KR102453877B1 - Method for manufacturing composite pane comprising functional elements with electrically controllable optical properties - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for producing a composite pane (100) having a functional element (5) with electrically controllable optical properties, comprising at least
a) the first barrier film 4a and the first intermediate layer 3a and/or the second barrier film 4b and the second intermediate layer 3b are fixedly bonded to each other temporarily or permanently,
b) outer pane 1, first intermediate layer 3a, first barrier film 4a, functional element 5 with electrically controllable optical properties, second barrier film 4b, second intermediate layer 3b ) and the stack sequence consisting of the inner pane 2 are arranged on top of each other in this spatial order, and
c) The stack sequence is joined in a stack.

Description

Method for manufacturing composite pane comprising functional elements with electrically controllable optical properties

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a composite pane comprising a functional element having electrically controllable optical properties, and more particularly to a windshield having an electrically controllable sun visor.

In the automotive and construction sectors, composite panes with electrically controllable functional elements are often used as sunscreens or privacy screens. Thus, for example, a windshield with an integrated sun visor is known in the form of a functional element in which the sun visor has electrically controllable optical properties. In particular, the transmittance behavior or the scattering behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the visible range is electrically controllable. The functional element is generally in the form of a film and is laminated or bonded to the composite pane. In the case of windshields, the driver can control the transmission behavior of the pane itself to sunlight. Therefore, a conventional mechanical sun visor is unnecessary. As a result, the weight of the vehicle can be reduced, and space can be secured in the ceiling area. In addition, electrical control of the sun visor is more convenient than manually folding a mechanical sun visor. Windshields with such an electrically controllable sun visor are known, for example, from DE 102013001334 A1, DE 102005049081 B3, DE 102005007427 A1 and DE 102007027296 A1.

A typical electrically controllable functional element contains an electrochromic layer structure or single particle device (SPD) film. A further possible functional element for realizing an electrically controllable sunscreen is a so-called PDLC functional element (polymer dispersed liquid crystal). Their active layer contains liquid crystals embedded in a polymer matrix. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals are randomly oriented, resulting in strong scattering of light passing through the active layer. When a voltage is applied to the surface electrode, the liquid crystals are aligned in a common direction, and the transmittance of light passing through the active layer is increased. The PDLC functional element works less by reducing the total transmittance, but instead by increasing the scattering to ensure protection against glare.

The prior art, stacked functional elements, especially PDLC functional elements, often have undesirable aging phenomena such as changes in lightening and shading in the edge region. This is improved by sealing the entrance edge of the functional element with a barrier material, for example as disclosed in WO 2014/086555 A1.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for manufacturing a composite pane comprising functional elements with electrically controllable optical properties that are easy to process, easy to automate, and at the same time have high aging resistance.

The object of the present invention is achieved by a method for producing a composite pane according to independent claim 1. A preferred embodiment arises from the dependent claims.

The present invention comprises a method for producing a composite pane comprising a functional element having electrically controllable optical properties, wherein at least

a) - a first barrier film and a first intermediate layer;

- a second barrier film and a second intermediate layer

or

- in each case

fixedly coupled to each other,

b) a stack sequence is prepared, wherein

- outer pane (1),

- a first intermediate layer (3a),

- a first barrier film (4a),

- a functional element (5) with electrically controllable optical properties;

- a second barrier film (4b),

- a second intermediate layer (3b), and

- the inner panes 2 are arranged on top of each other,

and

c) The stack sequence is joined in a stack.

The bonding between the barrier film and the interlayer may be permanent or temporary, ie at least until the stack sequence has been placed in step b).

This has the particular advantage that it prevents slippage of the barrier film during lamination as well as during storage, transport and assembly, and that the barrier film is fixedly and properly bonded to the functional element. As a result, among other things, air entrapment between the barrier film and the functional element is prevented and the optical quality of such composite panes is particularly high.

A list of elements in a stack sequence represents a spatial sequence in which elements are placed on top of each other. The elements are designed to be substantially flat and consist of thin layers or sheets with wide lateral extensions. Of course, the large surfaces of each element are arranged parallel to each other.

The indication of the sequence does not limit the temporal sequence. That is, in the manufacture of the stack sequence, it is possible to start with, for example, an inner pane or an outer pane. Subgroups may also be created prior to full assembly of the stack sequence.

In an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, in step c), an intermediate layer with embedded functional elements is formed from the first intermediate layer and the second intermediate layer by lamination. The barrier film is dimensioned and arranged to seal the side edges of the functional element.

Lamination is preferably carried out under the action of heat, vacuum and/or pressure. A known method for lamination may be used, for example, an autoclave method, a vacuum bag method, a vacuum ring method, a calender method, a vacuum laminator, or a combination thereof.

The electrical contact of the surface electrodes of the functional element is preferably carried out prior to lamination of the composite pane. Any prints present such as, for example, opaque masking prints or printed busbars for electrical contact of functional elements are also applied preferably prior to lamination, preferably by screen printing.

In another advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the first barrier film and the second barrier film are disposed on one another substantially simultaneously.

In another advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the barrier film is arranged with overhangs u on all sides beyond the functional element, the functional element being at least partially and preferably completely covered by the barrier film.

In another advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the barrier films are arranged frame-like along the side edges of the functional element. Advantageously, they have both overhangs on both sides of the lateral edges of the functional element.

In another advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the first and/or second barrier film is attached to the respective first or second interlayer by means of an adhesive bond, preferably an acrylic adhesive, particularly preferably an acrylate adhesive. bonded, and in particular by an adhesive containing at least 50% methyl methacrylate.

Alternatively or in combination, the barrier film is prepared by means of a fusion bond, for example by local or regional heating, preferably by heating to a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the barrier film and/or interlayer. It may be bonded to the intermediate layer.

Alternatively or in combination, the barrier film may be joined to the interlayer by a press bond, for example by a pressing method, or by a combined friction and pressing method, for example by ultrasonic bonding.

Adhesive bonds, fusion bonds and press bonds are generally permanent. Thus, all prelaminations are permanently fixed, suitable for long-term storage, and can be easily prepared.

In another advantageous embodiment of the process according to the invention, the barrier film and the respective interlayer are bonded to each other by means of a solvent, preferably by means of an organic solvent, particularly preferably by means of acetone, alcohol, in particular ethanol, isopropanol or chloroform. do. The solvent is advantageously sprayed onto the barrier film and/or the interlayer or otherwise applied, for example by means of a brush or by means of an impregnating roller.

The solvent may volatilize in step b) and/or during step c), before and/or after placement of the stack sequence. Such solvents can locally dissolve and bond together the surface of the barrier film and/or interlayer. Alternatively or in combination, the solvent may temporarily bond the stack sequence and the surface of the interlayer to each other by cohesive forces.

The advantage of this method lies in the fact that the solvent is no longer present in the subsequent product and/or does not adversely affect the optical properties and, in particular, the transmittance.

The invention further comprises a composite pane produced by the method according to the invention comprising at least:

- a stack sequence consisting of an outer pane, a first intermediate layer, a second intermediate layer and an inner pane, wherein the intermediate layer contains in each case at least one thermoplastic polymer film together with at least one plasticizer,

- a functional element having electrically controllable optical properties is disposed at least in part between the first and second intermediate layers,

wherein at least one barrier film is disposed between the first intermediate layer and the functional element as well as between the functional element and the second intermediate layer, the barrier film having an overhang u at least partially beyond the functional element.

Preferably, a barrier film is arranged in each case between the first intermediate layer and the functional element as well as between the functional element and the second intermediate layer, wherein each barrier film has an overhang u that at least partially extends beyond the functional element. The overhanging sections of the barrier film are disposed directly adjacent to each other and in contact with each other.

The composite pane may be, for example, a windshield or ceiling panel of a vehicle or other vehicle glazing, for example a split pane of a vehicle, preferably a rail vehicle or a bus. Alternatively, the composite pane can be, for example, architectural glass on the exterior facade of the building or split pane on the inside of the building.

The terms "outer pane" and "inner pane" arbitrarily describe two different windows. In particular, the outer pane may be referred to as a “first window” and the inner pane as a “second window”.

When a composite pane is provided for separating the interior from the external environment, in a window opening of a vehicle or of a building, "interior pane" means in this context of the invention a pane facing the interior (inside the vehicle) (second pane) refers to "External pane" refers to a pane facing the external environment (the first pane). However, the present invention is not limited thereto.

A composite pane according to the present invention comprises a functional element having electrically controllable optical properties disposed at least partially between a first intermediate layer and a second intermediate layer. The first and second interlayers typically have the same dimensions as the outer pane and the inner pane. The functional element is preferably in the form of a film.

In an advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, at least one barrier film is arranged in each case between the first intermediate layer and the second intermediate layer, which barrier film comprises one side edge of the functional element, two of the functional element have an overhang u beyond the functional element at the side edge, three lateral edges of the functional element, or all lateral edges (ie four or more lateral edges of the functional element). This means that one barrier film is disposed on the bottom surface of the functional element and the other barrier film is disposed on the top surface of the functional element. In the overhang (u) region, the overhang region of one barrier film is in direct contact with the overhang region of the second barrier film. In the context of a film-like functional element, "bottom" and "top" mean the two large surfaces disposed parallel to the outer pane and the inner pane, namely the outer surface and the inner surface of the functional element. The term “side edge” describes the surface of a very thin, orthogonal functional element in a film-like functional element. The barrier film may only partially or completely cover the top and/or bottom surfaces of the functional element.

In an advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, the overhang u of the barrier film beyond the functional element is at least 0.5 mm, preferably at least 2 mm, particularly preferably at least 5 mm and in particular at least 10 mm. The overhang u is thus determined as the lateral dimension parallel to the two largest dimensions of the functional element or of the composite pane.

In an advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, the overhang u of the barrier film beyond the functional element is less than 50 mm, preferably less than 30 mm and particularly preferably less than 20 mm.

In another advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, the barrier film or the various regions of the barrier film are bonded to one another in the overhang region, preferably pressed together (eg by lamination in the composite pane). As a result, a sufficient and safe diffusion barrier to the plasticizer outside the interlayer is produced, and blurring of the edge region of the functional element is reduced or prevented.

The invention further comprises a composite pane produced by the method according to the invention,

- wherein the intermediate layers contain at least one thermoplastic polymer film with at least one plasticizer,

- The barrier film is implemented to prevent the plasticizer from diffusing through the barrier film.

The present invention is based on the inventors' recognition that diffusion of a plasticizer from an intermediate layer into the interior of a functional element during aging will brighten or change transmittance, impairing the through-vision and aesthetics of the composite pane. As a result of sealing the functional element with a barrier film which retards or prevents diffusion of the plasticizer from the intermediate layer to the functional element, in particular to the lateral edges of the functional element, such aging is greatly reduced or completely prevented.

The sealing in the area of the side edge of the functional element is effected by two barrier films placed directly adjacent to each other, making area contact with each other, and pressed against each other (e.g. for lamination in the interior of composite panes). due to). As a result of embedding and lamination, the barrier films are fixedly bonded to each other in the overhang (u) region after the lamination process.

In an advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, the intermediate layer contains a polymer, preferably a thermoplastic polymer. In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, the interlayer comprises at least 3% by weight, preferably at least 5% by weight, particularly preferably at least 20% by weight, even more preferably at least 30% by weight, and especially at least 40% by weight of plasticizer. Preferably, the plasticizer contains or consists of triethylene glycol-bis-(2-ethyl hexanoate).

Plasticizers are chemicals that make plastics softer, more flexible, smoother, and more resilient. Shift the thermoelastic range of the plastic to a lower temperature so that the plastic has the desired higher elastic properties over the service temperature range. Other preferred plasticizers are carboxylic acid esters, especially low volatility carboxylic acid esters, fats, oils, soft resins and camphor. The other plasticizer is preferably an aliphatic diester of triethylene glycol or tetraethylene glycol. Particularly preferably used as plasticizers are 3G7, 3G8 or 4G7, wherein the first number indicates the number of ethylene glycol units and the last number indicates the number of carbon atoms in the carboxylic acid portion of the compound. Thus, 3G8 is triethylene glycol-bis-(2-ethyl hexanoate), i.e. the formula C ₄ H ₉ CH(CH ₂ CH ₃ )CO(OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₃ O ₂ CCH(CH ₂ CH ₃ )C _The compound of _4H9 is shown.

In another particularly advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, the interlayer comprises at least 60% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight, particularly preferably at least 90% by weight, and in particular at least 97% by weight polyvinyl butyral. contains

The thickness of each intermediate layer is preferably from 0.2 mm to 2 mm, particularly preferably from 0.3 mm to 1 mm, in particular from 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm, for example 0.38 mm.

In an advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, the barrier film is embodied to prevent diffusion of the plasticizer from the intermediate layer through the barrier film.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, the barrier film has a low plasticizer, preferably a plasticizer content, of less than 3% by weight, particularly preferably less than 1% by weight, and in particular less than 0.5% by weight. Most particularly preferably, the barrier film is plasticizer-free, ie no plasticizer is intentionally added. The barrier film contains or is made of a polymer, preferably polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or polyethylene (PE). The barrier film may also contain a low plasticizer polyvinyl butyral (PVB) having a plasticizer content of less than 3% by weight.

Controllable functional elements typically include an active layer between two surface electrodes. The active layer has controllable optical properties that can be controlled via a voltage applied to the surface electrode. The surface electrode and active layer are typically disposed substantially parallel to the surfaces of the outer pane and the inner pane. The surface electrode is electrically connected to an external voltage source in a manner known per se. Electrical contact is made to a suitable connecting cable, for example a so-called bus bar, for example a strip of electrically conductive material or a foil conductor which is selectively connected to the surface electrode via electrically conductive imprints. is realized by

The surface electrode is preferably designed as a transparent electrically conductive layer. The surface electrode preferably contains at least a metal, a metal alloy or a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). The surface electrode may contain, for example, silver, gold, copper, nickel, chromium, tungsten, indium tin oxide (ITO), gallium doped or aluminum doped zinc oxide, and/or fluorine doped or antimony doped tin oxide. The surface electrode preferably has a thickness of 10 nm to 2 μm, particularly preferably 20 nm to 1 μm, and most particularly preferably 30 nm to 500 nm.

In addition to the active layer and the surface electrode, the functional element may have other layers known per se, for example a barrier layer, a blocking layer, an antireflection layer, a protective layer and/or a smoothing layer.

The functional element is preferably present as a multilayer film with two outer carrier films. In such a multilayer film, the surface electrode and the active layer are disposed between two carrier films. Herein, "outer carrier film" means a carrier film forming two surfaces of a multilayer film. Accordingly, the functional element can advantageously be provided as a processable laminated film. The functional element is advantageously protected by the carrier film from damage, in particular from corrosion. The multilayer film comprises, in the order indicated, at least one carrier film, one surface electrode, one active layer, another surface electrode and another carrier film. The carrier film especially carries the surface electrode and provides the necessary mechanical stability to the liquid or soft active layer.

The carrier film preferably contains at least one thermoplastic polymer, particularly preferably low or plasticizer-free polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This is particularly advantageous in terms of the stability of the multilayer film. However, the carrier film may also contain other polymers that are plasticizer-free or low-plasticizers, such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylate, polyvinylchloride, polyacetate resin, casting resins, acrylates, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinyl fluoride and/or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene. The thickness of each carrier film is preferably 0.4 mm to 1 mm, particularly preferably 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm.

Typically, the carrier film has an electrically conductive coating which in each case faces the active layer and serves as a surface electrode.

In another advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, the functional element is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) functional element. The active layer of the PDLC functional element contains liquid crystals embedded in a polymer matrix. When no voltage is applied to the surface electrode, the liquid crystal is randomly oriented and the light passing through the active layer is strongly scattered. When a voltage is applied to the surface electrode, the liquid crystals are aligned in a common direction to increase the transmittance of light passing through the active layer.

However, in principle it is also possible to use other types of controllable functional elements, for example electrochromic functional elements or suspended particle device (SPD) functional elements. In order that detailed descriptions may be omitted herein, the mentioned controllable functional elements and their modes of operation are known per se to those skilled in the art.

Functional elements such as multilayer films are commercially available. The functional element to be integrated is further cut into the desired shape and size, usually in a large dimension multilayer film. This can be done mechanically, for example by means of a knife. In an advantageous embodiment, the cutting is performed using a laser. In this case, the side edges have proven to be more stable than machine cutting. The use of mechanically cut side edges risks pulling the material back, making it visually striking and adversely affecting the aesthetics of the pane.

The functional element is bonded to the outer pane via the region of the first intermediate layer and to the inner pane via the region of the second intermediate layer (as well as possibly also via a barrier film disposed therebetween in each case). The intermediate layer is preferably disposed areaally on top of each other with a functional element interposed between the two layers, and laminated on each other. The region of the intermediate layer overlapping the functional element forms a region connecting the functional element to the pane. In other areas of the pane where the interlayers are in direct contact with each other, the two original layers may be fused during lamination so that they are no longer identified and instead there is one uniform interlayer.

For example, the intermediate layer may be formed by a single thermoplastic film. The interlayer may also be formed as a two-ply, three-ply or multi-ply film stack, wherein the individual films have the same or different properties. The intermediate layer may also be formed from sections of different thermoplastic films having adjacent side edges.

In an advantageous embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, the region of the first or second interlayer in which the functional element is bonded to the outer pane or the inner pane is tinted or colored. Therefore, the transmittance of this region in the visible spectral range is reduced compared to the uncolored layer or the achromatic layer. Thus, the tinted/colored area of the intermediate layer reduces the transmittance of the windshield in the sun visor area. Because the coloring creates a more neutral appearance, the aesthetic impression of functional elements is especially improved, which brings a more pleasant effect to the observer.

In this context of the present invention, "electrically controllable optical property" means an infinitely controllable property as well as a property that can be switched between two or more discrete states.

Electrical control of the sun visor is performed, for example, using switches, rotary knobs or sliders integrated into the vehicle dashboard. However, the switch area for controlling the sun visor can be integrated in the windshield, for example in the capacitive switch area. Alternatively or additionally, the sun visor may be controlled in a non-contact manner, for example by sensing a gesture, or as a function of pupil or eyelid state detected by a camera and appropriate evaluation electronics. Alternatively or additionally, the sun visor may be controlled by a sensor that detects light incident on the pane.

The colored or colored region of the intermediate layer preferably has a transmittance of 10 % to 50 %, particularly preferably 20 % to 40 % in the visible spectral range. In this way, particularly good results can be achieved in terms of anti-glare and visual appearance.

The intermediate layer can be formed by a single thermoplastic film, and the colored or colored areas are produced by local coloring or coloring. Such films can be obtained, for example, by coextrusion. Alternatively, uncolored film sections and colored or colored film sections may be combined to form the thermoplastic layer.

The colored or colored areas may be uniformly colored or colored. That is, it may have location-independent transmittance. However, coloration or coloration may be non-uniform, and in particular, transmittance progression may be realized. In one embodiment, the transmittance level decreases in the at least partially colored or colored area as the distance from the top edge increases. Thus, it is possible to avoid the sharp edges of colored or colored areas so that the transition from the sun visor to the transparent area of the windshield appears gradual, making it more aesthetically appealing.

In an advantageous embodiment, the region of the first intermediate layer, ie the region between the functional element and the outer pane, is colored. This gives a particularly aesthetic appearance when the outer pane is viewed from above. The region of the second intermediate layer between the functional element and the inner pane may optionally be additionally colored or colored.

The composite pane with electrically controllable functional elements can advantageously be embodied as a windshield with an electrically controllable sun visor. Such a windshield has an upper edge and a lower edge as well as two side edges extending between the upper and lower edges. "Top edge" refers to an edge that is intended to point upwards in the installation position. "Lower edge" refers to an edge that points downward in the installation position. The upper edge is often referred to as the “ceiling edge” and the lower edge as the “engine edge”.

The windshield has a central field of view and high demands are placed on the optical quality. The central field of view should have high light transmittance (typically 70% or more). The central field of view is specifically referred to as field of view B, field of view B or zone B to those of ordinary skill in the art. Sight B and its technical requirements are in accordance with Regulation No. of the European Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE). 43 (ECE-R43, "Uniform provisions for approval of safety glazing materials and their installation in vehicles"). From there, field of view B is defined in Annex 18.

The functional element is advantageously arranged above the central field of view (field B). This means that the functional element is arranged in the region between the central field of view and the upper edge of the windshield. The functional element need not cover the entire area, but is located completely within this area and does not protrude into the central field of view. That is, the functional element falls less from the upper edge of the windshield than the central field of view. Therefore, the transmittance of the central field of view is not adversely affected by the functional element positioned in a position similar to that of the conventional mechanical sun visor in the folded state.

The windshield is preferably provided for motor vehicles, particularly preferably for passenger cars.

In a preferred embodiment, the functional element, more precisely the lateral edges of the functional element, is circumferentially surrounded by a third intermediate layer. The third intermediate layer is designed like a frame with a recess. The functional element can be inserted into the recess or arranged in a plane above or below it. The third intermediate layer may also be formed by a thermoplastic film into which recesses are introduced by cutting. Alternatively, the third interlayer may consist of multiple film sections around the functional element. The intermediate layer is preferably formed of a total of at least three thermoplastic layers arranged in surface contact on top of each other, the middle layer of which has a recess in which the functional element is disposed. In the manufacturing process, a third intermediate layer is disposed between the first intermediate layer and the second intermediate layer, and the side edges of all intermediate layers are preferably arranged coincidentally. The third intermediate layer preferably has approximately the same thickness as the functional element. Thus, local differences in windshield thickness introduced by locally limited functional elements can be compensated to avoid glass breakage and/or permanent stresses of the glass during lamination.

The side edges of the functional element visible through the windshield are preferably arranged flush with the third intermediate layer so that there is no gap between the side edges of the functional element and the associated side edge of the intermediate layer. This is especially true of the lower edge of the normally visible functional element. Thus, the boundary between the third intermediate layer and the functional element is visually less conspicuous.

In a preferred embodiment, the lower edge of the colored area of the functional element and of the intermediate layer(s) is adapted to the shape of the upper edge of the windshield, providing a more attractive visual impression. Since the upper edge of the windshield is normally curved, in particular concavely curved, the lower edge of the functional element and the colored area is also preferably curved. Particularly preferably, the lower edge of the functional element is substantially parallel to the upper edge of the windshield. However, it is also possible to construct the sun visor from two halves, each straight line arranged at an angle to each other and forming a substantially V-shaped upper edge.

In one embodiment of the invention, the functional element is divided into segments by isolating lines. Isolating lines are introduced in particular to the surface electrode such that the segments of the surface electrode are electrically isolated from each other. The individual segments are connected to a voltage source independently of each other so that they can be operated individually. Thus, different areas of the sun visor can be switched independently. Particularly preferably, the isolation lines and segments are arranged horizontally in the installation position. Therefore, the height of the sun visor can be controlled by the user. The term “horizontal” is to be interpreted broadly herein and refers to the direction of extension running from the windshield to the side edge of the windshield. The isolation lines are not necessarily straight, but may be slightly curved, and may preferably be adjusted to be substantially parallel to the possible curvature of the upper edge of the windshield, in particular the upper edge of the windshield. Of course, vertical isolation lines are also conceivable.

The isolation lines are for example 5 μm to 500 μm wide, in particular 20 μm to 200 μm. The width of the segment, that is, the distance between adjacent isolation lines, may be appropriately selected by a person skilled in the art according to the requirements of individual cases. Isolation lines can be introduced by laser ablation, mechanical cutting or etching during production of the functional element. An already laminated multilayer film may be split by laser ablation.

The upper edge and side edges or all side edges of the functional element are preferably hidden from view through the composite pane by means of an opaque masking print or by an outer frame. The windshield has a perimeter masking print, usually made of opaque enamel, which serves to visually hide and protect from UV radiation, especially the adhesive used for window installation. This perimeter masking print is preferably used to hide the top and side edges of the functional element as well as the necessary electrical connections. Thereafter, the sun visor is advantageously integrated into the exterior of the windshield and only its lower edge is potentially identifiable by the observer. Preferably, the outer pane and also the inner pane have a masking print on both sides to prevent see-through.

The functional element may also have a recess or hole, for example in the area of a so-called sensor window or camera window. These areas are equipped with sensors or cameras, whose function is impaired by the control element in the beam path, eg rain sensors. It is also possible to implement a sun visor having at least two functional elements separated from each other by providing a space for a sensor window or a camera window by providing a distance between the functional elements.

The functional element (or all of the functional elements in the case of a plurality of functional elements described above) spans the entire width of the composite pane or windshield, with the exception of, for example, the edge regions on both sides having a width between 2 mm and 20 mm. preferably arranged. The functional element also preferably has a distance of, for example, from the upper edge of 2 mm to 20 mm. The functional element is thus sealed within the interlayer and protected from contact with the surrounding atmosphere and from corrosion.

As is common in the case of window panes, the outer pane and the inner pane are preferably made of glass, particularly preferably of soda lime glass. However, the pane can also be made of other types of glass, for example quartz glass, borosilicate glass or aluminosilicate glass or a hard transparent plastic, for example polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate. The window may be transparent, colored or colored. The windshield must have adequate light transmission in the central field of view and must have a minimum of 70% in the primary viewing area A according to ECE-R43.

The outer pane, the inner pane and/or the interlayer may have further suitable coatings known, for example anti-reflective coatings, non-tacky coatings, anti-scratch coatings, photocatalytic coatings, or sun protection coatings or low-E coatings. have.

The thickness of the outer pane and the inner pane can vary widely and can therefore be adapted to the requirements of the individual case. The outer pane and the inner pane preferably have a thickness of from 0.5 mm to 5 mm, particularly preferably from 1 mm to 3 mm.

The invention further comprises the use of the composite pane according to the invention having an electrically controllable functional element as an interior glazing or an exterior glazing of a vehicle or building, wherein the electrically controllable functional element is used as a sunscreen or privacy screen do.

The invention further comprises the use of the composite pane according to the invention as a windshield or ceiling panel of a vehicle, wherein the electrically controllable functional element is used as a sun visor.

A particular advantage of the present invention of using a composite pane as a windshield is that a mechanically collapsible sun visor mounted on a conventional vehicle ceiling can be omitted. Consequently, the present invention also encompasses vehicles without such conventional sun visors, preferably automobiles, in particular passenger cars.

The present invention also includes the use of a tinted or colored area of an intermediate layer for bonding a functional element having electrically controllable optical properties with an outer pane or an inner pane of a windshield, wherein the electrically controllable sun visor comprises the intermediate layer and the function This is realized by colored or colored areas of the element.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is described in detail with reference to the drawings and exemplary embodiments. The drawings are schematic representations and do not correspond to actual sizes. The drawings in no way limit the invention.
1a is a plan view of a first embodiment of a composite pane according to the invention;
1b is a schematic diagram of a method according to the invention for producing a composite pane according to the invention according to FIG. 1a;
FIG. 1c is a cross-sectional view through the composite pane of FIG. 1a along cut line XX ′.
FIG. 1D is an enlarged view of region Z of FIG. 1B .
2a is a plan view of a second embodiment of a composite pane according to the invention;
FIG. 2b is a schematic diagram of a method according to the invention for producing a composite pane according to the invention according to FIG. 2a;
FIG. 2c is a cross-sectional view through the composite pane of FIG. 2a along the cut line XX'.
FIG. 2D is an enlarged view of region Z of FIG. 2B .
3a is a plan view of another embodiment of a composite pane according to the invention as a windshield with a sun visor;
Fig. 3b is a cross-sectional view through the composite pane of Fig. 3a along the cut line XX';
FIG. 3C is an enlarged view of region Z of FIG. 3B .
4 is a plan view of another embodiment of a composite pane according to the invention as a windshield with a sun visor;
FIG. 5a is a cross-sectional view through the alternative composite pane of FIG. 1a along cut line XX';
FIG. 5b is a schematic diagram of a method according to the invention for producing a composite pane according to the invention according to FIG. 5a;
6 shows an embodiment of a method according to the invention with reference to a flowchart.

1a, 1c and 1d depict details of a composite pane 100 according to the invention in each case. 1b is a schematic diagram of a method according to the invention for producing a composite pane 100 according to the invention depicted in FIGS. 1a , 1c and 1d .

The composite pane 100 comprises an outer pane 1 and an inner pane 2 connected to each other via a first intermediate layer 3a and a second intermediate layer 3b. The outer pane 1 has a thickness of 2.1 mm and is made, for example, of transparent soda lime glass. The inner pane 2 has a thickness of 1.6 mm and is made, for example, of transparent soda-lime glass. The composite pane 100 has a first edge, hereinafter referred to as "top edge" and referred to as D. The composite pane 100 has a second edge, hereinafter referred to as "lower edge", disposed opposite the upper edge D and referred to as M. The composite pane 100 may be placed as an architectural glazing in the frame of a window, for example, together with other panes to form an insulating glazing.

A functional element 5 whose optical properties are controllable via voltage is arranged between the first intermediate layer 3a and the second intermediate layer 3b. For simplicity, electrical leads are not shown. The controllable functional element 5 is, for example, a PDLC multilayer film consisting of an active layer 11 between two surface electrodes 12 , 13 and two carrier films 14 , 15 . The active layer 11 includes a polymer matrix in which liquid crystals oriented as a function of voltage applied to the surface electrodes are dispersed, through which optical properties can be controlled. The carrier films 14 , 15 are made of PET and have a thickness of, for example, 0.125 mm. The carrier films 14 , 15 are provided with an ITO coating facing the active layer 11 , having a thickness of about 100 nm and forming the surface electrodes 12 , 13 . The surface electrodes 12 , 13 can be connected to the vehicle's electrical system via a busbar (not shown) (formed for example by silver-containing screen printing) and a connecting cable (not shown).

The intermediate layers 3a, 3b comprise in each case a thermoplastic film having a thickness of 0.38 mm. The intermediate layers 3a, 3b are, for example, 78% by weight of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and 20% by weight of triethylene glycol bis(2-ethyl hexanoate) (triethylene glycol bis(2) as a plasticizer. -ethyl hexanoate)).

The first barrier film 4a is disposed between the first intermediate layer 3a and the functional element 5 . Further, a second barrier film 4b is disposed between the functional element 5 and the second intermediate layer 3b. The barrier films 4a , 4b here have an overhang u of, for example, 5 mm on all sides, for example beyond the functional element 5 . Here, "on all sides" means that each side edge 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 of the functional element 5 has an overhang u. Portions of the barrier film 4a in the overhang region are in contact with portions directly opposing the barrier film 4b. By superposition of all sides, the functional element 5 is completely surrounded and sealed by the barrier films 4a, 4b.

The barrier films 4a, 4b are here, for example, made substantially of PET, ie at least up to 97% by weight. The barrier film 4a, 4b contains less than 0.5% by weight of plasticizer and prevents diffusion of the plasticizer from the intermediate layer 3a, 3b on the side edges 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 to the functional layer 5. suitable to reduce or prevent.

Since, in the aging test, diffusion of the plasticizer from the intermediate layers 3a , 3b into the functional element 5 and consequent deterioration of the functional element 5 is prevented, such a composite pane 100 is placed on the edge of the functional element 5 . Significantly reduced brightening in the area.

1b shows a schematic diagram of a method according to the invention for producing the composite pane 100 of FIGS. 1a , 1c and 1d .

According to this, in a first step a), a first barrier layer 4a is disposed on the first intermediate layer 3a and is permanently adhered thereto, for example via a first adhesive bond 7a. Further, a second barrier layer 4b is disposed on the second intermediate layer 3b and is permanently adhered thereto, for example via a second adhesive bond 7b. The adhesive bonds 7a, 7b are made, for example, by an acrylate adhesive. Of course, the barrier films 4a, 4b may be permanently or temporarily adhered to the intermediate layer 3a, 3b by other methods mentioned in the description of the invention.

In a second step b), the stack sequence is arranged. For this purpose, a pre-lamination comprising a second intermediate layer 3b and a second barrier film 3b is disposed on the inner pane 2 of the composite pane 100 . The second barrier film 3b is disposed on the side of the second intermediate layer 3b away from the inner pane 2 . Thereafter, the functional element 5 is disposed on the second intermediate layer 3b in the region of the second barrier film 3b. Here, the barrier film 3b and the functional element 5 are dimensioned such that, for example, the barrier film 3b completely covers the functional element 5 and protrudes from all sides by, for example, an overhang u of 5 mm. get angry

Thereafter, a pre-stack comprising the first intermediate layer 3a and the first barrier layer 4a is disposed on the second intermediate layer together with the second barrier layer 4b and the functional element 5 . The first barrier layer 4a is placed in direct contact with the functional element 5 and consequently on the side of the first intermediate layer 3a facing the functional element 5 . Here, the barrier film 3a is dimensioned such that, for example, the barrier film 4a completely covers the functional element 5 and protrudes from all sides by an overhang u of, for example, 5 mm. The first barrier film 4a and the second barrier film 4b are coincident and in contact with each other, for example in the entire area of the overhang u beyond the functional element 5 .

Thereafter, the outer pane 1 of the composite pane 100 is disposed on and in direct contact with the first intermediate layer 3a.

Of course, the stack sequence can also be produced in the reverse order, for example starting with the outer pane 1 on which the first intermediate layer 3a is disposed. Also, of course, more films or layers may be disposed between the individual elements of the stack sequence or on the outer surfaces of the inner pane 2 and/or the outer pane 1 .

The fixed adhesion between the barrier films 4a, 4b and the intermediate layers 3a, 3b has significant advantages. As a result of the fixed adhesion of the very thin barrier films 4a, 4b to the considerably thick intermediate layers 3a, 3b, the barrier films 4a, 4b can be processed and positioned much more easily. In particular, bubbles or kinking of the barrier films 4a and 4b can be prevented. The entire positioning process is easier to handle and easier to automate.

In the last step c), the stack sequences of steps a) and b) are joined together in a stack. Thus, a finished composite pane 100 in which the functional element 5 is embedded between the intermediate layers 3a, 3b is produced. By means of the fixed embedding of the functional element 5 , the barrier films 4a , 4b are fixedly adhered to the functional element 5 and to each other in the area of the overhang u. In this example, the barrier films 4a , 4b completely cover and hermetically surround the functional element 5 .

2a, 2c and 2d show a further embodiment of a composite pane 100 according to the invention of FIGS. 1a, 1c and 1d. As the composite pane 100 of FIGS. 2A , 2C and 2D substantially corresponds to the composite pane 100 of FIGS. 1A , 1C and 1D , only the differences will be discussed below.

A substantial difference from FIGS. 1A, 1C and 1D is that the barrier films 4a, 4b in FIGS. 2A, 2C and 2D are frame-like rather than full-surface. Also, the manufacturing method according to the present invention is different as shown in FIG. 2B .

FIG. 2b shows a schematic diagram of a method according to the invention for producing the composite pane 100 of FIGS. 2a , 2c and 2d .

According to this, in a first step a), a first barrier layer 4a is disposed on the first intermediate layer 3a and is permanently bonded thereto, for example via a first adhesive bond 7a. Of course, the barrier film 4a may be permanently or temporarily bonded to the intermediate layer 3a by other methods mentioned in the description of the invention.

In a second step b), the stack sequence is placed. For this purpose, a second intermediate layer 3b is arranged on the inner pane 2 of the composite pane 100 . After that, a frame-like second barrier film 4b is disposed on the second intermediate layer 3b. Thereafter, the functional element 5 is disposed on the second intermediate layer 3b in the region of the second barrier film 4b. Here, the barrier film 4b and the functional element 5 are, for example, the barrier film 4b covering the functional element 5 in a frame-like manner in its edge region (ie its lateral edges), and on all sides. For example, dimensioned to protrude with an overhang u of 5 mm.

Thereafter, a pre-stack comprising the first intermediate layer 3a and the first barrier layer 4a is disposed on the second intermediate layer 3b having the second barrier layer 4b and the functional element 5 . The first barrier layer 4a is then brought into direct contact with the functional element 5 , and consequently is disposed on the side of the first intermediate layer 3a facing the functional element 5 . Here, the first barrier film 4a covers the functional element 5 in the form of a frame, for example in the edge region, and is dimensioned to protrude from all sides with an overhang u of 5 mm. The first barrier film 4a and the second barrier film 4b coincide with each other and are in contact with each other, for example in the entire area of the overhang u beyond the functional element 5 .

Thereafter, the outer pane 1 of the composite pane 100 is disposed on and in direct contact with the first intermediate layer 3a.

Of course, the stack sequence may also be manufactured in the reverse order, for example starting from the outer pane 1 etc. on which the first intermediate layer 3a is disposed. Also, of course, more films or layers may be disposed between the individual elements of the stack sequence or on the outer surface of the inner pane 2 and/or the outer pane 1 .

In the last step c) the stack sequences of steps a) and b) are joined together in a stack. Thus, a finished composite pane 100 with the functional element 5 embedded between the intermediate layers 3a, 3b is produced. Due to the fixed embedding of the functional element 5 , the barrier films 4a , 4b may be fixedly bonded to the functional element 5 in the region of the overhang u and to each other. In this example, the barrier films 4a , 4b cover the edges of the functional element 5 and hermetically surround the lateral edges 5.1 , 5.2 , 5.3 , 5.4 of the functional element 5 .

3a, 3b and 3c show details of an alternative composite pane 100 according to the invention as a windshield in each case with an electrically controllable sun visor. As the composite pane 100 of FIGS. 3A-3C substantially corresponds to the composite pane 100 of FIGS. 1A, 1C and 1D , only the differences will be discussed below.

A windshield comprises a trapezoidal composite pane 100 having an outer pane 1 and an inner pane 2 joined together via two intermediate layers 3a, 3b. The outer pane 1 has a thickness of 2.1 mm and is made of green soda-lime glass. The inner pane 2 has a thickness of 1.6 mm and is made of transparent soda-lime glass. The windshield has an upper edge D facing the ceiling in the installed position and a lower edge M facing the engine compartment in the installed position.

The windshield is equipped with an electrically controllable functional element 5 as a sun visor which is arranged in the area above the central field of view B (as defined in ECE-R43). The sun visor is formed by a commercially available PDLC multilayer film as a functional element 5 embedded in the intermediate layers 3a, 3b. The height of the sun visor is, for example, 21 cm. the first intermediate layer 3a is bonded to the outer pane 1; The second intermediate layer 3b is bonded to the inner pane 2 . The third intermediate layer 3c positioned therebetween has a cutout, in which the PDLC multilayer film cut to size is inserted with a precise fit, ie all sides flush. The third intermediate layer 3c thus forms, so to speak, a kind of universal frame for the functional element 5 and is thus encapsulated with a thermoplastic material and is thereby protected.

The first intermediate layer 3a has a colored area 6 arranged between the functional element 5 and the outer pane 1 . The light transmittance of the windshield is thus further reduced in the region of the functional element 5 and the milky appearance of the PDLC functional element 5 is relaxed in the diffuse state. The aesthetics of the windshield are therefore designed to be considerably more attractive. The first intermediate layer 3a has, for example, an average light transmittance of 30% in the region 6, and good results are obtained.

Region 6 can be uniformly colored. However, it is often more visually attractive to reduce the coloration in the direction of the lower edge of the functional element 5 so that the colored and uncolored areas transition smoothly into each other.

In the case shown, the lower edge of the colored area 6 and the lower edge of the PDLC functional element 5 (here its lateral edge 5.1 ) are arranged flush with the barrier film 4 . However, this is not necessarily the case in this case. It is possible for the colored area 6 to protrude beyond the functional element 5 , and conversely for the functional element to protrude beyond the colored area 6 . In the latter case, it is not the entire functional element 5 that is connected to the outer pane 1 via the colored area 6 .

The controllable functional element 5 is a multilayer film consisting of an active layer 11 between two surface electrodes 12 , 13 and two carrier films 14 , 15 . The active layer 11 comprises a polymer matrix having liquid crystals dispersed therein, and the liquid crystal orients itself as a function of the voltage applied to the surface electrode, whereby the optical properties can be controlled. The carrier films 14 , 15 are made of PET and have a thickness of, for example, 0.125 mm. A carrier film 14 , 15 is provided on a coating of ITO forming the electrodes 12 , 13 , facing the active layer 11 , about 100 mm thick. The surface electrodes 12 , 13 may be connected to the vehicle's electrical system via a busbar (not shown) (eg formed by silver-containing screen printing) and a connecting cable (not shown).

The windshield typically has a circumferentially peripheral masking print 9 formed of opaque enamel on the inner side (facing the vehicle interior in the installation position) of the outer pane 1 and the inner pane 2 . . The side edges of the functional element 5 - excluding the lateral edge towards the central field of view B - are covered by the masking print 9, from the upper edge D and the side edges of the windshield the functional element ( The distance of 5) is smaller than the width of the masking print 9 . Electrical connections (not shown) are also conveniently applied in the area of the masking print 9 and thus hidden.

So-called "high flow PVB", which has a stronger flow behavior compared to standard PVB films, can preferably be used for the intermediate layers 3a, 3b, 3c. Thus, the layers flow more strongly around the barrier film 4 and the functional element 5 , creating a more uniform visual impression, and the transition from the functional element 5 to the intermediate layer 3c is less conspicuous. do. "High flow PVB" can be used for all or even one or more of the intermediate layers 3a, 3b, 3c.

4 shows a plan view of another embodiment of a composite pane 100 according to the invention as a windshield with an electrically controllable sun visor. The windshield and functional element 5 as a controllable sun visor substantially corresponds to the embodiment of FIG. 5 . However, the PDLC functional element 5 is divided into six strip-like segments by horizontal isolation lines 16 . The isolation line 16 has, for example, a width of 40 μm to 50 μm and a mutual distance of 3.5 cm. They are introduced into prefabricated multilayer films using a laser. The isolation line 16 divides, inter alia, the electrodes 12 , 13 into strips separated from each other and in each case has a divided electrical connection. Segments can thus be switched independently of each other. The thinner the isolation lines 16, the less conspicuous they are. However, thinner isolation lines 16 can be realized using etching methods.

As a result of the division, the height of the darkened functional element 5 can be adjusted. Thus, depending on the position of the sun, the driver can dim the sun visor in its entirety or even only part of it. The figure shows that the upper half of the sun visor is darkened and the lower half is transparent.

In a particularly convenient embodiment, the functional element 5 is controlled by a capacitive switching surface arranged in the area of the functional element, wherein the driver specifies the degree to which it is darkened by the position at which he touches the pane. Alternatively, the functional element 5 may be controlled by sensing a gesture or as a function of the state of the pupil or eyelid as determined by the camera and appropriate evaluation electronics.

Figure 5a shows a cross-section through another embodiment of the composite pane 100 of Figure 1a along the cut line X-X', wherein the embodiment shown in Figure 5a shows the first intermediate layer 3a and the outer pane ( 2) It differs from the embodiment shown in FIG. 1c in that it is a third intermediate layer 3c having a recess 20 in the region of the functional element 5 arranged between it. That is, the functional element 5 is completely arranged in the area of the orthogonal projection of the recess 20 to the outer pane 2 . In addition, the functional element 5 is partially or completely arranged in a plane different from the third intermediate layer 3c.

During lamination, the softened material of the first intermediate layer 3a penetrates into the recesses 20 of the third intermediate layer 3c.

Of course, more layers or films (not shown) may be disposed in the recess 20 , such as a functional layer and, for example, an infrared reflective layer with or without a carrier layer.

Fig. 5b shows a schematic diagram of the layer arrangement of the embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention shown in Fig. 5a before lamination; 5b , due to the stacking sequence of the composite pane 100 according to the invention, the barrier films 4a, 4b are such that the functional element 5 is arranged between the first intermediate layer 3a and the second intermediate layer 3b. It is previously bonded to the front first intermediate layer 3a or the second intermediate layer 3b. Bonding is carried out, for example, by spraying an organic solvent and for example acetone on one of the surfaces of the barrier films 4a, 4b in each case. Thereafter, the surfaces of the barrier films 4a and 4b onto which the solvent has been sprayed are disposed on the respective intermediate layers 3a and 3b. On the other hand, the solvent generates cohesive force due to the surface tension of the solid. In addition, the solvent causes slight dissolution of the surface, resulting in close adhesion between the surfaces of the barrier films 4a, 4b and the surfaces of the intermediate layers 3a, 3b. The resulting adhesion enables stable transport and precise positioning of the intermediate layers 3a, 3b together with the barrier films 4a, 4b.

6 shows an embodiment of a method according to the invention with reference to a flowchart: in a first step (I), a first barrier film 4a and a first intermediate layer 3a and/or a second barrier film 4b ) and the second intermediate layer 3b are fixedly bonded to each other temporarily or permanently. In a second step (II), a stack sequence is produced, wherein an outer pane 1, a first intermediate layer 3a, a first barrier film 4a, a functional element 5 with electrically controllable optical properties, The second barrier film 4b, the second intermediate layer 3b and the inner pane 2 are arranged on top of each other in this spatial order. In a third step (III) the stack sequence is fixedly or permanently joined by lamination.

1: Outer pane
2: Inner pane
3a: first intermediate layer
3b: second intermediate layer
3c: third intermediate layer
4a: first barrier film
4b: first barrier film
5: Functional element with electrically controllable optical properties
5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4: side edge of functional element (5)
6: Colored region of the first intermediate layer 3a
7a, 7b: adhesive bond
9: Masking print
11: Active layer of functional element (5)
12: surface electrode of the functional element (5)
13: surface electrode of functional element (5)
14: carrier film
15: carrier film
16: isolation line
20: Recess of the third intermediate layer 3c
100: composite pane
B: central view of the windshield
D: upper edge of windshield, ceiling edge
M : Windshield lower edge, engine edge
u: overhang
X-X': cut line
Z:: Extended Area

Claims (17)

A method for manufacturing a composite pane (100) having a functional element (5) with electrically controllable optical properties, comprising: at least
a) the first barrier film 4a and the first intermediate layer 3a and the second barrier film 4b and the second intermediate layer 3b are fixedly bonded to each other temporarily or permanently, wherein the intermediate layers 3a, 3b ) contains at least one thermoplastic polymer film with at least one plasticizer, the barrier films (4a, 4b) being implemented to prevent diffusion of the plasticizer through the barrier films (4a, 4b);
b) then the outer pane 1, the first intermediate layer 3a, the first barrier film 4a, the functional element 5 with electrically controllable optical properties, the second barrier film 4b, the second 2 A stack sequence consisting of an intermediate layer 3b and an inner pane 2 is arranged on top of each other in this spatial order, wherein the barrier films 4a , 4b are arranged with an overhang u above the functional element 5 . and the functional element 5 is at least partially covered with barrier films 4a, 4b,
c) then the stack sequence is adhered by lamination, whereby an intermediate layer with embedded functional elements (5) is formed from a first intermediate layer (3a) and a second intermediate layer (3b); manufacturing method.
According to claim 1,
A method of manufacturing a composite pane in which the first barrier film 4a and the second barrier film 4b are arranged to coincide with each other.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2,
A method for producing a composite pane in which the functional element (5) is completely covered with barrier films (4a, 4b).
3. The method of claim 1 or 2,
A method for producing a composite pane in which the barrier films 4a, 4b are framed along the side edges 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 of the functional element 5.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2,
The first barrier film 4a is permanently adhered to the first intermediate layer 3a by an adhesive bond 7a or fusion bond or press bond, and the second barrier film 4b is adhered A method for producing a composite pane which is permanently adhered to the second intermediate layer (3b) by means of a bond (7b) or a fusion bond or a press bond.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2,
The first barrier film 4a and the first intermediate layer 3a and the second barrier film 4b and the second intermediate layer 3b are a composite adhered to each other by a solvent or an organic solvent or acetone or alcohol or ethanol or isopropanol or chloroform. A method for manufacturing flat glass.
According to claim 1,
The intermediate layers 3a, 3b contain at least 3% by weight or at least 5% by weight or at least 20% by weight or at least 30% by weight or at least 40% by weight of a plasticizer, and the plasticizer is triethylene glycol or tetraethylene glycol or triethylene glycol. A process for the production of composite panes containing or being an aliphatic diester of ethylene glycol bis-(2-ethylhexanoate).
According to claim 1,
The intermediate layers (3a, 3b) contain at least 60% by weight or at least 70% by weight or at least 90% by weight or at least 97% by weight of polyvinyl butyral (PVB).
According to claim 1,
A method for producing a composite pane in which the functional element (5) is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film.
According to claim 1,
A method of manufacturing a composite plate glass in which the barrier films 4a, 4b are low plasticizer or plasticizer free.
According to claim 1,
A method for producing a composite pane wherein the overhang (u) of the barrier films (4a, 4b) beyond the functional element (5) is at least 0.5 mm or at least 2 mm or at least 5 mm or at least 10 mm.
According to claim 1,
A method for producing a composite pane wherein the overhang (u) of the barrier films (4a, 4b) beyond the functional element (5) is less than 50 mm or less than 30 mm or less than 20 mm.
According to claim 1,
A method for producing a composite pane in which the functional element (5) and the barrier films (4a, 4b) are circumferentially surrounded by a third intermediate layer (3c).

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