JPWO2013039112A1 - Method for activating two-dimensional cultured cells in the same manner as three-dimensional culture or in vivo and use thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

When evaluating anticancer agents, there is a problem that the conventional method requires a relatively long determination period. If it can be activated in the same way as three-dimensional culture (or in vivo) under non-dividing conditions without actually performing three-dimensional culture, at least the period for three-dimensional culture is unnecessary, and the target can be quickly and easily The substance can be evaluated. Such a three-dimensional culture imitation method is expected to be applied not only to evaluation of anticancer agents but also to evaluation and determination of physiological activities of various stimuli. Covering a portion of a monolayer animal-derived cell maintained on a substrate with a composition comprising an extracellular matrix component and activating the cell under non-dividing conditions; providing a stimulus to the activated cell; and A method for evaluating a stimulus applied to a cell, which includes the step of detecting a change in the cell that occurs after the stimulus is provided, and using the presence or degree of the change of the cell as an index.

Description

  The present invention relates to an evaluation method (cell-based assay) using cells. The present invention can be used for high-throughput screening of drug candidate compounds and the like. The present invention can be used in patient drug susceptibility testing. The present invention is useful for research and development of drug discovery (particularly anticancer agents), functional foods, or functional cosmetics. The present invention is useful for determining the drug to be administered to a patient.

  Cell-based assays that use human cells are often used in anticancer drug susceptibility tests, basic tumor research, and various biological reaction studies and tests including toxicity, not limited to tumors. The cell-based assay is typically performed by culturing human cells in a monolayer with an incubator, adding a substance to be evaluated, and counting the number of viable cells after a certain period of time. Such a method is frequently used because of its low cost and simplicity, but it is performed in a special environment different from adults, in which cells such as stromal cells are removed, and the cells are monolayered. It is proliferating and does not adopt a three-dimensional structure.

  For monolayer cultures, loss of original tissue-specific gene expression, increase in gene expression related to cell cycle, metabolism, and macromolecule conversion, suppression of gene expression related to growth and cell adhesion, and signal between cells Lack of communication has been reported (Non-Patent Documents 1 to 6). For this reason, in many cases, studies that cannot actually be performed in vivo using monolayer culture have been made (Non-patent Document 7). For example, the effect of an anticancer agent cannot be determined unless it is 10 to 100 times the blood concentration (physiological concentration) in the living body (Non-patent Documents 8 and 9). Therefore, there is a problem that only a low evaluation can be obtained for a drug that can exhibit an excellent anticancer effect in vivo, and it is not linked to clinical application (Non-patent Document 10).

  In evaluating drugs, it is desirable to use a system that maintains a microenvironment close to that in the living body, but there are problems in maintaining the system. Therefore, a system in which cells are three-dimensionally cultured in vitro and a structure close to that in vivo is reconstructed is being studied.

  Three-dimensional culture includes 1) spheroid culture including multiple cells that are spontaneous cell aggregation, 2) extracellular matrix component-embedded culture (Patent Documents 1 to 3), 3) porous scaffold (scaffold) culture, etc. (Non-Patent Documents 11 to 14). Since simple spheroid culture can reproduce only a part of the microenvironment, an extracellular matrix component-embedded culture in which spheroids are embedded with an extracellular matrix component has also been developed. Collagen is often used as an extracellular matrix component, and in the case of an anticancer agent, the correlation with clinical results is high (Non-patent Documents 15 to 18). However, since it usually takes several days to 14 days for cells to be three-dimensionally cultured and used for testing, it has been pointed out that this will be a problem when high throughput is achieved as long as three-dimensional culture is performed. (Non-Patent Documents 19 and 20). In addition to this, the CD-DST (Collagen Gel Droplet Embedded Culture Drug Sensitivity Test) method has been developed as a standard anti-cancer drug susceptibility test by three-dimensional culture. It is often performed 7 to 14 days later (Non-Patent Document 10).

  On the other hand, determination and prediction in a test using a three-dimensional cultured cell by an apparatus is mainly performed by an imaging technique. As the apparatus, a phase contrast microscope, a fluorescence microscope, a confocal laser microscope, a two-photon (multiphoton) microscope, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscope, an optical coherence tomography (OCT), a positron tomography (PET), etc. are used. (Non-patent documents 21 to 25). In addition, a method using a scanning electrochemical microscope that monitors the oxygen concentration discharged outside the cell, measurement of cell diameter by impedance (Non-patent Document 26), real-time measurement of impedance on a microcavity array (Non-patent Document) 27), has been reported.

  However, all methods require at least 7 days or half of this judgment period, and until the judgment, procedures such as periodic replacement of the medium are necessary, complicated, and automated. Is also difficult (Non-Patent Document 10). For this reason, it has not been widely used as a high-throughput screening method for various drug tests (Non-Patent Document 10).

  On the other hand, the present inventors have studied methods for screening anticancer substances and monitoring the mitochondrial polarization state using a surface plasmon resonance apparatus (Patent Documents 4 to 6).

WO95 / 18216 (Patent No. 2879978) JP2003-9853 JP2008-11797 JP2005-85089 WO2007 / 069692 JP2009-122016

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  When evaluating anticancer agents, there is a problem that the conventional method requires a relatively long determination period. If it can be activated in the same way as three-dimensional culture (or in vivo) under non-dividing conditions without actually performing three-dimensional culture, at least the period for three-dimensional culture is unnecessary, and the target can be quickly and easily The substance can be evaluated. Such a three-dimensional culture imitation method is expected to be applied not only to evaluation of anticancer agents but also to evaluation and determination of physiological activities of various stimuli.

The present invention provides the following:
[1] A step of covering a part of a cell derived from a monolayer animal maintained on a substrate with a composition containing an extracellular matrix component and activating the cell under non-dividing conditions;
A method of evaluating a stimulus provided to a cell, using a step of providing a stimulus to an activated cell; and a step of detecting a change in the cell that occurs after the stimulus is provided, and using the presence or degree of the change of the cell as an index.
[2] The process of detecting cell changes is caused by changes in the polarization state of cells and / or mitochondria, or changes in the dielectric constant of cells and / or mitochondria using surface plasmon resonance devices under non-dividing conditions. The method according to [1], wherein the method is performed by measuring a change in surface plasmon resonance angle.
[3] For evaluating the efficacy of an anticancer agent, wherein the cell is a cancer cell, and the step of providing stimulation is performed by supplying one or more anticancer agents. [2] The method described in 1.
[4] A step of covering a part of a cell derived from a monolayer animal maintained on a substrate with a composition containing an extracellular matrix component and activating the cell under non-dividing conditions;
A step of supplying a test compound to activated cells; and a step of detecting a change in the cell that occurs after the test compound is supplied, and the test compound supplied to the cell is treated with the presence or degree of the change of the cell as an index. A method for screening an anticancer drug candidate compound selected as a cancer drug candidate compound.
[5] A method of increasing sensitivity of a cell to an external stimulus by covering a part of a monolayer animal cell maintained on a substrate with a composition containing an extracellular matrix component.
[6] A method for imitating a three-dimensional culture environment by covering a part of a monolayer animal cell maintained on a substrate with a composition containing an extracellular matrix component.

  According to the method of the present invention, by covering a part of a monolayer animal cell maintained on a substrate with a composition containing an extracellular matrix component, it is equivalent to three-dimensional culture (or in vivo) under non-dividing conditions. Can be activated.

Compared with the conventional test method by combining the above-mentioned system that mimics the three-dimensional culture with a measurement method for rapidly detecting cell changes, for example, a method for detecting changes in the mitochondrial polarization state using an SPR device. Have the following advantages:
(1) Whereas the conventional method requires about 10 ⁵ to 10 ⁶ cells, it can be carried out with a small amount of cells, for example, about 1000 cells.
(2) Can be determined within 1 hour after substance administration.
(3) Can be performed at physiological concentrations.

  The present invention can be implemented not only for the purpose of screening for substances, but also for the purpose of predicting effects before administration.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a graph showing the measurement results of cell viability by the CD-DST method. FIG. 3 is a graph showing the measurement results of the three-dimensional culture imitation method of the present invention using a high-precision surface plasmon resonance apparatus (HP-SPR). FIG. 4 is a graph showing the correlation between the cell viability by the CD-DST method and the rate of change of the HP-SPR signal. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of measuring the three-dimensional culture imitation method of the present invention using a high-precision surface plasmon resonance apparatus (HP-SPR) in comparison with the two-dimensional culture state.

Using the presence or absence or degree of change of the cells of the present invention as an indicator, the method for evaluating the stimulus provided to the cells,
(1) covering a part of a cell derived from a monolayer animal maintained on a substrate with a composition containing an extracellular matrix component and activating the cell under non-dividing conditions;
(2) providing a stimulus to the activated cell; and (3) detecting a cell change that occurs after the stimulus is provided.

(1) Step of activating cells:
In the present invention, animal cells are maintained on the substrate.

  In the present invention, the term “cell” means a living cell unless otherwise specified.

  Various cells can be used in the present invention depending on the purpose. Examples of cells that can be used include normal cells, cancer cells, primary cultured cells, cell lines, fertilized eggs, stem cells, embryonic stem cells (ES cells), differentiated cells derived from ES cells, mesenchymal stem cells ( Adipose stem cells, blood stem cells), undifferentiated cells having tissue differentiation ability, cells having multi-differentiation function, and the like. These cultured cells may also be used.

  As will be described later, in the embodiment in which the cell maintenance method and the SPR device are combined, the cells need to be in contact with the sensor substrate, but do not need to be adhered. Therefore, in this embodiment, not only adhesive cells but also non-adhesive (floating) cells can be used.

  In the present invention, when referring to the cell culture form, “monolayer” means that the cell may not be multilayered or three-dimensional unless otherwise specified. Cells maintained in a “monolayer” on the substrate do not need to form a continuous layer, nor do they need to be confluent on the substrate.

  It may be preferable to use cells that are in the logarithmic growth phase, as in normal cell-based assays. If it is an expert, a cell can be made into an appropriate state by performing preculture.

  The term “under non-dividing conditions” in the present invention, unless otherwise specified, is a change in cells that occurs in response to a stimulus after the stimulus is applied. This means the operation under conditions that do not become undetectable by, and typically means the operation in the cell cycle that avoids the division period (M phase) from nuclear fission to cytokinesis. In general, animal cells stop growing or divide when they reach a certain size. Cells such as nerves, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells do not normally divide once they mature. The period from division to the next division is called the cell cycle, and the time taken to do it once is called the generation time. The generation time originally differs depending on the cell type, and may vary depending on the environment in which the cell is placed. A person skilled in the art appropriately determines the non-dividing condition by considering the generation time according to the cell to be used and appropriately designing the conditions for activation described below (for example, the composition of the composition covering the cells). Can be determined.

The cells are suspended in a medium or a buffer so that the cells have an appropriate density, for example, 0.5 to 5 × 10 ⁶ cells / ml. Then, the suspension is seeded on the substrate, and if necessary, the whole substrate is kept in contact with the substrate by incubating for several minutes to half a day in a constant temperature / humidity culture apparatus.

  The material and structure of the substrate are not limited as long as the substrate has a surface capable of maintaining the cells to be used, but may be restricted by the measurement apparatus. In some cases, for example, a culture plate such as a glass substrate, plastic flakes, so-called cover slips or cell disks can be used. The surface of the substrate can be a smooth plane, but in order to suppress the spread of drops of the cell suspension to be seeded, a frame can be placed with a material that is acceptable for cell culture, and a protrusion can be formed. It can also be provided, or an image line composed of grooves can be provided.

  In the present invention, cells maintained on a substrate are covered with a composition comprising an extracellular matrix. The composition comprises at least an extracellular matrix component and one or more components that are acceptable for cell culture. The composition is also one in which the components are dissolved or dispersed in water, and the form thereof may be a solution or a gel.

  In the present invention, the composition contains an extracellular matrix component. In the present invention, the term “extracellular matrix component” refers to a protein mainly composed of mucopolysaccharides such as collagen, fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, cadherin, gelatin, integrin, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, unless otherwise specified. It refers to a substance that fills between cells in living tissue, or a substance that has a similar function, such as polysaccharides (proteoglycans), poly-D-lysine, and poly-L-lysine. Extracellular matrix is sometimes expressed as intercellular matrix. In the present invention, a mixture of a plurality of substances may be used as the extracellular matrix component.

  The coating with the composition can be performed by supplying a solution containing the lysed extracellular matrix to the cells maintained on the substrate and, if necessary, allowing it to gel. When the composition is supplied to the cells, if necessary, the medium around the cells may be removed.

  In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the state of the composition containing the extracellular matrix is a gel. A gel can be formed by preparing a solution containing extracellular matrix components and the like and allowing it to gel. Typically, after preparing a solution under gelling conditions just before use and supplying it to cells The gelation can be allowed to proceed by placing it in an environment for allowing the gelation to proceed as needed, or by placing it as it is. Means for gelation of media and the like related to cell culture are well known to those skilled in the art and are applicable to the present invention.

  A typical example of the extracellular matrix component used in the present invention is collagen. Methods for preparing gels containing collagen for cell culture (collagen gels) are well known to those skilled in the art, but conventional methods (for example, the above-mentioned patent documents 1 to 3) can also be applied to the present invention. it can.

  A collagen gel is prepared from a collagen solution. As the collagen solution, commercially available collagen used in conventional cell embedding culture methods and the like can be used. As the collagen, acid-soluble type I collagen can be used.

  In addition to collagen, the collagen solution may contain various components necessary for culture, such as medium components, nutrient components, antibiotics, inorganic salts such as calcium and calcium phosphate, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. The collagen solution may comprise a buffer composition that can provide an environmental pH that is the same or close to the physiological conditions of the cells used. For example, when using cancer cells, the collagen solution preferably has a buffering capacity that can be maintained at pH 6.2 to 7.6, preferably pH 6.8 to 7.4.

  The salt concentration of the collagen solution can also be adjusted according to physiological conditions. The salt strength is preferably set to 100 to 180 mmol, and more preferably 140 to 160 mmol.

  Those skilled in the art can appropriately set the collagen concentration and viscosity of the collagen solution. The concentration and viscosity can be the same as in the conventional embedding method. However, in the present invention, it is only necessary to form a gel by laminating the collagen solution on the cells maintained on the substrate. It may be possible to carry out at a lower concentration and viscosity than the embedding method.

  Typically, the collagen concentration (final concentration when donating to cells) can be ˜2.0% by weight. If the concentration is too high, the viscosity is high, it is difficult to handle, and it may affect the activity of the cells.

  The collagen solution is provided so as to cover a part of the cells maintained on the substrate. When referring to a collagen solution or a collagen gel in the present invention, “covering a portion” of a cell means that the whole cell is not covered with the collagen solution or collagen unless otherwise specified. In the present invention, the cells are maintained on the substrate, and some of the cells are in contact with the substrate. For this reason, cells are typically covered with a collagen solution or gel except for the portion in contact with the substrate.

A person skilled in the art can appropriately design the amount of the collagen gel solution provided to the cells. The density of the cells relative to the collagen solution can be typically supplied to be 10 ³ to 10 ⁶ cells / ml.

  The supply of the collagen solution onto the cells maintained on the substrate can be performed by dropping the collagen solution directly from the container of the collagen solution or using an instrument such as a spoid. The collagen solution may form water droplets or dome-shaped droplets on the substrate due to an action such as surface tension. In some cases, a frame or a line surrounding a certain range is provided on the substrate, and the cells are maintained on the inside thereof. Therefore, the collagen gel solution is also provided in the frame / line.

  A collagen solution prepared at an appropriate component ratio by means well known to those skilled in the art usually gels with time.

  Conventionally, a collagen gel used for microscopic observation and image analysis has to have a high transparency, but even a low transparency can be used in the method of the present invention.

  The formed collagen gel needs to be kept in a gel state until the measurement for evaluation is completed. In some cases, a medium or the like may be kept impregnated with the gel so that the collagen gel is not excessively dried.

  As a medium for culturing cells, and optionally a medium included in the collagen solution, a serum medium containing serum and a serum-free medium not containing serum can be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art according to the purpose. You can select and use.

  Examples of sera that can be used include FBS (fetal calf serum), FCS (calf serum), HS (horse serum), or inactivated FBS, but FBS is more preferred. A serum-free culture medium is characterized by the fact that the culture medium used for normal cell culture contains serum as its component, but does not contain serum. Composed of a combination of substances.

  Use of a serum-free culture solution may be preferable in that cell division can be effectively suppressed and contraction of the collagen gel can be prevented. When using serum-free medium, the specific ingredients and proportions may be set as necessary, but the target animal cells (for example, cancer cells) have good growth properties, A formulation that suppresses the growth of other cells is preferred.

  Surprisingly, according to the cell maintenance method of the present invention (monolayer + composition containing an extracellular matrix component), cells are three-dimensionally cultured in a short time under non-dividing conditions (Yamada & Cukierman Cell 130). : 601, 2007). That is, by covering a part of a cell with a composition containing an extracellular matrix, a period for three-dimensional growth is not required, and the cell is maintained in three dimensions despite being monolayered or It can be in the same state as in a living body. In the present invention, “activation” is used to mean that the cells are maintained in three dimensions or are in the same state as in the living body, unless otherwise specified.

  The present invention covers not only the whole cells but only a part thereof with a composition containing an extracellular matrix component, and further uses the cells for evaluation without dividing the cells, that is, without culturing them. In these respects, the principle of activating cells according to the present invention in the same manner as three-dimensional culture (or in vivo) is that the entire cell or cell mass is embedded in a collagen gel, and the extracellular matrix component embedded is cultured. It is essentially different from the law.

(2) Step of providing stimulation to activated cells:
In this invention, various irritation | stimulation is given to the cell currently maintained with the above-mentioned cell maintenance method.

  The term “stimulation” in the present invention includes cases where physical stimulation is given to cells in addition to supplying a substance to be evaluated to cells, unless otherwise specified. Physical stimuli include, for example, high and low temperatures, pressure, magnetic field, and current (Chew SY, Low WC. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2011 97 (3): 355-74. Scaffold-based approach to direct stem cell neural and cardiovascular differentiation: an analysis of physical and biochemical effects.).

(3) Detecting cell changes that occur after the stimulus is applied:
In the cell maintenance method provided by the present invention, the cells are allowed to exhibit the activity of the three-dimensional state in the monolayer state. Any cell change can be measured using the method of the present invention. The term “cell change” in the present invention includes at least a change in the polarization state of cells and / or mitochondria, a change in dielectric constant of cells and / or mitochondria, unless otherwise specified, and a gene, Various changes such as increase or decrease of proteins, metabolites including signal molecules, and the like can be included. That is, for the OMICS in general, the method of the present invention will be applicable to changes that can be detected and evaluated by labels such as fluorescence and luminescence, and changes that can be detected and evaluated by non-labeling such as Raman spectroscopy.

  The cell maintenance method provided by the present invention can be combined with various measurement methods for detecting cell changes.

  In this invention, it can also combine with the measuring method which can be measured only in a single layer state. Examples of embodiments of the present invention are shown below.

[Combination with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) equipment]
In the present invention, an existing surface plasmon resonance apparatus can be used. For example, the devices disclosed in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 described above may be used. The specific procedure for this can be referred to the examples in this specification.

  In SPR, when trying to evaluate three-dimensionally grown cells, most of them are far from the sensor substrate, and in principle they cannot be measured. Therefore, there is no choice but to make the cell activity equal to that of the three-dimensional culture while keeping the sensor substrate in two-dimensional contact. The cell maintenance method of the present invention is well suited for this purpose.

  In this embodiment, the stimulus (one or more) is obtained using the slope of the graph (the amount of change in surface plasmon resonance angle per hour, that is, the rate of change) when the signal from the surface plasmon resonance sensor is recorded over time. It can also be used for the purpose of quantifying the effect on changes in the mitochondrial polarization state. In this case, the change in the surface plasmon resonance angle is a time zone that is substantially caused only by the change in the mitochondrial polarization state, and the change in the detected surface plasmon resonance angle is constant, that is, the surface plasmon resonance. It is possible to specify a time zone in which the slope of the graph when the signal from the sensor is recorded with time is almost linear, and use the slope of the graph in that time zone. The length of the specified time period is at least 1 minute, preferably 3 minutes or more, more preferably 5 minutes or more, and even more preferably 10 minutes or more. For the purpose of more accurate quantification, the rate of change of the surface plasmon resonance angle in that time zone is within ± 10% of the rate of change of the surface plasmon resonance angle in a time zone that includes the time zone and is 10% or longer than that. It is better to use the rate of change of the time zone that

  Specifically, in the case of 5 minutes for 35 to 40 minutes, it is 10% longer than that, that is, 5 minutes and 30 seconds or more (for example, 10 minutes for 30 to 45 minutes), 10 minutes for 35 to 45 minutes In some cases, even if the rate of change is calculated for a time period that is 10% longer than that, that is, 11 minutes or more (for example, 15 to 15/50 minutes), the change rate is 5 to 35/40 minutes Alternatively, when the change rate is within ± 10% with respect to the rate of change in the time zone of 10 minutes for 35 to 45 minutes, 5 minutes for 35 to 40 minutes or 10 minutes for 35 to 45 minutes can be selected. Thus, it is one of the features of the present invention that it is possible to detect changes in the polarization state of mitochondria in living cells in a shorter time (within 1 hour) than the conventional method, but for example when the pH change rate is slow, etc. In the case where it is considered that a change in the mitochondrial polarization state is detected late, a person skilled in the art will be able to determine the detection time zone as appropriate by referring to the description in this specification. (Patent Document 6).

  If too much time is taken for measurement, changes in the signal due to cell division may become noise. Therefore, it is good to carry out under the condition that the cell division is suppressed before the cell is divided. Inhibition of cell division can be achieved, for example, by suppressing the components of the medium to be included in the composition containing the extracellular matrix component, specifically by using a serum-free medium.

[Combination with fluorescence method using evanescent illumination (for example, Tomoko Tawa: Surface Science 28, 724-727 (2007), Steyer JA, Almers W. Biophys J. 76 (4): 2262-71 (1999))]
The present invention can be implemented as an embodiment in combination with a method using a fluorescent reagent (for example, JC-1 etc.) and a measurement method using evanescent illumination. A typical procedure in this case is as follows.

The test cells were detached from the petri dish after pre-culture, and the cell concentration was adjusted to 1 × 10 ⁶ cells / mL in complete medium. 100 μL of the cell suspension was dropped onto the substrate, and the sample was incubated at 37 ° C., CO ₂ 5 Incubate overnight at% concentration. 30 μL of collagen drop kit solution A (Collagen Cellmatrix Type CD), solution B (10-fold concentrated F-12 medium), and solution C (reconstitution buffer) mixed at a ratio of 8: 1: 1 Then, the solution is dropped onto the whole cell and allowed to stand again at 37 ° C., 5% CO ₂ and 95% humidity (the time for standing still is called the standing time). The sensor chip is then placed on the HP-SPR sensor prism via matching oil (refractive index 1.518) and 5 mL EMEM (Minimum Essential Medium Eagle) (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MI, USA) Satisfy and start measurement with custom-made HP-SPR (Kosaihira and Ona 2008; Nishijima et al. 2010). At this time, it can be carried out at 5% CO ₂ and 37 ± 0.1 ° C. The standing time corresponds to a short time that does not cause cell division, and can be determined by showing a stable trend of this HP-SPR signal. More specifically, the standing time can be within 12 hours, within 6 hours, or about 3 hours. 2 to 3 minutes after the start of measurement, confirm that the SPR signal is stable, replace it with EMEM containing 2.5 μM JC-1 iodide (containing DMSO at a final concentration of 0.1%), and measure for 20 minutes. The fluorescence intensity observation can be performed at an observation magnification of 630 times. The SPR light source of the halogen lamp transmits 485 ± 20 nm by an excitation filter, and a filter set of 515 to 565 nm transmission and a filter set of 575 to 640 nm transmission can be used for fluorescence detection. 10 minutes after the start of measurement, remove EMEM, replace with medium containing anticancer agent, and continue measurement. As a control, a medium containing 0.1% (v / v) DMSO is used.

[Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (eg United States Patent Application 20090118605, Downes, A .; Elfick, A. Sensors 10, 1871-1889 (2010))]
In the method of the present invention, the monitoring of the mitochondrial polarization state can be performed in combination with Raman spectroscopy. A typical procedure in this case is as follows.

As the glass substrate, MICRO COVER GLASS 18 × 18 mm (Thickness No.1 0.12-0.17 mm) manufactured by MATSUNAMI is used. Ion coater JFC-1100 (manufactured by JEOL) is used for gold deposition. Vapor deposition on a glass substrate is performed at a position of 7 cm in height, 2 cm away from the target, with a deposition time of 30 minutes, a voltage of 5.5 mA, and a current value of 1.2 kV. The test cells are detached from the petri dish after pre-culture, and the cell concentration is adjusted to 1 × 10 ⁶ cells / mL in complete medium, and 100 μL of the cell suspension is dropped onto the substrate, at 37 ° C. and CO25% concentration Incubate overnight under. The surface enhanced Raman measurement uses a Process Raman spectrometer Raman Analyzer PI-200 (manufactured by Process Instruments). Measurement is performed at a measurement range of 300-2400 cm ⁻¹ , an excitation wavelength of 785 nm, a detector CCD, and the number of integrations of 1 second × 5 (5 seconds), and the measurement method is a probe (Inphotonics).

(4) Summary:
The present invention is novel in that the cell is simply contacted with the sensor substrate without being subjected to long-term cell culture and / or placed close enough to the detector so that the endpoint can be quickly predicted. Is the method. In the CD-DST method, which is an anticancer drug susceptibility test by three-dimensional culture, which is adopted in advanced medicine, the survival rate 7 days after the addition of the drug is evaluated as an index. This can be done in as little as one hour without the need for such three-dimensional culture.

  In this method, the cells are brought into a three-dimensional culture state (Yamada & Cukierman Cell 130: 601, 2007) only by maintaining the cells two-dimensionally on the substrate. The cell to adhere does not need to constitute three-dimensional culture or three-dimensional, and may be one that has been two-dimensionally cultured. For this reason, it is very quick and is suitable for high throughput.

  This method is excellent in that this is achieved after a certain time by covering the cells with collagen and confirming the activity of the cells. In addition, the measurement at physiological concentrations performed in three-dimensional culture may reduce the drug concentration to about one-hundred of conventional two-dimensional culture (Higashiyama et al. 2008). Of course, the conventional methods will decrease. However, it was predicted that the cells responded even at physiological concentrations in the three-dimensional culture because the activity of the cells was increased, but the obtained results supported this. Furthermore, compared to the required number of cells of 105 by the standard method, it uses only a small number of cells, which is about 1000, and is very superior in that it can perform accurate and sufficient sensitivity tests by measuring HP-SPR. It is also suitable for clinical application. This method has the advantage of avoiding the problem of photobleaching because it measures quickly with weak light. In the future, not only will the content be enhanced, but it is expected to be developed into efficient tailor-made medicines and medical care in the future by conducting research using clinical samples and developing automated devices. A specific evaluation system using the method of the present invention includes the following.

[Evaluation of anticancer drugs]
The method of the present invention can be used for evaluation of anticancer agents. In the present invention, the cells are activated in the same state as when three-dimensionally cultured, and thus can be evaluated at physiological concentrations. Moreover, it can also apply to a sensitivity test by using a patient-derived cell.

[Screening for anticancer drugs]
It is known that changes in the mitochondrial polarization state occur during the process of anticancer drugs acting on cancer cells, such as mitochondrial depolarization in anticancer drugs that exhibit anticancer effects due to induction of apoptosis. Yes. Further, it has been found that the anticancer effect can be evaluated from the degree of depolarization (Non-patent Document 1). Therefore, screening for anticancer agents is possible by monitoring the mitochondrial polarization state when a candidate anticancer agent is administered to cancer cells. (See Apoptosis 2005; 10: 687-705) In addition, for example, the synergistic effect of the combined administration of such anticancer drug candidate substances can also be determined by monitoring the mitochondrial polarization state. Specifically, a method for screening an anticancer drug candidate compound includes the following steps: covering a part of a cell derived from a monolayer animal maintained on a substrate with a composition containing an extracellular matrix component. Activating the cell under non-dividing conditions; donating the test compound to the activated cell. Then, the method includes a step of detecting a change in cells that occurs after supplying the test compound, and the test compound supplied to the cells is selected as an anticancer agent candidate compound using the presence or absence or degree of change of the cells as an index.

  In the present specification, the screening method may be described as an example of the screening method for candidate anticancer agents as described above. However, the description is not limited to the case described otherwise. This also applies to a screening method for selecting candidate substances for the purpose described above.

[Screening for fat burning substances (anti-obesity drugs)]
Excessive fat accumulation has been shown to cause not only symptoms of obesity, but also diseases such as diabetes, stroke, and arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the usefulness of fat burning substances as anti-obesity drugs is very high. Fat burning is performed by brown adipocytes and hepatocytes, but it is known that mitochondrial polarization and depolarization occurs in hepatocytes during fat burning. This makes it possible to screen for fat burning substances. (See Biophysical journal 2002; 82 (1): 1673 part2 and FEBS Letters 1984; 170 (1): 181-185)

[Cancer diagnosis]
Since cancerous cells are known to have a significantly different mitochondrial polarization state compared to normal cells, they can be applied to distinguish normal cells from cancer cells. (See Cancer Research 2005; 65 (21): 9861-9867)

[Evaluation of RNAi]
RNAi (RNA interference) is a phenomenon in which double-stranded RNA introduced into a cell degrades mRNA having a complementary base sequence, and this phenomenon is used to artificially convert double-stranded RNA. By introducing, the expression of any gene can be suppressed. It is possible to determine the effect of RNAi, particularly those that are thought to affect mitochondrial depolarization, by monitoring the mitochondrial polarization state. Examples of such RNAi include RNAi involved in cell apoptosis, cell division activity, aging, obesity, diabetes related to obesity, stroke, arteriosclerosis, brown adipocytes, hepatocytes, etc. It is not limited to. (For RNAi: see Nature 2001; 411: 494-498)

[Environmental monitoring]
Endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A, known as environmental hormones, have been shown to induce proliferation and apoptosis in specific cells depending on their type and concentration. Polarization of mitochondria in cell proliferation and apoptosis in the aforementioned cell proliferation Since it can be detected by monitoring the condition, it can be used to detect endocrine disrupting substances in the environment and evaluate their effects. (See Archives of Toxicology 2000; 74 (2): 99-105, and Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005; 280 (7): 6181-6196)

[Toxicity assessment]
It is generally known that administration of a toxic substance to a living cell causes a rapid depolarization of mitochondria, and there are examples in which the toxicity of various substances is evaluated by monitoring the mitochondrial polarization state with a fluorescent reagent. Using the present invention, toxicity evaluation can be easily performed under no label. (See Hepatology 2000; 31; 1141-1152 and Toxicological Sciences 2005; 86 (2): 436-443)

[Evaluation of cell division activity]
It is important to select cells with high division activity in artificial fertilization and selection of excellent cells in animal and plant clones. However, since the mitochondrial polarization state is closely related to cell division activity, it is not labeled using the present invention. By monitoring the mitochondrial polarization state below, it is possible to non-invasively select cells that are excellent in the above-mentioned use. (See Cancer Research 1998; 58 (13): 2869-2875)

[Evaluation of cellular aging status]
In senescent cells, mitotic activity is low, and the mitochondrial polarization state is related to this, so that monitoring of the aging state of cells is possible from monitoring the mitochondrial polarization state. It can also be applied to screening for drugs that activate cells and suppress aging. (See Biological Signals and Receptors 2001; 10: 176-188)

[Other]
The method of the present invention can be used to evaluate and screen the dividing activity, senescence state, or malignancy (whether it is a cancer cell or a normal cell) of a candidate living cell group. In addition, cell differentiation can be detected for stem cells such as iPS (Patent Document 6).

  The methods of the invention can also be used to screen a variety of candidate substances (eg, pharmaceutical candidate compounds for treating diseases or conditions associated with mitochondrial polarization). In other words, drug efficacy evaluation of mitochondria-related drugs (candidate substances) is also expected (Hock and Kralli 2009). Focusing on screening for the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome related hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, infertility, hearing loss, progression of arteriosclerosis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, epilepsy, myocardial infarction, Development to cerebral infarction, sperm migration, aging, etc. is possible at physiological concentrations. For this reason, we are confident that we can propose new methodologies in medicine and medicine based on new principles based on novel ideas.

Example 1: Effect of anticancer agents on cell activation in a three-dimensional culture state
[Cell culture]
The test cells were human pancreatic adenocarcinoma-derived cells, MIA PaCa-2 (transferred from RIKEN BRC through the National Bio-Resource Project of the MEXT, Japan) and PANC -1 (assigned from Prof. Mitsuo Katano, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University) at 37 ° C, CO ₂ 5%, humidity 91%, penicillin 50 unit / mL-streptomycin 50 μg mixed reagent (Invitrogen, Calsbad, CA, USA) ), Fetal bovine serum FBS 10% (v / v) (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in a liquid medium DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MI, USA). Experiments were performed using cells in the logarithmic growth phase.

[Measurement of cell viability by CD-DST method]
Prepare each cancer cell as a suspension of 3.5 × 10 ⁶ cells / mL using the liquid medium DMEM containing the above-mentioned various components. Collagen Drop Kit (Primaster (registered trademark) KIT) (Kurashikibo, Osaka) In the solution A (Collagen Cellmatrix Type CD), solution B (10-fold concentrated F-12 medium), and solution C (reconstitution buffer) 8: 1: 1 (volume), Mix to 10 concentrations, drop 3 drops of 30 μL into each well of a 6-well microplate, and incubate for 1 hour at 37 ° C., 5% CO ₂ and 91% humidity (Kobayashi et al. 2001) . Thereafter, 3 mL each of DMEM medium containing various components was placed in each well and incubated for 24 hours, 30 μL each of anticancer drug stock solutions having various concentrations were added, and further incubated for 24 hours. Thereafter, the medium in each hole was replaced with 4 mL of DMEM, and after shaking for 10 minutes with a plate mixer at 37 ° C., 5% CO ₂ and 91% humidity, the same operation was repeated once more. Furthermore, the medium in each well was replaced with 4 mL of PCM-2 medium (Primaster (registered trademark) KIT) (Kurashiki Boseki, Osaka), and the liquid was replaced with 4 mL of PCM-2 medium every 2-3 days. The culture was performed for 7 days. Each hole was replaced with 3 mL of DMEM medium containing 0.1% collagenase (collagenase L, Nitta Gelatin, Osaka), and shaken with a plate mixer at 37 ° C., 5% CO ₂ and 91% humidity for 30 minutes. The cells from which collagen was removed were stained with trypan blue (Wako Pure Chemicals, Osaka), the number of cells was counted with a hemocytometer, and the number of viable cells was calculated with the number of viable cells of the control as 100%.

  As an anticancer agent, doxorubicin or paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MI, USA) was used. The stock solutions are 100-fold concentrated, respectively, so that the test concentrations are 25 and 50 nM and 1, 2.5 and 5 nM, respectively, ultrapure water for doxorubicin, and dimethyl sulfoxide (for paclitaxel). DMSO) (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto) was used as a solvent.

[Real-time monitoring of surface plasmon resonance angle with high precision surface plasmon resonance device (HP-SPR)]
A polypropylene ring with a height of about 1.5 mm, an outer diameter of 9 mm, and an inner diameter of 8 mm was bonded to collagen (Type A-I) (Nitta Gelatin, Osaka) on a sensor chip with 45 nm gold deposited on a BK7 glass slide. . 100 μL of 1 × 10 ⁶ cells / mL prepared in penicillin-streptomycin and FBS-free DMEM was dropped into this, and kept overnight at 37 ° C., 5% CO ₂ , 95% humidity. Remove 50 μL of the solution, and use the collagen drop kit solution A (Collagen Cellmatrix Type CD), solution B (10-fold concentrated F-12 medium), and solution C (reconstitution buffer) at a ratio of 8: 1: 1. 30 μL of the mixed solution was dropped onto the entire cell and allowed to stand again at 37 ° C., 5% CO ₂ and 95% humidity (FIG. 1).

The sensor chip is then placed on the HP-SPR sensor prism via matching oil (refractive index 1.518) and 5 mL EMEM (Minimum Essential Medium Eagle) (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MI, USA) Satisfied and started measurement with custom-made HP-SPR (Kosaihira and Ona 2008; Nishijima et al. 2010). At this time, it was carried out at 5% CO ₂ and 37 ± 0.1 ° C. The standing time corresponds to a short time that does not cause cell division, and was determined by showing a stable trend of this HP-SPR signal. 2 to 3 minutes after the start of measurement, confirm that the SPR signal is stable, replace 5 mL of EMEM containing either doxorubicin or paclitaxel, or only 5 mL of EMEM as a control, and continue measurement for 60 minutes. It was. Each drug was used at the same concentration as the CD-DST method using a 1000-fold concentrated solution stock.

  The stable linear signal part is monitored for 5 minutes after 25 minutes after drug injection, which is the time zone when the drug starts to act on the cells, and the rate of change of HP-SPR angle is obtained by subtracting the rate of change of control in each cell. (Nishijima et al. 2010).

[Results and discussion]
The measurement results of cell viability by CD-DST method are shown in FIG. The concentrations of anticancer agents showing 50% survival in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 were about 25 nM for doxorubicin and about 2.5 nM for paclitaxel. By using this method, it was confirmed that the same result as the concentration used in the clinical examination was obtained (Yasuda et al. 1998). For this reason, doxorubicin works better with MIA PaCa-2 than PANC-1, and there are individual differences in sensitivity. In both cell lines used, mutations are observed in K-ras and p53 (Moore et al. 2001). However, the location of the mutation is different and shows individual differences.

  The measurement results by HP-SPR are shown in FIG. In the measurement on the gold substrate so far, the control has been almost unchanged (Kosaihira and Ona 2008; Nishijima et al. 2010). In contrast, when the cells were covered with collagen, the control also showed a trend of mitochondrial depolarization. When cells are covered with collagen, cell proliferation is increased and metabolic activity is also increased (Kleinman et al. 1987). However, in the measurement of HP-SPR, since FBS is not newly added and EMEM medium is used, it is considered that both growth factors and nutrition are lacking. As a result, it is considered that mitochondrial depolarization over time was also observed in the control. On the other hand, when an anticancer agent was added, it showed a stronger depolarization trend than the control, and it was considered possible to evaluate the efficacy as before.

  Here, doxorubicin works by inhibiting topoisomerase-II along with its insertion into DNA and cleaving the DNA strand (Sin and Moore 2005). Paclitaxel, on the other hand, stops cell division by inhibiting microtubule depolymerization (Sin and Moore 2005). Both are anticancer drugs that pass through the cell membrane and act intracellularly, but unlike the experimental results when not covered with collagen (Nishijima et al. 2010), the HP-SPR signal is affected by the passage through the cell membrane. It was almost unaffected and showed the same trend as the result of signaling echo method (Nishijima et al. 2010). For this reason, it was imagined that the cell membrane of an anticancer drug could be easily passed when the cells were covered with collagen (Ong et al. 2010).

  FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the cell viability by the CD-DST method and the change rate of the HP-SPR signal. As can be seen from the figure, a significantly high correlation was obtained regardless of the type of cell line or anticancer drug (P <0.001).

  The mechanism of action of anticancer agents is different as described above. In addition, since the cell lines used in the same manner show individual differences, the results obtained were obtained according to the present invention regardless of differences in the mechanism of action of anticancer agents and differences in individual gene expression. It shows that it can be evaluated.

Example 2: Comparison of cell activity in two-dimensional culture state and three-dimensional culture state In this example, cell activity in the three-dimensional culture state of the present invention is compared with cell activity in the two-dimensional culture state. Done as a purpose.

  As an anticancer agent, doxorubicin (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MI, USA), which was found to effectively activate cells in Example 1, was used. The stock solution was prepared at a 100-fold concentration and ultrapure water was used as a solvent for doxorubicin so that the test concentration was 25 nM.

[Real-time monitoring of surface plasmon resonance angle of two-dimensional cultured cells using high-precision surface plasmon resonance device (HP-SPR)]
A polypropylene ring with a height of about 1.5 mm, an outer diameter of 9 mm, and an inner diameter of 8 mm was bonded to collagen (Type A-I) (Nitta Gelatin, Osaka) on a sensor chip with 45 nm gold deposited on a BK7 glass slide. . To this, 100 μL of 1 × 10 ⁶ cells / mL prepared in penicillin-streptomycin and FBS-free DMEM was dropped, and cultured at 37 ° C., CO ₂ 5%, humidity 95% for 20 hours.

The sensor chip is then placed on the HP-SPR sensor prism via matching oil (refractive index 1.518) and 5 mL EMEM (Minimum Essential Medium Eagle) (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MI, USA) Satisfied and started measurement with custom-made HP-SPR (Kosaihira and Ona 2008; Nishijima et al. 2010). At this time, it was carried out at 5% CO ₂ and 37 ± 0.1 ° C.

  The standing time corresponds to a short time that does not cause cell division, and was determined by showing a stable trend of this HP-SPR signal. Two to three minutes after the start of measurement, it was confirmed that the SPR signal was stable, and after replacement of fresh 5 mL EMEM containing doxorubicin or only 5 mL EMEM as a control, measurement was continued for 60 minutes.

  The measurement result by HP-SPR is shown in FIG. When cells in a two-dimensional culture state were used, no difference was observed between the control signal and the drug administration signal, confirming that the cells were not activated. In contrast, in a test using cells in a three-dimensional culture state using the technique of the present invention, it was found that the cells were activated and showed sensitivity to drugs. In this way, by using this method, cells can be activated in vitro in a three-dimensional culture state in a short time to form a microenvironment that is close to the living body, and can be used for drug susceptibility testing that leads to clinical application. Proved to be.

Claims (6)

Covering a portion of a monolayer animal-derived cell maintained on a substrate with a composition comprising an extracellular matrix component and activating the cell under non-dividing conditions;
A method of evaluating a stimulus provided to a cell, using a step of providing a stimulus to an activated cell; and a step of detecting a change in the cell that occurs after the stimulus is provided, and using the presence or degree of the change of the cell as an index.   The step of detecting a change in the cell is performed under a non-dividing condition using a surface plasmon resonance apparatus, and the surface plasmon resulting from a change in the polarization state of the cell and / or mitochondrion or a change in the dielectric constant of the cell and / or mitochondrion The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed by measuring a change in resonance angle.   The cell is a cancer cell, and the step of providing a stimulus is performed by supplying one or more anticancer agents, The method according to claim 2, for evaluating the efficacy of the anticancer agent. Method. Covering a portion of a monolayer animal-derived cell maintained on a substrate with a composition comprising an extracellular matrix component and activating the cell under non-dividing conditions;
A step of supplying a test compound to activated cells; and a step of detecting a change in the cell that occurs after the test compound is supplied, and the test compound supplied to the cell is treated with the presence or degree of the change of the cell as an index. A method for screening an anticancer drug candidate compound selected as a cancer drug candidate compound.   A method of increasing sensitivity of a cell to an external stimulus by covering a part of a monolayer animal cell maintained on a substrate with a composition containing an extracellular matrix component.   A method for imitating a three-dimensional culture environment by covering a part of a monolayer animal cell maintained on a substrate with a composition containing an extracellular matrix component.