JPWO2018187330A5 - - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates generally to energy storage devices, such as batteries, and more particularly to energy storage devices with integrated thermal regulators.

Batteries and other energy storage devices are often used to store energy for future use. From the perspective of renewable energy such as solar or wind energy, it is common to use energy storage devices such as batteries to store energy until it can be transmitted or used. Installation of conventional energy storage devices may involve problems including complexity, heating, location and size constraints, other problems or a combination of the above.

Conventional energy storage devices can often operate well indoors and in climate-controlled environments, but when installed in hot (or cold) environments, such as roof-mounted solar panels, suffer from poor performance and short lifespans. , suffer from poor performance and high risk levels. Moreover, when installed indoors to minimize the distance between energy generation and energy storage, it occupies valuable residential space. In particular, the energy storage device occupies a large portion of the structure, reducing the space available for other uses.

Patent Document 1 below is a document relating to a battery case and a vehicle. This document discloses a vehicle system with active components for reducing the temperature of the battery during operation (see paragraph 0033).

US Pat. No. 6,200,000 describes the use of a getter material that has a closed volume that forms an insulating jacket around a heat source by evacuation and that absorbs and releases a control gas that controls the pressure within that volume. A variable pressure insulation jacket is disclosed (see, eg, abstract).

Patent Literature 3 listed below discloses a manual tool case that incorporates a heat storage unit that prevents the battery from overheating due to heat from charging or discharging current or ambient temperature (see paragraph 0016).

US Pat. No. 6,200,000 discloses an electrochemical cell (sulphur battery) that uses insulation around the cell to prevent heat loss (see abstract).

Patent Literature 5 listed below discloses a battery pack that includes a battery 2 within an enclosure that is a molded body 11 . Patent Document 5 discloses a block layer 12 provided around the battery 2 in the enclosure to prevent leakage from the battery, and a temperature rise suppression layer 13 between the block layer 12 and the inner surface of the mold body 11. (see, eg, Abstract, Figures 1-3, paragraphs 0018, 0028-0032).

Patent Document 6 below describes an improved heat insulating vacuum panel for transportation and storage of temperature sensitive objects such as organs, vaccines, antibodies, etc., a method for manufacturing the heat insulating vacuum panel, and a portable using the heat insulating vacuum panel. A refrigerator or storage container is disclosed (see column 1, rows 12-18). US Pat. No. 6,200,000 further discloses an insulating vacuum panel "comprising a phase change material" (see column 1, lines 19-22). US Pat. No. 6,200,000 discloses that an evaporator inside a refrigeration unit absorbs heat and stores it in a phase change material, maintaining the temperature at 5-8° C. for an extended period of time during transportation of temperature-sensitive cargo. It is disclosed that some phase change material may be frozen and placed in another container insulated by vacuum panels (see column 4, lines 46-57).

U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,000 discloses a vehicle battery temperature control system in which the heat sink of the battery is immersed in a liquid coolant to transfer thermal energy (see, eg, Abstract). A liquid coolant circulates through the chamber and the heat exchanger (see paragraph 0022).

International Publication No. 2013/061132 (A2) pamphlet U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,816 U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0327396 (A1) U.S. Pat. No. 4,329,407 U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0159341 (A1) U.S. Pat. No. 6,192,703 U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0003515 (A1)

In some embodiments, the thermally regulated modular energy storage device has multiple energy storage components (such as batteries) and an integrated temperature regulation system. The integrated temperature regulation system includes a housing configured to buffer heat, a phase change material configured to change phase in response to temperature changes to dissipate heat, selectively dissipate heat or protect against sub-zero temperatures. It has multiple thermal structures that The multiple thermal structures may include passive cooling structures, active cooling structures, insulating panels or housings, reflective coatings, active heating structures, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus may have one or more insulation panels defining regions and phase change material (PCM) within the regions. Additionally, the device may have at least one unidirectional heat pipe having a proximal portion extending into the region, a distal portion extending out of the region, and an intermediate portion between the proximal and distal ends. . In certain embodiments, the distal portion may be taller than the proximal portion. In some aspects, the device may further include a heat sink including a plurality of heat fins configured to dissipate heat. In this case, the heat sink is coupled to the distal end of at least one unidirectional heat pipe. In at least one aspect, the one-way heat pipe may be activated when the ambient temperature exceeds the temperature threshold and remain deactivated when the ambient temperature is below the temperature threshold.

In another embodiment, the device may have an electrical component and a phase change material (PCM) disposed around the electrical component. The PCM may be configured to melt above a predetermined temperature range. Additionally, the apparatus may have a plurality of vacuum insulation panels arranged to define an area sized to house the PCM and electrical components. A plurality of vacuum insulation panels may be configured to provide insulation, fire resistance and physical structure. In at least one embodiment, the device may further include a one-way heat pipe having a proximal end extending into the region, a distal end and an intermediate portion between the proximal and distal ends.

In yet another embodiment, the apparatus includes a housing defining an area, a plurality of vacuum insulation panels disposed around the inner perimeter of the area, electrical components within the area and a phase change material within and around the electrical components ( PCM). Additionally, the device may have a proximal end extending into the region, a distal end extending away from the region, and an intermediate portion having physical features that provide heat rectification.

FIG. 1A shows a block diagram of an integrated thermal modulator energy storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1B shows a block diagram of a vacuum insulation panel that can be used in the energy storage device of FIG. 1A according to some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 1C shows a block diagram of an integrated thermal modulator energy storage device with a charge storage component holder according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a partial perspective view of the charge storage component holder of FIG. 1C according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of a thermally regulated modular energy storage device having an integrated thermal modulator energy storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

4A shows a side perspective view of the base portion of the housing of the thermally regulated modular energy storage device of FIG. 3. FIG. FIG. 4B shows a top view of the base portion of FIG. 4A with support rails configured to support the battery subassembly.

FIG. 5A shows a block diagram of another embodiment of an apparatus having an integrated thermal conditioner according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 5B shows a block diagram of yet another embodiment of an apparatus having an integrated thermal conditioner according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6A shows a block diagram of an apparatus having an integrated thermal conditioning device including heat pipes and heat sinks according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 6B shows a block diagram of another embodiment of an apparatus having an integrated thermal conditioning device including heat pipes and heat sinks according to certain embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows a system with solar panels and thermally regulated modular energy storage according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of the system of FIG. 7 with the electrical system of the modular energy storage device control system, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of an installation application of a modular energy storage device with integrated thermal conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention.

In the following description, the same reference numerals are used in various embodiments to denote the same or similar elements.

The following description is of exemplary embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope, application or configuration of the invention. Rather, the following description is intended to provide a convenient description for implementing various embodiments. Various changes may be made in the embodiments in terms of component elements, their function, their arrangement or combinations thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. It is understood that the description herein may be adapted to employ different shapes, components, energy generating mechanisms, etc., and are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the detailed description herein is for the purpose of illustration only and is not limiting.

The following description describes an electronic device that includes an assembly for thermal regulation that can be configured to regulate or dissipate heat generated by one or more electronic components while also insulating the electronic components from the surrounding environment. is an embodiment of Electronic components include circuits, charge storage components (such as batteries), or other electronic components that can generate heat during operation. Additionally, the device may be used in a variety of contexts such as automobiles, solar devices, electronic devices, and the like.

In some embodiments, the device may have insulating layers, such as one or more vacuum insulation panels (VIP), that provide structure and can provide insulation from the surrounding environment. Additionally, the device may comprise a phase change material (PCM) and a unidirectional heat pump configured to cooperate with the PCM for heat dissipation. A unidirectional heat pump has one or more heat pipes configured to operate to dissipate heat when the ambient temperature exceeds a threshold temperature and remain inactive when the ambient temperature falls below the threshold temperature. may

In some embodiments, the PCM material may have a phase change threshold temperature that can be selected depending on the environment in which the device is used. A unidirectional heat pump is a tube having a proximal portion extending into or in contact with the PCM, a distal portion extending outside the insulating layer and an intermediate portion extending between the proximal and distal portions, or It may have a heat pipe. According to some embodiments, the tube or heat pipe may have a twist or bend on the outside of the VIP. In this case, the twist or bend acts as a heat rectifier, making the tube or heat pipe unidirectional for flow and heat dissipation. The twist or bend may be part of the middle section of the heat pipe. By way of example, the distal end of a tube or heat pipe may be connected to one or more heat fins for heat dissipation. In some embodiments, electronic components (such as batteries, circuits, other components, or combinations thereof) may be located within the PCM. Other embodiments are also possible.

It should be understood that several different structural configurations of the device are possible, such as devices with heat pipes, devices with integrated heat sinks, and the like. In the following discussion, a thermal management component may be configured to dissipate heat from a charge storage element, such as one or more batteries, that may generate heat during charging or use. Further, the apparatus is understood to have one or more insulation panels configured to provide both insulation and structural support for the PCM and electronic components. In sub-zero temperature environments, one or more insulating panels may cooperate to maintain the temperature of the PCM and electronic components within the operating temperature range of the electronic components. For example, in certain embodiments described below with respect to FIG. 1, the insulation panel is outside the packaging associated with the electronic component and may be outside the housing configured to secure the PCM material.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an integrated thermal modulator energy storage device 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Energy storage device 100 may have an energy storage component 102 that includes one or more charge storage elements (such as batteries). In the illustrated example, energy storage component 102 may include generally rectangular package 104 that can provide both structural and electrical isolation of charge storage component 102 .

Additionally, energy storage device 100 may include phase change material (PCM) 106 in contact with package 104 of energy storage component 102 . Additionally, PCM 106 may be secured to housing 108 . A plurality of vacuum panels 110 may be positioned around the housing 108 to insulate the housing 108 from the surrounding environment. In the illustrated embodiment, the vacuum panel 110 may have a first panel 110A, a second panel 110B, a third panel 110C and a fourth panel 110D. The fifth and sixth panels are not shown, but should be understood to be arranged to enclose all six sides of the rectangular prism shape. Other shapes and other embodiments are possible.

Housing 108 is understood to define an area having phase change material (PCM) 106 and one or more energy storage components 102 . One or more storage components 102 may include batteries, accumulators, capacitive elements, other energy storage devices, or combinations thereof. Each energy storage component 102 may include an energy storage mechanism (chemicals, charge storage plate, etc.) and packaging (metal film or other material). For example, a standard lithium-ion battery may include a lithium-ion chemical charge storage material (energy storage mechanism) contained within the battery packaging. Battery packaging provides physical structure (intrusion protection), heat conduction, electrical isolation and electrical interconnection terminals. In another embodiment, electronic components may be included in PCM 106 in addition to or in place of energy storage component 102 . Other embodiments are also possible.

In the illustrated embodiment, housing 108 may be formed from an insulating or moderate temperature material configured to provide structure for the device. Housing 108 may be configured to secure PCM 106 and to dissipate heat from PCM 106 . Additionally, energy storage device 100 allows for dry contact between energy storage component 102 and PCM 106 . A housing 108 (or another structure) then secures the energy storage component 102 to maintain a consistent space and position. In some embodiments, in addition to housing 108, device 100 may have compression plates (not shown) within housing 108 that may be secured together to maintain a consistent spacing in at least one dimension. This allows the PCM 106 to flow in a controlled direction when heat from one or more energy storage components 102 causes the PCM 106 to melt and flow.

In the illustrated embodiment, insulation panel 110 is outside housing 108 . Insulation panel 110 may be a vacuum insulation panel that includes a thin film coating surrounding a core of porous ceramic structure or other material capable of inhibiting heat conduction. In some embodiments, housing 108 may be formed from vacuum insulation panel 100 .

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of a vacuum insulation panel (VIP) that can be used in the energy storage device of FIG. 1A according to some embodiments of the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the VIP 110 may have a core 112 surrounded by a thin film material 114, such as a metal film. Core 112 may be formed from a porous ceramic structure or other material. Preferably, thin film material 114 may be wrapped around core material 112 to seal the sides and edges during vacuum processing in fabricating VIP 110 .

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of an integrated thermal modulator energy storage device 120 having a charge storage component holder 122, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, charge storage component holder 122 may be configured to reserve and maintain space for multiple charge storage components 102 . In one embodiment, charge storage component holder 122 (at least when PCM 106 reaches its melting point) allows PCM 106 to flow into or pass through holder 122 and establish contact with charge storage component 102 . In some embodiments, VIP 110 may be coupled to the outer surface of housing 108 . In another embodiment, housing 108 is formed from one or more VIPs 110 . Other embodiments are also possible,

FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of charge storage component holder 122 of FIG. 1C, according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, charge storage component holder 122 has a generally rectangular shape and includes a plurality of openings configured to receive energy storage component 102 . Charge storage component holder 122 may have a plurality of holes and a woven fabric configured to secure PCM 106 and multiple energy storage components 102 and to allow PCM 106 to contact energy storage component 102 . It may be formed from cloth. In some embodiments, the charge storage component holder 122 may have an opening 202 sized to accommodate the energy storage component 102 to maintain a consistent spacing.

It is understood that the charge storage component holder 122 may or may not be included, depending on the embodiment. Additionally, other shapes or configurations of holder 122 may be used, depending on the shape of the packaging of energy storage component 102 and depending on the shape and size of the area provided by housing 108 or VIP 110 .

Although the embodiment of Figures 1A-2 relates to a device having an energy storage component 102 (such as a battery), other embodiments are possible. In some embodiments, the device may have circuitry in addition to or instead of the energy storage component 102 . Further, the embodiments described above with respect to FIGS. 1A-2 may be used singly or with multiple energy storage devices. One possible embodiment of a thermally regulated modular energy storage device having one or more energy storage devices of FIGS. 1A-2 is described below with reference to FIG.

FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of a thermally regulated modular energy storage device 300, according to an embodiment of the invention. Thermally regulated modular energy storage device 300 may have a base portion 302 that connects to a cover portion 304 . Base portion 302 and cover portion 304 may cooperate to define an area size for accommodating multiple energy storage devices, such as the energy storage devices described above with respect to FIGS. 1A-2. The thermally regulated modular energy storage device 300 may further include a plurality of heat fins of the heat sink 306, which are connected to each of the plurality of energy storage devices by one or more heat transfer elements such as heat pipes or tubes. may be concatenated.

In certain embodiments, each of the one or more heat transfer elements is filled with a liquid, such as distilled water or acetone, configured to conduct heat from the PCM 106 to at least one of the plurality of heat fins of the heat sink 306. It may also include a partial vacuum tube or heat pipe. Ambient or active airflow through the heat sink 306 draws heat away from the heat pipes to dissipate the heat. In operation, as energy storage component 102 heats up, PCM 106 melts and flows, transferring heat from energy storage component 102 to one or more heat transfer elements and heat sinks 306 . Each of the plurality of heat fins of heat sink 306 may be configured to allow airflow between the fin and adjacent fins to facilitate heat dissipation.

A thermally regulated modular energy storage device 300 may have multiple energy storage devices 100 or 120 as shown in FIG. 1A or 1C. Thermally regulated modular energy storage device 300 may be configured to control the temperature of device 300 to be maintained within a predetermined temperature range. Specifically, as the temperature of energy storage component 102 increases, PCM 106 melts and flows, drawing heat away from energy storage component 102 . Additionally, one or more heat pipes may be configured to conduct heat away from the PCM 106 and transfer the heat to the heat sink 306 for further heat dissipation. In some embodiments, the heat pipes or tubes may be twisted or bent to provide gravity-assisted unidirectional heat flow even if the device is oriented horizontally. Alternatively, the heat pipes or tubes may be venturi tubes, valves, or other structures configured to restrict fluid flow in a first direction (towards PCM 106) and allow fluid to flow in a second direction (away from PCM 106). may contain.

Thermally regulated modular energy storage device 300 may have housings 302 and 304 configured to secure energy storage component 102 and associated thermal management components. In certain implementations, the housing base portion 302 may have a thickness of about 3 mm. Cover portion 304 may have a thickness of about 2 mm.

In one embodiment, multiple energy storage components 102 and PCMs 106 may be secured between a top plate approximately 6 mm thick and a bottom plate approximately 2 mm thick. The top and bottom plates may be secured together by spring-loaded screws that apply a clamping force. In one embodiment, PCM 106 fills the space between base portion 302 , cover portion 304 , and top and bottom plates and energy storage component 102 .

In some embodiments, multiple fluid-filled tubes may be coupled or integral to the top plate and may be coupled to the heat sink 306 via heat rectifiers. This is done as a bend or twist extending between the first and second horizontal portions of each of the plurality of fluid-filled tubes to provide gravity-assisted unidirectional heat flow even with the device oriented horizontally. be implemented.

Additionally, one or more vacuum insulation panels configured to retain heat may be included within the housing. When the ambient temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold, the heat pipes may operate to draw heat away from the PCM 106 and dissipate the heat through the heat sink 306 . When the ambient temperature is below a predetermined threshold, the heat pipes may be deactivated to keep heat within the device. In certain embodiments, the temperature threshold may be configured based on fluid composition and fluid pressure within the heat pipe. In certain embodiments, steam may rise through the heat pipe when the ambient temperature exceeds the threshold temperature. If the ambient temperature is at or below the threshold temperature, the steam will not rise. Other embodiments are also possible.

FIG. 4A is a side perspective view of the base portion 302 of the housing of the thermally regulated modular energy storage device 300 of FIG. 3 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The base portion 302 has a first side 402 , a second side 404 , a third side 406 , a fourth side 408 and a bottom side 410 . Third side 406 is slightly shorter than adjacent sides 404 and 408 to provide space for the heat pipe or tube to extend to heat sink 306 . Base portion 302 may cooperate with cover 304 to define an area sized to secure a plurality of devices, such as device 100 of FIG. 1A or device 120 of FIG. 1C.

FIG. 4B shows a top view 420 of the base portion 302 of FIG. 4A with support rails 422 configured to support the battery subassembly. Support rails 422 provide space between the inner surface of base portion 302 and device 100 of FIG. 1A or device 120 of FIG. 1C.

FIG. 5A shows a block diagram of another embodiment of an apparatus 500 having an integrated thermal conditioner according to an embodiment of the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, device 500 may include housing 502 defining an area sized to house PCM 106 and electronic components 506 within PCM 106 . In this embodiment, apparatus 500 may further include a plurality of insulating panels 510 around all but one side of housing 502 . Insulation panel 510 may be an embodiment of VIP 110 of FIGS. 1A and 1B. One side of housing 502 may have a heat sink 504 that includes multiple heat fins for heat dissipation.

FIG. 5B shows a block diagram of yet another embodiment of a device 520 having an integrated thermal conditioner according to some embodiments of the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the device 520 has a housing 521 formed from an insulating material such as the VIP 110 of Figures 1A and 1B. Housing 521 may define an area that houses and secures PCM 106 and electronic components 506 (such as electrical circuitry, charge storage components, or combinations thereof). Device 520 may have a proximal portion 524 that extends through VIP 110 into the region and contacts PCM 106 . Heat pipe 522 may further include a distal portion (shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B) and an intermediate portion 526 .

In the illustrated embodiment, the device 520 may include a housing 521 formed from the VIP 110 cooperable to define a region. A proximal portion 524 of heat pipe 522 may extend through the sidewall of housing 521 and into PCM 106 . A middle portion 526 of heat pipe 522 may include an upward bend 528 that acts to orient heat pipe 522 .

In some embodiments, upward bend 528 is sufficient to raise the distal end of heat pipe 522 to a higher height than proximal end 524 . In one particular embodiment, upward bend 528 may have an angle of approximately 90 degrees. In another particular embodiment, upward bend 528 may have an arc angle of 15-50 degrees. Other embodiments are also possible.

FIG. 6A shows a block diagram of a device 600 having an integrated thermal conditioning device including a heat pipe 522 and a heat sink 306 according to some embodiments of the invention. Apparatus 600 may have a housing 108 defining an area sized to secure a plurality of insulation panels such as VIPs 110A, 110B, 110C and 110D. Additionally, the area is sized to accommodate top plate 612 , bottom plate 614 and fasteners 616 . In some embodiments, fastener 616 may be one of a plurality of spring-loaded screws configured to secure top plate 612 to bottom plate 614 . This compresses the PCM 106 between the top plate 612 and the bottom plate 614 . Electronic components 506 may be located within PCM 106 .

Heat pipe 522 may have a proximal portion 524 that extends into a groove defined within PCM 106 or within top plate 612 . Heat pipe 522 may further have a distal portion 602 that couples to heat sink 306 and may have an intermediate portion 526 extending between proximal portion 524 and distal portion 602 . Middle section 526 may have upward bends 608 and downward bends 610 configured to adjust the height of distal section 602 to be higher relative to proximal section 524 .

In the illustrated example, an insulation panel such as VIP 604 may be located at distal portion 602 and cover portion 606 may be coupled to VIP 604 . In other embodiments, VIP 604 may be omitted from distal portion 602, or cover portion 606 may include VIP insulation. Other embodiments are also possible.

FIG. 6B shows a block diagram of another embodiment of a device 620 having an integrated thermal conditioning device including heat pipes and heat sinks according to some embodiments of the present invention. Device 620 may have a housing 621 formed from a thermally insulating material. In certain embodiments, housing 621 may be formed from one or more VIPs 110 . Housing 621 may define an area sized to accommodate at least a portion of top plate 612 , bottom plate 614 , fasteners 616 , PCM 106 , electronic components 506 and heat pipes 522 . A heat pipe 522 may include a proximal end 524 that extends through the VIP housing 110 into the PCM 106 or into a groove in the top plate 612 . Heat pipe 522 may further include a distal portion 602 coupled to heat sink 306 and an intermediate portion 526 extending between proximal portion 524 and distal portion 602 . Middle portion 526 may include bends 608 and 610 that cooperate to raise distal portion 602 relative to proximal portion 524 .

It should be appreciated that thermal regulation of electronic devices can be provided for a variety of situations, such as solar panels, internal combustion engines or electric vehicles, high performance processing circuits, and the like. In addition, thermal regulation can maintain the device within a selected operating temperature range, thereby protecting the device from overheating and cryogenic temperatures. One possible embodiment utilizing the apparatus of FIGS. 3-6B can be utilized after solar panel installation as described below with respect to FIG.

FIG. 7 shows a system 700 with solar panels and thermally regulated modular energy storage according to an embodiment of the invention. The system 700 may include a solar panel 702 configured to operate with a modular energy storage device 704 electrically coupled to the solar panel 702 . Modular energy storage device 704 may be an embodiment of the modular energy storage device of FIGS. 3-6B and may include charge storage device 100 or 120 of FIGS. 1A or 1C.

In some embodiments, modular energy storage device 704 may be mounted on existing photovoltaic (PV) solar panel frames or rails. Modular energy storage device 704 may be mounted on the same mounting rails used for solar panels 702 . In some embodiments, modular energy storage device 704 may be mounted adjacent to solar panel 702 such that an air gap exists between solar panel 702 and modular energy storage device 704 .

In one particular implementation, the dimensions of modular energy storage device 704 may be 11 inches by 19 inches by 3 inches. In some embodiments, the air gap facilitates convective cooling of the solar panel 702 and provides thermal isolation of the modular energy storage device 704 from the solar panel 702 .

In some embodiments, the mounting of modular energy storage device 704 is adjustable. In some embodiments, modular energy storage device 704 may be mounted in a "landscape" or "portrait" orientation. Additionally, the modular energy storage device 704 may be separately mounted some distance below the solar panel 702 .

It should be understood that modular energy storage device 704 may be configured for series and/or parallel circuit configurations. Modular energy storage devices 704 may be electrically coupled together and optionally coupled to a power grid to form a larger, more scalable energy storage system. In some embodiments, modular energy storage device 704 may be installed indoors and have various mechanisms for thermal regulation.

In the illustrated embodiment, energy storage device 704 has a heat reflective coating 706 on the outer surface of the housing. In some embodiments, the heat reflective coating 706 can reduce heat transfer by radiating or reflecting 90% or more of the solar radiation from the coating surface. In some embodiments, heat reflective coating 706 may be configured to amplify energy production from solar panel 702, for example, by radiating or reflecting light toward a bifacial solar panel.

In addition to heat reflective coating 706 , modular energy storage device 704 may include energy storage component 102 and PCM 106 separated by thermal interface 709 . In some embodiments, the energy storage device 704 includes an electric heater 708, a cooling circuit 711, a heat sink 306, and optionally one or more air movers 710 and 712 (fans, bearingless air movers, or other types of air mover, etc.). Additionally, energy storage device 704 may include multiple VIPs 110 .

In some embodiments, the thermal regulation mechanism of modular energy storage device 704 may include bearingless air movers 710 and 712 . In some embodiments, bearingless air movers 710 and 712 may include one or more synthetic jet generators, one or more electrostatic fluid accelerators, or another type of air mover. In some embodiments, the bearingless air mover can generate airflows reaching 2-4 meters/second. In certain embodiments, forced air movement can reduce the air temperature around modular energy storage device 704 . Additionally, the efficiency and life of the solar panel 702 and modular energy storage device 704 can be improved by lowering their respective average operating temperatures.

In some embodiments, the thermal regulation mechanism of modular energy storage device 704 may include VIP 110 . Since the heat exchange rate depends at least in part on the thermal conductivity, a reduction in thermal conductivity can reduce the heat exchange rate between the atmosphere and the energy storage device 704 . In some embodiments, VIP 110 may have an R value of approximately fifteen. Additionally, in some embodiments, VIP 110 can provide a flame retardant barrier to modular energy storage device 704 . VIP 110 may substantially enclose energy storage component 102 of modular energy storage device 704, and in some embodiments may also enclose one or more thermal regulation mechanisms. In some embodiments, VIP 110 may be enclosed within an airtight chamber, which may improve the life expectancy of modular energy storage device 704 . In some embodiments, the VIP 110 may be configured to accommodate degradation of thermal insulation performance over time, such as when the vacuum seal begins to deteriorate.

In some embodiments, the thermal regulation mechanism may include passive thermal dampening using PCM 106 . PCM 106 may be a high heat of fusion material capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy in the form of heat. The PCM 106 may be selected based on solid-liquid phase change temperature, energy density per unit volume, or another suitable characteristic. In some embodiments, PCM 106 may consist essentially of organic materials, paraffin, other materials, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, PCM 106 may be selected based on the performance criteria of modular energy storage device 704 . For example, PCM 106 may be selected from a temperature range that has a lower limit above the lowest operating temperature of modular energy storage device 704 and an upper limit below the maximum operating temperature of modular energy storage device 704 .

In one embodiment, the PCM 106 can maintain a temperature range of 32-78 degrees Fahrenheit. In the illustrated example, energy storage component 102 is enclosed within modular energy storage device 704 . The dimensions and parameters of PCM 106 may be selected based, at least in part, on the operating parameters or ambient temperature profile of energy storage component 102 . In some embodiments, the PCM 106 may be encapsulated within an organic polymer or microencapsulated within a graphite polymer. In certain embodiments, the graphite polymer ensures highly conductive, leak-free operation through the volume of PCM 106 . In some embodiments, the encapsulating organic polymer can facilitate heat transfer.

In some embodiments, the PCM 106 stores thermal energy in the liquid phase as it absorbs heat and melts. The PCM 106 can dissipate stored energy when the ambient temperature drops below a predetermined threshold. In some embodiments, dissipating energy from the PCM 106 neutralizes the temperature within the energy storage device 704 . In some embodiments, the PCM 106 stores energy during the day and shuts off energy on subsequent nights.

In some embodiments, a passive-active thermal regulation system may include passive elements (such as PCM 106 and heat pipes) and may include active elements such as air movers 710 and 712 . A passive-active thermal regulation system may reduce the overall energy consumption of the modular energy storage device 704, thereby improving longevity and efficiency.

In some embodiments, modular energy storage device 704 may include one or more energy storage components 102, such as lithium-ion batteries. Energy storage component 102 may have an energy storage capacity of approximately 750 watt hours (Wh).

In some embodiments, modular energy storage device circuitry 502 may have control circuitry that is independent of the type of battery used. Circuitry 502 may include a smart battery management system configured to monitor and control one or more of one or more charge rate, discharge rate, state of charge, health parameters, remaining life and temperature regulation system. In some embodiments, the smart battery management system can maintain the charge storage device within a selected temperature range.

In certain embodiments, the energy storage component 102 may be coated with an intumescent material that helps isolate certain batteries during thermal events. In some embodiments, the intumescent material spatially confines the thermal event. In some embodiments, spatially confining thermal events reduces compounding of thermal events and improves the safety of modular energy storage device 704 .

Energy storage device 704 may have one or more heat flow interfaces configured to conduct heat from one or more of PCM 106 and charge storage device 102 to cooling circuit 711 . In some embodiments, the thermal interface uses coatings of organic polymers, graphite, graphene, other coatings, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, thermal interface 709 may comprise a highly conductive metal plate with one or more coatings. In some embodiments, thermal interface 709 may have a thermal conductivity of 140-500 W/mK. In some embodiments, thermal interface 709 may be implemented as top plate 402, which may be a highly conductive metal plate containing grooves 504 that are thermally coupled to the cooling circuit via the proximal ends of a plurality of heat pipes. . Thermal interface 709 distributes and transfers heat from energy storage component 102 and PCM 106 .

In some embodiments, the thermal regulation mechanism may include a cooling circuit 711 having one or more heat pipes. In some embodiments, thermal circuit 711 may include a coreless thermosiphon. Cooling circuit 711 may have an operating temperature of greater than about 15 degrees Celsius. Heat pipes may utilize methanol, distilled water, or other fluids as the working fluid. A heat pipe may be coupled to the thermal interface 709, the groove 504 in the top cover 402, the PCM 106, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the heat pipes may be configured to ensure substantially unidirectional heat flow. In an embodiment, heat pipes allow heat to flow from the interior of modular energy storage device 704 (or 300 in FIGS. 3-10) to the exterior. In one embodiment, the modular energy storage device is placed at an angle with the distal end of the heat pipe higher than the proximal end (the proximal end is in or against the PCM 106), thereby creating a gravity-assisted heat pipe. reduces backflow from outside the modular energy storage device 704 (or 300 in FIGS. 3-10). In some embodiments, reduced backflow improves the efficiency of modular energy storage device 704 (or the energy device of FIGS. 3-6B). Further, in some embodiments, modular energy storage device 704 may not include mechanical components for actuation or energized liquids.

In operation, heat may be shut off from the modular energy storage device 704 when the temperature of the atmosphere surrounding the modular energy storage device 704 is lower than the temperature inside the modular energy storage device 704 . Heat may be blocked via cooling circuit 711 (or cover portion 304, middle portion 526 and heat sink 306 of the device of FIGS. 3-6B). In one embodiment, the condenser side of the heat pipe array is attached to a heat sink 306 to allow heat removal based on natural convection. In some embodiments, modular energy storage device 704 may include multiple cooling circuits 711 . Modular energy storage device 704 may include multiple heat sinks 306 . Additionally, one or more of the number, placement, shape, angle or conductivity of cooling circuits 711 may at least partially conform to one or more of the final shape and cooling rate selected for modular energy storage device 704 . may be based.

In some embodiments, the thermal regulation mechanism may include air movers 710 and 712 implemented as piezoelectric fans or synthetic jet air movers that can increase the ambient airflow over heat sink 306 . In some embodiments, a combination of piezoelectric fans and synthetic jet blowers may be used to enhance airflow. Blockage rate of modular energy storage devices 704 and solar panels 702 mounted near storage devices 704 for increased efficiency of modular energy storage devices 704 and solar panels 702 by increasing ambient air flow can be increased. Therefore, the choice of piezoelectric fan or synthetic jet air mover may be based on modular energy storage device 704 design and performance specifications. In some embodiments, electromagnetically driven throttled synthetic jets or piezoelectric fans can improve outdoor durability and improve efficiency of the modular energy storage device 704 .

In addition, magnetically driven throttled synthetic jets or piezoelectric fans enable a self-cleaning effect of the heat sink fins 306 . Additionally, the use of piezoelectric fans and synthetic jet blowers allows for a reduction in the size of the thermal isolation fins of heat sink 306 . In some embodiments, the design of one or more thermal regulation mechanisms may benefit from the Coanda effect, atmospheric or fluid entrainment, or other environmental or physical flow parameters.

Although the above description has primarily focused on passive thermal isolation using heat pipes, PCM 106 and heat sink 306 to dissipate heat from the device, one or more active components may be utilized to facilitate thermal isolation. It is also possible to In some embodiments, modular energy storage device 704 may include a thermoelectric heat pump capable of transferring heat from a heat pipe array to a heat sink. In some embodiments, the heat sink may be different than the heat sink attached to the heat pipe array, and multiple heat pipes and heat sinks may be used. Again, one or more of the number, location, design, or final shape of the heat pipes and heat sinks is based on the cooling rate required by the modular energy storage device.

In certain embodiments, the modular energy storage device 704 may be designed to work with commercially available solar panel battery modules such as 24, 36, 60, 72 or 96 battery modules of various voltages and wattages. good. Modular energy storage devices 704 are connected to solar panels 702 and other modular energy storage devices 704 using existing positive and negative terminals, such as multi-contact 4mm diameter (MC4) connectors or other connectors or terminals. good too. The output of the modular energy storage device 704 may be chained in a series or parallel configuration to other modular energy storage devices 704 via direct current coupling (DC) so as to be electrically connected to one or more microinverters. It may be configured to be electrically coupled, or to be electrically coupled in a daisy-chain to other modular energy storage devices 704 via alternating current (AC) coupling. AC coupling may be implemented using a synchronous microinverter.

It should be appreciated that modular energy storage device 704 may be modular and expandable. Additional modular energy storage devices 704 may be added to existing system 700 to expand energy storage capacity. In some embodiments, modular energy storage device 704 is configured for residential installations, commercial installations, utility installations, or a combination thereof.

In the illustrated example, modular energy storage device 704 may include an internal or electric heater 708, which may be self-contained. A control circuit or battery management system may be configured to control the electric heater 708 . Electric heater 708 may be configured to preheat energy storage component 102 to maintain the operating temperature of energy storage component 102 within an ideal range. In certain embodiments, the combination of active and passive thermal regulation of the energy storage component 102 allows normal operation and temperature to be maintained at around 80 degrees Fahrenheit for up to 8 hours under ambient conditions up to 150 degrees Fahrenheit.

Modular energy storage device 704 may have energy storage component 102 and multiple thermal regulation mechanisms. The energy storage component 102 may include a smart battery management system that monitors and controls discharge and charge rate, state of charge, health or remaining life. Additionally, the smart battery management system may monitor and control the temperature regulation system to maintain the battery within a preferred temperature range. Energy storage component 102 may be coated with an intumescent material configured to isolate a particular battery during a thermal event, such as thermal runaway. The intumescent material improves the safety of the energy storage component 102 and the overall modular energy storage device 704 by preventing or limiting the spread of thermal events to adjacent cells and spatially confining thermal events.

Reflective coating 706 may be applied to the exterior of modular energy storage device 704 to reduce the amount of heat that enters energy storage component 102 via thermal radiation. The bearingless air mover 710 moves hot air near the exterior of the modular energy storage device 704, for example, between the photovoltaic (PV) modules 702 and the modular energy storage device 704. The temperature of the surrounding air can be lowered. VIP 110 may form a flame retardant barrier around energy storage component 102 and PCM 106 . VIP 110 can achieve high R insulation values in tight space constraints.

The PCM 106 uses passive temperature buffering to maintain the temperature of the energy storage component 102 within the proper range without additional active temperature control. The PCM 106 can absorb heat flowing from outside the modular energy storage device 704 and from the energy storage components 102 and associated power electronics while maintaining a constant temperature range until most of the PCM 106 is completely melted.

Thermal interface 709 may be configured to transfer heat from both PCM 106 and energy storage component 102 to cooling circuit 711 . The thermal interface 709 may use a graphite or graphene coating on a highly conductive metal plate with grooves thermally conductively connected to the cooling circuit 711 . Cooling circuit 711 may include a coreless thermosiphon heat pipe or pipes connected to thermal interface 709 to ensure substantially unidirectional heat flow from modular energy storage device 704 to the surrounding air. The gravity-assisted heat pipes of cooling circuit 711 can significantly reduce heat backflow from ambient air to modular energy storage device 704 . The cooling circuit 711 can be configured with an adiabatic portion that can reduce heat transfer from the ambient air through the heat pipe exterior to the interior of the modular energy storage device 704 .

Natural convection heat shield grooves 714 transfer heat drawn from the interior of modular energy storage device 704 by heat sink 306 to the surrounding air. One side of the natural convection heat blocking groove 714 may be connected to the cooling circuit 711 . Active cooling thermal isolation grooves 716 may couple cooling circuit 711 to heat pumping device 718 by a thermal interface. The thermal interface ensures that the temperature of the condenser section of cooling circuit 711 is sufficiently low for cooling circuit 711 to deliver heat.

Piezoelectric fan 712 moves air over heat sink 306 to improve the heat rejection rate. Thermoelectric heat pump 718 is configured to transfer heat from cooling circuit 711 to heat sink 306 when the ambient air temperature is sufficiently low for system cooling requirements. Modular energy storage device 704 is electrically coupled to solar module 702 . The modular energy storage device 704 may be mounted on adjustable rail mounts on which the solar modules or panels 702 are mounted such that an air gap is maintained between the PV panel 702 and the modular energy storage device 704 .

Electric heater 708 may be configured for controlled heating of modular energy storage device 704 , particularly energy storage component 102 . By employing electric heater 708 to preheat energy storage component 102, energy storage component 102 is maintained within an ideal operating temperature range.

In some embodiments, the temperature regulation system may be configured to control the operation of various thermal regulation mechanisms such as the bearingless air mover 710 and the piezoelectric fan 712, for example. The temperature control system, the battery management system, and the battery charging system can be multiple, such as the DC output of the PV panel 702, the DC output of the energy storage component 102, the AC input from a grid connection, or the AC output from an external power source such as a generator. may be configured to draw power from a power source.

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a modular energy storage device 800 according to another embodiment. DC power is generated by a solar panel 802 and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) DC configured to transfer power directly from the PV panel 802 to either a DC-AC inverter 810 or a rectifier and DC battery charger 806. - transmitted to the DC converter 804; Additionally, the DC-AC inverter 810 may be configured to input power to and output power from the rectifier and DC battery charger 806 . Rectifier and DC battery charger 806 may be configured to transmit power to charge storage device 808 controlled by the battery management module of control system 812 . The battery management module can control the charge storage device 808 discharge and charge rate, state of charge, state of health, and remaining life. AC grid tie battery charger 814 may be configured to transfer power between charge storage device 808 and AC power distribution system 816 including power line 830 and grid transfer switch 828 .

A supervisory control unit or control system 812 may monitor the branches of the DC-AC inverter 810 , the AC grid tie battery charger 814 , and the AC power distribution system 816 . Device 800 may include thermal management components or hardware 818 and active thermal manager 820 to regulate the temperature of various electronic components. MPPT DC-DC converter 804, DC-AC inverter 810, battery manager (which may be part of management system 812), control system 812, AC grid tie battery charger 814, and passive-active thermal management configuration. Component 818 and active thermal manager 820 may be configured to send and receive data internally and optionally send and receive data over network 824 (such as the Internet) to destination devices through PLC/Wi-Fi gateway 822. good.

FIG. 9 shows a modular energy storage device 908 according to another embodiment in which the modular energy storage device 908 is installed between the roof 904 and the rooftop PV panels 902 . The modular energy storage device 908 may be adjustably mounted to a rooftop PV panel mount or rail system 906 .

Although thermally regulated modular energy storage device embodiments are described herein, any number of passive cooling techniques using PCM 106, VIP 110, and heat pipes with heat sinks 306 are known or later developed. energy source, battery, circuit or other similar device. In some embodiments, the battery management system may be configured to draw power from multiple power sources, such as the DC output of the energy storage component 102, AC input from a grid connection, AC output from a microinverter, or a combination thereof. .

In some embodiments, the climate control system draws power from the DC output of the PV panel 902, the DC output of the energy storage component 102, the AC input from the grid connection, the AC output from the microinverter, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the temperature control system uses the DC output of the PV panel 902, the DC output of the energy storage component 102, the AC input from a grid connection, the AC output from a microinverter, alternative energy sources (e.g. gas or diesel generators). or fuel cells) or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the battery charging system uses a DC output from the PV panel 902, a DC output from the energy storage component 102, an AC input from a grid connection, an AC output from a microinverter, an alternative energy source (e.g., gas or diesel generator). or fuel cells) or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the modular energy storage device may be configured to be communicatively coupled to a data network. Modular energy storage devices may be remotely controlled based on control signals received over a network.

In some embodiments, the temperature regulation system may include a self-learning thermal management module. In some embodiments, the thermal management module may use historical data based on geographic location, system usage, ambient temperature, weather conditions, other information, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a modular energy storage device facilitates a "nanogrid." Due to high grid connection costs, lack of public infrastructure, ideological motives or a variety of other reasons, one may desire an energy generation system that is independent of or supplements traditional grid-tied systems. In some embodiments, the modular energy storage devices may be connected to a changeover switch (changeover switch 828 in FIG. 8) to facilitate energy storage and use regardless of grid connection status. In some embodiments, modular energy storage devices such as PV panel arrays may be used with modular energy storage devices independent of grid tie connections. In some embodiments, the plurality of energy generation systems and modular energy storage devices are electrically connected to a local distribution network that can be locally controlled by one of the modular energy storage devices and remotely controlled through a data network. may be concatenated.

In some use cases, temporary settlements such as refugee camps require power for various communication, heating, cooking, or water purification appliances. Conventional power systems may not be installable and generators may be undesirable for continuous operation due to noise, budget or health considerations. Instead, residential managers can install PV panels or arrays on top of any support structure, with modular energy storage devices safely mounted behind the panels. These energy generators and modular energy storage devices can be used per structure or connected in a localized distribution network.

In another use case, the city wants to improve the financial return on renewable energy subsidies currently offered. Modular energy storage devices reduce installation costs and installation space for energy storage systems, for example, by installing them behind existing solar panels. By adding modular energy storage, the city can make renewable energy harvesting and energy storage systems economically accessible to low-income residents. This system is also ideal for those who already have an energy harvesting system installed. This is because the cost of retrofitting an existing system with a modular energy storage system is substantially cheaper and less complex than other energy storage solutions of similar performance. Furthermore, the reduction in required installation space (by locating the energy storage module behind the solar panels) can increase the suitability of modular energy storage devices in large family populations with large numbers of people in the home. Not only can cities improve from high utilization rates, but utilities can benefit from real-time data collection and extensive network management of modular energy storage devices. Regardless of the city's ability to provide financial incentives for such installations, modular energy storage can reduce installation costs by approximately 40% without taking advantage of falling battery prices.

In yet another use case, a city wishes to improve its emergency preparedness by maintaining an extensive emergency power distribution system. By integrating multiple modular energy storage devices, grid tie connections and gateway controllers (GWCs), existing transmission networks can be used to direct power to priority destinations. Similarly, GWCs help balance energy demand and energy production, such as selectively storing energy from or releasing energy to the grid.

In another use case, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) users wish to improve the longevity of their SCBA. Modular energy storage device designs can be optimized for use in SCBAs based on desired performance criteria or environmental factors such as life, weight, size, heat or chemical reactions. Passive thermal regulation of modular energy storage devices can enable workers to work safely in hazardous environments for extended periods of time, thus reducing dressing and undressing and increasing efficiency.

In yet another use case, a task force in a hot environment desires to power its communication and safety systems without the constraint of constant replenishment of fuel. Energy harvesting systems and modular energy storage devices can be installed in vehicles to store excess energy during the day and use it to power communication and safety systems at night.

In another use case, a planetary spacecraft or station requires long-life, reliable energy harvesting and charge storage. Traditional power systems have relied on nuclear batteries, but renewable energy harvesting systems are more viable if less energy is required to maintain the energy storage system within a temperature range. A modular energy storage device may be coupled to the spacecraft or base and may be configured to capture and store energy. The design and performance of such devices can be varied to take advantage of different ambient temperature ranges, atmospheric composition, light-dark cycles ("day"/"night"), or other factors that affect temperature regulation in extraterrestrial environments.

In yet another use case, the modular energy storage device serves as a "power utility in a box" alternative to expensive grid extensions. By incorporating a revenue grade meter, modular energy storage can serve as a utility platform for supplying renewable power in new residential complexes and remote areas. The design parameters of the modular energy storage device can be changed to accommodate the voltage and frequency of local power requirements in different regions. In regions where grid expansion is expensive and the return on investment of distributed energy resources is low, modular energy storage has a particularly large impact.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims (17)

one or more vacuum insulation panels defining an area;
a phase change material (PCM) comprising an organic material within the region;
one or more charge storage components, including one or more circuits or lithium ion batteries, in thermal contact with the phase change material;
a proximal portion extending into said region, a distal portion extending outside said region, and an intermediate portion between said proximal portion and said distal portion , said intermediate portion being gravity-assisted said at least one heat pipe having an upward bend that produces unidirectional heat flow from a proximal portion to the distal portion ;
a housing sized to hold the one or more vacuum insulation panels, the phase change material, the one or more circuitry or charge storage components, and at least a portion thereof of the heat pipe;
The phase change material has a lower melting temperature limit higher than the lowest operating temperature of the one or more circuits or charge storage components and an upper limit melting temperature of the one or more circuits or charge storage components. selected based on operating parameters or an ambient temperature profile of the one or more circuits or charge storage components to be less than a maximum operating temperature;
The one or more vacuum insulation panels, the phase change material, and the at least one heat pipe cooperate to provide passive thermal buffering to protect the one or more circuits or charge storage components from overheating. Protected, equipment. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the distal portion of the at least one heat pipe is elevated relative to the proximal portion. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein
the heat pipe is partially filled with a fluid comprising either distilled water, methanol, or acetone;
the fluid rises in vapor within the at least one heat pipe from the proximal portion through the intermediate portion toward the distal portion to dissipate heat ;
Device. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein
The apparatus further comprising a heat sink including a plurality of heat fins configured to dissipate heat, said heat sink coupled to said distal portion of said at least one heat pipe . 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein
The apparatus further comprising a metal plate in an area including a plurality of grooves configured to secure the proximal portion of the at least one heat pipe . 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein
The device , wherein the phase change material comprises an organic material. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more vacuum insulation panels includes a thin film material defining a vacuum region and a core disposed within the vacuum region. 8. A device according to claim 7, wherein
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the core material has a porous ceramic structure. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said upward bend from said proximal portion to said distal portion has an arc angle of at least 90 degrees . an electronic component;
a phase change material (PCM) disposed about the electronic component and configured to melt at a predetermined temperature range;
a plurality of vacuum insulation panels arranged to define an area sized to house said PCM and said electronic components, said plurality of vacuum insulation panels configured to provide thermal insulation, flame retardancy and physical structure; a vacuum insulation panel;
at least one heat pipe comprising a proximal portion extending into the region, a distal portion extending outside the region, and an intermediate portion between the proximal and distal portions;
a housing sized to hold the plurality of vacuum insulation panels, the PCM, the electronic components, and at least a portion thereof of the heat pipes;
The PCM has a lower melt temperature that is higher than a minimum operating temperature of the electronic component and an upper melt temperature that is lower than a maximum operating temperature of the electronic component. is selected based on the operating parameters or ambient temperature profile of
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of vacuum insulation panels, the PCM, and the at least one heat pipe cooperate to provide a passive thermal buffer to protect the electronic component from overheating . 11. The device of claim 10 , wherein
The device, wherein the distal portion is elevated relative to the proximal portion. 11. The device of claim 10 , wherein
further comprising a heat sink having a plurality of heat fins configured to spread heat;
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the heat sink connects to the distal portion of the at least one heat pipe . 11. The device of claim 10 , wherein
when the ambient temperature exceeds or equals a temperature threshold, steam rises within the at least one heat pipe from the proximal section through the intermediate section toward the distal section to dissipate heat;
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein steam does not rise within the at least one heat pipe when the ambient temperature is below a temperature threshold. 11. The device of claim 10 , wherein
The apparatus further comprising a top plate in an area including a plurality of grooves configured to secure the proximal portion of the at least one heat pipe . 11. The device of claim 10 , wherein
The device, wherein the PCM comprises at least one of an organic material or an inorganic material. 11. The device of claim 10 , wherein
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vacuum insulation panel includes a thin film material defining a vacuum region and a core within the vacuum region, the core having a porous ceramic structure. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one heat pipe has a proximal portion at a first height and a distal portion at a second height.