JPS5878639A - 内視鏡 - Google Patents

内視鏡

Info

Publication number
JPS5878639A
JPS5878639A JP56176917A JP17691781A JPS5878639A JP S5878639 A JPS5878639 A JP S5878639A JP 56176917 A JP56176917 A JP 56176917A JP 17691781 A JP17691781 A JP 17691781A JP S5878639 A JPS5878639 A JP S5878639A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
section
motor drive
drive unit
curved
curved section
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP56176917A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
JPH0131895B2 (ja
Inventor
修一 高山
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Olympus Corp
Original Assignee
Olympus Corp
Olympus Optical Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Olympus Corp, Olympus Optical Co Ltd filed Critical Olympus Corp
Priority to JP56176917A priority Critical patent/JPS5878639A/ja
Priority to US06/438,459 priority patent/US4503842A/en
Priority to DE8282110131T priority patent/DE3275624D1/de
Priority to AT82110131T priority patent/ATE25812T1/de
Priority to EP82110131A priority patent/EP0079525B1/en
Publication of JPS5878639A publication Critical patent/JPS5878639A/ja
Publication of JPH0131895B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0131895B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05G—CONTROL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS INSOFAR AS CHARACTERISED BY MECHANICAL FEATURES ONLY
    • G05G9/00—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously
    • G05G9/02—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only
    • G05G9/04—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously
    • G05G9/047—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks
    • G05G9/04785—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks the controlling member being the operating part of a switch arrangement
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/00002—Operational features of endoscopes
    • A61B1/00039—Operational features of endoscopes provided with input arrangements for the user
    • A61B1/00042—Operational features of endoscopes provided with input arrangements for the user for mechanical operation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/00147—Holding or positioning arrangements
    • A61B1/0016—Holding or positioning arrangements using motor drive units
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/005—Flexible endoscopes
    • A61B1/0051—Flexible endoscopes with controlled bending of insertion part
    • A61B1/0052—Constructional details of control elements, e.g. handles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05G—CONTROL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS INSOFAR AS CHARACTERISED BY MECHANICAL FEATURES ONLY
    • G05G9/00—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously
    • G05G9/02—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only
    • G05G9/04—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously
    • G05G9/047—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks
    • G05G2009/04703—Mounting of controlling member
    • G05G2009/04707—Mounting of controlling member with ball joint
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05G—CONTROL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS INSOFAR AS CHARACTERISED BY MECHANICAL FEATURES ONLY
    • G05G9/00—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously
    • G05G9/02—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only
    • G05G9/04—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously
    • G05G9/047—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks
    • G05G2009/0474—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks characterised by means converting mechanical movement into electric signals
    • G05G2009/04744—Switches
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05G—CONTROL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS INSOFAR AS CHARACTERISED BY MECHANICAL FEATURES ONLY
    • G05G9/00—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously
    • G05G9/02—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only
    • G05G9/04—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously
    • G05G9/047—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks
    • G05G2009/0474—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks characterised by means converting mechanical movement into electric signals
    • G05G2009/04748—Position sensor for rotary movement, e.g. potentiometer

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Endoscopes (AREA)
  • Instruments For Viewing The Inside Of Hollow Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるた
め要約のデータは記録されません。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 この発明は、内視鏡、特（：モータドライブにより彎曲
部を１忙する内視鏡（＝関する。
最近、モータドライブにより彎曲？ｊを駆動する内視鏡
が開発されているが従来のモータドライブ式内視鏡では
、彎曲部を上下左右の４方向に移１させるため４つのス
イッチが設けられている。このような多数のスイッチを
操作して彎曲部の方向を変える方法では、誤ってスイッ
チを操作し意図しない方向（二輪曲部が移動してしまう
ことがあり、模作性が悪るいという欠点がある。
従って、この開明の目的は、１つの操作手段によって任
意に彎曲部の彎曲方向を変えることができるモータドラ
イブ式内視鏡を提供すること（＝ある。
以下図面を顧照してこの発明の実弛例を説明する。
第１図に示す円視鏡礪；よると、操作部１１罵；は彎曲
部モータドライブユニット１２が設けられている。この
モータドライブユニット１２において、モータ１３及び
１４のシャフト（二はウオームギヤ１５及び１６が夫々
取着されている。
ウオームギヤ１５及び１６はギヤ１７及び１８に夫々噛
合される。ギヤ１２及び１８はワイヤドラム１９及び２
０Ｃ同軸に固着される。ワイヤドラム１９及び２０には
ワイヤ２１及び２２が巻着される。ワイヤ２１及び２２
は挿入部２ｓの軟性部２４及び彎曲ｍｚ５を通り先端が
先蜘構成部２６ζ二固着される。この場合、ワイヤ２１
の先端は上下に位置するよう固着されワイヤ２２の先端
は右左に位置するように固着される。彎曲制御レバー２
１は操作部１１（＝設けられる。制御レバー２７にはス
イッチユニット２８が鍾結される。このスイッチユニッ
ト２８は第２図に示すように制御レバー２７も；同軸１
二）［１された円形接触板２ｊとこの接触板２９に所定
間隔をもって対向して設けられ放射状（二配列された複
数、例えは１６個の接触片１乃キｐが取着された接点板
３０とで構成される。制御レバー２７は解放状態では直
立するよう（＝バネ３１により引張られている。制御レ
バー２７に力が加えられたとき例えば第４図に示すよう
（二接触機２９が接点板３０の接触片に接触する。
同視鏡の接眼部３２Ｃ；は接眼レンズ３３及び彎曲部２
５の彎曲方向を表示するＬＢＤｊ４乃至３１が設けられ
る。イメージガイド３８は接眼部３２から操作部Ｊ１を
介して挿入部２３の先端構成部２６まで延びている。ラ
イトガイド３９は先端構成部２６から挿入部２２及び操
作部Ｊ１を介してユニバーサルコード（図示せず）１：
尋かれる。
７Ｍ４図乃至第６図にはモータドライ−ニット１２の電
気回路が示されている。第４図の回路（二よると、ＮＯ
Ｒゲート４１の入力端は接触片ａ、ｂ、ｃに接続され、
ＮＯＲタート４２の入力端は接触片ｃ、ｄ、ｍ、ｎに接
続され、ＮＯＲゲート４３の入力端は接触片ｄ、ｅ、ｆ
に接続され、ＮＯＲゲート４４の入力端は接触片す。
ｃｅｇｓｌｌＩ＝接続され、ＮＯＲゲート４６の入力端
は接触片り、ｉ、ｊ（：接続され、ＮＯＲゲート４６の
入力端は接触片’ｓｇｗｋｓｌに接続され、ＮＯＲゲー
ト４７の入力端は接触片１、ｍ、ｎに接続され、ＮＯＲ
ゲート４８の入力端は接触片Ｊ＊ｋｔ’ｓＰ”接続され
る。また、これらＮＯＲゲート４１乃至４８の入力端は
抵抗を夫々介して電源７０の接地端亀；接続される　（
図示せず）。ＮＯＲゲート４１乃至４８の出力端はフォ
トカプラ５１乃至５８のＬＢＤｊ　１　ｅ乃至５１１ｅ
のカソードＣ二夫々接続される。ＬＲＤ５１ｅ乃至５．
８ｅのアノードは抵、抗６１乃至６８を夫々介して電源
１０のＶＣＯ端（：、接続される。また、この電源７０
のｖＯＣ端は接触片２９も：接続される。フォトカプラ
５１及び５５のフォトトランジスタ５１ｒ及び５５ｒの
コレクタエミツタ路は互Ｃ二直列Ｃ二接続され接続点は
ＬＢＤｊ４及びＳ７のアノードに接続される。ＬＰ、Ｄ
３４及び３１のアノードは抵抗７１及び７２を介してフ
ォトカプラ５２のフォトトランジスタ５２ｒのエミッタ
及びフォト力１う５６のフォトトランジスタ５６ｒのコ
レクタ（；接続される。ＬＢＤｊ４及び３５のカンード
はトランジスタ７３及び７４のペースに接続される。ト
ランジスタ７３及びトランジスタ１４のエミッタはモー
タ１４の一端（二接続される。モータ１４の他端は鑵＃
Ａ７５，１６の接続点ｉ；接続される。また、この゛題
詠７５，７ｇの接続点は抵抗７７及び７８を介してＬＢ
Ｄｊ４及び３５のアノードに接続される。電源７５のＩ
Ｅ極はトランジスタ７．３並びにフォトトランジスタ５
１ｒ及び５２ｒのコレクタに接続され、電源７６の負極
は、トランジス／２４のコレクタ並び？＝フォトトラン
ジスタ５Ｓｒ及び５６ｒのエミッタ１：接続される。
第６図の回路は！Ａ５図と同＠（二接続される。
尚、第６図において、体抗７９及び８０は抵抗７１及び
７２に対応し、トランジスタ８１及び８２はトランジス
タ７３及び１４（＝対応し、抵抗８５及び８６は抵抗１
７及び７８ζ二対応し、篭諒８３及び８４は電源７５及
び１６に対応する。但し、第５図の回路は彎曲部２５を
上下１：勧かすモータドライブ回路であり、第６図は彎
曲部２５を左右（＝＃かすモータドライブ回路である。
次に、上述した内視鏡の動作を説明する。制−レバー２
１が解放状態にあるとき接触板２９は接触片１乃至ｐの
いずれ６二も接触していないのでフォトカプラ５１乃至
５８は動作しておらず従ってモータＪＪ　、８及び１４
は給電されず停止している。制御レバー２１が上方に勤
かされ接触板２９が接触片１に接触するとＮＯＲゲート
４１の出力が低レベルとなりフォトカプラ５１のＬＢＤ
５１　ｅが点灯する。このため、第５図に示すフォトト
ランジスタ５１ｒが導通しこの：：。
フォトトランジスタ５１ｒ及びＬＰ、Ｄ３４を介してト
ランジスタ７３にペース電流が流れ、このトランジスタ
１３が導通する。このトランジスタ７３のコレクタエミ
ッタを介してモータ１４が正転する。モータ１４が正転
すると５ｉ４１図（＝示すワイヤドラム２０が矢印の方
向Ｃ二回申］１される。これに伴って上側のワイヤ２２
が引張られ彎曲部２５が上方に屈曲される。上方彎曲状
態はＬＢＤＪ４の点灯によって表示される。
所望位置まで屈１１ｉＩされたとき制御レバー２７が解
放されるとモータ１４の回転が停止し彎曲部２５はその
ときの彎曲角度に維持される。
接触板２９が接触片ｃ　Ｃ接触するように制御レバー２
７が操作されると第４因のＮＯＲケート４２及び４４の
出力が低レベルとなりフォトカプラ５２及び５４が光結
合しフォトトランジスタ５２ｒ及び５４ｔ（第５図及び
第６図）が導通する。この結果、トランジスタ７３及び
８１には抵抗７１．７７及び抵抗７９．８５の分圧電圧
がバイアス峨比として印加され、モータ１３及び１４に
はこれらバイアス峨比（１応じたｍｍ＊浦が加れモータ
１３及び１４は正規の回転速度例えばｈの速度で回転す
る。この回転速度に応じて第１図Ｃ二示すワイヤトラス
１９及び２０は矢印の方向（−ゆっくり回動する。この
場合、彎曲部２５は４５度の方向に彎曲する。
この彎曲方向はＬＢＤ３４及び３６の点灯≦二より１鵬
できる。
以上説明したようにこの発明によると、１つの制御レバ
ーを所望の位置へ移動させること（二より彎曲部を所望
位置へ彎曲させることができるので操作性がかなり向上
する。また、彎曲方向は制御レバーの位置により知るこ
とができるが内視鏡の視１１？Ｐ’ｌ（：彎曲方向を表
示する表示体が設けられているので彎曲方向が視覚的に
も知ることができ正確な位置判断ができる。
同、上記実施例では、接触片が円鳴方向４二１６個設け
られ、彎曲部は１６万同に彎曲できるよう１＝構成され
ているが彎曲方向は１６万回以上または以下であっても
よい、また、接触片を用いる代りにマイクルスイッチを
用いてもよい。
【図面の簡単な説明】
第１図はこの発明の一実施例に従った円祝鋤。 の概略構成を示す斜視図、第２図及び第３図は第１図に
示すスイッチユニットの斜視図、モして弔４図乃至第６
図はモータドライブユニットの回路図を示す。 １１・・・ｍ件部、１２・・・モータドライブユニット
、１３．１４・・・モータ、ノ９，２０・・・ワイヤド
ラム、２１．２２・・・ワイヤ、２３・・・押入部、２
４・・・軟性部、２５・・・彎曲部、２６・・・先ｇ榊
成部、２７・・・ｌ１ｌｔｌ角ｈｉｊ御レバー、２８・
・・スイッチユニット、３２・・・接眼部、３４乃至３
１・・・ｔ、ｇＤ。 ３８・・・イメージガイド、３９・・・ライトガイド。 出馳人代坤へ　弁理士　ｎ　江　武　疹第２図 ｓ３図 第５図 特許庁長官　　若　杉　和　夫　　殿 １、事件の表示 特願昭５６−１７６９１７号 ２、発明の名称 内　　視　　鏡 ３、補正をする者 事件との関係　特許出願人 （０３７）　　オリンパス光学工業株式会社４、代理人 ５、自発補正 ７、補正の内容 量　　−薔添付明細誓中の第４頁５行目の「引張られて
いる。」の後に「制御レバー２７はスイッチユニット２
８で支えられた支点１００を中心に回転するが通常では
バネ３１がスイッチユニット２８の一面に設けられた六
１０１に入っていて直立を保つ構造にｔｒつている。」
を挿入する。 （２）同第４貴＄６行目に「第４図」とあるのを「第３
図」と訂正する。 （３）同第４自第７行目の「接触する。」の後に［この
時バネ３１は第３図のように一方が六１０１に規制され
ているので鋤形し、レバー２７が復帰する方向に力が加
わっている。」を挿入する。 １４）同第６貴第１１行目に「を介してＬＥＤ３４及び
３５のアノードに接続される」とあ、：′ｌ るのを「を介してＬＢＤ３４のアノード及びＬＨＤ３５
のカソードに接続される。」と訂正する。 （５１同図面の第２図及び第３図を別紙のように・訂正
する。 （６）同図面の第５図及び第６図を別紙のように訂正゛
する。 　Ｉｌｌ 第２図 第３図

Claims (1)

  1. 【特許請求の範囲】 （１）−件部と、この操作部（＝設けられる接眼部と、
    前記操作部から延在し軟性部、彎曲部及び先端構成部か
    ら成る挿入部と、前記彎曲部を彎曲駆動するモータドラ
    イブユニットと、前記徴件部Ｉ：設けられる彎曲制御レ
    バーを有しこの翳賽レバーの操作（二応じて前記彎曲部
    を彎曲するため前記モータドライブユニットを制御する
    手段とで構成される内視鏡。 ＜２）　　前記Ｗｉｌｌ　１１１１手段は前記彎曲部の
    彎曲方向を表示する手段を有する特許請求の範囲第１項
    記載の内視鏡。 （３）　　前Ｅ１１ｊ１に１段ハ前記４Ｆｑ４ｓｒＪレ
    バー１：Ｘ１２Ｎｌした接触板とこの接触ｌ５１ｇ：対
    向して設けられ前記制御レバーの操作位置に応じて前記
    接触板が接触する複数の接触子とで構成されるスイッチ
    ユニットとこのスイッチユニットの作動状態に応じて前
    記モータドライブユニットを制御する制御回路とで構成
    される特許請求の範囲第１項または第２項記載の同視鏡
    。
JP56176917A 1981-11-04 1981-11-04 内視鏡 Granted JPS5878639A (ja)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP56176917A JPS5878639A (ja) 1981-11-04 1981-11-04 内視鏡
US06/438,459 US4503842A (en) 1981-11-04 1982-11-02 Endoscope apparatus with electric deflection mechanism
DE8282110131T DE3275624D1 (en) 1981-11-04 1982-11-03 Endoscope apparatus with electric deflection mechanism
AT82110131T ATE25812T1 (de) 1981-11-04 1982-11-03 Endoskopisches geraet mit elektrischem biegemechanismus.
EP82110131A EP0079525B1 (en) 1981-11-04 1982-11-03 Endoscope apparatus with electric deflection mechanism

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP56176917A JPS5878639A (ja) 1981-11-04 1981-11-04 内視鏡

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS5878639A true JPS5878639A (ja) 1983-05-12
JPH0131895B2 JPH0131895B2 (ja) 1989-06-28

Family

ID=16022016

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP56176917A Granted JPS5878639A (ja) 1981-11-04 1981-11-04 内視鏡

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4503842A (ja)
EP (1) EP0079525B1 (ja)
JP (1) JPS5878639A (ja)
AT (1) ATE25812T1 (ja)
DE (1) DE3275624D1 (ja)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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JPS58160002U (ja) * 1982-04-20 1983-10-25 株式会社町田製作所 内視鏡の頭部曲折装置
JP2016506762A (ja) * 2013-01-29 2016-03-07 オリンパス株式会社 医療機器

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JPH0131895B2 (ja) 1989-06-28
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US4503842A (en) 1985-03-12
EP0079525B1 (en) 1987-03-11
ATE25812T1 (de) 1987-03-15

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