. These characteristics are often added after the pressing of the permanent magnet material (for example, NdFeB, SmCo, or other magnetic powder based on foreign earths) into a rectangular shape, using a costly milling operation with the resulting waste material. As discussed above, embodiments of the invention with a high polar value tend by themselves highly optimized rotor magnet designs utilizing rectangular shaped magnets. The high polar value motors provide high frequency radial air gap motors. Stator cores can also be manufactured in a mode that requires very little machining. For example, the ribbon can be wound into a helical shape in a configuration similar to a "race track," as represented by Figure 15. Then, the shape can be cut along lines 250 to configure two shapes Horseshoe Identical 102 / Next, the metal layers can be cut into a single collective stage, rather than layer by layer, as is required in conventional lamination stamping processes, advantageously, the stator cores can be be elaborated by this winding process with virtually no waste of soft magnetic materials Other suitable forms of stator core can be prepared through similar processes, such as the shape depicted through Figure 16, which provides a core of stator with an elongated portion of base 200. Link members 156 could also be manufactured in a similar way. ials designated for use in stator cores are also preferred for the manufacture of link members. Many of these manufacturing methods are currently practiced in volume for the production of the components indicated for other devices without motor. There are still cost-saving advantages of the cross-flow radial air gap motor of the invention with respect to the axial air gap motors. For example, the axial forces acting on the bearing systems in the axial air gap machines are considerably larger than in the present cross-flow radial air gap engine, so that lower cost bearing systems can be used in the present device. The invention also provides a natural and direct method for the reduction of uneven gait of the first order, due to the double layers of the rotor magnets in the axial direction. One characteristic of the uneven gait of first-order torque is that it has a fundamental natural frequency that is six times the switching frequency of the machine. A method of uneven gear reduction of the first order is the construction of the axial pair of north-south rotor magnets, so that they are no longer positioned to be axially aligned on a line parallel to the axis, that is, they are oblique to each other through an angle f as shown in Figure 17. Preferably, the oblique angle f is chosen, so that the magnets are oblique by means of an amount that fluctuates approximately up to one half of the distance between the circumferentially adjacent stator cores. This modification would require that all the coils in each stator core be electrically wired in series. The obliquity of the position of the rotor magnet through half the circumferential distance of the stator core causes the generated electromagnetic force (EMF) to fall by approximately 3.5%. Consequently, the power is reduced. However, these reductions are acceptable in view of the. marked reduction in the uneven gait that can be obtained concomitantly. Transverse Flow Radial Air Motor of Multiple Phases The present transverse flow radial air motor is highly suitable for it to be constructed and operated in a multi-phase array. For example, the rotor assemblies 150 can be subdivided into several sections, as illustrated by the dashed lines in Figure 1. Each section comprises four located rotor magnets 152, so that there are two pairs of rotor magnets. north-south in an axial direction, and two pairs of north-south in the circumferential direction.

The stator mounting section that is opposite to the rotor mounting section comprises three stator cores 102, each representing a phase of a three-phase motor. When the coils 106 enclosing the stator core ends 202 are energized, the opposite ends of the stator core 202 of each stator core 102 will have an opposite magnetic polarity to form pairs of north-south magnetic poles. Although the present motor could be designed and operated as a single-phase device or a multi-phase device with any number of phases, the three-phase motor is preferred according to the industry convention. For the three-phase motor, with a slot / pole / phase ratio = 0.5, the number of rotor poles is two thirds the number of stator slots, with the number of slots being a multiple of the number of phases. While the machine is normally wired in a three-phase star configuration according to the industry convention, a delta configuration could also be employed. For example, the embodiment of the present machine shown through Figure 1 can be operated as a three-phase motor by energizing the coils with a three-phase power supply. The machine can be more easily analyzed when the section enclosed in the dashed line of Figure 1 is further subdivided into a plane orthogonal to the axis of rotation in two sub-portions, bisecting each stator core 102 as shown through the Stroke line of Figure 2. This also separates the axial pairs of north-south rotor magnet. This sub-portion is different from a conventional radial air gap engine in two aspects. First, the three phases of the stator are not physically connected through a common counter-iron part, as would be the case in a conventional radial air-jet engine, where the common counter-iron piece provides a magnetic coupling. Secondly, the two rotor magnets are not connected by a common rotor part, which also provides a magnetic coupling. The cross-flow radial air gap engine is optionally constructed in small sections and is subsequently assembled, which is a desirable procedure in the construction of very large machines (eg, larger than 2 meters in diameter). The coils can be easily processed using inexpensive reel winding techniques that can lower manufacturing costs. The magnetic forces encountered during assembly, even with previously magnetized rotor magnets, can be safely accommodated through a segmented assembly.

High Polar Value High Frequency Designs Using a Low Loss Material In a specific embodiment, the present invention also provides an electric radial air gap device with a high polar value operating at high frequencies, i.e. at a switching frequency larger than approximately 400 Hz. In some cases, the device can be operated at a switching frequency ranging from approximately 500 Hz to 2 kHz or more. Designers have commonly avoided high polar values for high speed motors, because conventional stator core materials, such as Si-Fe > -They can not operate at the proportionally higher frequencies that are necessary because of the high polar value. In particular, known devices using Si-Fe can not be changed at magnetic frequencies significantly above 400 Hz, due to - the core losses that originate from the - changing magnetic flux within the material. Above this limit, the core losses cause the material to heat up to the point where the device can not be cooled by any acceptable means. According to certain conditions, the heating of Si-Fe material could even be severe enough so that the machine can not be cooled, and will be self-depleting. However, it has been determined that the low loss characteristics of the nanocrystalline and non-grain oriented amorphous metals allow much higher switching speeds than Si-Fe materials. Meanwhile, in a preferred embodiment, the choice of a METGLAS® alloy eliminated the limitation of the system due to heating in a high frequency operation, the rotor design and the overall configuration of the engine have also been improved to better exploit the properties of amorphous material. The ability to use much higher excitation frequencies allows the present machines to be designed with a much wider range of possible polar values. The number of poles in the present devices is a variable based on the allowable size of the machine (a physical restriction) and on the expected range of operation. Subject to the permissible excitation frequency limits, the number of poles can be increased until the magnetic flux leak increases to an undesirable value, or the operation begins to decrease. There is also a mechanical limit presented by the construction of the stator based on the number of rotor poles, because the stator slots must coincide with the rotor magnets. In addition, there is a mechanical and electromagnetic limit in conjunction with the number of slots that can be made in the stator, which in turn is a function of the frame size of the machine. Some limits can be established to determine the upper limits of the grooves for a given stator frame with the proper balance of copper and soft magnetic material, which can be used as a parameter to make radially functioning air gap machines. The present invention provides motors with approximately 4 or 5 times larger numbers of poles than the industry values for most machines. As an example, for a common industrial engine having 6 to 8 poles, for engines at speeds of approximately 800 to 3600 rpm, the switching frequency is approximately 100 to 400 Hz. The switching frequency (CF) is the rotation speed multiplied by the number of pole pairs, where the pole pairs is the number of poles divided by two, and the speed of the rotation is in units of revolutions per second ( CF = rpm / 60 x pole / 2). Likewise, devices with a greater number of 16 poles are available in the industry, although at speeds lower than 1000 rpm, which still correspond with a frequency lower than 400 Hz. Alternatively, the motors are also available with a relatively low polar value (for example, less than 6 poles), and with speeds up to 30,000 rpm, which still have a switching frequency of approximately less than 400 Hz. In representative embodiments, the present invention provides machines that are 96 poles, 1250 rpm, at 1000 Hz; 54 poles, 3600 rpm, at 1080 Hz; 4 poles, 30000 rpm, at 1000 Hz; and 2 poles, 60000 rpm, at 1000 Hz. The high frequency motors of the invention can operate at frequencies about 4 to 5 times higher than the known radial air gap motors made with conventional materials and designs. The present motors are more efficient than the common radial air gap motors in the industry when operated in the same speed range, and as a result provide larger speed options the present configuration is particularly attractive for the construction of very large motors. By using a combination of a high polar value (eg, at least 32 poles) and a high switching frequency (eg, a frequency of 500 to 2000 Hz), very large machines can be constructed according to the invention in a which combines high energy efficiency, high power density, ease of assembly and efficient use of expensive magnetic materials, both soft and high remanence. Ideally, both the rotor magnets 152 and the stator core ends 202 should have arcuate faces that will be presented to the air gap. However, the high possible polar values in the present machine allow the surfaces of the magnets 152 and the ends of the stator core presented to the air gap to be flat. In devices of high polar value, the orientation surfaces subtend only at a small angle, so that a flat surface is a sufficiently close approximation of a face that is an arc segment of a cylindrical surface. As a result of the high combined polar value and high frequency made possible by the use of an amorphous magnetic material based on nanocrystalline Fe or improved stator flux, rectangular shaped rotor magnets 152 can be used in the stator. , stator cores can also be manufactured with flat faces due to the same reasons, which leads to additional cost savings. Stator cores and rotor magnets of these forms still make very efficient use of available space without incurring a performance penalty. Ratio of Slots per Phase per Pole The design of the present machine provides considerable flexibility for the selection of an optimal SPP ratio. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a motor wherein the SPP ratio is optimally equal to 0.5. Conventionally designed machines often provide an SPP ratio of 1 to 3 to obtain acceptable levels of functionality and noise and to provide a smoother output due to better distribution of the winding. However, designs with a lower SPP value, for example, of 0.5, have been sought to reduce the effect of the final turns. The final turns are the portions of the wire in the stator that connect the windings between the slots. Although obviously this connection is required, the final turns do not contribute to the torque and power output of the machine. In this sense, these are undesirable, because they increase the amount of wire required and contribute to the ohmic losses in the machine while providing no benefit. Therefore, an objective of the engine designer is the minimization of the final turns and the supply of an engine with a manageable uneven noise and gear. On the other hand, the preferred implementations of the present motor allow a reduced SPP ratio, together with the low noise and uneven gait. This benefit is obtained through the operation with a high polar and slot value. These options were not feasible in the previous machines, because the required increase in the switching frequency is unacceptable without the use of advanced low loss stator materials. The preferred embodiments of the present machine are beneficially designed with an SPP ratio of 1 or less, more preferably, 0.5 or less. It is possible to wire multiple slots in a common magnetic section, providing a SPP larger than 0.5. This is the result of having a larger number of stator slots than rotor poles, which results in a distributed winding. An SPP value less than or equal to 0.5 indicates that there are no distributed windings. A convention in the industry is the inclusion of the windings distributed in the stator. However, the distributed windings will raise the SPP value and reduce the frequency for a given speed. As a result, in conventional machines that have SPP = 0.5, and operate at a low frequency, there will also be a low polar value. A low polar value combined with an SPP = 0.5 causes great difficulty in controlling uneven gait. For some applications, the construction of an engine with a fractional value of 'SPP is advantageous, because this motor could use pre-formed coils around a single stator tooth. In embodiments other than the present machine, the SPP ratio is an integral relationship, such as 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75 or 1.0. The SPP could also be larger than 1.0. In a preferred embodiment that is particularly suitable for use of three phases, the SPP ratio is 0.5. Flexibility in Wiring / Winding Design An additional advantage of certain embodiments of the present stator structure is that these alternative wiring conditions could be used with the same structure. Traditional stator designs limit winding design choices due to the aforementioned approach to using SPP ratios of 1.0 to 3.0, which require the distribution of windings through multiple stator cores 102. It becomes difficult to have more than two or three winding options with distributed windings. The present configuration provides the ability to take advantage of the design of SPP = 0.5, where normally there is only one discrete coil tooth per stator. However, the invention does not exclude other arrangements with SPP = 0.5. The modalities with single tooth coils can be easily modified and reconnected in order to provide any voltage demanded by a given application. Therefore, a unique set of motor hardware according to the present invention can provide a wide range of solutions simply by changing the coil. In general, the coil is the simplest component to modify in an electromagnetic circuit. Thus, given an SPP ratio approaching 0.5 as in the device of this invention, there is significant flexibility in terms of the stator winding configurations. For example, the manufacturer could wind each stator separately from one another, or the manufacturer could provide separate stator windings within the same stator. This capability is one of the advantages of a system with an SPP equal to 0.5. Although there have been occasional industrial systems for certain specialized applications that employ SPP = 0.5, they are not widespread and have met with limited success in general use. The present invention provides with good results a system with an SPP = 0.5 that allows this flexibility in the winding. Thermal Properties One of the characteristics that limits the output and speed of the device in all electrical devices, including those that use Si-Fe alloys and those that use amorphous metals based on nanocrystalline Fe or oriented by grain or oriented without grain, is the heat residual. This residual heat comes from a number of sources, predominantly the ohmic losses, the film losses and proximity effect, the rotor losses of the parasitic currents on the magnets and other components of the rotor, and the loss of core that comes from the stator core. Due to the large amounts of waste heat generated, conventional machines quickly reach the limit of their capacity to dispose of waste heat. The "continuous power limit" of conventional machines is often determined by the maximum speed at which the machine can operate continuously while still being able to dissipate all of the waste heat that is generated. The continuous power limit is a function of the current. The power limit is additionally affected by the permissible temperature rise, which must be chosen consistent with the limit values of the insulation temperature and other components in the motor. In engines designed to operate in air, the choice of an open or closed frame determines in part the extent of the cooling flow. Some applications allow a liquid cooling, which improves the heat extraction capacity and provides a higher limit value and a higher power density, although at the cost of a more complicated device. Various implementations of the present machine may employ any or all of these variants. However, in the device of the present invention, a minor amount of waste heat is generated because amorphous Fe-based nanocrystalline or grain-oriented or grainless materials have lower losses than Si-Fe, and the designer can exploit These low loss characteristics increase the frequency, speed and power, and subsequently, balancing in a correct way and "changing" the low core loss against the ohmic loss. Many of the soft improved materials that are used in the embodiments of the present device also have a lower excitation current, in addition to the reduction of ohmic losses. In general, for the same power as conventional machines, the motor of the present invention has a lower loss and therefore higher torques and speeds. Accordingly, the devices of the present invention can often achieve higher limits of continuous speed than conventional machines. Improved Efficiency The embodiments of the present invention in most cases provide a device that achieves the required performance, is still efficient and cost-effective. Efficiency is defined as the output power of the device divided by the input power. The ability of the machines of the present invention to operate simultaneously at higher switching frequencies with a high polar value results in more efficient devices having both low core losses and high power density. For high frequency designs, the frequency limit of 400 Hz has been an industry standard beyond which some, if not any, applications have been practical so far. The performance and efficiency increase of the present invention is not simply an inherent characteristic of the replacement of Si-Fe with amorphous metal. Several entities have tried and failed in the successful design of a viable radial air gap engine using these materials. The present invention provides a new stator design that exploits the properties of amorphous Fe-based nanocrystalline or grain-oriented or grainless oriented materials to provide a radial air gap motor. The present invention also provides devices in which efficiency losses, including hysteresis losses, are significantly reduced. Hysteresis losses originate from the impeded motion of the domain wall during magnetization for Si-Fe alloys oriented by grain, which may contribute to overheating of the core. As a result of the efficiency increase, the engine of the present invention has the ability to achieve a larger continuous speed range. The result of the speed range is described as torque speed. Conventional motors are limited because they can provide low torque for high speed (low power) intervals, or high torque for low speed intervals. The present invention provides good results with high torque motors for high speed intervals. Having thus described the invention in a more than complete detail, it will be understood that this detail is not strictly adhered to, but that additional changes and modifications, together with additional arrangements and instrumentalities, could suggest by themselves to a person skilled in the art. the technique, all fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the attached dependent claims. It is noted that in relation to this date the best method known by the applicant to carry out the aforementioned invention, is that which is clear from the present description of the invention.

Claims (20)

CLAIMS Having described the invention as above, the content of the following claims is claimed as property:

1. A dynamoelectric machine, characterized in that it comprises: (a) at least one stator assembly, a plurality of stator windings and at least one rotor assembly supported to rotate about a rotational axis, the rotor and stator assemblies are concentric with the rotational axis; (b) at least one rotor assembly comprises at least one rotor magnet structure, which provides magnetic poles having the north and south polarity, the poles are located at least in two rotor layers that are substantially flat, perpendicular to the rotational axis and are separated in axial position, each of the layers has the same number of poles, and the poles in each of the layers are located at the same angular distance around the circumference of the rotor assembly on the periphery cylindrical thereof; (c) at least the stator assembly comprises a plurality of stator cores, each of the stator cores terminates in a first and a second stator pole faces, and comprises laminated layers composed of a material selected from the group consisting of of amorphous magnetic material based on iron, nanocritaline and flow improvement: (i) the first and second pole faces of the stator of each of the stator cores are located on the cylindrical periphery of the stator assembly in axial alignment; (ii) the first polar faces of the stator are in a first stator layer in a radial position adjacent to one of the rotor layers; and (iii) the second pole faces of the stator are in the second stator layer adjacent to another of the rotor layers; and (d) the stator windings enclose the stator cores and the dynamoelectric machine has a slot-to-phase ratio per mole that fluctuates from about 0.25 to 4.0. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor magnet structure comprises a plurality of discrete rotor magnets, each of the magnets having a polarity defining the north and south poles at opposite ends of the magnets. same, the magnets in each layer are located at the same angular distance around the circumference of the rotor assembly, so that: (i) one end of each of the magnets is located on the cylindrical periphery of the rotor assembly; (ii) the ends of the periphery have the north and south poles alternating in a circumferential position. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 2, characterized in that each of the magnets is magnetically connected to an adjacent magnet of the magnets through a magnetically permeable link member located near the other end of the adjacent magnet . The dynamoelectric machine according to claim 3, characterized in that the linking members comprise a laminated stack of sheets of a magnetically permeable material. 5. The dynamoelectric machine according to claim 4, characterized in that the magnetically permeable material is selected from the group consisting of an amorphous magnetic material based on Fe, nanocrystalline, and flow improvement. 6. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 3, characterized in that the linking members join the circumferentially adjacent magnets. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 3, characterized in that the connecting members join the axially adjacent magnets. 8. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 2, characterized in that the magnets are composed of a rare earth transition metal alloy. 9. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the magnets are SmCo or FeNdB magnets. 10. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the poles of opposite polarity in the rotor layers are in axial alignment. The dynamoelectric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the poles of opposite polarity in the rotor layers are oblique through an amount that fluctuates approximately up to one half of the distance between the circumferentially adjacent stator cores. 1

2. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of magnet structures that provide the magnetic poles. 1

3. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a slot-to-pole-to-pole ratio that ranges from about 0.25 to 1. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 13, characterized in that it has a ratio of slot per phase per pole of 0.50. 15. The dynamoelectric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that it has at least 16 poles. 16. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 15, characterized in that it has at least 32 poles. 17. The dynamoelectric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that it is adapted to work with a switching frequency that varies from approximately 500 Hz to 2 Hz. 18. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor assembly is radially inwardly of the stator assembly. 19. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the stator assembly is radially inward of the rotor assembly. 20. The dynamo-electric machine according to claim 1, further characterized in that it comprises power electronics means for the interconnection and control of the machine and that are operatively connected therewith.