JPH08511420A - Body - Google Patents

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JPH08511420A
JPH08511420A JP7501518A JP50151895A JPH08511420A JP H08511420 A JPH08511420 A JP H08511420A JP 7501518 A JP7501518 A JP 7501518A JP 50151895 A JP50151895 A JP 50151895A JP H08511420 A JPH08511420 A JP H08511420A
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antibody
modified
complement
binding
human
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モーガン、スーザン・アドリーン
エンテイジ、ジョン・スペンサー
ボドマー、マーク・ウィリアム
アスウォル、ディルジート・シン
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セルテック・セラピューテイクス・リミテッド
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Priority claimed from GB939312415A external-priority patent/GB9312415D0/en
Priority claimed from GB9401597A external-priority patent/GB9401597D0/en
Priority claimed from GB9402499A external-priority patent/GB9402499D0/en
Priority claimed from GB9406244A external-priority patent/GB9406244D0/en
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2833Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against MHC-molecules, e.g. HLA-molecules
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C07K2317/732Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity [ADCC]

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

(57)【要約】 本発明は、改変された補体結合能を有する抗体を提供する。本発明はさらに、該抗体を含有する薬剤用、治療用および診断用組成物、そして該抗体を用いる治療法および診断法に関する。さらに本発明は、該抗体を用いる細胞表面抗原の機能を調節する方法を提供する。また該抗体を調製する方法も提供される。   (57) [Summary] The present invention provides an antibody having a modified complement-fixing ability. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical, therapeutic and diagnostic compositions containing said antibody, and therapeutic and diagnostic methods using said antibody. The invention further provides a method of modulating the function of cell surface antigens using the antibody. Also provided is a method of preparing the antibody.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 抗体 発明の分野 本発明は、改変された抗体、該抗体を含有する薬剤組成物、治療用組成物およ び診断用組成物;該組成物の調製方法;該抗体を用いる治療方法および診断方法 、該抗体を用いる細胞表面関連抗原の機能の調節方法;該抗体をコードするDN A配列;該抗体をコードするDNA配列を含有するクローニングおよび発現ベク ター;該ベクターで形質転換された宿主細胞、および該抗体の調製方法に関する 。発明の背景 抗体が治療的に有効であるためには、有意な毒性作用を引き起こさずに必要な 生理学的作用を示すことが好ましい。このような毒性作用は、例えば補体結合に より媒介される。 同種の抗原(cognate antigen)に結合した抗体は、補体カスケードに結合し これを活性化することができる。補体は複雑な蛋白のシリーズよりなる。補体系 の蛋白は、相互に関連した2つの酵素カスケード(古典的経路と副経路と呼ばれ 、補体系の中心的反応であるC3の切断に至る2つの経路を提供する)を形成す る。古典的補体経路よりなる反応の順序は、認識、酵素活性化、および膜の攻撃 であり、細胞の死に至る。補体系の認識単位は、C1複合体である。C1補体蛋 白複合体は、C3転換に至る古典的補体カスケードのユニークな特徴である。C 1q亜成分が免疫グロブリン抗原免疫複合体に直接結合すると、補体結合が起き る。補体結合が起きるか否かは、いくつかの制約に依存する。例えば、免疫グロ ブリンのあるサブクラスのみが、最適な条件下で補体に結合することができる。 これらは、ヒトではIgG1、IgG3およびIgMであり、マウス ではIgG2a、IgG2bおよびIgMである。 C1q分子は、免疫グロブリンの補体結合部位への結合に関して多価の能力を 有する。IgGのCH2ドメインとIgMのおそらくCH4ドメインが、C1qへ の結合部位を有する。 Fcを有する細胞も、関係するクラスの抗体でコートされた標的細胞に結合し 、これをオプソニン化、食菌または死滅させることにより、免疫応答の効果を増 強する役割を果たす。齧歯類およびヒトの白血球について、3つのIgG結合受 容体(FcγR)が記載されている。FcγRIは、モノマーIgGに対して強 い親和性を有し、FcγRIIとFcγRIIIは、モノマーIgGに対する親和性 は弱く、主に抗原と複合体を形成したIgGと相互作用をする。Fc受容体の存 在はこれらの免疫細胞に、液性応答のエフェクター相で重要な多くのエフェクタ ー機構を媒介する能力を与える。 ヒトIgGのガンマ1イソタイプは、IgG3のようにFcRIに結合し、そ の同種抗原と複合体を形成した時、補体を活性化し、FcRIIやFcRIIIに結 合する。逆にヒトIgG2やIgG4は比較的不活性なイソタイプであり、いず れも古典的補体経路を活性化せず、そしてIgG4はFcRIに弱く結合する[ バートン・ディー・アールとウーフ・ジェイ・エム(Burton,D R and Woof,J M)、(1992),Adv.Immunol.51,1。ルキサノ・バリム・ワイ・エムとラッ クマン・ピー・ジェイ(Lucisano Valim,Y M and Lachmann,P J.(1991),C lin.exp.Immunol.84,1]。 ヒトIgGのCH2ドメインでFcRIと相互作用するIgGのアミノ酸残基 の局在は、十分確立されている[ウーフ・ジェイ・エム(Woof,J M)ら(1986 )Molec.Immunol.23,319。ルンド・ジェイ(Lund J)ら(1991)J Immunol, 147,2657;キャンフィールド・エス・エムとモリソン・エス・エル(Canfie1d ,S M and Morrison,S L)(1991),J.exp.Med.173,1483;チャペル・エ ス・エム(Chappel,S M)ら(1991)Proc.Natl.Acd.Sci.88,9036;チャペ ル・エス・エム(Chappel,S M)ら(1993),J.Biol.Chem268,25124;アレ グレ・エム・エル(Alegre,M-L)ら(1992)J.Immunol.148,3461]。FcR Iに充分結合する異なる種およびサブクラスの抗体のCH2ドメインのアミノ酸 配列の比較は、残基Leu234〜Ser239よりなるCH2のN−末端の領 域(カバト(Kabat)のEu番号付け法を使用[カバト・イー・エー(Kabat,E A )ら(1987)、免疫学的興味のある蛋白の配列(Sequences of proteins of Imm unological interest)、米国デパートメント・オブ・ヘルス・アンド・ヒュー マン・サービシーズ(US Dept.of Health and Human Services)、ベセスダ(B ethesda)、メリーランド州、米国]が、FcRIとの相互作用に決定的に重要 であることを示唆した。FcRIに対して強い親和性を有するすべてのIgGイ ソタイプには、モチーフLeu234,Leu235,Gly236,Gly2 37,Pro238,Ser239が存在する[ウーフ・ジェイ・エム(Woof, J M)ら(1986)Molec.Immunol.23,319]。異なるFcエフェクター機能を有 する免疫グロブリン間のドメインの交換により、FcRI結合に対するCH2( 特に残基235)の重要性が証明された[キャンフィールド・エス・エムとモリ ソン・エス・エル(Canfield,S M and Morrison,S L)(1991),J.exp.Med .173,1483;チャペル・エス・エム(Chappel,S M)ら(1991)Proc.Natl.A cd.Sci.88,9036;チャペル・エス・エム(Chappel,S M)ら(1993),J.Bi ol.Chem268,25124]。235位でLeu残基をGluで置換すると、FcRI に対するIgG3の親和性が100倍低下する[ルンド・ジェイ(Lund J)ら( 1991)J Immunol,147,2657;キャンフィールド・エス・エムとモリソン・エス ・エル(Canfield,S M and Morrison,S L)(1991),J.exp.Med.173,148 3]。OKT3のIgG4変種で同じLeu235からGluへの変更を行う[ アレグレ・エム・エル(Alegre,M-L)ら(1992)J.Immunol.148,3461]と、 FcRI結合がなくなり、従ってその分裂促進性が なくなった。 FcRIII結合に対する配列の必要条件はあまり研究されていないが、サーメ イ(Sarmay)ら[(1992)Molec.Immunol.29,633]は、すべての3つのFc 受容体へのIgG3の結合には、CH2ドメインの残基234〜237が重要で あることを証明した。各残基の相対的重要性は各Fc受容体で異なり、FcRII I媒介細胞死滅には235と237が最も重要である。 これに対してもう1つのFc介在機能であるC1q結合と引き続く補体活性化 は、CH2ドメインのカルボキシ末端側の半分を必要とするようである[タオ・ エム・エィチ、キャンフィールド・エス・エムおよびモリソン・エス・エル(Ta o,M H.,Canfield,S M.,and Morrison,S L)(1991)J.Exp.Med.173,10 25]。モリソン(Morrison)のグループは、ヒトIgGのCH2ドメインの多型 性をを配列解析して、CH2のC−末端領域の重要性を証明した。IgG1の3 31位のProをSerへ変化させて、かれらは補体結合をなくし、C1q結合 能を低下させた[タオ・エム・エィチ(Tao,J H)ら(1993),J.Exp.Med.1 78,661]。CAMPATH−1のドメイン間およびドメイン内スイッチ変種を 用いて、グリーンウッド(Greenwood)ら(1993)[Eur.J.Immunol.23,1098 ]は、さらにCH2のC−末端の重要性を支持した。N−末端側の半分や他のド メインではなく、ただCH2のカルボキシ末端により、ヒトIgG4へ補体結合 能が回復される。ダンカンとウィンター(Duncan and Winter)(1988)[Natur e,332,21]は、マウスIgG2bイソタイプのGlu318、Lys320お よびLys322のモチーフを同定した。これらの残基のいずれかを変化させる と、この領域の配列の競合的ペプチドを使用した場合と同じように、C1q結合 能がなくなった。しかし補体結合をしない抗体においてもC1qモチーフ残基が 見いだされるため、これらの残基は補体活性化に必要であるが充分ではないかも 知れないことを示唆している。 本発明者らは、抗HLA DR抗体L243をベースとする作成した抗体(eng ineered antibody)の適合セット(matched set)を用いて、ヒトIgG1のC 1q結合およびFcR結合に必要なアミノ酸残基は、CH2ドメインのN−末端 領域(残基231〜238)に存在することを、見いだした。IgG3およびI gG4のCH2領域のロイシン235をグルタミン酸に変更すると、FcRI結 合能がなくなることはすでに公知であるが、本発明者らはIgG1においてもこ の事実を確認し、同時にヒト補体結合能はなくなるがFcRIII介在機能は保持 されることを確認した。またIgG1の237位のグリシンをアラニンに変更し てもFcRI結合能がなくなり、補体結合能とFcRIII介在機能が低下した。 233〜236の全領域を、ヒトIgG2に存在する配列と交換すると、IgG 1のFcRI結合能と補体結合能がなくなり、FcRIII介在機能が低下した。 これに対して、前述のC1q結合モチーフにおいて320位のリジンをアラニン に変更しても、IgG1介在補体結合能には何の影響も与えなかった。 記載された部位Leu234−Leu235−Gly236−Gly237− Pro238−Ser239は、FcγRIに強い親和性を有するすべてのIg Gイソタイプに存在する。IgG3抗体に対する最近の突然変異誘発実験におい て、この領域において点突然変異が導入され、突然変異体がFcTRIと結合す ることができるか否かが試験されている[ルンド(Lund)ら(1991)J Immunol ,147,2657-2662]。最も顕著な効果は235位で見られ、天然に存在するLe u残基をGlu残基で置換するとFcγRIへの親和性が100倍以上低下した 免疫グロブリンが得られる。 抗体の補体結合能への残基235の改変の効果に関する本発明者らの観察結果 は、きわめて驚くべきものである。以前の蛋白工学的研究では、IgG上のC1 q結合部位を見つけるために、種々の位置に突然変異が導入された[ダンカンと ウィンター(Duncan and W inter)(1988)Nature,332,738-740]。C1qの結合部位は、マウスIgG 2bのイソタイプの3つの側鎖(Glu318、Lys320およびLys32 2)に局在化された。残基Glu318、Lys320およびLys322は、 すべてのヒトIgG、ラットIgG2bおよびIgG2c、マウスIgG2a、 IgG2bおよびIgG3、モルモットIgG1およびウサギIgGで保存され ている。 さらなる実験で、残基235が突然変異されたマウスIgG2b抗体突然変異 体に対するヒトC1qの親和性は変化しない(すなわち、野生型と同じ範囲の値 である)ことが証明された。 本発明者らも観察したようにIgGのCH2領域の残基235を改変するとF cγRI結合能がなくなるが、同時に補体結合能が実質的に低下するということ は、どこにも報告や示唆されておらず、まったく予想外のことであった。発明の要約 本発明は、未改変抗体(unaltered antibody)に比較して、抗体の補体結合能 が改変されていることを特徴とする、抗体のCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の1 つまたはそれ以上のアミノ酸残基が改変された改変抗体(altered antibody)を 投与することよりなる、抗体介在補体結合のため抗体療法が好ましくない毒性を 与える疾患の治療方法を提供する。 好適な実施態様において、改変抗体は1つまたはそれ以上の細胞性Fc受容体 、特にFcRIIIであり、FcRIは除かれる、に結合し、すなわち、該抗体は FcRIには有意に結合せず、さらに好ましくはFcRIにまったく結合しない 。 従ってさらに、本発明は、未改変抗体に比較して抗体の補体結合能が改変され ていることを特徴とする、抗体のCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の1つまたはそ れ以上のアミノ酸残基が改変された改変抗 体を提供する。 従ってさらに好適な実施態様において、本発明は、未改変抗体に比較して抗体 の補体結合能が改変されており、かつ該抗体は1つまたはそれ以上の細胞性Fc 受容体、特にFcRIIIに結合するが、FcRIには有意に結合しないことを特 徴とする、抗体のCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の1つまたはそれ以上のアミノ 酸残基が改変された改変抗体を提供する。 本発明の改変される抗体の定常領域は動物起源であり、好ましくはヒト起源で ある。これはまた任意のイソタイプであるが、好ましくはヒトIgGであり、最 も好ましくはヒトIgG1である。 本発明の好適な実施態様において、改変されるアミノ酸残基は231〜239 位のアミノ酸内、好ましくは234〜239内にある。 本発明の特に好適な実施態様において、改変されるアミノ酸残基はモチーフL eu234 Leu235 Gly236 Gly237 Pro238 Ser2 39内にある。 最も好適な実施態様において、改変されるアミノ酸残基は、Leu235およ び/またはGly237である。発明の詳細な説明 本明細書において、補体を結合する抗体の能力に関連して使用される時「改変 された」という用語は、通常は出発抗体に比較して補体を結合する抗体の能力の 低下を意味する。改変すべき適当なアミノ酸を選択することにより(例えば、残 基Leu235を改変するように)、その補体結合能力が実質的に低下している 抗体を産生することができる。また、例えばアミノ酸残基Gly237を改変す ることにより、中程度の補体結合能を有する抗体を産生することもできる。 本明細書において、「補体結合を実質的に低下させる」という用語は、ヒト補 体結合が、野生型の未改変の出発抗体で見られるレベ ルの、好ましくは≦30%、さらに好ましくは≦20%、そして最も好ましくは ≦10%であることを意味する。 FcRI結合に関して使用される時「有意に」という用語は、FcRIへの抗 体の結合は、未改変抗体で見られるものの典型的には≦20%、そして最も好ま しくは≦10%であることを意味する。 野生型の未改変抗体の濃度の10倍以下の濃度で、抗体依存性細胞障害(AD CC)を媒介する能力により測定すると、本発明の改変抗体は好ましくはFcR IIIに結合する。 ゲノムの主要組織適合遺伝子複合体の領域でコードされる蛋白は、免疫認識の 多くの面に関与している。すべての哺乳動物とおそらくすべての脊椎動物は、基 本的に同じMHC系を有し、免疫応答遺伝子がMHCに連結していることは公知 である。 ヒトでは主要組織適合遺伝子複合体は第6染色体上のHLA遺伝子塊である。 主要な領域はD、B、CおよびAである。D領域は、免疫系の細胞間の協同作用 と相互作用に関与するクラスII蛋白の遺伝子を含有する。多くの疾患が、HLA 遺伝子塊のD領域に関連していることが見いだされている。今日までの研究で、 自己免疫疾患(例えば、ヨーロッパ特許第68790号を参照)を含む膨大な数の疾 患との関連が証明されている。ヨーロッパ特許第68790号は、MHCクラスII抗 原に特異的なモノクローナル抗体に調節される免疫応答を選択的に抑制すること により、ヒトのHLA−D領域のようなMHCのある領域の特定の対立遺伝子( allele)に関連する疾患を調節することを示唆している。 本発明者らは、CH2ドメインのN−末端領域の235位でMHC−クラスII 特異抗体を改変することにより、免疫抑制性を完全に保持しているがインビトロ の毒性は低下しておりインビボの毒性は許容される抗体を産生することができる ことを見いだした。 さらに好適な実施態様において、本発明は未改変抗体に比較して、抗体の補体 結合能が改変されていることを特徴とする、抗体のCH2 ドメインのN−末端領域の1つまたはそれ以上のアミノ酸残基が改変された、M HC特異抗体を提供する。 好適な実施態様において、本発明は、抗体はCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の 235位で改変されていることを特徴とする、MHC特異的モノクローナル抗体 を提供する。 MHC特異的モノクローナル抗体のようなある例において、抗体のCH2ドメ インのN−末端領域の改変は、補体結合能を改変しながら、追加的にFcRI受 容体への結合を阻害することが好ましい。 抗体は好ましくは、MHCクラスII抗原に対して特異的であるが、CH2ドメ インのN−末端領域の1つまたはそれ以上のアミノ酸残基の改変のため、FcR Iには有意に結合しないであろう。 さらなる好適な実施態様において、本発明の改変抗体または本発明の使用のた めの改変抗体は、CH2ドメインのN−末端領域の235位で改変されているこ とを特徴とし、MHCクラスII抗原に向けられている。 特に好適な実施態様において、本発明の改変抗体または本発明の使用のための 改変抗体は、MHCクラスII抗原に向けられたものであり、該抗体はCH2ドメ インのN−末端領域の235位で改変されており、未改変抗体に比較して抗体の 補体結合能が改変されており、そして該改変抗体は1つまたはそれ以上の細胞性 Fc受容体、特にFcRIIIに結合し、FcRIには有意に結合しないことを特 徴とする。 さらに本発明は、抗体のCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の1つまたはそれ以上 のアミノ酸を改変し、未改変抗体と比較して該抗体の補体結合能を改変すること よりなる、補体結合能が改変された改変抗体の産生方法を提供する。 本明細書において「改変抗体」という用語は、抗体のFc領域のCH2ドメイ ンのN−末端領域の1つまたはそれ以上のアミノ酸残基で、野生型の未改変抗体 とは異なる抗体を意味するのに使用される。この改変は、例えば野生型の出発抗 体のアミノ酸を別のアミノ酸に より置換、またはアミノ酸残基を欠失させることよりなる。 本明細書において使用される残基の番号付けは、カバト(Kabat)ら[(1991 )免疫学的興味のある蛋白の配列(Sequences of Proteins of Immunological i nterest)、第5版、米国デパートメント・オブ・ヘルス・アンド・ヒューマン ・サービシーズ(US Dept.of Health and Human Services)]の記載したEu指 標による。 ヒトのIgG1およびIgG3抗体において、CH2ドメインのN−末端領域 の235位の天然に存在するアミノ酸はロイシン残基である。235位のロイシ ンをグルタミン酸またはアラニンで置換する改変は、インビトロの毒性が最小で ありインビボの毒性は許容できる強力な免疫抑制抗体を産生するのに、特に有効 であることが見いだされた。 237位のグリシンをアラニンで置換する改変は、ヒト補体を結合する能力が 中程度、すなわち、補体結合レベルは野生型の出発未改変抗体の約15−80% 、好ましくは20−60%、最も好ましくは20−40%である抗体を産生する ことが見いだされている。 残基は、例えばその側鎖上に不適当な官能基を有する他のアミノ酸またはアミ ノ酸誘導体により、前述の方法と類似の方法を使用して、同様に置換することが できるであろう。これは例えば、側鎖の電荷および/または極性を変化させるこ とにより達成される。 本発明の改変抗体はまた、例えば分子の適当な部位にグリコシル化部位を挿入 することにより235のような残基を欠失させることにより産生することもでき る。このような方法は当該分野で公知であり、例えばヨーロッパ特許出願EP-307 434号の記載を参照。 本発明の改変抗体はまた、異なるイソタイプの抗体の下部ヒンジ領域を交換す ることにより産生することもできる。例えばG1/G2下部ヒンジ交換により、 補体結合能がなくなり、これは本発明のさらに好適な実施態様である。これは添 付の実施例に、より詳細に記載される。G1/G2下部ヒンジ交換により、1つ またはそれ以 上の残基が改変および/または欠失された、CH2ドメインのN−末端領域の2 31〜238位で改変残基を有する抗体が得られる。 本発明の特に好適な実施態様において、抗体はMHCクラスII抗原に向けられ たヒトIgG1抗体である。 さらに本発明は、未改変抗体に比較して抗体の補体結合能は改変されているこ とを特徴とする、抗体のCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の1つまたはそれ以上の アミノ酸残基が改変されている改変抗体を投与することよりなる、補体介在毒性 を避ける細胞表面関連抗原の機能を調節する方法を提供する。 本発明のこの面の好適な実施態様において、該改変抗体は1つまたはそれ以上 の細胞性Fc受容体、特にFcRIIIに結合することができるが、FcRIへの 結合は有意に低下している。 このような細胞表面抗原の例には、例えば接着分子、T細胞受容体、CD4、 CD8、CD3、CD28、CD69、MHCクラスI、MHCクラスIIおよび CD25がある。 本発明はまた、本発明の改変抗体よりなる治療用、薬剤用および診断用組成物 、および治療と診断におけるこれらの生成物と組成物の使用も含む。 さらに本発明は、薬剤学的に許容される賦形剤、希釈剤または担体と組合わさ れた、本発明の改変抗体よりなる治療用、薬剤用および診断用組成物を提供する 。 本発明はまた、本発明の改変抗体を薬剤学的に許容される賦形剤、希釈剤また は担体に混合することよりなる、治療用、薬剤用および診断用組成物の調製法を 提供する。 その抗体や組成物は、使用される治療の方法に適した任意の型および量で投与 される。 治療用、診断用および薬剤組成物で使用するための、または抗体に介在される 補体結合のために抗体療法が好ましくない毒性を引き起こす疾患の治療に使用す るための改変抗体は、好ましくはMHC 特異抗体であり、最も好ましくはMHCクラスII抗原であり、最も好ましくはD Rα鎖依存抗原決定基に対する特異性を有する。 治療用、薬剤用および診断用組成物は投与のための適した任意の型でよく、好 ましくは注射や注入(例えば、ボーラス注入または点滴)のような非経口投与に 適した型でもよい。注射用または注入用の場合は、生成物は油性または水性媒体 中の懸濁液、溶液またはエマルジョンの型でもよく、懸濁剤、保存剤、安定剤お よび/または分散剤のような製剤物質を含有してもよい。 あるいは抗体または組成物は、使用前に適当な無菌液で復元するために、乾燥 型でもよい。 抗体または組成物が経口投与に適しているなら、製剤は活性成分以外に、デン プン、例えば、ジャガイモデンプン、トモロコシデンプンまたは小麦デンプン、 またはセルロース、または微結晶セルロースのようなセルロース誘導体またはデ ンプン誘導体;シリカ;乳糖のような種々の糖;炭酸マグネシウムおよび/また はリン酸カルシウムのような添加剤を含有してもよい。もし製剤が経口投与用で あるなら、これは患者の消化管系に充分許容されることが好ましい。このために 、製剤中に粘液形成剤や樹脂を含有させることが好ましい。また抗体または組成 物を胃液に不溶性のカプセル内に製剤化することにより、耐性を改善することが できる。また、抗体または組成物を調節放出性製剤中に含有させることも好まし い。 抗体または組成物が直腸投与に適しているならば、その製剤は結合剤および/ または滑沢剤(例えば、高分子性グリコール、ゼラチン、ココアバターまたは他 の植物蝋または植物脂肪)を含有してよい。本発明はまた、ヒトまたは動物の被 験体に、有効量の本発明の改変抗体を投与することよりなる、治療と診断方法を 提供する。 本抗体または組成物は、これらが使用される治療に応じた任意の適当な型と量 で投与される。抗体が投与される用量は、治療すべき症状の本質と、抗体が予防 的に使用されているのかまたは現存する 症状の治療に使用されているのかに依存する。用量は患者の年齢や症状に応じて 選択される。本発明の抗体の治療用量は、例えば好ましくは1回の投与量が0. 1−25mg/kg体重である。 本発明の抗体により治療される免疫学的疾患には、例えば強直性脊髄炎、若年 性リウマチ様関節炎、リウマチ様関節炎のような関節疾患;多発性硬化症のよう な神経学的疾患;糖尿病、若年性糖尿病のような膵臓疾患;慢性活動性肝炎、セ リアック病、潰瘍性大腸炎、クローン病、悪性貧血のような消化器系疾患;乾癬 のような皮膚病;喘息のようなアレルギー病;および移植片対宿主反応、そして 同種移植片拒絶のような移植関連疾患がある。他の疾患には、ヨーロッパ特許第 68790号に開示されたものがある。 本発明の改変抗体はまた、感染性疾患、例えば、ウイルスまたは細菌感染、の 治療および癌免疫療法にも有用である。 本明細書において「抗体」という用語は、天然の抗体、キメラ抗体およびCD R移植抗体またはヒト化抗体を包含するのに使用される。キメラ抗体とは、1つ の抗体の完全可変ドメインよりなる抗原結合部位が、別の抗体の定常ドメインに 結合した抗体である。このようなキメラの作成法は、EP120694号(セルテック 社(Celltech Limited))、EP125023号(ジェネンテク社(Genentech Inc) およびシティ・オブ・ホープ(City of Hope))、EP171496号(レス・デブ・ コープ(Res.Dev.Corp.)、日本)、EP173494号(スタンフォード大学)お よびWO86/01533号(セルテック社(Celltech Limited))に記載されている。 CDR移植またはヒト化抗体は、ヒトでない種の免疫グロブリン由来の抗原結合 部位を有し、残りの免疫グロブリン部分はヒト免疫グロブリン由来である抗体分 子である。CDR移植またはヒト化抗体を作成する方法は、WO91/09967号(セ ルテック社(Celltech Limited))、WO90/07861号(プロテイン・デザイン・ ラボズ社(Protein Design Labs.Inc))およびWO92/11383号(セルテック社 (Celltech Limited))に記載さ れている。 さらに本発明は、本発明の改変抗体をコードするDNA配列;該DNA配列を 含有するクローニングおよび発現ベクター、該DNAにより形質転換される宿主 細胞、および形質転換された宿主細胞中でDNA配列を発現することよりなる本 発明の改変抗体を産生する方法を含有する。 さらに、本発明において: a.抗体の重鎖または軽鎖をコードするDNA配列を有するオペロンを発現ベク ター中で産生させ、 b.相補的な抗体の軽鎖または重鎖をコードするDNADNA配列を有するオペ ロンを発現ベクター中で産生させ、 c.両オペロンで宿主細胞をトランスフェクションし、そして d.トランスフェクションした細胞株を培養して、少なくとも1つの発現ベクタ ーは、抗体のCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の1つまたはそれ以上のアミノ酸残 基が対応する未改変抗体のアミノ酸残基からは改変されている抗体の重鎖をコー ドするDNA配列を含有する抗体分子を産生することよりなる、 本発明の改変抗体を産生するための方法が提供される。 当業者には明らかなように、全改変抗体が発現された後、部位特異的突然変異 誘発のような方法を用いて、CH2ドメインのN−末端領域中の改変を行うこと ができる。未改変抗体を発現するためには、改変抗体について記載した前述の方 法を用いてDNA配列を発現すべきである。 DNA配列は好ましくはヒト化抗体であり;cDNA移植重鎖および/または 軽鎖またはキメラ抗体をコードする。 この細胞株は2つのベクターでトランスフェクションされ、第1のベクターは 軽鎖由来のポリペブチドをコードするオペロンを含有し、第2のベクターは重鎖 由来のポリペプチドをコードするオペロンを含有する。各ポリペプチド鎖が同様 に発現されることができる だけ確認できるように、コード配列と選択マーカーに関する限り、好ましくはこ れらのベクターは同一である。 あるいは、選択マーカーと、軽鎖由来と重鎖由来のポリペプチドをコードする オペロンを含有する、単一のベクターを使用することができる。 種々のベクターの一般的作成方法、トランスフェクション法および培養法は公 知である。そのような方法は例えば、マニアチス(Maniatis)ら、分子クローニ ング(Molecular Cloning)、コールド・スプリング・ハーバー(Cold Spring H arbor)、ニューヨーク、1989、およびプリムローズとオールド(Primrose and O1d)、遺伝子操作の原理(Principles of Gene Manipulation)、ブラック ウェル、オックスフォード、1980に記載されている。 本発明の改変抗体は、好ましくは抗MHC抗体L243(これは受理番号AT CCHB55でアメリカンタイプカルチャーコレクション(ATCC、ロックヴ ィル、メリーランド州)に寄託されている)由来であり、最も好ましくはそのキ メラまたはCDR移植誘導体である。L243はすでにランプソンとレヴィ(La mpson and Levy)[J.Immunol.(1980)125,293)]に記載されている。 本発明の改変抗体をコードするDNA配列を調製するのに、分子生物学の標準 的方法が使用される。オリゴヌクレオチド合成法を使用して、目的のDNA配列 のすべてまたはその一部が合成される。適宜部位特異的突然変異誘発およびポリ メラーゼチェイン反応(PCR)法が使用される。例えば「DNA増幅のための PCR技術の原理と応用」(”PCR Technology Principles and Applications f or DNA Amplification”)(1989)、エィチ・エー・アーリッヒ(H.A.Erlich )編、ストックトン・ブレス(Stockton Press)、ニューヨーク、ロンドンを参 照。例えば、ジョーンズ(Jones)ら[Nature,321,522(1986)]が記載したオ リゴヌクレオチド特異的合成を使用することができる。またクラーマー(Kramer )ら[Nucl eic Acids Res.12,9441(1984)]が記載したオリゴヌクレオチド特異的突然変 異誘発法を使用することもできる。 改変抗体をコードするDNA配列の発現に、任意の適当な宿主細胞/ベクター 系を使用することができる。細菌、例えば、大腸菌(E.coli)および他の微生 物系を使用することができる。例えばCOS細胞やCHO細胞[ベビントン・シ ー・アール(Bebbington,C R)ら(1991)Methods2,136-145]、およびミエ ローマまたはハイブリドーマ細胞株[ベビントン・シー・アール(Bebbington, C R)ら(1992)Bio/Techonology 10,169-175]のような真核細胞(例えば、哺 乳動物)宿主細胞発現系を使用することもできる。 改変抗体がL243由来の場合は、CHOベースの発現系を使用することが好 ましい。 ADCC測定法を間接的に介するFcRIII結合の測定法、補体結合およびC 1q結合の測定法は、当該分野で公知であり、下記の実施例に詳述されている。 免疫機能/抗体による免疫抑制は、当該分野で公知の方法を用いて測定され、 例えば混合リンパ球応答、および破傷風トキソイドに対するT細胞呼び出し応答 (T-cell recall response)がある。これらの測定法は下記の実施例に詳述され ている。 本発明は、以下の非限定実施例に以下の図を参照して例示されている。 図中、 図1は、プラスミドpMR15.1の地図を示す。 図2は、プラスミドpMR14の地図を示す。 図3は、L243重鎖のヌクレオチド配列と予想アミノ酸配列を示す。 図4は、(a)クローン43、(b)クローン183、(c)クローン192 のヌクレオチド配列とアミノ酸配列を示す。 図5は、L243軽鎖のヌクレオチド配列と予想アミノ酸配列を 示す。 図6は、プラスミドpGamma1の地図を示す。 図7は、プラスミドpGamma2の地図を示す。 図8は、ヒトC−ガンマ1のヒンジ領域とCH2領域のヌクレオチド配列を示 す。 図9は、L243ヒトイソタイプシリーズの抗原結合能を示す。 図10は、L243イソタイプシリーズのFcRI結合を示す。 図11は、L243イソタイプシリーズのヒト補体結合を示す。 図12は、L243ヒトイソタイプシリーズへのヒトC1qの結合を示す。 図13は、L243イソタイプのヒト補体結合を示す。 図14は、L243イソタイプのモルモット補体結合を示す。 図15は、L243イソタイプのウサギ補体結合を示す。 図16は、ADCCによるL243イソタイプシリーズのFcRIII結合を示 す。 図17は、T細胞呼び出し応答のL243イソタイプシリーズの阻害を示す。 図18は、T細胞呼び出し応答のL243イソタイプシリーズの阻害を示す。 図19は、混合リンバ球反応のL243イソタイプシリーズの阻害を示す。 図20は、T細胞呼び出し応答のL243イソタイプシリーズの阻害を示す。 図21は、混合リンバ球反応のL243イソタイプシリーズの阻害を示す。 図22は、L243−gL1中のVl領域のヌクレオチド配列とアミノ酸配列 を示す。 図23は、L243−gL2中のVl領域のヌクレオチド配列とアミノ酸配列 を示す。 図24は、L243−gH中のVh領域のヌクレオチド配列とアミノ酸配列を 示す。 図25は、L243移植片対FITCキメラL243に対する競 合測定法の結果のグラフを示す。 図26は、L243ガンマ4のスキャチャード解析のグラフを示す。 図27は、ADCCで測定したキメラ、移植および移植[L235E]L24 3のFcRIII結合のグラフを示す。 図28は、MLRで測定したCDR移植L243の免疫抑制活性のグラフを示 す。 図29は、CDR移植L243と移植[L235E]L243T細胞リコール 応答のグラフを示す。 図30は、CDR移植L243とCDR移植[L235E]L243の補体介 在細胞毒性能のグラフを示す。 本発明の具体的な実施態様の詳細な説明 実施例 実施例1 遺伝子クローニングと発現 L243ハイブリドーマ細胞からのRNA調製 後述のように3×107個のL243ハイブリドーマ細胞から総RNAを調製 した。細胞を生理食塩水で洗浄してRNAzol(106細胞当たり0.2ml)に 溶解した。クロロホルム(ホモジネート2ml当たり0.2ml)を添加し、混 合物を激しく15秒間撹拌し、氷の上に15分間置いた。得られた水層および有 機層を、エッペンドルフ遠心分離機で15分間遠心分離して、同容量のイソプロ パノールを添加して水層からRNAを沈殿させた。氷上で15分間後、遠心分離 によりRNAをペレットにし、70%エタノールで洗浄し、乾燥し、RNAas eを含まない無菌水に溶解した。RNAの収率は350μgであった。L243軽鎖のアミノ酸配列 成熟L243軽鎖の最初の9個のアミノ酸の配列は、NH2−DIQMTQS PASと決定された。L243VhとVlのPCRクローニング L243の重鎖と軽鎖の可変領域のcDNA遺伝子は、逆転写酵素を用いて合 成して、総RNA中に存在するmRNAの1本鎖cDNAコピーを作成し、次に 特異的オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーによりcDNA上でポリメラーゼチェイン 反応(PCR)を行なった。 a)cDNA合成 cDNAは以下の試薬を含む20μlの反応液中で合成した:50mMトリス −塩酸pH8.3、75mM KCl、10mMジチオスレイトール、3mM M gCl2、0.5mMの各デオキシリボヌクレオシド三リン酸、20単位のRNA sin、75ngのランダムヘキサヌクレオチドプライマー、2μgのL243 R NAおよび200単位のモロニーマウス白血病ウイルス逆転写酵素。42℃で6 0分間インキュベート後、95℃で5分間加熱することにより反応を停止させた 。 b)PCR 重鎖と軽鎖のプライマーの組合せを用いて、cDNAの一定分量にPCRを行 なった。重鎖と軽鎖の5’ブライマーのヌクレオチド配列は、それぞれ表1と2 に示される。これらの配列は5’末端の6つのヌクレオチドから始まる制限部位 、得られるmRNAの翻訳を最適化するためにその後に配列GCCGCCACC 、開始コドンおよびさらに20−30ヌクレオチドを含有し、公知のマウス抗体 のリーダーペプチド配列に基づく寄せ集めである[カバト(Kabat)ら(1991) 免疫学的興味のある蛋白の配列(Sequences of Proteins of Immunological int erest)、第5版、米国デパートメント・オブ・ヘルス・アンド・ヒューマン・ サービシーズ(US Dept.of Health and Human Services)]。 3’プライマーは表3に示される。軽鎖プライマーは、抗体のV−C結合部に またがっており、Vl PCR断片のクローニングを促進するために酵素Spl 1の制限部位を含有する。重鎖3’プライマーは、抗体のJ−C結合部にまたが るように設計された混合物で ある。最初の23ヌクレオチドは、ヒトC−ガンマ1、2、3および4遺伝子の 開始部分に見いだされたものと同一であり、これらのヒトイソタイブに共通のA pa1制限部位を含む。プライマーの3’領域は、公知のマウス抗体で見いださ れた配列に基づく混合配列を含有する[カバト・イー・エー、ウー・ティー・テ ィー(Kabat,E A,Wu,T.T.);ペリー・エィチ・エム、ゴッテスマン・ケー・ エスおよびフォエラー・エル(Perry H M,Gottesman K S,and Foeller L); 免疫学的興味のある蛋白の配列(Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Int erest)第5版、米国デパートメント・オブ・ヘルス・アンド・ヒューマン・サ ービシーズ(US Dept.of Health and Human Services)、(1991)]。 上記のプライマーの組合せは、VhとVlのPCR生成物を適当な発現ベクタ ー(下記参照)上に直接クローン化して、キメラ(マウス−ヒト)重鎖および軽 鎖を産生し、そしてこれらの遺伝子を哺乳動物細胞で発現して目的のイソタイプ のキメラ抗体を産生することを可能にする。 PCR用のインキュベート(20μl)は以下のように行なった。各反応物は 10mMトリス−塩酸pH8.3、1.5mM MgCl2、3、50mM KCl 、0.01%w/vゼラチン、0.25mMの各デオキシリボヌクレオシド三リン 酸、1〜6ピコモルの5’プライマーミックス(表4)、6ピコモルの3’プラ イマー、1μlのcDNAおよび0.25単位のTaqポリメラーゼを含有する 。反応物は95℃で5分間インキュベートし、次に94℃で1分間、55℃で1 分間そして72℃で1分間でサイクルさせた。30サイクル後に各反応物の一定 分量をアガロースゲルの電気泳動で分析した。5’プライマーミックスB1、B 2、B3およびB5を含有する反応物は、全長Vl断片に一致するサイズのバン ドを生成し、反応物B9は、Vh遺伝子に予測されるサイズの断片を生成した。 B1プライマーにより生成されたバンドはすでに、ハイブリドーマ細胞に より産生される軽鎖の偽遺伝子であることが証明されていたので、このバンドは さらに追跡しなかった。 c)PCR断片の分子クローニング 反応物B2、B3およびB5中で産生されるDNA断片を酵素BstB1とS pl1で消化し、エタノール沈殿により濃縮し、1.4%アガロースゲルで電気 泳動し、400塩基対の範囲のDNAバンドを回収した。これらを、BstB1 とSpl1で制限切断したベクターpMR15.1(図1)に結合させてクロー ン化した。結合後、混合物を大腸菌LM1035に形質転換し、得られる細菌の コロニーからのプラスミドを、BstB1とSpl1で消化して挿入体について スクリーニングした。各結合反応からの挿入体を有する代表的なプラスミドをヌ クレオチド配列決定により解析した。 同様の方法で、反応物B9中で産生されHindIIIとApa1で消化したD NA断片を、HindIIIとApa1で制限切断したベクターpMR14(図2 )にクローン化した。挿入体を含有する代表的プラスミドを、再びヌクレオチド 配列決定により解析した。 d)ヌクレオチド配列解析 反応物B9からのVh挿入体を含有する2つの単離体からのプラスミドDNA (pE1701とpE1702)を、プライマーR1053(pMR14中のH CMVプロモーターの3’領域で開始する)とR720(ヒトC−ガンマ4の5 ’領域で開始し、pMR14上のDNAの配列決定を可能にする)を用いて、配 列決定を行なった。pE1702中のL243Vhの決定されたヌクレオチド配 列と予想アミノ酸配列を図3に示す。pE1701中のVh挿入体のヌクレオチ ド配列は、ヌクレオチド20(pE1701ではA)とヌクレオチド426(p E1701ではA)を除いて、pE1702と同一であった。これらの2つの差 は、それぞれシグナルペプチドとVhのJ領域中にあり、調べたこの2つのクロ ーンが、PCR工程中のオリゴヌクレオチド混合物とは異なるプライマーを使用 することにより得られる独立の単離物であることを示している。 軽鎖クローンを解析するために、R1053でプライミングすることにより得 られる配列を試験した。反応物B2(クローン183)、B3(クローン43) そしてB5(クローン192)から得られるVl遺伝子のヌクレオチド配列と予 想アミノ酸配列を、図4に示す。予想される蛋白配列の比較により、以下のこと が示される: i)クローン182、183、43および45はすべて、Vl遺伝子をコードし 、シグナルペプチドを除去した時、L243軽鎖のアミノ酸配列解析により決定 された配列と同じ配列を有する軽鎖を産生する(前述)。 ii)クローン182と183は、20アミノ酸のシグナルペプチドをコードする Vl遺伝子を含有し、クローン43と45のVl遺伝子は異なるセットのオリゴ ヌクレオチドによるプライミングにより得られ、わずかに15アミノ酸のリーダ ー配列を有する。 iii)クローン192はL243Vlをコードしない。そのかわり抗体配列のデ ータベースを調査すると、クローン192はMOPC21(L243ハイブリド ーマの産生に使用されるNS1ミエローマ融合の相手により合成される軽鎖)の Vl遺伝子を含有することを示していた。 iv)クローン182と183は、ヌクレオチド26(クローン182ではTであ り、クローン183ではC)以外は同一である。この差はPCRにおいて異なる プライマーを使用したことで説明され、これはクローン182と183は同じ遺 伝子の独立した単離体であることを示している。クローン183からの完全なV l遺伝子のヌクレオチド配列と予想アミノ酸配列を図5に示す。ヒトガンマ1およびガンマ2イソタイプの作成 L243Vh遺伝子をHindIII−Apa1断片上でpGamma1とpG amma2(それぞれヒトC−ガンマ1とC−ガンマ2をコードするベクター) 中にサブクローニングした(図6と7を参 照)。ヒトイソタイプ突然変異体 PCR突然変異誘発を用いて、ベクターpGamma1に含有されるヒトC− ガンマ1中の残基235をロイシンからグルタミン酸またはアラニンへ、そして 残基237をグリシンからアラニンへ変更した。ヒトC−ガンマ1の下部ヒンジ 領域もまた、ヒトC−ガンマ2の対応する領域で置換した。これらの変更をする ために以下のオリゴヌクレオチドを使用した: 1)L235E変更 2)L235A変更 3)G237A変更 4)下部ヒンジ領域の交換 PCR突然変異誘発に使用した他のオリゴヌクレオチドは、以下である: R4732とR4912はそれぞれ、ヒトC−ガンマ1のヌクレオチド834 と858の間と、ヌクレオチド1156と1137の間でプライムする(図8) 。 PCR突然変異誘発の一般的方法は以下の通りである。各アミノ酸の変化につ いて、2回のPCRを行い、必要な置換を有するDN A断片を作成する。次にこれらの断片をBglIIとSty1で切断し、pGam ma1ベクター中に野生型配列を含有する対応する配列を置換するのに使用した (図6)。 第1回目のPCRでは、以下の試薬を含有する反応物(20μl)を調製した :10mMトリス−塩酸pH8.3、1.5mM MgCl2、50mM KCl、 0.01%ゼラチン、0.25mMの各デオキシリボヌクレオシド三リン酸、50 ngのpGamma1 DNA、0.4単位のTaqポリメラーゼおよび6ピコモ ルの各プライマー。以下のプライマーの組合せを使用した: 94℃で1分間、55℃で1分間そして72℃で1分間を30サイクル行なっ た後、反応物をクロロホルムで抽出し、新たに合成したDNAをエタノールで沈 殿させ、水に溶解し、1.4%アガロースゲルで電気泳動した。DNA断片を含 有するゲルスライスをゲルから切り出し、「マーメイド」(”Mermaid”)(登 録商標)キット(ストラテック・サイエンティフィック社(Stratech Scientifi cLtd.)、ルートン(Luton)、イングランド)を用いてアガロースからDNAを 回収し、20μlの無菌水に溶出させた。 第2回目のPCRは、10mMトリス−塩酸pH8.3、1.5mM MgCl2 、50mM KCl,0.01%ゼラチン、0.25mMの各デオキシリボヌクレ オシド三リン酸、2単位のTaqポリメラーゼ、第1回目の反応からの各対のD NA断片の1/20、および 30ピコモルのR4732とR4912を含有する、反応物100μl中で行な った。30サイクル(前記参照)の後、反応物をフェノール/クロロホルム(1 /1)で抽出し、エタノールで沈殿させた。断片をBglIIとSty1で消化し 、1.4%アガロースゲルで電気泳動し、250塩基対のDNAバンドを、前述 のようにゲルスライスから回収した。 これらのBglII−Sty1断片を830塩基対のSty1−EcoRI断片 (CH2ドメインのC−末端部分とヒトC−ガンマ1の全CH3ドメインを含有 する)と、pGamma1からのBglII−EcoRIベクター断片に、3方向 結合させた(図6参照)。LM1035中へ形質転換後、得られたコロニーのプ ラスミドミニプレップをBglII−Sty1断片の存在についてスクリーニング し、それぞれの代表的なものを取りヌクレオチド配列解析を行なった。ここから 、目的の配列を含有するプラスミドを同定し、以後の参照のために下記のように 命名するした: 残基235にグルタミン酸を含有するpGamma1[L235E]、残基23 5にアラニンを含有するpGamma1[L235A]、残基237にアラニン を含有するpGamma1[G237A]、C−ガンマ2下部ヒンジ領域を含有 するpGamma1[g1→g2]。 上記プラスミドはそれぞれHindIIIとApa1で切断し、L243Vhを含 有するHindIII−Apa1断片を挿入して以下のプラスミドを作成した: L243ガンマ1[L235E] L243ガンマ1[L235A] L243ガンマ1[G237A] L243ガンマ1[g1→g2] a)キメラL243抗体の産生 リン酸カルシウム沈殿法を用いてチャイニーズハムスター卵巣 (CHO)細胞中に同時トランスフェクションした後、適当な重鎖および軽鎖の 一時的トランスフェクションにより、生理学的評価のための抗体を産生した。 トランスフェクションの1日前に、CHO−L761細胞がセミコンフルエン スになったフラスコをトリプシン処理し、細胞を計測し、それぞれ107個の細 胞を有するT75フラスコを作成した。 翌日トランスフェクションの3時間前に培地を交換した。トランスフェクショ ンのために、重鎖および軽鎖発現ベクターをそれぞれ50μg含有する0.25 M CaCl2の1.25mlと、1.25mlの2×HBS(水1リットル中にN aCl 16.36g、HEPES 11.9g、およびNa2HPO40.4g、p HはNaOHで7.1に調整)を混合してリン酸カルシウム沈殿物を調製し、直 ちに細胞上の培地に添加した。CO2インキュベーター中で37℃で3時間後、 培地と沈殿物を除去し、リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水(PBS)中の15%グリセロ ール15mlを加えて1分間細胞にショックを与えた。グリセロールを除去し、 細胞をPBSで1回洗浄し、10mM酪酸ナトリウムを含有する培地25ml中 で48〜96時間インキュベートした。プロテインA−セファロースに結合させ 溶出して培地から抗体を精製し、免疫グロブリンELISA(後述)を用いて定 量した。 b)ELISA ELISAのために、ヌンク(Nunc)のELISAプレートを、コーティング 緩衝液(15mM炭酸ナトリウム、35mM炭酸水素ナトリウム、pH6.9) 中5μg/mlのポリクローナルヤギ抗ヒトFc断片特異抗体(ジャクソン・イ ムノリサーチ(Jackson Immuno-research)、コード109-006-098)のF(ab)2 断片で、4℃で一晩コーティングした。コーティングしなかった抗体は、蒸留 水で5回洗浄することにより除去した。定量する試料と標準物質を、結合緩衝液 (0.1Mトリス−塩酸、pH7.0、0.1M NaCl、 0.2%v/vツイーン20、0.2%v/vハマーステン(Hammersten)カゼイ ン)中約1μg/mlに希釈した。マイクロタイターウェル中で試料を連続2倍 希釈して各ウェルの最終液量を0.1mlとして、プレートを激しく撹拌しなが ら室温で1時間インキュベートした。最初のインキュベート後プレートを蒸留水 で10回洗浄し、次に結合緩衝液中700倍希釈のマウスモノクローナル抗ヒト カッパ(クローンGD12)ペルオキシダーゼ結合抗体(ザ・バインディング・ サイト(The Binding Site)、コードMP135)0.1mlで前と同じように インキュベートした。プレートを再度洗浄し、基質溶液(0.1ml)を各ウェ ルに加えた。基質溶液は、pH6.0中150μlのN,N,N,N−テトラメチル ベンジジン(DMSO中10mg/ml)、150μlの過酸化水素(30%溶 液)を含有する。初めの標準物質の630nmの吸光度が約1.0になるまで、 プレートを5〜10分間発色させる。630nmの吸光度はプレートリーダーを 用いて測定し、試料の濃度は標準物質の力価曲線と比較して求めた。 実施例2 作成したL243の生物学的性質 以下の実験の目的は、抗−MHC−II抗体の使用の結果としての毒性の可能性 から免疫抑制作用を分離することであった。この過程において、免疫抑制にどの Fc有効機能が必要であるかを証明できると本発明者らは考える。阻害測定法による抗原結合能 本実験の原理は、同じ結合能を有する抗体は、同種の抗原に対して標識抗体と 完全に競合することである。作成したL243抗体の抗原結合能が少しでも変化 すれば、この系で明らかにされるであろう。 標準的方法を用いて、マウスL243(IgG2a)をフルオレセン(FIT C)で標識した。すべての希釈、操作およびインキュベートは、0.1%アジ化 ナトリウム(ビーディーエィチ(BDH)、英国)と5%胎児牛血清(シグマ( Sigma)、英国)を含有するリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水(ギブコ(GIBCO 、英国)中で行なった。RBポリスチレンチューブ(2052 12×75mm )ファルコン(Falcon)、英国)中の100μl中の連続希釈した作成抗 体を、一定量の100μl(あらかじめ決定された最適濃度で)の標識抗体と、 5×104指示細胞(高レベルのHLA−DRを有するJYBリンパ芽球細胞株 )上で前もって混合した。細胞と抗体を一緒に4℃で30分間インキュベートし 、2回洗浄し、フルオレセン活性化細胞スキャナー(FACSベクトンディッキ ンソン)を用いて結合を明らかにした。適当な解析の後、平均蛍光強度を抗体濃 度に対してプロットした。結果 予想されたように、この分子のFc領域の変化は抗原結合能に全く影響を与え なかった(図9)。FcγRI結合の評価 作成したL243の変種のFcgRIへの結合能を測定した。この実験の原理 は、抗体はFc受容体を介して細胞に結合し、この相互作用の親和性はサブクラ ス、従って抗体のFcの構造により決定されるということである。本測定法は、 IFNγ刺激U937細胞への結合に対して、作成抗体がFITC標識マウスI gG2aと競合する能力に基づく。 U937(骨髄単球性)細胞は500μ/mlのIFNγ(ジェンザイム(G enzyme)、英国)で24時間インキュベートすると、CD64結合とモノ マーIgG2a結合で評価したとおり、高レベルのFcgRI、低レベルのFc TRIIを発現し、FcγRIIIを全く発現しない。 U937細胞を、25mM HEPES(ギブコ(GIBCO、英国)を含有 するDMEMで充分洗浄し、RPMI1640(ギブコ(GIBCO、英国)中 で37℃で2時間インキュベートし、次に25mM HEPES(ギブコ(GI BCO、英国)を含有するDMEMで再度洗浄して、Fc受容体に結合した牛I gGを除去した。作成抗体の連続希釈液を、V底の96ウェルマイクロタイター プレート(アイシーエヌ/フロー(ICN/Flow)、英国)中で0.1%ア ジ化ナトリウムを含有するリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水(ギブコ(GIBCO、英国 )中で50μlに調製し、50μl中の5×104個のU937細胞と4℃で3 0分間インキュベートした。次にすべてのウェルに、あらかじめ決定した最適濃 度でFITC標識IgG2a抗体50μlを加え、4℃でさらに90分間インキ ュベートした。マイクロタイタートレイ中で細胞を1回洗浄し、RBポリスチレ ンチューブ(2052 12×75mm、ファルコン(Falcon)、英国) に移し、もう一度洗浄し、フルオレセン活性化細胞スキャナー(FACSベクト ンディッキンソン)を用いて結合を明らかにした。適当な解析の後、平均蛍光強 度を抗体濃度に対してプロットした。結果 IgG1のCH2ドメインのN−末端の変化は、FcRIへの結合に対して大 きな影響を与えた(図10)。予想されるように、野生型IgG1はFcRIに 充分結合し、IgG4は約10倍弱く結合し、IgG2は全く結合しなかった。 本発明者らはヒトIgG4中のLeu235からGluへの変化は、そのFcR Iへの低い結合能をゼロにし、IgG1中の同じ変化によりFcRI結合は全く なくなることを確認した。235のAlaはFcRI結合を低下(約100倍) させたが、ゼロにはならなかった。IgG1のGly237をAlaに変化させ ると、全領域233をIgG2で見られる配列の236で交換させた時のように 、FcRI結合がなくなった。G1[K320A]変化はFcRI結合には影響 がなかった。抗体依存性補体介在細胞障害 抗体依存性補体介在細胞障害の方法を用いて、L243の作成抗体変種のヒト 補体結合能を評価した。 この実験の原理は、抗体のFcが(通常の古典的)補体カスケードの成分と相 互作用することができるなら、抗体はその同種抗原を有する標的細胞の補体溶解 を媒介することである。決定的に重要な相互作用はC1q分子との相互作用であ る。 これらの実験の補体の供給源は、エンドトキシンを含まないガラスビン中に採 血し、次に37℃で1時間凝固させたヒト静脈血である。ガラスから凝固塊を切 り離し、次に4℃で2時間インキュベートして収縮させる。次に凝固塊を除去し 、1000gで遠心分離して残存する赤血球から血清を分離する。いったん調製 された血清は、活性の大きな変化もなく−20℃で1ヶ月まで保存できるが、新 鮮なまま使用することが最も好ましい。 すべての操作、希釈およびインキュベートは、2mMグルタミン(ギブコ(G IBCO、英国)と10%胎児牛血清(シグマ(Sigma)、英国)を含有す るRPMI1640(ギブコ(GIBC O、英国)中で行なった。標的細胞(高レベルのHLA−DRを有するJY B リンパ芽球細胞株)を1mCiのNa51Crで室温で1時間(15分毎に撹拌し て)標識する。次に細胞を3回洗浄して放射標識物を除去し、2×106/ml で再懸濁する。抗体の連続希釈物を、V底の96ウェルマイクロタイタープレー ト(アイシーエヌ/フロー(ICN/Flow)、英国)に25μlで2重に調 製する。測定法のバックグランド値を与える標識物の自発的放出を確立するため に、培地のみを含有する対照ウェルを調製する。標的51Cr標識JY細胞を、す べてのウェルに10μl添加する。100%放出値を確立するために、2%トリ トンX100を含有するすべてのウェルにも、同数のJY細胞を添加する。標的 細胞と抗体を一緒にインキュベートして、室温で1時間後補体源としてすべての ウェル(100%は除く)に25μlの血清を加え、さらに室温で1時間インキ ュベートする。次に4℃で100μlのEDTAを加えて、さらなる細胞死滅を 停止させ、マイクロタイタープレートを200gで遠心分離して、完全な細胞を ペレットにして、100μlの上澄液を取り、ガンマカウンター中で計測する。 すべての値からバックグランド値を引いて細胞の死滅率を計算し、最大放出に 対して補正した割合として表す。多重測定の変動は5%未満である。次に細胞溶 解の割合を抗体希釈率に対してプロットする。結果H2ドメインのN−末端領域(残基233〜237)のいずれの変化も、ヒ ト補体を結合するL243の能力に影響を与えなかった(図11)。野生型のI gG1は強力な死滅性を媒介し、600ng/mlが最大細胞死滅の半分を与え た(最大の64%)。IgG2とIgG4は20μg/mlでも細胞を全く死滅 させなかった。237のGlyからAlaへの変化は中程度の死滅を与えた(2 μg/mlで最大死滅の20%)。下部ヒンジ領域のすべてをヒトI gG2で見いだされる配列と交換しても、20μg/mlでも溶解を引き起こさ なかった。IgG1の235を変更すると、ヒト補体結合に対して予想外に大き な影響を与えた。Leu235をGluに変更すると、補体溶解がなくなった( 20μg/mlでの死滅はなかった)。235のAlaでは低レベルの死滅があ った。これに対して、320のLysからAlaへの前述のC1q結合モチーフ の変化[ダンカン・エー・アールとウィンター・ジー(Duncan A R and Winter G)(1988)Nature,332,21.]は、野生型IgG1の死滅と全く変化がなかっ た(600ng/mlで最大の細胞死滅の70%であり、半分の細胞が死滅した )。C1qの直接結合 補体介在細胞障害は古典的経路の活性化によるものであることを確認するため に、L243の異なる作成抗体変種に対するヒトC1qの直接結合の測定を確立 した。 精製したヒトC1q(シグマ(Sigma)、英国)を、従来法を用いて直接 フルオレセンイソシアネート(FITC シグマ)で標識した。すべての希釈、 操作およびインキュベートは、0.1%アジ化ナトリウム(ビーディーエィチ( BDH)、英国)と5%胎児牛血清(シグマ(Sigma)、英国)を含有する リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水(ギブコ(GIBCO、英国)中で行なった。RBポリ スチレンチューブ(2052 12×75mm、ファルコン(Falcon)、 英国)中で、4℃で1時間飽和濃度でインキュベートすることにより、5×104 指示細胞(高レベルのHLA−DRを有するJY Bリンパ芽球細胞株)を異な る作成抗体でコーティングした。洗浄後、100μl中のFITC標識C1qの 連続希釈物を添加し、さらに4℃で30分間一緒にインキュベートした。洗浄後 、蛍光活性化細胞スキャナー(FACSベクトンディッキンソン)を用いて結合 を明らかにした。適当な解析の後、平均蛍光強度を抗体濃度に対してプロットし た。結果 L243ヒトイソタイプシリーズへのヒトC1qの直接結合は、補体介在細胞 障害(図12)で得られた結果を確認した。標識ヒトC1qはJY細胞に結合し た時、野生型IgG1に充分結合し、IgG4に弱く結合した。基本的にクラウ ゼらの記載した方法[Behring Inst.Mitt.87 56(1990)]により平衡解離定数 を求め、IgG4とIgG1についてそれぞれ1.2×10-7Mと1.5×10-8 Mであった。これらの値は、同様の機能を有するマウスの抗体IgG1とIgG 2aで得られた値によく匹敵する[レザーバローとヅウエック(Leatherbarrow and Dwek)(1984),Molec.Immunol.21,321]。IgG1のLeu235か らGluへの変化は、C1qへの結合をIgG4と同じレベルまで低下させた。 これに対して、320のLysからAlaへの前述のC1q結合モチーフの変化 [ダンカン・エー・アールとウィンター・ジー(Duncan A R and WinterG)(19 88)Nature,332,21]は、C1q結合に対して何の影響も与えなかった。Ig G4のLeu235からGluへの変化は野生型結合を変化させなかった。ウサギとモルモット補体 補体供給源としてヒトの代わりにウサギまたはモルモット血清を使用すると、 G1[L235E]およびG1[L235A]修飾の挙動は異なっていた。ウサ ギC’では、野生型G1と同レベルの溶解を引き起こした。モルモットでは、I gG1野生型の80%の死滅に対して、それぞれ40%と49%のプラトーレベ ルの死滅を引き起こした。235の変化はヒトの補体へのみ変化を与え、これは ウサギとモルモットの補体は、ヒトのIgG1とは相互作用が異なることを示し ている(図13〜15を参照)。抗体依存性細胞介在細胞障害 L243の作成抗体変種のFcRIIIへの結合能を、抗体依存性細胞介在細胞 障害(ADCC)を用いて評価した。 この実験の原理は、抗体のFcが細胞障害能を有するエフェクター細胞を有す るFc受容体と相互作用することができるなら、同種の抗原を有する標的細胞の 溶解を媒介することである。決定的に重要な相互作用は、抗体Fcと細胞性Fc 受容体の間の相互作用である。 各実験でエフェクター細胞は新たに調製される。ヒト静脈血を、エンドトキシ ンを含まないヘパリン入りチューブに採取する。末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)は 、製造業者(ファルマシア(Pharmacia))の指示に従い、密度勾配遠心分離法 により調製した。PBMCは、2mMのグルタミン(ギブコ(GIBCO、英国 )と10%胎児牛血清(シグマ(Sigma)、英国)を含有するRPMI16 40培地(ギブコ(GIBCO、英国)中(この培地中ですべての操作、希釈お よびインキュベートを行う)で1×107細胞/mlに調製した。 標的細胞(高レベルのHLA−DRを有するJYBリンパ芽球細胞株)を1m CiのNa51で室温で1時間(15分毎に撹拌して)標識する。次に細胞を3回 洗浄して遊離の放射標識物を除去し、2×106/mlで再懸濁する。抗体の連 続希釈液を、無菌のU底96ウェルマイクロタイタープレート(ファルコン(F alcon)、英国)に25μlで2重に調製する。測定法のバックグランド値 を与える標識物の自発的放出を確立するために、培地のみを含有する対照ウェル を調製する。標的51Cr標識JY細胞を、すべてのウェルに10μl添加する。 100%放出値を確立するために、水中2%トリトンX100を含有するウェル にも、同数のJY細胞を添加する。標的細胞と抗体を一緒にインキュベートして 、室温で30分後すべてのウェル(100%は除く)に25μlのエフェクター 細胞を加え、さらに37℃で4時間インキュベートする。次に4℃で100μl のEDTA生理食塩水を加えて、さらなる細胞死滅を停止させ、マイクロタイタ ープレートを200gで遠心分離して完全 な細胞をペレットにして、100μlの上澄液を取り、ガンマカウンター中で計 測する。 すべての値からバックグランド値を引いて細胞の溶解率を計算し、最大放出の 割合として表す。多重測定の変動は5%未満である。次に細胞溶解の割合を抗体 希釈率に対してブロットする。結果H2ドメインのN−末端領域(残基233〜237)の必ずしもすべての変 化が、FcRIII介在機能に影響を与えなかった(図16と表5と7)。L24 3 IgG2は、100γ/mlまでの濃度でHLA−DR陽性JYリンパ芽球 の末梢血単核細胞細胞障害(ADCC)を媒介しなかった。IgG4は低レベル のADCC(1γ/mlで最大死滅の20%)を引き起こし、これはLeu23 5からGluへの変更によりなくなった。野生型のIgG1は細胞死滅の強力な メディエーターであり、5ng/ml抗体で50%細胞死滅を与えた。237の GlyからAlaへの変化は、IgG1野生型による死滅ををIgG4で見られ るレベルまで低下させた。下部ヒンジ領域のすべてをヒトIgG2で見いだされ る配列と交換すると、50%細胞死滅に500ng/mlを必要とする中程度の レベルの死滅を与えた。これに対してIgG1の235の変更は、ADCCに対 して最小の影響を与えた。 Leu235をAlaに変更すると、G1野生型に匹敵する死滅のレベル(5 0%細胞死滅について9ng/ml)であり、Leu235のGluへの変更は ADCCを少し低下させた(50%の細胞死滅について40ng/ml)。32 0のLysからAlaへの前述のC1q結合モチーフの変化は、ADCCを媒介 するIgG1の能力に全く影響を与えなかった。免疫機能 エクス・ビボ(ex vivo)のT細胞機能実験を行なった(ここでMHC−IIと T細胞受容体の相互作用がT細胞活性化に必須の条件で ある)。L243イソタイプシリーズを混合リンパ球反応(これは未変性および 記憶T細胞活性化の両方を測定する)と、記憶T細胞応答のみを測定する破傷風 トキソイドに対する呼び出し応答で試験した。混合リンパ球反応 L243の作成抗体変種の免疫抑制能を、混合リンパ球反応で評価した。 この実験の原理は、ある個人の白血球を異なるHLAアレレを発現する別の個 人の白血球と混合すると、これらはお互いを異物として認識して活性化されると いうことである。この活性化は主に、T細胞上のCD3/TcR複合体と抗原提 示細胞上のMHCクラスII分子との相互作用に依存する。MHC−IIに結合する 抗体はこの反応を阻害することは公知である。 各実験で白血球は新たに調製される。2人の個人のヒト静脈血を、エンドトキ シンを含まないヘパリン入りチューブに採取する。末梢血単核細胞(PBMC) は、製造業者(ファルマシア(Pharmacia))の指示に従い、密度勾配遠心分離 法により調製した。PBMCは、2mMのグルタミン(ギブコ(GIBCO、英 国)、100μg/ml/100μg/mlペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン( ギブコ(GIBCO、英国)、および10%胎児牛血清(シグマ(Sigma) 、英国)を含有するRPMI1640培地(ギブコ(GIBCO、英国)中で2 ×106細胞/mlに調整する。この培地中ですべての操作、希釈およびインキ ュベートを行なった。1人の個人のPBMCに3000radの照射を行う。こ れらの細胞は、他の個人からの応答を刺激する。 抗体の連続希釈液を、無菌のU底96ウェルマイクロタイタープレート(ファ ルコン(Falcon)、英国)に25μlで3重に調製する。最大の応答と最 大の阻害を確立するために、それぞれ培地のみと最適レベルのシクロスポリン( サンディミュン(Sandimmu n)(登録商標)、サンド(Sandoz))を含有する対照ウェルを調製する。同数 の照射刺激物質と応答物質を混合し、各ウェルに100μl添加する。刺激物質 のみおよび応答物質のみのウェルも、対照として準備する。実験は37℃で湿度 100%で5%CO2で5日間インキュベートする。1μCi/ウェルの3H−チ ミジン(アマーシャム(Amersham)、英国)とインキュベートして、ガラスフィ ルターマット上で採取して、ベータカウンターを用いて計測して、最後の18時 間の培養中の増幅を評価することにより、応答を測定する。 抗体濃度に対するCPMとして結果をプロットする。多重測定の変動は10% 未満である。破傷風トキソイドに対するT細胞呼び出し応答 2次応答を抑制するL243の作成抗体変種の能力を、破傷風トキソイドに対 する呼び出し応答を用いて評価した。 この実験の原理は、あらかじめ破傷風トキソイド(TT)で免疫したある個人 のT細胞は、エクス・ビボ(ex vivo)で再暴露するとTTに応答することであ る。この活性化は、T細胞上のCD3/TcR複合体と、抗原を有しこれを提示 する細胞上のMHC−II分子との相互作用に依存する。MHC−IIに結合する抗 体はこの反応を阻害することは公知である。 各実験でリンパ球は新たに調製される。ヒト静脈血を、エンドトキシンを含ま ないヘパリン入りチューブに採取する。末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)は、製造業 者(ファルマシア(Pharmacia))の指示に従い、密度勾配遠心分離法により調 製した。PBMCは、2mMのグルタミン(ギブコ(GIBCO、英国)、10 0μg/ml/100μg/mlペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(ギブコ(G IBCO、英国)、および10%胎児牛血清(シグマ(Sigma)、英国)を 含有するRPMI1640培地(ギブコ(GIBCO、英国)中、すべての操作 、希釈およびインキュベートを行なった。この培地中で2×106細胞/mlに 調整する。 抗体の連続希釈液を、無菌のU底96ウェルマイクロタイタープレート(ファ ルコン(Falcon)、英国)に100μlで3重に調製する。あらかじめ実 験で決定した最適濃度のTTを含有する50μlをすべてのウェルに添加する。 最大の応答と最大の阻害を確立するために、それぞれ培地のみと最適レベルのシ クロスポリン(サンディミュン(Sandimmun)(登録商標)、サンド(Sandoz) )(100nM)を含有する対照ウェルを調製する。次に50μlのPBMCを 各ウェルに加える。実験は37℃で湿度100%で5%CO2で7日間インキュ ベートする。1μCi/ウェルの3H−チミジンとインキュベートして、ガラス フィルターマット上で採取して、ベータカウンターを用いて計測して、最後の1 8時間の培養中の増幅を評価することにより、応答を測定する。 抗体濃度に対するCPMとして結果をブロットする。多重測定の変動は10% 未満である。結果 (図17−21) MLRとTT応答の間のL243ヒトイソタイプシリーズの効果の間に有意の または定性的な差はなかった。最大阻害率は、G1、G1[L235E]および G1[L235A]で達成された。同様の阻害率を得るために、約2桁多いG2 、G4およびG1[L235A]が必要であった。G1/G2 Lヒンジ交換突 然変異体は、中程度の免疫抑制能であった。補体結合またはFcRI結合と免疫 抑制の間に相関はなく、G1はFcRIに充分結合し補体結合したが、G1[L 235E]はいずれの作用もなかった。しかしいずれも良好な免疫抑制能を示し た。しかし、FcRIII結合との間には良好な相関があった。ヒトG1とG1[ L235E]はFcRIIIと相互作用し、良好な免疫抑制を示す。G1/G2 Lヒンジは、中程度のFcRIII結合と免疫抑制を示した。これに対して、ヒト G1のG237A突然変異は、報告されている観察結果と一致してFcRIII結 合能を低下させる。この抗体は免疫抑制能は小さかった(表5)。表6 は、いくつかのL243イソタイプ突然変異体を示す。結論 本発明者らは、抗HLA DR抗体L243をベースにした作成抗体の適合セ ットを用いて、ヒトIgG1のC1qとFcR結合に必要なアミノ酸残基は、CH 2ドメインのN−末端領域(残基231〜238)に位置することを見いだし た。IgG3およびIgG4のCH2ドメインのロイシン235をグルタミン酸 に変化させると、FcRI結合能がなくなることはすでに公知であるが、本発明 者らはこれを確認し、また同時に、FcRIII介在機能を保持したままヒト補体 結合能がなくなることを見いだした。IgG1の237のグリシンをアラニンに 変化させると、またFcRI結合能がなくなり、補体結合能とFcRIII介在機 能が低下した。233〜236の全領域を、ヒトIgG2中の配列で交換すると 、FcRI結合能と補体結合能がなくなり、IgG1のFcRIII介在機能が低 下した。これに対して、前述のC1q結合モチーフを320のリジンをアラニン に変化させても、IgG1介在補体結合には何の影響も与えなかった。 IgG1の変化のFcRI結合への影響は、IgG3やIgG4を用いて得ら れた報告された観察結果、つまり下部ヒンジ/N−末端CH2領域の235と2 37の変化はFcRI結合能を著しく低下させる[ルンド・ジェイ(Lund J)ら 、J Immunol,1991.147,265:そしてアレグレ・エム・エル(A1egre,M-L)ら 、J.Immunol.1992.148,3461]と同じである。これらのイソタイプ間の類似 性は、これらが同様の方法でFcRIと相互作用することを強く示唆する。 本発明者らは、CH2領域の下部ヒンジ/N−末端内に、ヒトIgG1のFc RIII結合に必要な残基を見いだした。237を修飾し下部ヒンジをIgG2残 基で交換すると、それぞれ低および中程度のFcRIII介在死滅を引き起こした 。これらの作用は、ヒトIgG3についてサーメイ(Sarmay)らが報告したもの [Molec.Immunol.1992.29,633]と同様である。IgG3を用いるサーメイ らの方法 に対して、IgG1の残基235での本発明者らの変化はFcRIII介在機能に 対してほとんど影響を与えなかった。 グリーンウッド(Greenwood)ら[Eur.J.Immunol.1993.23,1098]は、I gG1とIgG4の間のドメイン内およびドメイン間のスイッチ変種を用いて、 292を越えるCH2ドメインのC−末端中でFcRIII結合に必要なIgG1内 の残基を同定している。これは、CH2領域の下部ヒンジ/N−末端内に本発明 者らが同定した残基は、ヒトIgG1の結合を経由して介在されるFcRIIIエ フェクター機能に必要であるが、充分ではないことを示している。 235が変化したIgG1変種は、ヒト補体による溶解を媒介せず、精製した ヒトC1qに結合しなかった。本発明者らはまた、320が変化したIgG1分 子は、IgG1野生型と同等の補体介在死滅を与えることを見いだした。残基G lu318、Lys320およびLys322は、蛋白工学的研究によりマウス IgG2bでC1q結合に必要であることが証明された[ダンカン・エー・アー ルとウィンター・ジー(Duncan A R andWinter G),Nature,1988.332,21] 。同じ研究でまた、マウスIgG2bの235の変化はヒトC1qに対する親和 性に対して影響を与えないことが証明された[ダンカン・エー・アールとウィン ター・ジー(Duncan A R and Winter G),Nature,1988.332,21]。これらの 観察結果の見かけの矛盾は、おそらくヒトIgG1とマウスIgG2bの間のC 1q接触の差によるものであろう。 本発明者らは、CH2ドメインの下部ヒンジ/N−末端のほとんどの変化はC 1q結合に影響を与えることを見いだした。G1/G2下部ヒンジ交換は補体結 合能をなくし、237の変化はまたこれを有意に低下させる。これに対して、グ リーンウッド(Greenwood)ら[Eur.J.Immunol.1993.23,1098]は、CH2 ドメインのC−末端側半分にヒト補体結合に必要な残基を見いだした。タオ(Ta o)ら[J.Exp.Med.1993,178,661]はまた、CH2ドメインのC−末 端側半分が補体結合に必要であることを見いだしている。彼らはまた、C1q結 合を補体介在溶解から分離することが可能である。CH2ドメインのC−末端側 半分中の331がProからSerへ変化したIgG1はまた、野生型と同様に ヒトC1qに結合できるが、補体を活性化することは不可能である。これは、CH 2領域の下部ヒンジ/N−末端内で本発明者らが同定したアミノ酸が、C1q 結合に必要であること、そしてC−末端残基が、C1qを越える抗体依存性補体 カスケードの結合と活性化に必要であることを予測している。 実施例3 L243は、ヒトMHCクラスIIに対するマウスモノクローナル抗体である。 L243のVlとVhのヌクレオチド配列とアミノ酸配列は、それぞれ図5と3 に示す。以下の実施例は、L243抗体のヒト化(CDR移植)を説明する。L243軽鎖のCDR移植 L243軽鎖の枠組み構造領域をヒト軽鎖サブグループと整列させる[カバト ・イー・エー、ウー・ティー・ティー、ペリー・エィチ・エム、ゴッテスマン・ ケー・エスおよびフォエラー・シー(Kabat,E.A.,Wu,T.T.,Perry H.M.,Got tesman K.S.,and FoellerC.),1991、免疫学的興味のある蛋白の配列(Sequen ces of Proteins of Immunological interest)第5版]と、L243はヒト軽 鎖のサブグループ1に最も相同性が高いことが明らかになった。従ってCDR移 植軽鎖を作成するために、選択した枠組み構造領域はヒトグループ1コンセンサ ス配列の枠組み構造領域に対応する。L243とコンセンサスヒトグループ1軽 鎖との枠組み構造領域のアミノ酸配列の比較は以下に示されており、2つの配列 の間に21の差(下線)があることを示している。 抗原結合に対するこれらの枠組み構造の差が与える寄与を解析(公開国際特許 出願WO91/09967号を参照)すると、研究のために4つの残基が同定された:こ れらは45、49、70および71位である。この解析に基づき、2つのCDR 移植軽鎖を作成した。この最初のもの(L243−gL1)では、残基45、4 9、70および71がL243軽鎖由来であり、第2のもの(L243−gL2 )では、すべての残基はヒトコンセンサスである。軽鎖比較 CDR移植軽鎖L243−gL1の作成 L243−gL1の作成を以下に詳述する。キメラ軽鎖の枠組み構造領域に変 更を導入するために、以下のオリゴヌクレオチドをポリメラーゼチェイン反応( PCR)に使用した: それぞれ、10mMトリス−塩酸pH8.3、1.5mM MgCl2、50mM KCl、0.01%w/vゼラチン、0.25mMの各デオキシリボヌクレオシ ド三リン酸、0.1μgのキメラL243軽鎖DNA、6ピコモルのR5043 /R5044、またはR5045/R5046、またはR5047/R5048 、および0.25単位のTaqポリメラーゼを含有する、各20μlの3つの反 応物を準備した。反応物を94℃で1分間、55℃で1分間そして72℃で1分 間でサイクルさせた。30サイクル行なった後、反応物をアガロースゲルで電気 泳動し、PCR断片をゲルから切り出し、「マーメイド」(”Mermaid”)キッ トを用いて回収した。 これらの一定分量に第2回目のPCRを行なった。反応物100μlは、10 mMトリス−塩酸pH8.3、1.5mM MgCl2、50mM KCl、0.01 %w/vゼラチン、第1回目の反応からの3つのPCR断片のそれぞれの1/1 0、およびR5043とR5048を各30ピコモル、そして2.5単位のTa qポリメラーゼを含有していた。反応温度は前述の通りである。PCR後、混合 物をフェノール/クロロホルム、次にクロロホルムで抽出し、エタノールで沈殿 させた。エタノール沈殿物を遠心分離により回収し、適当な緩衝液に溶解し、B stEIIとSpIIで切断した。得られた生成物を最後にアガロースゲルで電気泳 動し、270塩基対のDNA断片をゲルスライスから回収し、あらかじめ同じ酵 素で消化したベクターpMR15.1(図1)に結合させた。 結合混合物を使用して大腸菌LM1035を形質転換し、得られたコロニーを PCRで解析し制限酵素で消化し、そしてヌクレオチド配列決定を行なった。L 243−gL1のVl領域のヌクレオチド配列とアミノ酸配列を図22に示す。CDR移植軽鎖L243−gL2の作成 PCRを利用してL243−gL1からL243−gL2を作成した。アミノ 酸の変更を導入するために、以下のオリゴヌクレオチ ドを使用した: 10mMトリス−塩酸pH83、1.5mM MgCl2、50mM KCl、0 .01%w/vゼラチン、0.25mMの各デオキシリボヌクレオシド三リン酸、 0.1μgのL243−gL1、6ピコモルのR1053/R5350またはR 5349/R684、および0.25単位のTaqポリメラーゼを含有する、各 20μlの2つの反応物を準備した。反応物を94℃で1分間、55℃で1分間 そして72℃で1分間でサイクルさせた。30サイクル後、反応物をアガロース ゲルで電気泳動し、PCR断片をゲルから切り出し、「マーメイド」(”Mermai d”)キットを用いて回収した。 これらの一定分量に第2回目のPCRを行なった。反応物100μlは、10 mMトリス−塩酸pH8.3、1.5mM MgCl2、50mM KCl、0.01 %w/vゼラチン、第1回目の反応からのPCR断片のそれぞれの1/5、およ びR1053とR684を各30ピコモル、そして2.5単位のTaqポリメラ ーゼを含有していた。反応温度は前述の通りである。PCR後、反応物をフェノ ール/クロロホルム、次にクロロホルムで抽出し、エタノールで沈殿させた。エ タノール沈殿物を遠心分離により回収し、適当な緩衝液に溶解し、BstEIIと SpIIで切断した。得られた生成物を最後にアガロースゲルで電気泳動し、27 0塩基対のDNA断片をゲル スライスから回収し、あらかじめ同じ酵素で消化したベクターpMR15.1( 図1)に結合させた。 結合混合物を使用して大腸菌LM1035を形質転換し、得られたコロニーを PCRで解析し制限酵素で消化し、そしてヌクレオチド配列決定を行なった。L 243−gL2のVl領域のヌクレオチド配列とアミノ酸配列を図23に示す。L243重鎖のCDR移植 軽鎖について記載した方法と同じ方法を用いて、L243重鎖のCDR移植を 行なった。L243重鎖は、サブグループ1に属するヒト重鎖に最も相同性が高 いことが明らかになり、従ってL243重鎖CDRを受け入れるために、ヒトサ ブグループ1枠組み構造のコンセンサス配列を選択した。 2つの構造の枠組み構造領域の比較を以下に示す。ここで、L243はヒトコ ンセンサスとは28個の位置(下線)で異なることがわかる。抗原結合に対して これらが与える寄与を解析すると、CDR移植重鎖であるL243−gHでは、 27、67、69、71、72および75の残基のみが保持されていた。重鎖比較 CDR移稙重鎖L243gHの作成 適当なプライマーの存在下で、重複するオリゴヌクレオチドをPCRに付して L243gHを組み立てた。PCRには以下のオリゴヌクレオチドを使用した: 組立反応物(50μl)は、10mMトリス−塩酸pH8.3、1.5mM M gCl2、50mM KCl、0.01%w/vゼラチン、0.25mMの各デオキ シリボヌクレオシド三リン酸、1ピコモルの各R4897〜R4905、10ピ コモルの各R3004とR3005、および2.5単位のTaqポリメラーゼを 含有していた。反応物を94℃で1分間、55℃で1分間そして72℃で1分間 でサイクルさせた。30サイクル後、反応物をフェノール/クロロホルム(1/ 1)、次にクロロホルムで抽出し、エタノールで沈殿させた。遠心分離後、DN Aを適当な切断緩衝液に溶解し、HindIIIとApa1で消化した。得られた 断片をアガロースゲルから回収し、あらかじめ同じ酵素で消化したベクターpM R14(図2)に結合させた。pMR14はヒトガンマ4重鎖定常領域を含有し 、従ってこのベクターにより発現される重鎖はガンマ4イソタイプである。結合 混合物を使用して大腸菌LM1035を形質転換し、得られた細菌コロニーを制 限消化によりスクリーニングし、そしてヌクレオチド配列決定を行なった。こう してL243gHの正しい配列を含有するプラスミドが同定された(図24)。ガンマ1型のキメラおよびCDR移植L243重鎖の作成 マウスおよびCDR移植重鎖の可変領域をHindIIIからApa1への断片 として、ベクターpGamma1(図6)に移すことにより、ヒトガンマ1型の L243重鎖を作成した。このベクターは、ヒトガンマ1重鎖定常領域を有する 。CDR移植遺伝子の活性の評価 CDR移植遺伝子の活性は、これらを哺乳動物中で発現させ、新たに合成され た抗体を精製し定量することにより評価した。この方法は後述し、それに引き続 き抗体の生化学的性状解析に使用される生化学的および細胞ベースの測定法を記 載する。 a)CHO細胞中の遺伝子発現 キメラL243の産生について前述したように、リン酸カルシウ ム沈殿法を用いてチャイニーズハムスター卵巣(CHO)細胞中に同時トランス フェクションした後、重鎖および軽鎖対の一時的トランスフェクションにより、 生物学的評価のためのキメラおよびCDR移植L243を産生した。 抗体濃度は、ヒト免疫グロブリンELISA(下記)を用いて定量した。 b)ELISA ELISAのために、ヌンク(Nunc)のELISAプレートをーティング緩衝 液(15mM炭酸ナトリウム、35mM炭酸水素ナトリウム、pH6.9)中5 μg/mlのポリクローナルヤギ抗ヒトFc断片特異抗体(ジャクソン・イムノ リサーチ(Jackson Immuno-research)、コード109-006-098)のF(ab)2断 片で、4℃で一晩コーティングした。コーティングしなかった抗体は、蒸留水で 5回洗浄することにより除去した。定量する試料と標準物質を、結合緩衝液(0 .1Mトリス−塩酸、pH7.0)0.1MNaCl、0.2%v/vツイーン20 、0.2%w/vハマーステン(Hammersten)カゼイン)中約1μg/mlに希 釈した。マイクロタイターウェル中で試料を連続2倍希釈して各ウェルの最終液 量を0.1mlとして、プレートを激しく撹拌しながら室温で1時間インキュベ ートした。最初のインキュベート後プレートを蒸留水で10回洗浄し、次に結合 緩衝液中700倍希釈のマウスモノクローナル抗ヒトカッパ(クローンGD12 )ペルオキシダーゼ結合抗体(ザ・バインディング・サイト(The Binding Site )、コードMP135)0.1mlで前と同じように1時間インキュベートした 。プレートを再度洗浄し、基質溶液(0.1ml)を各ウェルに加えた。基質溶 液は、10mlの0.1M酢酸ナトリウム/クエン酸ナトリウム、pH6.0中1 50μlのN,N,N,N−テトラメチルベンジジン(DMSO中10mg/ml )、150μlの過酸化水素(30%溶液)を含有する。初めの標準物質の63 0nmの吸光度が約1.0になるまで、プレー トを5〜10分間発色させた。630nmの吸光度はプレートリーダーを用いて 測定し、試料の濃度は標準物質の力価曲線と比較して求めた。 c)競合測定法 本測定法の原理は、抗原結合領域がマウスからヒト枠組み構造に正しく移行し たなら、ヒトMHCクラスIIへの結合に対して、CDR移植抗体は標識キメラ抗 体と等しく競合するということである。この系で抗原結合能の変化があれば明ら かになるであろう。 ウッド(Wood)らの方法[ウッド・ティー、トンプソン・エスおよびゴールド スタイン・ジー(Wood,T.,Thompson,S and Goldstein,G)、1965,J.Immu nol 95,225-229]を用いて、キメラL243をフルオレセン(FITC)で標 識し、前述の競合測定法に使用した。 図25は、JY細胞への結合に対してFITC標識キメラL243と競合する 、L243重鎖および軽鎖のすべての組合せの能力を比較している。すべての組 合せは有効な競合物質であるが、CDR移植重鎖または軽鎖を含有するものはい ずれもキメラ抗体自身ほど有効ではなかった。すなわち、本測定法で組合せcH /gL1、gH/cLおよびgH/gL1は、キメラL243に対してそれぞれ 89%、78%および64%の有効性であった。 d)スキャチャード(Scatchard)解析による親和性定数の決定 L243抗体を、PBS、5%胎児牛血清、0.1%アジ化ナトリウム中10 μg/mlから連続1.5倍希釈(各150μl)してから、測定点当たり5× 104個のJY細胞と氷上で1時間インキュベートした。あらかじめ細胞を数え 、洗浄し、試料と同じ緩衝液に再懸濁した。インキュベート後細胞を前記培地5 mlで洗浄し、遠心分離し、上清液を廃棄した。結合した抗体は、FITC結合 抗ヒトFcモノクローナル(ザ・バインディング・サイト(The Binding Site) 、コードMF001)の1/100希釈液100μlを添加 して、明らかにした。次に細胞を氷の上で1時間インキュベートし、前述のよう に過剰のFITC結合体を洗浄して除去した。同じ緩衝液250μl中に細胞を 分散し、FACScan(ベクトンディッキンソン)を用いて、細胞当たりの平 均蛍光強度を測定し、標準ビーズ(フロー・サイトメトリー・スタンダード社( Flow Cytometry standards Corporation))を用いて較正した。こうして各細胞 濃度で、細胞当たり結合した抗体の分子数を求め、スキャチャードプロットを作 成するのに使用した。計算のために、L243に対するFITC結合体の結合価 は1:1であると仮定し、F/Pは3.36であった(製造業者の提供による) 。 キメラL243(cH/cL)、L243−gH/L243−gL1およびL 243gH/L243−gL2の親和性を比較するスキャチャードプロットを、 図26に示す。キメラL243の見かけのKdは4.1nMであり、gL1とg L2軽鎖を含有するCDR移植抗体の見かけのKdは、それぞれ6.4nMと9. 6nMであった。2つのCDR移植軽鎖を有する抗体のKd値の差は、親軽鎖か らL243−gL1に保持された残基45、49、70および71の寄与を反映 している。 e)抗体依存性細胞介在細胞障害 抗体依存性細胞介在細胞障害(ADCC)を媒介するキメラとCDR移植L2 43の能力を、前述のように比較した。この実験の原理は、抗体のFcが、細胞 障害が可能なエフェクター細胞を有するFc受容体と相互作用することができる なら、抗体は同種の抗原を有する標的細胞の溶解を媒介することである。 前記測定法でのキメラ(cH/cL)とCDR移植(gH/gL1)L243 ヒトガンマ1イソタイプの活性の比較を、図27に示す。両抗体とも細胞溶解の 有効なメディエータであり、最大活性は、100ng/ml未満の抗体濃度で達 成される。2つの抗体の活性の間に有意な差はなかった。 f)免疫機能試験 エクス・ビボ(ex vivo)T細胞機能実験を行った(ここでMHC−IIとT細 胞受容体の間の相互作用は、T細胞活性化の必須要件であった)。キメラとCD R移植L243抗体を、混合リンパ球反応(これは未変性および記憶T細胞活性 化を測定する)と破傷風トキソイドに対する呼び出し応答(これは記憶T細胞応 答のみを測定する)で比較した。 1)混合リンパ球反応(前述記載) この実験の原理は、ある個人の白血球を異なるHLAアレレを発現する別の個 人の白血球と混合すると、これらはお互いを異物として認識して活性化されると いうことである。この活性化は主に、T細胞上のCD3/TcR複合体と抗原提 示細胞上のMHCクラスII分子との相互作用に依存する。L243はこの反応を 阻害することが知られている。 T細胞活性化の阻害物質としてキメラとCDR移植L243のガンマ1イソタ イプの有効性を比較するためにMLRを行っても、2つの抗体の間には有意な差 は観察されなかった(図28)。いずれの抗体も100ng/mlを用いて、9 0%以上のMLRの阻害が観察された。 2)破傷風トキソイドに対するT細胞呼び出し応答 2次応答を抑制するキメラおよびCDR移植L243の能力を、破傷風毒素に 対する呼び出し応答を用いて評価した。実験の原理は前述の通りである。 TTへの呼び出し応答を阻害する、キメラおよびCDR移植L243のヒトガ ンマ1イソタイプの能力を比較する実験の結果を、図29に示す。両抗体ともT TへのT細胞応答の有効な阻害物質であり、区別できない力価曲線を与えた。実施例4 235位が変化したCDR移植L243、すなわち、L[235 E]が抗体依存性細胞障害(ADCC)を媒介する能力は、基本的に前述の実施 例に記載のように測定した。その結果を図27に示す。 同様に基本的に前述の実施例に記載のように、CDR移植L243[L235 E]を混合リンパ球反応と破傷風トキソイドへの呼び出し応答で試験した。その 結果を図28と29に示す。 前述の実施例に記載のように抗体依存性補体介在細胞障害を用いて、ヒト補体 を結合するCDR移植L243抗体[L235E]の能力を評価した。その結果 を図30に示す。Detailed Description of the Invention                                   antibody Field of the invention   The present invention provides modified antibodies, pharmaceutical compositions containing the antibodies, therapeutic compositions and And diagnostic composition; method for preparing the composition; therapeutic method and diagnostic method using the antibody A method for regulating the function of a cell surface-associated antigen using the antibody; DN encoding the antibody A sequence; cloning and expression vector containing a DNA sequence encoding the antibody Host cell transformed with the vector, and a method for preparing the antibody .Background of the Invention   Antibodies need to be therapeutically effective without causing significant toxic effects It preferably exhibits a physiological effect. Such toxic effects are associated with, for example, complement fixation. More mediated.   Antibodies that bind to the cognate antigen bind to the complement cascade It can be activated. Complement consists of a complex series of proteins. Complement system Proteins of two types are related to each other by two enzymatic cascades (called the classical pathway and the alternative pathway). , Provide two pathways leading to C3 cleavage, a central reaction of the complement system) It The order of reactions consisting of the classical complement pathway is: recognition, enzyme activation, and membrane attack. And lead to cell death. The recognition unit of the complement system is the C1 complex. C1 complement protein The white complex is a unique feature of the classical complement cascade leading to C3 conversion. C Complement binding occurs when the 1q subcomponent binds directly to the immunoglobulin-antigen immune complex It Whether complement fixation occurs depends on several constraints. For example, immunoglob Only certain subclasses of Brin can bind complement under optimal conditions. These are IgG1, IgG3 and IgM in humans and mouse Are IgG2a, IgG2b and IgM.   The C1q molecule has a multivalent ability to bind to the complement binding site of immunoglobulins. Have. IgG CH2 domains and possibly C of IgMH4 domains move to C1q Has a binding site of.   Fc-bearing cells also bind to target cells coated with the relevant class of antibody , By opsonizing, phagocytosing or killing it, the effect of immune response is increased. Play a strong role. For rodent and human leukocytes, three IgG binding receptors The container (FcγR) is described. FcγRI is strong against monomer IgG Have high affinity, FcγRII and FcγRIII have affinity for monomer IgG Is weak and mainly interacts with IgG complexed with the antigen. Existence of Fc receptors Resident in these immune cells, many effectors are important in the effector phase of the humoral response. -Gives the ability to mediate mechanisms.   The gamma 1 isotype of human IgG binds to FcRI like IgG3 and When it forms a complex with the allogeneic antigen of, it activates complement and binds to FcRII and FcRIII. To meet. On the contrary, human IgG2 and IgG4 are relatively inactive isotypes. Neither activates the classical complement pathway, and IgG4 binds FcRI weakly [ Burton, D R and Woof, J M), (1992), Adv. Immunol. 51, 1. Rukisano Balim Ym and Ra Kuman P. Jay (Lucisano Valim, Y M and Lachmann, P J. (1991), C lin. exp. Immunol. 84, 1].   C of human IgGHAmino acid residues of IgG that interact with FcRI in two domains Is well established [Woof, J M, et al. (1986 ) Molec. Immunol. 23,319. Lund J et al. (1991) J Immunol, 147, 2657; Canfield S.M. and Morrison S.L. (Canfie1d , S M and Morrison, S L) (1991), J. exp. Med. 173, 1483; Chapel et Chappel, SM et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acd. Sci. 88, 9036; Chape Chappel, SM et al. (1993), J. Am. Biol. Chem268, 25124; Alegre, M-L et al. (1992) J. Immunol. 148, 3461]. FcR C of antibodies of different species and subclasses that bind well to IH2 domain amino acids A sequence comparison is made of the C consisting of residues Leu234-Ser239.HN-terminal region of 2 Use the EU numbering system of Kabat (Kabat, EA ) Et al. (1987), Sequences of proteins of Imm unological interest), US Department of Health and Hugh Man Services (US Dept. of Health and Human Services), Bethesda (B ethesda), Maryland, USA] are critical for interaction with FcRI Was suggested. All IgG antibodies with a strong affinity for FcRI For sotypes, the motifs Leu234, Leu235, Gly236, Gly2 37, Pro238, Ser239 exist [Woof, J M) et al. (1986) Molec. Immunol. 23, 319]. Has different Fc effector functions C to FcRI binding by exchanging domains between immunoglobulinsH2 ( Especially, the importance of residue 235) was proved [Canfield S. M. and Mori Son S. El (Canfield, SM and Morrison, SL) (1991), J. exp. Med . 173, 1483; Chappel, SM, et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. A cd. Sci. 88, 9036; Chappel, SM et al. (1993), J. Am. Bi ol. Chem268, 25124]. Substitution of the Leu residue at position 235 with Glu results in FcRI The affinity of IgG3 for IgG is reduced 100-fold [Lund J et al. 1991) J Immunol, 147, 2657; Canfield S. M. and Morrison S. Elle (Canfield, SM and Morrison, SL) (1991), J. exp. Med. 173,148 3]. Same change from Leu235 to Glu in the IgG4 variant of OKT3 [ Alegre, M-L et al. (1992) J. Immunol. 148, 3461], There is no FcRI binding and therefore its mitogenicity lost.   The sequence requirements for FcRIII binding have been poorly studied, but Sarmay et al. [(1992) Molec. Immunol. 29,633] are all three Fc The binding of IgG3 to the receptor requires CHResidues 2434-237 of the two domains are important Proved that there is. The relative importance of each residue is different for each Fc receptor, and FcRII 235 and 237 are the most important for I-mediated cell killing.   In contrast, another Fc-mediated function, C1q binding and subsequent complement activation Is CHIt seems to require the carboxy-terminal half of the two domains [Tao Michi, Canfield S. M. and Morrison S. L. (Ta O, M H., Canfield, S M., and Morrison, S L) (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173, 10 twenty five]. Morrison's group is the C of human IgGHTwo-domain polymorphism Sequence analysis of sexHThe importance of the C-terminal region of 2 was demonstrated. IgG1 3 By changing Pro at position 31 to Ser, they abolished complement binding and C1q binding. The ability was reduced [Tao, J H, et al. (1993), J. Exp. Med. 1 78, 661]. Interdomain and intradomain switch variants of CAMPATH-1 Using Greenwood et al. (1993) [Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 1098 ] Is further CHWe supported the importance of the C-terminus of 2. N-terminal half or other Not C, just CHComplement binding to human IgG4 by the carboxy terminus of 2 Noh is restored. Duncan and Winter (1988) [Natur e, 332, 21] are mouse IgG2b isotypes Glu318, Lys320 and Lys320. And the Lys322 motif was identified. Change any of these residues And C1q binding as in the case of using competitive peptides of sequences in this region. Noh has disappeared. However, even in an antibody that does not fix complement, the C1q motif residue As found, these residues may be necessary but not sufficient for complement activation. It suggests something unknown.   The present inventors have created an antibody (eng) based on the anti-HLA DR antibody L243. C of human IgG1 using a matched set of ineered antibody) The amino acid residues required for 1q and FcR binding are CHN-terminal of 2 domain It was found to be in the region (residues 231-238). IgG3 and I gG4 CHChanging leucine 235 in the 2 region to glutamic acid resulted in FcRI binding. Although it is already known that the incompatibility is lost, the present inventors have found that The fact that the human complement-fixing ability is lost at the same time, but the FcRIII-mediated function is retained I was confirmed. Also, the glycine at position 237 of IgG1 was changed to alanine. However, the ability to bind FcRI was lost, and the ability to fix complement and the FcRIII-mediated function were reduced. Replacing the entire region of 233-236 with the sequence present in human IgG2 results in IgG 1 lost the FcRI binding ability and the complement binding ability, and the FcRIII-mediated function was reduced. On the other hand, in the above-mentioned C1q binding motif, the lysine at position 320 was replaced with alanine. Was not affected by IgG1 mediated complement fixation.   Sites described Leu234-Leu235-Gly236-Gly237- Pro238-Ser239 shows all Igs with a strong affinity for FcγRI. Present in the G isotype. Recent mutagenesis experiments on IgG3 antibody Thus, a point mutation was introduced in this region so that the mutant binds FcTRI. Is being tested [Lund et al. (1991) J Immunol , 147, 2657-2662]. The most prominent effect is seen at position 235, which is a naturally occurring Le Substitution of Glu residue for u residue decreased affinity to FcγRI by 100 times or more An immunoglobulin is obtained.   Our observations on the effect of modification of residue 235 on the ability of the antibody to fix complement Is quite amazing. In previous protein engineering studies, C1 on IgG was Mutations were introduced at various positions to find the q-binding site [Duncan and Winter (Duncan and W inter) (1988) Nature, 332, 738-740]. The binding site of C1q is mouse IgG Two side chains of the isotype of 2b (Glu318, Lys320 and Lys32 It was localized in 2). Residues Glu318, Lys320 and Lys322 are All human IgG, rat IgG2b and IgG2c, mouse IgG2a, Conserved in IgG2b and IgG3, guinea pig IgG1 and rabbit IgG ing.   In a further experiment, a mouse IgG2b antibody mutation in which residue 235 was mutated The affinity of human C1q for the body does not change (ie values in the same range as wild type) Has been proved.   As observed by the present inventors, IgG CHModification of residue 235 in region 2 results in F cγRI binding ability is lost, but at the same time, complement binding ability is substantially reduced. Was not reported or suggested anywhere and was totally unexpected.Summary of the Invention   The present invention provides the ability of an antibody to fix complement as compared to an unaltered antibody. C of the antibody, characterized in thatH1 of the N-terminal region of 2 domains A modified antibody in which one or more amino acid residues are modified Administration of antibody-mediated complement fixation, which results in unfavorable toxicity of antibody therapy. A method of treating a given disease is provided.   In a preferred embodiment, the modified antibody comprises one or more cellular Fc receptors. , Especially FcRIII, with the exception of FcRI, ie the antibody is No significant binding to FcRI, more preferably no FcRI at all .   Therefore, the present invention is further modified in that the ability of the antibody to fix complement is modified as compared to the unmodified antibody. C of the antibody, characterized in thatHOne of the N-terminal regions of the two domains or Modified anti-body in which more amino acid residues are modified Provide the body.   Therefore, in a further preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to an antibody as compared to an unmodified antibody. Has an altered complement-fixing ability, and the antibody comprises one or more cellular Fc It is characterized by binding to receptors, especially FcRIII, but not to FcRI significantly. C of antibodyHOne or more aminos in the N-terminal region of the two domains Provided is a modified antibody in which an acid residue is modified.   The constant region of the modified antibodies of the invention is of animal origin, preferably of human origin. is there. It can also be of any isotype, but is preferably human IgG, Human IgG1 is also preferred.   In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the modified amino acid residues are 231-239. Within the amino acids at positions 234-239, preferably.   In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the modified amino acid residue is the motif L eu234 Leu235 Gly236 Gly237 Pro238 Ser2 Within 39.   In the most preferred embodiment, the modified amino acid residues are Leu235 and And / or Gly237.Detailed Description of the Invention   "Modified" when used herein in relation to the ability of the antibody to fix complement. The term "done" refers to the ability of the antibody to fix complement as compared to the starting antibody. Means decline. By selecting the appropriate amino acid to be modified (eg Group Leu235), its complement-fixing ability is substantially reduced Antibodies can be produced. In addition, for example, the amino acid residue Gly237 is modified. Thus, an antibody having a moderate complement-fixing ability can be produced.   As used herein, the term "substantially reduce complement binding" refers to human complement. The level of body binding is seen in the wild type unmodified starting antibody. %, Preferably ≦ 30%, more preferably ≦ 20%, and most preferably It means that ≦ 10%.   The term “significantly” when used with respect to FcRI binding, refers to anti-FcRI Body binding is typically <20% of that seen with the unmodified antibody, and is most preferred. Specifically, it means that ≦ 10%.   Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (AD) was detected at a concentration 10 times or less that of the wild type unmodified antibody. CC), as determined by their ability to mediate CC), is preferably an FcR modified antibody. Bind to III.   Proteins encoded by regions of the major histocompatibility complex of the genome are responsible for immune recognition. It is involved in many aspects. All mammals and perhaps all vertebrates It is known that they have essentially the same MHC system and that immune response genes are linked to MHC. Is.   In humans, the major histocompatibility complex is the HLA gene cluster on chromosome 6. The major regions are D, B, C and A. D region is a cooperative action between cells of the immune system Contains genes for class II proteins involved in interactions with. Many diseases are HLA It has been found to be associated with the D region of gene clusters. In research to date, A huge number of diseases, including autoimmune diseases (see, for example, European Patent No. 68790). The relationship with the patient is proven. European Patent No. 68790 is an MHC class II Selective suppression of immune responses regulated by primordial-specific monoclonal antibodies Allows for specific alleles of certain regions of MHC, such as the human HLA-D region ( have been suggested to regulate diseases associated with allele).   We have CHMHC-class II at position 235 in the N-terminal region of the two domains By modifying the specific antibody, it retains immunosuppression completely but in vitro. Toxicity is reduced and in vivo toxicity can produce acceptable antibodies I found a thing.   In a further preferred embodiment, the invention provides the complement of the antibody compared to the unmodified antibody. C of an antibody, characterized in that the binding ability is modifiedHTwo One or more amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of the domain have been modified, M An HC-specific antibody is provided.   In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides that the antibody is CHOf the N-terminal region of the two domains MHC-specific monoclonal antibody characterized by being modified at position 235 I will provide a.   In some instances, such as MHC-specific monoclonal antibodies, the C of the antibodyH2 Dome Modification of the N-terminal region of the in-chain additionally modifies the ability to fix complement while additionally receiving FcRI. It is preferred to inhibit binding to the body.   The antibody is preferably specific for MHC class II antigens, although CH2 Dome FcR due to modification of one or more amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of the in It will not bind to I significantly.   In a further preferred embodiment, the modified antibody of the present invention or the use of the present invention is provided. The modified antibody forHIt is modified at position 235 in the N-terminal region of the 2 domain. And are directed against MHC class II antigens.   In a particularly preferred embodiment, the modified antibodies of the invention or for use in the invention The modified antibody is directed against an MHC class II antigen, which antibody is CH2 Dome Modified at position 235 in the N-terminal region of the in The ability to fix complement has been modified, and the modified antibody has one or more cellular It is characterized by binding to Fc receptors, especially FcRIII, and not significantly to FcRI. To collect.   Furthermore, the present invention provides the antibody CHOne or more of the N-terminal regions of the two domains The amino acid of the antibody to alter the complement-fixing ability of the antibody as compared with an unmodified antibody And a method for producing a modified antibody having a modified complement-fixing ability.   As used herein, the term "modified antibody" refers to the C of the Fc region of an antibody.H2 Domei Wild-type unmodified antibody at one or more amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of Is used to mean an antibody that differs from. This modification is, for example, a wild-type starting antibody. Change your body's amino acid to another More substitutions or deletions of amino acid residues.   Residue numbering as used herein is as follows: Kabat et al. [(1991 ) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological i nterest), 5th Edition, US Department of Health and Human ・ Eu finger described in [Services (US Dept. of Health and Human Services)] According to the mark.   C in human IgG1 and IgG3 antibodiesHN-terminal region of 2 domains The naturally occurring amino acid at position 235 of is a leucine residue. 235th place Roishi The modifications that replace amino acids with glutamic acid or alanine have minimal in vitro toxicity. Yes In vivo toxicity is particularly effective in producing acceptable and potent immunosuppressive antibodies Was found.   The modification that replaces glycine at position 237 with alanine has the ability to bind human complement. Moderate, ie, the level of complement fixation is about 15-80% of the wild-type starting unmodified antibody. Preferably produce 20-60%, most preferably 20-40% antibody Things have been found.   Residues are, for example, other amino acids or amino acids that have unsuitable functional groups on their side chains. A similar substitution with a non-acid derivative can be used using a method similar to that described above. You can do it. This can, for example, change the charge and / or polarity of the side chains. Achieved by and.   The modified antibodies of the present invention may also include, for example, insertion of glycosylation sites at appropriate sites in the molecule. Can also be produced by deleting residues such as 235 It Such methods are known in the art, for example European patent application EP-307. See the description of No.434.   The modified antibodies of the present invention also exchange the lower hinge region of antibodies of different isotypes. It can also be produced by For example, by replacing the G1 / G2 lower hinge, It lacks the ability to fix complement, which is a further preferred embodiment of the invention. This is Additional examples are described in more detail in the accompanying examples. One by replacing the G1 / G2 lower hinge Or later C in which the above residues have been modified and / or deletedH2 of the N-terminal region of the 2 domain Antibodies with modified residues at positions 31-238 are obtained.   In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the antibody is directed against MHC class II antigens. Human IgG1 antibody.   Furthermore, the present invention provides that the complement-fixing ability of the antibody is modified as compared to the unmodified antibody. C of the antibody characterized byHOne or more of the N-terminal regions of the two domains Complement-mediated toxicity consisting of administering a modified antibody with modified amino acid residues A method of regulating the function of cell surface-associated antigens is provided.   In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention the engineered antibody comprises one or more Can bind to the cellular Fc receptors of FcRI, especially FcRIII, Binding is significantly reduced.   Examples of such cell surface antigens include, for example, adhesion molecules, T cell receptors, CD4, CD8, CD3, CD28, CD69, MHC class I, MHC class II and There is CD25.   The invention also relates to therapeutic, pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions comprising the modified antibodies of the invention. And the use of these products and compositions in therapy and diagnosis.   Furthermore, the present invention is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier. The present invention provides a therapeutic, pharmaceutical and diagnostic composition comprising the modified antibody of the present invention. .   The present invention also provides a modified antibody of the present invention in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or Are mixed in a carrier to prepare a therapeutic, pharmaceutical and diagnostic composition. provide.   The antibody or composition may be administered in any type and amount suitable for the method of treatment used. To be done.   For therapeutic, diagnostic and use in pharmaceutical compositions, or antibody-mediated Used to treat diseases that cause unwanted toxicity due to complement fixation The modified antibody for use is preferably MHC Specific antibody, most preferably MHC class II antigen, most preferably D It has specificity for Rα chain-dependent antigenic determinants.   The therapeutic, pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions may be of any type suitable for administration, More preferably for parenteral administration such as injection or infusion (eg bolus injection or drip) Any suitable type may be used. For injection or infusion, the product is an oily or aqueous medium It may be in the form of a suspension, solution or emulsion in a suspension, preservative, stabilizer and And / or may contain formulation materials such as dispersants.   Alternatively, the antibody or composition may be dried to reconstitute it with a suitable sterile solution before use. It can be a mold.   If the antibody or composition is suitable for oral administration, the formulation should contain, in addition to the active ingredient, Pung, for example potato starch, corn starch or wheat starch, Or cellulose, or a cellulose derivative such as microcrystalline cellulose or Mung derivative; silica; various sugars such as lactose; magnesium carbonate and / or May contain additives such as calcium phosphate. If the formulation is for oral administration If present, it is preferably well tolerated by the patient's gastrointestinal system. For this It is preferable that the formulation contains a mucus-forming agent or a resin. Antibody or composition To improve tolerance by formulating the product in capsules that are insoluble in gastric juice it can. It may also be preferable to include the antibody or composition in a modified release formulation. Yes.   If the antibody or composition is suitable for rectal administration, the formulation is a binder and / or Or lubricants (eg polymeric glycols, gelatin, cocoa butter or others Vegetable wax or vegetable fat). The present invention also includes a human or animal subject. A method of treatment and diagnosis, which comprises administering an effective amount of the modified antibody of the present invention to a test subject. provide.   The antibody or composition may be in any suitable form and amount depending on the treatment for which it is used. Administered in. The dose at which the antibody is administered depends on the nature of the condition to be treated and the Used or extant Depends on whether it is being used to treat the condition. The dose depends on the age and symptoms of the patient To be selected. The therapeutic dose of the antibody of the present invention is preferably, for example, one dose of 0.1. 1-25 mg / kg body weight.   Immunological disorders treated with the antibodies of the invention include, for example, ankylosing myelitis, juvenile Joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; like multiple sclerosis Neurological disorders; pancreatic disorders such as diabetes, juvenile diabetes; chronic active hepatitis, Gastrointestinal disorders such as riak's disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, pernicious anemia; psoriasis Diseases such as; allergic diseases such as asthma; and graft-versus-host reaction, and There are transplant related diseases such as allograft rejection. Other diseases include European patents There is one disclosed in 68790.   The engineered antibodies of the invention may also detect infectious diseases, such as viral or bacterial infections. It is also useful for treatment and cancer immunotherapy.   The term "antibody" as used herein refers to naturally occurring antibodies, chimeric antibodies and CD Used to include R-grafted antibodies or humanized antibodies. One chimeric antibody The antigen-binding site consisting of the fully variable domain of another antibody is linked to the constant domain of another antibody. It is a bound antibody. Such a chimera production method is described in EP120694 (Celtech). (Celltech Limited), EP125023 (Genentech Inc) And City of Hope, EP 171496 (Less Fat) Corp. (Res. Dev. Corp., Japan), EP173494 (Stanford University) And WO 86/01533 (Celltech Limited). CDR-grafted or humanized antibodies are antigen-binding from immunoglobulins of non-human species The remaining immunoglobulin part is derived from human immunoglobulin. I am a child. A method for preparing a CDR-grafted or humanized antibody is described in WO91 / 09967 (see WO 90/07861 (Protein Design Labs (Protein Design Labs. Inc) and WO92 / 11383 (Celtech) (Celltech Limited)) Have been.   Furthermore, the present invention provides a DNA sequence encoding the modified antibody of the present invention; Cloning and expression vector containing, host transformed with said DNA Cell and a book comprising expressing a DNA sequence in a transformed host cell Methods of producing the modified antibodies of the invention are included.   Further in the present invention: a. Expression of an operon having a DNA sequence encoding the heavy or light chain of an antibody Produced in b. DNA DNA sequences encoding complementary antibody light or heavy chains Ron is produced in an expression vector, c. Transfecting host cells with both operons, and d. Culturing the transfected cell line to produce at least one expression vector Is the antibody CHOne or more amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of the two domains The amino acid residue of the unmodified antibody corresponding to the group is the modified heavy chain of the antibody. Producing an antibody molecule containing a DNA sequence Methods are provided for producing the modified antibodies of the invention.   As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, site-directed mutagenesis will occur after the fully engineered antibody has been expressed. Using a method such as induction, CHMaking modifications in the N-terminal region of the two domains Can be. In order to express an unmodified antibody, the method described above for the modified antibody should be used. The method should be used to express the DNA sequence.   The DNA sequence is preferably a humanized antibody; cDNA grafted heavy chain and / or It encodes a light chain or a chimeric antibody.   This cell line was transfected with two vectors, the first vector The second vector contains a heavy chain containing an operon encoding a polypeptide derived from a light chain. It contains an operon encoding the polypeptide of origin. Each polypeptide chain is similar Can be expressed in As far as the coding sequence and the selectable marker are concerned, this is preferably These vectors are identical.   Alternatively, encodes a selectable marker and light chain- and heavy chain-derived polypeptides A single vector containing the operon can be used.   General methods for making various vectors, transfection methods and culture methods are not known. Knowledge. Such methods are described, for example, in Maniatis et al. (Molecular Cloning), Cold Spring Harbor Arbor, New York, 1989, and Primrose and Old (Primrose and O1d), Principles of Gene Manipulation, Black Well, Oxford, 1980.   The modified antibody of the present invention is preferably the anti-MHC antibody L243 (which has accession number AT CCHB55 at American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockve , Md., Maryland), and most preferably Mela or CDR-grafted derivative. L243 is already Lampson and Levy (La mpson and Levy) [J. Immunol. (1980) 125, 293)].   Standards in molecular biology were used to prepare the DNA sequences encoding the modified antibodies of the invention. Method is used. DNA sequence of interest using oligonucleotide synthesis method All or part of it is synthesized. Site-directed mutagenesis and poly as appropriate The merase chain reaction (PCR) method is used. For example, "for DNA amplification PCR Technology Principles and Applications f or DNA Amplification ”) (1989), H. A. Erlich ), Visit Stockton Breath (Stockton Press), New York, London Teru. For example, the one described by Jones et al. [Nature, 321, 522 (1986)]. Rigonucleotide-specific synthesis can be used. See also Kramer ) Et al [Nucl eic Acids Res. 12, 9441 (1984)] described oligonucleotide-specific sudden changes The induction method can also be used.   Any suitable host cell / vector for the expression of the DNA sequence encoding the modified antibody A system can be used. Bacteria, such as E. coli and other microbes Material systems can be used. For example, COS cells and CHO cells [Bebbington Si Bebbington, CR, et al. (1991) Methods 2,136-145], and Mie Roman or hybridoma cell line [Bebbington, C R) et al. (1992) Bio / Techonology 10, 169-175] (eg, (Mammal) host cell expression systems can also be used.   If the modified antibody is derived from L243, it is preferable to use a CHO-based expression system. Good.   Assay for FcRIII binding indirectly via ADCC assay, complement fixation and C Methods for measuring 1q binding are known in the art and are detailed in the examples below.   Immune function / antibody-mediated immunosuppression is measured using methods known in the art, For example, mixed lymphocyte response, and T cell calling response to tetanus toxoid (T-cell recall response) is available. These methods of measurement are detailed in the examples below. ing.   The invention is illustrated in the following non-limiting examples with reference to the following figures.   In the figure,   Figure 1 shows a map of plasmid pMR15.1.   Figure 2 shows a map of plasmid pMR14.   Figure 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of L243 heavy chain and the predicted amino acid sequence.   FIG. 4 shows (a) clone 43, (b) clone 183, (c) clone 192. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of are shown.   FIG. 5 shows the nucleotide sequence of L243 light chain and the predicted amino acid sequence. Show.   FIG. 6 shows a map of the plasmid pGamma1.   FIG. 7 shows a map of the plasmid pGamma2.   FIG. 8 shows the hinge region of human C-gamma1 and C.HShows the nucleotide sequence of 2 regions You   FIG. 9 shows the antigen-binding ability of the L243 human isotype series.   Figure 10 shows L243 isotype series FcRI binding.   Figure 11 shows L243 isotype series human complement binding.   FIG. 12 shows binding of human C1q to the L243 human isotype series.   Figure 13 shows human complement binding of the L243 isotype.   Figure 14 shows guinea pig complement binding of the L243 isotype.   Figure 15 shows rabbit complement binding of the L243 isotype.   FIG. 16 shows L243 isotype series FcRIII binding by ADCC. You   FIG. 17 shows inhibition of the L243 isotype series of T cell calling responses.   FIG. 18 shows inhibition of the L243 isotype series of T cell calling responses.   FIG. 19 shows inhibition of the L243 isotype series of mixed limbasphere reactions.   FIG. 20 shows inhibition of the L243 isotype series of T cell calling responses.   FIG. 21 shows inhibition of the L243 isotype series of mixed limbasphere reactions.   FIG. 22 shows the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of the Vl region in L243-gL1. Is shown.   FIG. 23 shows the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of the Vl region in L243-gL2. Is shown.   FIG. 24 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the Vh region in L243-gH. Show.   Figure 25 shows the competition for L243 graft versus FITC chimera L243. The graph of the result of total measurement method is shown.   FIG. 26 shows a graph of a Scatchard analysis of L243 gamma 4.   Figure 27. Chimera, transplant and transplant [L235E] L24 measured by ADCC. 3 shows a graph of FcRIII binding of 3.   FIG. 28 shows a graph of immunosuppressive activity of CDR-grafted L243 measured by MLR. You   FIG. 29 shows CDR-grafted L243 and transplanted [L235E] L243 T cell recall. A graph of the response is shown.   FIG. 30 shows complement mediated by CDR-transplanted L243 and CDR-transplanted [L235E] L243. The graph of cytotoxicity performance is shown. Detailed Description of Specific Embodiments of the Invention Example Example 1 Gene cloning and expression RNA preparation from L243 hybridoma cells   3 × 10 as described below7Total RNA from L243 hybridoma cells did. Wash the cells with saline and wash with RNAzol (1060.2 ml per cell) Dissolved. Add chloroform (0.2 ml per 2 ml of homogenate) and mix. The mixture was vigorously stirred for 15 seconds and placed on ice for 15 minutes. Obtained water layer and Centrifuge the machine layer in an Eppendorf centrifuge for 15 minutes to obtain an equal volume of isoproton. RNA was precipitated from the aqueous layer by adding propanol. Centrifuge after 15 minutes on ice RNA is pelleted by, washed with 70% ethanol, dried, RNAas It was dissolved in sterile water containing no e. The RNA yield was 350 μg.Amino acid sequence of L243 light chain   The sequence of the first 9 amino acids of the mature L243 light chain is NH2-DIQMTQS It was decided to be PAS.PCR cloning of L243Vh and Vl   The cDNA genes for the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of L243 were combined using reverse transcriptase. To make a single-stranded cDNA copy of the mRNA present in total RNA, then Polymerase chain on cDNA with specific oligonucleotide primers Reaction (PCR) was performed. a)cDNA synthesis   cDNA was synthesized in a 20 μl reaction containing the following reagents: 50 mM Tris. -Hydrochloric acid pH 8.3, 75 mM KCl, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 3 mM M gCl2, 0.5 mM of each deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, 20 units of RNA sin, 75 ng of random hexanucleotide primer, 2 μg of L243 R NA and 200 units of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase. 6 at 42 ° C After incubating for 0 minutes, the reaction was stopped by heating at 95 ° C for 5 minutes. . b)PCR   Perform PCR on aliquots of cDNA using a combination of heavy and light chain primers. became. The nucleotide sequences of the heavy and light chain 5'brimers are shown in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Shown in. These sequences contain restriction sites starting at the 5'terminal 6 nucleotides. , The sequence GCCGCCACC to optimize translation of the resulting mRNA Known mouse antibody containing a start codon and further 20-30 nucleotides Is a collection of leader peptide sequences of [Kabat et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological int erest), 5th Edition, US Department of Health and Humans Services (US Dept. of Health and Human Services)].   The 3'primers are shown in Table 3. The light chain primer is attached to the V-C junction of the antibody. Straddling the enzyme Spl to facilitate cloning of the Vl PCR fragment. Contains 1 restriction site. The heavy chain 3'primer spans the J-C junction of the antibody. With a mixture designed to is there. The first 23 nucleotides are of the human C-gamma 1, 2, 3 and 4 genes Identical to that found at the start and common to these human isotypes Contains the pa1 restriction site. The 3'region of the primer was found in known mouse antibodies Containing mixed sequences based on the sequence Kee (Kabat, EA, Wu, T.T.); Perry Eich M, Gottesman K. S and Feller L. (Perry HM, Gottesman KS, and Foeller L); Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Int erest) Fifth Edition, US Department of Health and Human Support Businesses (US Dept. of Health and Human Services), (1991)].   The above primer combination allows the Vh and Vl PCR products to be expressed in the appropriate expression vector. -Directly cloned onto (see below) chimeric (mouse-human) heavy and light chains Producing the chains and expressing these genes in mammalian cells to produce the desired isotype It is possible to produce a chimeric antibody of.   Incubation for PCR (20 μl) was performed as follows. Each reactant is 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl23, 50 mM KCl , 0.01% w / v gelatin, 0.25 mM of each deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate Acid, 1 to 6 picomoles of 5'primer mix (Table 4), 6 picomoles of 3'plasma. Immers containing 1 μl of cDNA and 0.25 units of Taq polymerase . Reactions were incubated at 95 ° C for 5 minutes, then 94 ° C for 1 minute, 55 ° C for 1 minute. Cycled for 1 minute and 72 ° C. for 1 minute. Constant for each reaction after 30 cycles Aliquots were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. 5'primer mix B1, B Reactions containing 2, B3 and B5 were sized to match the full length Vl fragment. Reaction B9 produced a fragment of the expected size for the Vh gene. The band generated by the B1 primer was already present in hybridoma cells. This band has been proven to be a pseudogene of the light chain produced by No further follow up. c)Molecular cloning of PCR fragments   The DNA fragments produced in the reactions B2, B3 and B5 were digested with the enzymes BstB1 and S Digested with pl1, concentrated by ethanol precipitation and electrophoresed on a 1.4% agarose gel. Electrophoresis was performed and a DNA band in the range of 400 base pairs was collected. These are BstB1 And cleaved with the vector pMR15.1 (Fig. 1) which had been restricted with Spl1. Turned into After ligation, the mixture was transformed into E. coli LM1035 and the resulting bacterial Plasmids from colonies were digested with BstB1 and Spl1 for insert Screened. Representative plasmids with inserts from each ligation reaction are It was analyzed by cleotide sequencing.   In a similar fashion, D produced in reaction B9 and digested with HindIII and Apa1 The vector pMR14 (Fig. 2) obtained by restriction-cutting the NA fragment with HindIII and Apa1. ). A representative plasmid containing the insert is again labeled with nucleotides. Analyzed by sequencing. d)Nucleotide sequence analysis   Plasmid DNA from two isolates containing the Vh insert from reaction B9 (PE1701 and pE1702) were used as primers R1053 (H in pMR14 Starting in the 3'region of the CMV promoter) and R720 (5 of human C-gamma4) ', Which allows for sequencing of the DNA on pMR14). A row decision was made. Determined nucleotide sequence of L243Vh in pE1702 The columns and predicted amino acid sequences are shown in Figure 3. Nucleotide of the Vh insert in pE1701 The nucleotide sequence consists of nucleotide 20 (A for pE1701) and nucleotide 426 (p E1701 was identical to pE1702 except for A). The difference between these two Are in the signal peptide and in the J region of Vh, respectively. Use different primers than the oligonucleotide mix during the PCR process It shows that it is an independent isolate obtained by.   Obtained by priming with R1053 to analyze light chain clones The sequences tested were tested. Reaction products B2 (clone 183), B3 (clone 43) And the nucleotide sequence of the Vl gene obtained from B5 (clone 192) and the The desired amino acid sequence is shown in FIG. By comparing the expected protein sequences, Is shown: i) Clones 182, 183, 43 and 45 all encode the Vl gene , Determined by amino acid sequence analysis of L243 light chain when signal peptide is removed Produces a light chain having the same sequence as that described (supra). ii) Clones 182 and 183 encode a signal peptide of 20 amino acids Contains the Vl gene and the Vl genes of clones 43 and 45 have different sets of oligos Leader of only 15 amino acids, obtained by priming with nucleotides -Has a sequence. iii) Clone 192 does not encode L243Vl. Instead, the antibody sequence Clone 192 showed MOPC21 (L243 hybrid Of the light chain synthesized by the NS1 myeloma fusion partner used to produce the It was shown to contain the Vl gene. iv) Clones 182 and 183 contain nucleotide 26 (T in clone 182 Clone 183 is identical except for C). This difference is different in PCR This is explained by the use of primers, which clones 182 and 183 have the same It is shown to be an independent isolate of the gene. Complete V from clone 183 The nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of the l gene are shown in FIG.Generation of human gamma 1 and gamma 2 isotypes   The L243Vh gene was cloned into pGamma1 and pG on the HindIII-Apa1 fragment. amma2 (vectors encoding human C-gamma1 and C-gamma2, respectively) Subcloned in (see Figures 6 and 7) See).Human isotype mutant   Human C-contained in vector pGamma1 using PCR mutagenesis Residue 235 in gamma 1 from leucine to glutamic acid or alanine, and Residue 237 was changed from glycine to alanine. Lower hinge of human C-gamma1 The region was also replaced with the corresponding region of human C-gamma2. Make these changes The following oligonucleotides were used for: 1) Change L235E 2) Change L235A 3) Change G237A 4) Replacing the lower hinge area Other oligonucleotides used for PCR mutagenesis are:   R4732 and R4912 are nucleotides 834 of human C-gamma1, respectively. And 858 and between nucleotides 1156 and 1137 (Figure 8) .   The general method of PCR mutagenesis is as follows. Changes in each amino acid And carried out PCR twice and carrying the necessary substitutions. Create the A fragment. These fragments were then digested with BglII and Sty1 to generate pGam Used to replace the corresponding sequence containing the wild type sequence in the ma1 vector (Fig. 6).   In the first PCR, a reaction product (20 μl) containing the following reagents was prepared. : 10 mM Tris-hydrochloric acid pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0.01% gelatin, 0.25 mM of each deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, 50 ng pGamma1 DNA, 0.4 units Taq polymerase and 6 picomo Each of the primers. The following primer combinations were used:   30 cycles of 94 ° C for 1 minute, 55 ° C for 1 minute and 72 ° C for 1 minute After that, the reaction product was extracted with chloroform, and the newly synthesized DNA was precipitated with ethanol. It was dissolved in water and electrophoresed on a 1.4% agarose gel. Contains DNA fragments Cut out the gel slices you have from the gel, and then add "Mermaid" Registered Trademark Kit (Stratech Scientifi cLtd.), Luton, England) to extract DNA from agarose It was collected and eluted in 20 μl of sterile water.   The second PCR was 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl 2.2 , 50 mM KCl, 0.01% gelatin, 0.25 mM of each deoxyribonucleotide Oside triphosphate, 2 units of Taq polymerase, D of each pair from the first reaction 1/20 of the NA fragment, and Perform in 100 μl of reaction containing 30 pmol R4732 and R4912. It was. After 30 cycles (see above), the reaction was phenol / chloroform (1 / 1) and precipitated with ethanol. The fragment was digested with BglII and Sty1 Electrophoresis was carried out on a 1.4% agarose gel, and the DNA band of 250 base pairs was detected as described above. Was recovered from the gel slice as follows.   These BglII-Sty1 fragments were 830 base pair Sty1-EcoRI fragments. (CHContains the C-terminal part of two domains and the entire CH3 domain of human C-gamma1 And the BglII-EcoRI vector fragment from pGamma1 in 3 orientations. Ligated (see Figure 6). After transformation into LM1035, the resulting colonies were Screening rasmid minipreps for the presence of the BglII-Sty1 fragment Then, representative ones were taken and subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis. from here , A plasmid containing the sequence of interest was identified and used as described below for future reference. Named it: PGamma1 [L235E] containing glutamic acid at residue 235, residue 23 PGamma1 [L235A] containing alanine at 5 and alanine at residue 237 Containing pGamma1 [G237A] containing C-gamma2 lower hinge region PGamma1 [g1 → g2]. The above plasmids were digested with HindIII and Apa1 and contained L243Vh, respectively. The HindIII-Apa1 fragment harboring this was inserted to create the following plasmid: L243 Gamma 1 [L235E] L243 Gamma 1 [L235A] L243 Gamma 1 [G237A] L243 gamma 1 [g1 → g2] a)Production of chimeric L243 antibody   Chinese hamster ovary using calcium phosphate precipitation method Of the appropriate heavy and light chains after cotransfection into (CHO) cells. Transient transfection produced antibodies for physiological evaluation.   One day before transfection, CHO-L761 cells were semiconfluent. The flasks that have become dry cells are trypsinized and the number of cells is counted.7Individual details A T75 flask with cells was made.   The next day, the medium was changed 3 hours before transfection. Transfection 0.25 containing 50 μg each of the heavy and light chain expression vectors for M CaCl21.25 ml and 1.25 ml of 2 × HBS (N in 1 liter of water) aCl 16.36 g, HEPES 11.9 g, and Na2HPOFour0.4g, p H is adjusted to 7.1 with NaOH) to prepare a calcium phosphate precipitate, It was later added to the medium on the cells. CO2After 3 hours at 37 ° C in an incubator, Remove medium and precipitates, 15% glycero in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) The cells were shocked for 1 minute by the addition of 15 ml. Remove glycerol, The cells were washed once with PBS and in 25 ml of medium containing 10 mM sodium butyrate Incubated for 48-96 hours. Bound to Protein A-Sepharose Elute and purify the antibody from the culture medium and assay using an immunoglobulin ELISA (described below). Weighed b)ELISA   Coated Nunc ELISA plates for ELISA Buffer solution (15 mM sodium carbonate, 35 mM sodium hydrogen carbonate, pH 6.9) 5 μg / ml polyclonal goat anti-human Fc fragment specific antibody (Jackson Y. F (ab) of Muno Research (Jackson Immuno-research), code 109-006-098)2 The pieces were coated overnight at 4 ° C. Diluted uncoated antibody It was removed by washing 5 times with water. Bind the sample and standard to be quantified with the binding buffer. (0.1M Tris-HCl, pH 7.0, 0.1M NaCl, 0.2% v / v Tween 20, 0.2% v / v Hammersten Casei To about 1 μg / ml. Sequentially double the sample in a microtiter well Dilute to a final volume of 0.1 ml in each well and stir the plate vigorously. Were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. After the first incubation the plate with distilled water Wash 10 times with mouse monoclonal anti-human diluted 700-fold in binding buffer Kappa (clone GD12) peroxidase-conjugated antibody (The Binding Same as before with 0.1 ml of site (The Binding Site, code MP135) Incubated. The plate was washed again and the substrate solution (0.1 ml) was added to each wafer. Added to Le. The substrate solution was 150 μl of N, N, N, N-tetramethyl in pH 6.0. Benzidine (10 mg / ml in DMSO), 150 μl hydrogen peroxide (30% solution) Liquid). Until the absorbance at 630 nm of the first standard is about 1.0, Allow plate to develop for 5-10 minutes. Absorbance at 630 nm should be measured with a plate reader. The concentration of the sample was determined by comparison with the titer curve of the standard substance. Example 2 Biological properties of the prepared L243   The purpose of the following experiments was to determine the potential toxicity as a result of the use of anti-MHC-II antibodies. Was to separate the immunosuppressive action from. In this process, how We believe that we can prove that Fc-effective function is required.Antigen binding capacity by inhibition assay   The principle of this experiment is that antibodies having the same binding ability are labeled antibodies against the same type of antigen. It is completely competing. The antigen-binding ability of the prepared L243 antibody changes even a little Then it will be revealed in this system.   Mouse L243 (IgG2a) was labeled with fluorescein (FIT) using standard methods. Labeled with C). All dilutions, manipulations and incubations are 0.1% azide Sodium (BDH, UK) and 5% fetal bovine serum (Sigma ( Phosphate buffered saline (GIBCO) containing Sigma, UK) , UK). RB polystyrene tube (2052 12 × 75mm ) Serial dilutions made in 100 μl in Falcon, UK). The body is treated with a fixed volume of 100 μl (at a predetermined optimal concentration) of labeled antibody, 5 × 10FourIndicator cells (JYB lymphoblast cell line with high levels of HLA-DR ) Premixed above. Incubate cells and antibody together at 4 ° C for 30 minutes Wash twice, fluorescein activated cell scanner (FACS Becton Dickie The binding was elucidated by using E.S. After appropriate analysis, the average fluorescence intensity is Plotted against degrees.result   As expected, alterations in the Fc region of this molecule have no effect on antigen binding capacity. It was not (Fig. 9).Evaluation of FcγRI binding   The binding ability of the prepared variant of L243 to FcgRI was measured. The principle of this experiment Antibodies bind to cells via Fc receptors and the affinity of this interaction is subclass. And therefore the structure of the Fc of the antibody. This measurement method For binding to IFNγ-stimulated U937 cells, the prepared antibody was FITC-labeled mouse I. Based on its ability to compete with gG2a.   U937 (myelomonocytic) cells were treated with 500 μ / ml IFNγ (Genzyme (G Enzyme), UK) for 24 hours, CD64 binding and mono High levels of FcgRI, low levels of Fc as assessed by mer IgG2a binding It expresses TRII and no FcγRIII.   U937 cells containing 25 mM HEPES (GIBCO, UK) Rinse thoroughly with DMEM to remove RPMI1640 (GIBCO, UK) Incubate at 37 ° C. for 2 hours, then 25 mM HEPES (GIBCO (GI BCO, UK) washed again with DMEM containing Fc receptor-bound bovine I The gG was removed. Make serial dilutions of the generated antibodies in a V-bottom 96-well microtiter plate. 0.1% in plate (ICN / Flow, UK) Phosphate buffered saline containing sodium dizide (GIBCO, UK ) In 50 μl and 5 × 10 in 50 μlFour3 U937 cells at 4 ° C Incubated for 0 minutes. Then, in every well Add 50 μl of FITC-labeled IgG2a antibody at 90 ° C and ink for another 90 minutes at 4 ° C Was added. Wash the cells once in a microtiter tray and use RB Polystyrene. Tube (2052 12x75mm, Falcon, UK) , Wash again, and fluorescein-activated cell scanner (FACS vector (Nickinson) was used to clarify the binding. After appropriate analysis, average fluorescence intensity Degree was plotted against antibody concentration.result   IgG1 CHChanges in the N-terminus of the 2 domain are large for binding to FcRI. It had a strong influence (Fig. 10). As expected, wild-type IgG1 It bound well, IgG4 bound about 10-fold weakly and IgG2 did not bind at all. We found that the change from Leu235 to Glu in human IgG4 is due to its FcR FcRI binding was completely abolished by the same changes in IgG1 which resulted in zero binding to low I. I confirmed that it would disappear. Ala at 235 reduces FcRI binding (about 100-fold) I made it, but it did not reach zero. Change Gly237 of IgG1 to Ala Then, like when the whole region 233 was replaced with 236 of the sequence found in IgG2, , FcRI binding was abolished. G1 [K320A] changes affect FcRI binding There was noAntibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity   Generation of L243 using the method of antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity The ability to fix complement was evaluated.   The principle of this experiment is that the Fc of an antibody is compatible with components of the (normal classical) complement cascade. Antibodies, if capable of interacting, complement lyse target cells bearing their cognate antigen Is to mediate. The crucial interaction is with the C1q molecule. It   The source of complement for these experiments was collected in endotoxin-free glass bottles. Human venous blood which has been bled and then coagulated at 37 ° C. for 1 hour. Cut solidified mass from glass Separate and then incubate at 4 ° C. for 2 hours to contract. Then remove the clot The serum is separated from the remaining red blood cells by centrifugation at 1000 g. Once prepared The prepared serum can be stored at -20 ° C for up to 1 month without any significant change in activity. Most preferably, it is used fresh.   All manipulations, dilutions and incubations were performed with 2 mM glutamine (Gibco (G IBCO, UK) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma, UK) RPMI1640 (GIBCO (GIBC O, UK). Target cells (JY B with high levels of HLA-DR Lymphoblast cell line) with 1 mCi of Na51Cr at room temperature for 1 hour (stirring every 15 minutes Label) The cells were then washed 3 times to remove the radiolabel, 2 x 106/ Ml Resuspend with. Serial dilutions of antibody were added to a V-bottom 96-well microtiter plate. Tone (ICN / Flow, UK) with 25 μl in duplicate To make. To establish the spontaneous release of a label that gives the background value of the assay First, control wells containing medium alone are prepared. target51Cr labeled JY cells Add 10 μl to all wells. To establish a 100% release value, 2% The same number of JY cells are added to all wells containing ton X100. target Incubate cells and antibody together for 1 hour at room temperature and use all Add 25 μl of serum to the wells (excluding 100%) and incubate at room temperature for 1 hour. To incubate. Then add 100 μl EDTA at 4 ° C. for further cell killing. Stop and centrifuge the microtiter plate at 200 g to remove intact cells. Pellet, take 100 μl of supernatant and count in a gamma counter.   Subtract the background value from all values to calculate the cell death rate and determine the maximum release. It is expressed as a ratio corrected for. Variability of multiple measurements is less than 5%. Then lyse The solution rate is plotted against the antibody dilution.result   CHAny change in the N-terminal region of the 2 domain (residues 233-237) It did not affect the ability of L243 to bind to complement (Fig. 11). Wild type I gG1 mediates potent killing, 600 ng / ml gives half maximal cell killing (64% of the maximum). IgG2 and IgG4 completely kill cells even at 20 μg / ml I didn't let it. The change of 237 from Gly to Ala resulted in moderate killing (2 20% of maximum kill at μg / ml). Human I in the entire lower hinge region Replacement with the sequence found in gG2 caused lysis even at 20 μg / ml. There wasn't. Modification of IgG1 235 was unexpectedly large for human complement binding. It had a great influence. Changing Leu235 to Glu abolished complement lysis ( There was no killing at 20 μg / ml). 235 Ala had a low level of killing It was. In contrast, the above-mentioned C1q binding motif from 320 Lys to Ala Change [Duncan A R and Winter G) (1988) Nature, 332, 21.] shows no change with the death of wild-type IgG1. (70 ng of maximal cell death at 600 ng / ml, half of the cells died) ).Direct binding of C1q   To confirm that complement-mediated cytotoxicity is due to activation of the classical pathway To establish a measure of direct binding of human C1q to different engineered antibody variants of L243. did.   Purified human C1q (Sigma, UK) directly using conventional methods Labeled with fluorescein isocyanate (FITC Sigma). All dilutions, Manipulation and incubation was performed with 0.1% sodium azide (bead extract ( BDH), UK) and 5% fetal bovine serum (Sigma, UK) Performed in phosphate buffered saline (GIBCO, UK) RB Poly Styrene tube (2052 12 x 75 mm, Falcon, 5 x 10 by incubating at 4 ° C for 1 hour at saturation concentration inFour Differentiating indicator cells (JY B lymphoblast cell line with high levels of HLA-DR) Coated with the prepared antibody. After washing, the FITC-labeled C1q in 100 μl Serial dilutions were added and incubated together for a further 30 minutes at 4 ° C. After washing , Using fluorescence activated cell scanner (FACS Becton Dickinson) Revealed. After appropriate analysis, the mean fluorescence intensity was plotted against antibody concentration. It wasresult   Direct binding of human C1q to the L243 human isotype series shows complement-mediated cells The results obtained with the disorder (Fig. 12) were confirmed. Labeled human C1q binds to JY cells When it was bound, it bound well to wild-type IgG1 and weakly bound to IgG4. Basically crow Ze et al. [Behring Inst. Mitt. 87 56 (1990)] To obtain 1.2 × 10 for IgG4 and IgG1, respectively-7M and 1.5 × 10-8 It was M. These values are similar to those of the mouse antibodies IgG1 and IgG having similar functions. 2b is comparable to the value obtained in 2a [Leatherbarrow and Duwek (Leatherbarrow and Dwek) (1984), Molec. Immunol. 21, 321]. Leu235 of IgG1 To Glu reduced binding to C1q to the same level as IgG4. On the other hand, the above-mentioned change in the C1q binding motif from 320 Lys to Ala. [Duncan A R and WinterG] (19 88) Nature, 332, 21] had no effect on C1q binding. Ig The change of G4 from Leu235 to Glu did not change wild-type binding.Rabbit and guinea pig complement   Using rabbit or guinea pig serum instead of human as a complement source, The behavior of G1 [L235E] and G1 [L235A] modifications was different. Rumors Guy C'caused the same level of lysis as wild type G1. In the guinea pig, I 40% and 49% plateau level, respectively, against 80% killing of gG1 wild type. Caused Le's death. The 235 alteration only affects human complement, which Rabbit and guinea pig complement showed different interactions with human IgG1 (See FIGS. 13 to 15).Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity   Generation of L243 The ability of the antibody variant to bind to FcRIII It was evaluated using the disorder (ADCC).   The principle of this experiment is that the antibody Fc has effector cells with cytotoxic potential. Target cells with cognate antigens, if they can interact with the Fc receptor It is to mediate lysis. The crucial interaction is the antibody Fc and cellular Fc It is the interaction between the receptors.   Effector cells are freshly prepared in each experiment. Human venous blood, endotoxin Collect in a tube containing heparin that does not contain glucose. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) Density gradient centrifugation according to the manufacturer's instructions (Pharmacia) Was prepared by. PBMC is 2 mM glutamine (GIBCO, UK ) And 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma, UK) 40 medium (GIBCO, UK) (in this medium all manipulations, dilutions and dilutions) And incubate) 1 × 107Cells / ml were prepared.   1 m of target cells (JYB lymphoblast cell line with high level of HLA-DR) Ci Na51Label at room temperature for 1 hour (stirring every 15 minutes). Then the cells 3 times Wash to remove free radiolabel, 2 x 106/ Ml. Antibody chain The serial dilution was added to a sterile U-bottom 96-well microtiter plate (Falcon (F Alcon), UK) in 25 μl in duplicate. Background value of measurement method Control wells containing medium alone to establish spontaneous release of labeled label To prepare. target51Add 10 μl of Cr-labeled JY cells to all wells. Wells containing 2% Triton X100 in water to establish a 100% release value Also, the same number of JY cells are added. Incubate the target cells and the antibody together After 30 minutes at room temperature, add 25 μl effector to all wells (except 100%) Cells are added and incubated at 37 ° C. for 4 hours. Then 100 μl at 4 ° C EDTA saline is added to stop further cell killing and microtiter -Complete the plate by centrifugation at 200g Pellet the cells, take 100 μl of the supernatant and count in a gamma counter. Measure.   The background value was subtracted from all values to calculate the lysis rate of cells, and the maximum release was calculated. Expressed as a percentage. Variability of multiple measurements is less than 5%. Then the percentage of cell lysis Blot against dilution.result   CHNot all mutations in the N-terminal region of the two domains (residues 233-237). The activation did not affect FcRIII-mediated function (FIG. 16 and Tables 5 and 7). L24 3 IgG2 is HLA-DR positive JY lymphoblast at a concentration of up to 100 γ / ml. Did not mediate peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Low levels of IgG4 ADCC (20% of maximal killing at 1γ / ml), which is Leu23 It disappeared by changing from 5 to Glu. Wild-type IgG1 is a powerful cell killer It is a mediator and gave 50% cell killing with 5 ng / ml antibody. 237 The change from Gly to Ala was seen with IgG4 killing by the IgG1 wild type. It was lowered to a level All of the lower hinge region was found in human IgG2 With a medium sequence that required 500 ng / ml for 50% cell killing. Gave level death. On the other hand, the change of 235 of IgG1 is not compatible with ADCC. And had the least impact.   Changing Leu 235 to Ala produced levels of killing comparable to G1 wild type (5 9 ng / ml for 0% cell killing, the change of Leu235 to Glu ADCC was slightly reduced (40 ng / ml for 50% cell killing). 32 The above-mentioned C1q binding motif change from 0 Lys to Ala mediates ADCC. It had no effect on the ability of IgG1 to perform.Immune function   Ex-vivo T cell function experiments were performed (where MHC-II and T cell receptor interaction is essential for T cell activation is there). L243 isotype series mixed lymphocyte reaction (which is native and (Measuring both memory T cell activation) and tetanus measuring only memory T cell responses Tested with ring response to toxoid.Mixed lymphocyte reaction   The immunosuppressive ability of the antibody variants of L243 was evaluated by mixed lymphocyte reaction.   The principle of this experiment is that leukocytes of one individual are different from each other expressing different HLA alleles. When mixed with human white blood cells, they are recognized as foreign substances and are activated. That is what it means. This activation is mainly due to the CD3 / TcR complex on T cells and antigen presentation. It depends on interaction with MHC class II molecules on the indicated cells. Binds to MHC-II Antibodies are known to inhibit this reaction.   White blood cells are freshly prepared in each experiment. Human venous blood from two individuals Collect in heparin-free tubes without syn. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) Density gradient centrifugation according to the manufacturer's instructions (Pharmacia) It was prepared by the method. PBMC is 2 mM glutamine (GIBCO, UK Country), 100 μg / ml / 100 μg / ml penicillin / streptomycin ( Gibco (UK), and 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma) , UK) in RPMI 1640 medium (GIBCO, UK) × 106Adjust to cells / ml. All manipulations, dilutions and inks in this medium Performed a cubate. Irradiate one individual PBMC with 3000 rad. This These cells stimulate responses from other individuals.   Add serial dilutions of antibody to a sterile U-bottom 96-well microtiter plate Prepare in triplicate with 25 μl in Falcon, UK. Maximum response and maximum Only medium and optimal levels of cyclosporine ( Sandimmu n) Prepare control wells containing (R), Sandoz). same number The irradiation stimulant and the responder are mixed and 100 μl is added to each well. Stimulant Only wells and responder only wells are also prepared as controls. Experiment at 37 ° C and humidity 5% CO at 100%2Incubate for 5 days. 1 μCi / well3H-chi Incubate with a daphne (Amersham, UK) to remove glass fiber. Collected on a Luther mat, measured using a beta counter, and at the last 18:00 Responses are measured by assessing amplification in culture between.   Results are plotted as CPM versus antibody concentration. 10% variation in multiple measurements Is less than.T cell calling response to tetanus toxoid   The ability of the engineered antibody variant of L243 to suppress the secondary response was tested against tetanus toxoid. It evaluated using the call response.   The principle of this experiment is that an individual who was previously immunized with tetanus toxoid (TT) T cells of the plant respond to TT when reexposed to ex vivo. It This activation presents the CD3 / TcR complex on T cells with the antigen It depends on the interaction with the MHC-II molecule on the living cells. Anti-binding to MHC-II The body is known to inhibit this reaction.   Lymphocytes are freshly prepared in each experiment. Human venous blood, containing endotoxin Collect in a tube containing no heparin. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is a manufacturing industry The density gradient centrifugation method according to the manufacturer's instructions (Pharmacia). Made. PBMC is 2 mM glutamine (GIBCO, UK), 10 0 μg / ml / 100 μg / ml penicillin / streptomycin (Gibco (G IBCO, UK) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma, UK) RPMI 1640 medium containing (GIBCO, UK), all manipulations , Dilution and incubation were performed. 2 × 10 in this medium6Cells / ml adjust.   Add serial dilutions of antibody to a sterile U-bottom 96-well microtiter plate Prepare in triplicate with 100 μl in Falcon, UK. Beforehand 50 μl containing the experimentally determined optimal concentration of TT is added to all wells. Medium alone and optimal levels of system, respectively, to establish maximum response and maximum inhibition. Crosporin (Sandimmun®, Sandoz) ) (100 nM) containing control wells. Next, add 50 μl of PBMC Add to each well. The experiment is 37 ° C, humidity is 100%, and 5% CO2And incubate for 7 days Beate. 1 μCi / well3Incubate with H-thymidine, glass Collected on a filter mat, counted using a beta counter, the last 1 Responses are measured by assessing amplification during 8 hours of culture.   Results are blotted as CPM against antibody concentration. 10% variation in multiple measurements Is less than.result (Fig. 17-21)   Significant during the effect of the L243 human isotype series between MLR and TT responses Or there was no qualitative difference. The maximum inhibition rates are G1, G1 [L235E] and Achieved with G1 [L235A]. About 2 orders of magnitude higher G2 to obtain similar inhibition rate , G4 and G1 [L235A] were required. G1 / G2 L hinge replacement bump The mutant was moderately immunosuppressive. Immunization with complement or FcRI binding There was no correlation between repressions, G1 bound well to FcRI and complemented, but G1 [L 235E] had no effect. However, both show good immunosuppressive ability It was However, there was a good correlation with FcRIII binding. Human G1 and G1 [ L235E] interacts with FcRIII and shows good immunosuppression. G1 / G2 The L-hinge showed moderate FcRIII binding and immunosuppression. In contrast, human The G237A mutation in G1 was associated with FcRIII binding in line with reported observations. Reduce ability. This antibody had low immunosuppressive ability (Table 5). Table 6 Shows some L243 isotype mutants.Conclusion   The inventors of the present invention have prepared a compatible antibody-based antibody-based antibody based on the anti-HLA DR antibody L243. , The amino acid residue required for FcR binding to C1q of human IgG1 is CH Found to be located in the N-terminal region of two domains (residues 231-238) It was IgG3 and IgG4 CH2 domain of leucine 235 to glutamic acid It is already known that the FcRI binding ability is abolished by changing the Confirmed this, and at the same time, human complement while retaining FcRIII-mediated functions. I found that the binding ability was lost. IgG1 237 glycine to alanine When it is changed, the FcRI-binding ability is lost again, and the complement-fixing ability and the FcRIII-mediated mechanism are lost. Noh has decreased. If the entire region of 233 to 236 is replaced with the sequence in human IgG2 , FcRI binding ability and complement binding ability are lost, and FcRIII-mediated function of IgG1 is low. I dropped it. On the other hand, the above-mentioned C1q binding motif was converted to 320 lysine by alanine. Changes to IgG1 mediated complement binding had no effect.   The effect of changes in IgG1 on FcRI binding was obtained using IgG3 and IgG4. Reported observations: lower hinge / N-terminal CH2 areas 235 and 2 Changes in 37 significantly reduce FcRI binding capacity [Lund J et al. J Immunol, 1991. 147,265: and Alegre M. L. et al. J. Immunol. 1992.148, 3461]. Similarities between these isotypes Gender strongly suggests that they interact with FcRI in a similar manner.   We have CHWithin the lower hinge / N-terminus of region 2, human IgG1 Fc We have found the residues required for RIII binding. 237 is modified and the lower hinge remains IgG2 Group exchange caused low and moderate FcRIII-mediated killing, respectively. . These effects were reported by Sarmay et al. For human IgG3. [Molec. Immunol. 1992, 29, 633]. Thermey using IgG3 These methods In contrast, our changes at residue 235 of IgG1 implicate an FcRIII-mediated function. It had almost no effect on it.   Greenwood et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 1993.23, 1098], I With intradomain and interdomain switch variants between gG1 and IgG4, C over 292HWithin IgG1 required for FcRIII binding in the C-terminus of the 2 domain The residue of is identified. This is CHThe present invention in the lower hinge / N-terminus of the two regions The residues we identified were FcRIII mediated through the binding of human IgG1. It shows that it is necessary but not sufficient for the effector function.   The IgG1 variant with altered 235 did not mediate lysis by human complement and was purified It did not bind to human C1q. We also found that 320 changed IgG1 min The offspring were found to confer complement-mediated killing comparable to IgG1 wild type. Residue G lu318, Lys320 and Lys322 are mouse-derived by protein engineering research. IgG2b has been shown to be required for C1q binding [Duncan A.A. Duncan AR and Winter G, Nature, 1988.332, 21] . Also in the same study, the 235 alteration of mouse IgG2b has an affinity for human C1q. Proved to have no effect on sex [Duncan AR and Win Tarcan (Duncan AR and Winter G), Nature, 1988.332, 21]. these The apparent discrepancy in the observations is probably due to the C between human IgG1 and mouse IgG2b. This may be due to the difference in 1q contact.   We have CHMost changes in the lower hinge / N-terminus of the 2 domain are C It was found that it affects 1q binding. G1 / G2 lower hinge replacement complements Incompatibility and the 237 change also significantly reduce this. On the other hand, Greenwood et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 1993.23, 1098] is CHTwo Residues required for human complement binding were found in the C-terminal half of the domain. Tao o) et al. [J. Exp. Med. 1993, 178, 661] is also CHC-terminal of 2 domains We have found that the end half is required for complement fixation. They are also C1q It is possible to separate the binding from complement-mediated lysis. CHC-terminal side of 2 domains IgG1 with 331 in half changed from Pro to Ser was also found to be similar to wild type. It is able to bind to human C1q but is unable to activate complement. This is CH The amino acids we identified within the lower hinge / N-terminus of region 2 are C1q Antibody-dependent complement that is required for binding and that the C-terminal residue exceeds C1q Predicts that it is required for cascade binding and activation. Example 3   L243 is a mouse monoclonal antibody against human MHC class II. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of Vl and Vh of L243 are shown in Figures 5 and 3, respectively. Shown in. The following example illustrates humanization of L243 antibody (CDR transplantation).CDR implantation of L243 light chain   Align the framework region of the L243 light chain with the human light chain subgroup [Kabato ・ EA, Woo Tea, Perry Eich M, Gottesman ・ Kas and E.A., Wu, T.T., Perry H.M., Got tesman K.S., and FoellerC.), 1991, Sequences of proteins of immunological interest (Sequen ces of Proteins of Immunological interest) 5th edition] and L243 is human Subgroup 1 of the chains was found to have the highest homology. Therefore, CDR transfer In order to create the planted light chain, the selected framework region is the human group 1 consensus It corresponds to the framework structure area of the array. L243 and consensus human group 1 light A comparison of the amino acid sequences of the framework regions with the chains is shown below and the two sequences There are 21 differences (underlined) between the two.   Analyze the contribution of these framework differences to antigen binding (published international patent (See application WO 91/09967) four residues were identified for study: These are positions 45, 49, 70 and 71. Two CDRs based on this analysis A grafted light chain was created. In this first one (L243-gL1), residues 45, 4 9, 70 and 71 are from the L243 light chain and are second (L243-gL2 ), All residues are human consensus.Light chain comparison Generation of CDR-grafted light chain L243-gL1   The production of L243-gL1 is detailed below. Change to the framework structure region of the chimeric light chain The following oligonucleotides were added to the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR):   10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl 2, respectively2, 50 mM  KCl, 0.01% w / v gelatin, 0.25 mM of each deoxyribonucleoside Dotriphosphate, 0.1 μg of chimeric L243 light chain DNA, 6 pmol R5043 / R5044, or R5045 / R5046, or R5047 / R5048 , And 0.25 units of Taq polymerase, 20 μl each of 3 replicates. I prepared the response. Reactant at 94 ° C for 1 minute, 55 ° C for 1 minute and 72 ° C for 1 minute Cycled between. After 30 cycles, the reaction was electrophoresed on an agarose gel. Run, cut out the PCR fragment from the gel, and then use the "Mermaid" kit. It was collected using   A second round of PCR was performed on these aliquots. 100 μl of reaction product is 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0.01 % W / v gelatin, 1/1 of each of the three PCR fragments from the first reaction 0, and 30 picomoles of R5043 and R5048 each, and 2.5 units of Ta It contained q polymerase. The reaction temperature is as described above. After PCR, mix The product was extracted with phenol / chloroform, then chloroform, and precipitated with ethanol. Let The ethanol precipitate was collected by centrifugation, dissolved in an appropriate buffer solution, Digested with stEII and SpII. The product obtained is finally electrophoresed on an agarose gel. The DNA fragment of 270 base pairs was recovered from the gel slice, and It was ligated into the digested vector pMR15.1 (Fig. 1).   The ligation mixture was used to transform E. coli LM1035 and the resulting colonies It was analyzed by PCR, digested with restriction enzymes, and nucleotide sequenced. L The nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of the Vl region of 243-gL1 are shown in FIG.Generation of CDR-grafted light chain L243-gL2   L243-gL1 to L243-gL2 were prepared using PCR. amino In order to introduce acid changes, the following oligonucleoti Used:   10 mM Tris-HCl pH83, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0 0.01% w / v gelatin, 0.25 mM of each deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, 0.1 μg L243-gL1, 6 pmol R1053 / R5350 or R Each containing 5349 / R684 and 0.25 units of Taq polymerase, 20 μl of two reactions were set up. Reactant at 94 ° C for 1 minute, 55 ° C for 1 minute Then cycled at 72 ° C for 1 minute. After 30 cycles, the reaction is agarose The PCR fragment was excised from the gel by electrophoresis on a gel, and "mermaid" ("Mermai") d ") recovered using the kit.   A second round of PCR was performed on these aliquots. 100 μl of reaction product is 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0.01 % W / v gelatin, 1/5 of each of the PCR fragments from the first reaction, and And R1053 and R684 at 30 pmol each and 2.5 units of Taq polymer It contained an enzyme The reaction temperature is as described above. After PCR, the reaction product is Extracted with ethanol / chloroform, then chloroform, and precipitated with ethanol. D The tanol precipitate was collected by centrifugation, dissolved in an appropriate buffer, and added with BstEII. It was cut with SpII. The product obtained is finally electrophoresed on an agarose gel, Gel a 0 base pair DNA fragment Vector pMR15. 1 (recovered from slices and previously digested with the same enzymes 1).   The ligation mixture was used to transform E. coli LM1035 and the resulting colonies It was analyzed by PCR, digested with restriction enzymes, and nucleotide sequenced. L The nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of the Vl region of 243-gL2 are shown in FIG.CDR grafting of L243 heavy chain   CDR grafting of the L243 heavy chain was performed using the same method described for the light chain. I did. L243 heavy chain has the highest homology to human heavy chains belonging to subgroup 1. Therefore, in order to accept the L243 heavy chain CDRs, human The consensus sequence of the Bugroup 1 framework structure was selected.   A comparison of the two structural framework areas is given below. Here, L243 is a human It can be seen that it differs from the consensus at 28 positions (underlined). For antigen binding When the contributions of these are analyzed, in the CDR-grafted heavy chain L243-gH, Only the 27, 67, 69, 71, 72 and 75 residues were retained.Heavy chain comparison Construction of CDR transfer heavy chain L243gH   PCR of overlapping oligonucleotides in the presence of appropriate primers L243gH was assembled. The following oligonucleotides were used for PCR:   The assembly reaction (50 μl) was 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM M. gCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0.01% w / v gelatin, 0.25 mM deoxy. Siribonucleoside triphosphate, 1 picomole of each R4897 to R4905, 10 picomoles Comol of each R3004 and R3005, and 2.5 units of Taq polymerase Contained. Reactant at 94 ° C for 1 minute, 55 ° C for 1 minute and 72 ° C for 1 minute Cycled at. After 30 cycles, the reaction product was phenol / chloroform (1 / 1), then extracted with chloroform and precipitated with ethanol. After centrifugation, DN A was dissolved in an appropriate cleavage buffer and digested with HindIII and Apa1. Got The fragment was recovered from the agarose gel and digested with the same enzyme in advance. It was attached to R14 (FIG. 2). pMR14 contains the human gamma4 heavy chain constant region Therefore, the heavy chain expressed by this vector is the gamma 4 isotype. Union The mixture was used to transform E. coli LM1035 and control the resulting bacterial colonies. Screened by restriction digests and nucleotide sequencing performed. like this A plasmid containing the correct sequence of L243gH was identified (FIG. 24).Generation of gamma type 1 chimera and CDR-grafted L243 heavy chain   Fragment of the variable region of mouse and CDR grafted heavy chain from HindIII to Apa1 As a result, by transferring to the vector pGamma1 (FIG. 6), The L243 heavy chain was created. This vector contains the human gamma 1 heavy chain constant region .Evaluation of activity of CDR transplant gene   The activities of the CDR-grafted genes are expressed in mammals and are de novo synthesized. The antibodies were evaluated by purification and quantification. This method will be described later and will be continued. Describes biochemical and cell-based assays used for biochemical characterization of antibody List. a)Gene expression in CHO cells   Calcium phosphate as described above for the production of chimeric L243. Co-transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using the immunoprecipitation method. After transfection, by transient transfection of the heavy and light chain pairs, Chimera and CDR grafted L243 were produced for biological evaluation.   Antibody concentration was quantified using a Human Immunoglobulin ELISA (below). b)ELISA   Buffered Nunc ELISA plate for ELISA 5 in liquid (15 mM sodium carbonate, 35 mM sodium hydrogen carbonate, pH 6.9) μg / ml polyclonal goat anti-human Fc fragment specific antibody (Jackson Immuno F (ab) of Research (Jackson Immuno-research), code 109-006-0982Disconnection Strips were coated overnight at 4 ° C. Uncoated antibody is distilled water It was removed by washing 5 times. The sample and standard to be quantified are bound to the binding buffer (0 0.1M Tris-hydrochloric acid, pH 7.0) 0.1M NaCl, 0.2% v / v Tween 20 , 0.2% w / v in Hammersten casein) at about 1 μg / ml I released it. Dilute the sample serially 2-fold in the microtiter well to obtain the final solution in each well. Adjust the volume to 0.1 ml and incubate the plate at room temperature for 1 hour with vigorous stirring. I started. After the first incubation, wash the plate 10 times with distilled water and then bind Mouse monoclonal anti-human kappa (clone GD12) diluted 700-fold in buffer ) Peroxidase-conjugated antibody (The Binding Site ), Code MP135) incubated with 0.1 ml for 1 hour as before . The plate was washed again and substrate solution (0.1 ml) was added to each well. Substrate dissolution Solution is 1 ml in 10 ml 0.1M sodium acetate / sodium citrate, pH 6.0. 50 μl of N, N, N, N-tetramethylbenzidine (10 mg / ml in DMSO ), 150 μl hydrogen peroxide (30% solution). 63 of the first standard Play until the 0 nm absorbance reaches about 1.0. Developed for 5-10 minutes. Absorbance at 630 nm is measured using a plate reader It was measured and the concentration of the sample was determined by comparison with the titer curve of the standard substance. c)Competitive assay   The principle of this assay is that the antigen-binding region is correctly transferred from the mouse to the human framework. The CDR-grafted antibody against the labeled chimeric anti-body against binding to human MHC class II. It means competing equally with the body. If there is a change in antigen binding ability in this system, it will be revealed It will be   The method of Wood et al. [Wood Tea, Thompson S and Gold] Stein Gee (Wood, T., Thompson, S and Goldstein, G), 1965, J. Am. Immu nol 95,225-229], the chimeric L243 was labeled with fluorescein (FITC) And used for the competitive assay described above.   FIG. 25 competes with FITC-labeled chimeric L243 for binding to JY cells. , L243 heavy and light chain combinations are compared. All pairs Mating is an effective competitor, but does not contain CDR-grafted heavy or light chains The shift was not as effective as the chimeric antibody itself. That is, the combination cH in this measurement method / GL1, gH / cL and gH / gL1 are each against chimeric L243 Efficacy was 89%, 78% and 64%. d)Determination of affinity constants by Scatchard analysis   L243 antibody was added to PBS, 10% in 5% fetal bovine serum, 0.1% sodium azide. Serial 1.5-fold dilutions (150 μl each) from μg / ml, then 5 × per measurement point 10FourEach JY cell was incubated on ice for 1 hour. Count cells in advance , Washed and resuspended in the same buffer as the sample. After incubating the cells, Wash with ml, centrifuge and discard the supernatant. The bound antibody is FITC bound Anti-human Fc monoclonal (The Binding Site) , 100 μl of 1/100 dilution of code MF001) was added. And revealed. Then incubate the cells on ice for 1 hour and repeat as above. The excess FITC conjugate was removed by washing. Cells in 250 μl of the same buffer Disperse and flatten per cell using FACScan (Becton Dickinson). Measure uniform fluorescence intensity and use standard beads (Flow Cytometry Standard Co., Ltd. Flow Cytometry standards Corporation)). Thus each cell Determine the number of bound antibody molecules per cell by concentration and create a Scatchard plot. Used to make. For calculation, the valency of the FITC conjugate for L243 Assumed 1: 1 and F / P was 3.36 (provided by manufacturer) .   Chimeras L243 (cH / cL), L243-gH / L243-gL1 and L A Scatchard plot comparing the affinity of 243 gH / L243-gL2, It shows in FIG. The apparent Kd of chimera L243 is 4.1 nM, and gL1 and g The apparent Kd of the CDR-grafted antibody containing the L2 light chain is 6.4 nM and 9. It was 6 nM. The difference between the Kd values of antibodies having two CDR-grafted light chains is Reflect the contribution of residues 45, 49, 70 and 71 retained in L243-gL1 are doing. e)Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity   Chimera and CDR-grafted L2 that mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) The 43 abilities were compared as described above. The principle of this experiment is that the antibody Fc Can interact with Fc receptors with impaired effector cells Then the antibody is to mediate the lysis of target cells bearing the cognate antigen.   Chimera (cH / cL) and CDR-grafted (gH / gL1) L243 in the above assay A comparison of human gamma 1 isotype activity is shown in FIG. Both antibodies are cytolytic It is an effective mediator and its maximal activity is reached at antibody concentrations below 100 ng / ml Is made. There was no significant difference between the activities of the two antibodies. f)Immune function test   Ex vivo T cell function experiments were performed (where MHC-II and T cells were tested). The interaction between vesicle receptors was an essential requirement for T cell activation). Chimera and CD R-transplanted L243 antibody, mixed lymphocyte reaction (which is native and memory T cell activity And the call response to tetanus toxoid, which is a memory T cell response. Only the answer is measured). 1) Mixed lymphocyte reaction (described above)   The principle of this experiment is that leukocytes of one individual are different from each other expressing different HLA alleles. When mixed with human white blood cells, they are recognized as foreign substances and are activated. That is what it means. This activation is mainly due to the CD3 / TcR complex on T cells and antigen presentation. It depends on interaction with MHC class II molecules on the indicated cells. L243 takes this reaction Known to inhibit.   Chimera and CDR-grafted L243 gamma-1 isota as an inhibitor of T cell activation Even if MLR was performed to compare the efficacy of ip, there was a significant difference between the two antibodies. Was not observed (Figure 28). Both antibodies used 100 ng / ml and Over 0% inhibition of MLR was observed. 2) T cell calling response to tetanus toxoid   The ability of chimeric and CDR-grafted L243 to suppress the secondary response was transferred to tetanus toxin It evaluated using the call response with respect to. The principle of the experiment is as described above.   Chimeric and CDR-grafted L243 human moths that inhibit the call response to TT. The results of an experiment comparing the potency of the comma 1 isotype are shown in FIG. Both antibodies are T It is a potent inhibitor of the T cell response to T and gave indistinguishable titer curves.Example 4   CDR-transplanted L243 at position 235, ie, L [235 The ability of E] to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is essentially the same as described above. It was measured as described in the examples. The result is shown in FIG.   Similarly essentially as described in the previous example, the CDR-grafted L243 [L235 E] was tested with mixed lymphocyte reaction and paging response to tetanus toxoid. That The results are shown in Figures 28 and 29.   Using antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity as described in previous examples, human complement The ability of the CDR-grafted L243 antibody [L235E] to bind to was evaluated. as a result Is shown in FIG.

───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.6 識別記号 庁内整理番号 FI G01N 33/531 8310−2J G01N 33/531 A (31)優先権主張番号 9402499.9 (32)優先日 1994年2月9日 (33)優先権主張国 イギリス(GB) (31)優先権主張番号 9406244.5 (32)優先日 1994年3月29日 (33)優先権主張国 イギリス(GB) (81)指定国 EP(AT,BE,CH,DE, DK,ES,FR,GB,GR,IE,IT,LU,M C,NL,PT,SE),OA(BF,BJ,CF,CG ,CI,CM,GA,GN,ML,MR,NE,SN, TD,TG),AT,AU,BB,BG,BR,BY, CA,CH,CN,CZ,DE,DK,ES,FI,G B,GE,HU,JP,KE,KG,KP,KR,KZ ,LK,LU,LV,MD,MG,MN,MW,NL, NO,NZ,PL,PT,RO,RU,SD,SE,S I,SK,TJ,TT,UA,US,UZ,VN (72)発明者 ボドマー、マーク・ウィリアム イギリス国 オクスフォード オーエック ス1 5エイエス、サウス・ヒンクセイ、 マナー・ロード5、ローズ・コテイジ (72)発明者 アスウォル、ディルジート・シン イギリス国 ロンドン エスイー17、ニュ ー・クロス・ゲイト、カッセラ・ロード33─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (51) Int.Cl. 6 Identification number Internal reference number FI G01N 33/531 8310-2J G01N 33/531 A (31) Priority claim number 9402499.9 (32) Priority date 1994 February 9, (33) Priority claim United Kingdom (GB) (31) Priority claim number 9406244.5 (32) Priority date March 29, 1994 (33) Priority claim United Kingdom (GB) (81) ) Designated countries EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE), OA (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI) , CM, GA, GN, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG), AT, AU, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, B, GE, HU, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LK, LU, LV, MD, MG, MN, MW, NL, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SI, SK, TJ, TT, UA, US, UZ, VN (72) Inventor Bodmer, Mark William England Oxford 15 Ayes, South Hinkusei, Manor Road 5, Rose Cottage (72) Inventor Aswold, Dilzeet Singh London England UK 17, New Cross Gate, Cassella Road 33

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 1.未改変抗体に比較して抗体の補体結合能が改変されていることを特徴とする 、抗体のCH2ドメインのN−末端領域における1つまたはそれ以上のアミノ酸 残基が改変された改変抗体。 2.1つまたはそれ以上の細胞性Fc受容体に結合するが、FcRIには有意に 結合しない、請求の範囲第2項に記載の抗体。 3.改変されるアミノ酸残基は231〜239位のアミノ酸内にある、請求の範 囲第1項または第2項に記載の抗体。 4.MHC特異抗体である、前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の抗体。 5.抗体のCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の1つまたはそれ以上のアミノ酸を改 変し、未改変抗体と比較して該抗体の補体結合能を改変することよりなる、未改 変抗体と比較して補体結合能が改変された改変抗体の産生方法。 6.未改変抗体と改変抗体とを比較して抗体の補体結合能は改変されていること を特徴とする、抗体のCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の1つまたはそれ以上のア ミノ酸残基が改変されている改変抗体を投与することよりなる、補体介在毒性を 避ける細胞表面関連抗原の機能を調節する方法。 7.改変抗体は、1つまたはそれ以上の細胞性Fc受容体、特にFcRIIIに結合 することができるが、FcRIへの結合は有意に低下している、請求の範囲第6 項に記載の方法。 8.前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の改変抗体よりなる、治療用、診断用また は薬剤組成物。 9.前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の改変抗体を、薬剤学的に許容される賦形 剤、希釈剤または担体に混合することよりなる、治療用、薬剤用および診断用組 成物の調製法。 10.ヒトまたは動物被験体に、前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載 の改変抗体の有効量を投与することよりなる、治療および診断方法。 11.前記請求項のいずれか1項に記載の改変抗体の産生方法であって、 a)抗体の重鎖または軽鎖をコードするDNA配列を有するオペロンを発現ベク ター中で産生させ、 b)相補的な抗体の軽鎖または重鎖をコードするDNA配列を有するオペロンを 発現ベクター中で産生させ、 c)両オペロンで宿主細胞をトランスフェクションし、そして d)トランスフェクションした細胞株を培養して抗体分子を産生する、 ことを特徴とする方法。 12.DNA配列はヒト化抗体をコードする、請求の範囲第11項に記載の方法 。 13.DNA配列は、CDR移植重鎖および/または軽鎖、またはキメラ抗体を コードする、請求の範囲第12項に記載の方法。 14.少なくとも1つの発現ベクターは、CH2ドメインのN−末端領域の1つ またはそれ以上のアミノ酸残基が、対応する未改変抗体のアミノ酸残基から改変 されている、抗体重鎖をコードするDNA配列を含有する、請求の範囲第11、 12または13項に記載の方法。 15.未改変抗体が発現された後にCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の改変がなさ れる、請求の範囲第11または12項に記載の方法。 16.抗MHC抗体L243(ATCCHB55)由来の、前記請求の範囲のい ずれかに記載の改変抗体。 17.抗体の下部ヒンジは異なるイソタイプの抗体と交換されている、前記請求 の範囲のいずれかに記載の改変抗体。 18.IgG1下部ヒンジ領域はIgG2下部ヒンジ領域と交換されている、請 求の範囲第17項に記載の改変抗体。 19.未改変抗体に比較して、抗体の補体結合能が改変されている ことを特徴とする、抗体のCH2ドメインのN−末端領域の1つまたはそれ以上 のアミノ酸残基が改変された改変抗体を投与することよりなる、抗体介在補体結 合のため抗体療法が好ましくない毒性を与える疾患の治療方法。[Claims] 1. Modification in which one or more amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of the C H 2 domain of the antibody is modified, characterized in that the complement-fixing ability of the antibody is modified as compared to the unmodified antibody antibody. 2. An antibody according to claim 2 which binds to one or more cellular Fc receptors but does not significantly bind to FcRI. 3. The antibody according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the modified amino acid residue is within the amino acids 231 to 239. 4. The antibody according to any of the preceding claims, which is an MHC-specific antibody. 5. Modifying one or more amino acids of the C H 2 domain of the N- terminal region of the antibody, consisting of modifying the complement binding capacity of the antibody as compared with unmodified antibody, as compared to the unmodified antibody A method for producing a modified antibody having modified complement-fixing ability. 6. Complement binding ability of the antibody by comparing the unmodified antibody and the modified antibody is characterized in that it is modified, one or more amino acid residues N- terminal region of the C H 2 domains of an antibody A method of modulating the function of a cell surface-associated antigen that avoids complement-mediated toxicity, comprising administering a modified antibody that has been modified. 7. The method of claim 7, wherein the modified antibody is capable of binding to one or more cellular Fc receptors, in particular FcRIII, but with significantly reduced binding to FcRI. 8. A therapeutic, diagnostic or pharmaceutical composition comprising the modified antibody according to any of the preceding claims. 9. A method for preparing a therapeutic, pharmaceutical and diagnostic composition, which comprises mixing the modified antibody according to any one of the above claims with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier. 10. A therapeutic and diagnostic method comprising administering to a human or animal subject an effective amount of a modified antibody according to any of the preceding claims. 11. A method for producing a modified antibody according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising: a) producing an operon having a DNA sequence encoding the heavy or light chain of the antibody in an expression vector; b) complementary An operon having a DNA sequence encoding the light or heavy chain of the antibody is produced in an expression vector, c) transfecting host cells with both operons, and d) culturing the transfected cell line to express the antibody molecule. Producing. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the DNA sequence encodes a humanized antibody. 13. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the DNA sequence encodes a CDR-grafted heavy and / or light chain, or a chimeric antibody. 14. At least one expression vector, DNA of one or more amino acid residues N- terminal region of the C H 2 domain has been modified from the amino acid residues of the corresponding unmodified antibody, encoding the antibody heavy chain 14. A method according to claim 11, 12 or 13 which comprises a sequence. 15. Modification of the C H 2 domain of the N- terminal region after the unmodified antibody is expressed is made, the method according to the eleventh or 12 wherein the claims. 16. Modified antibody according to any of the preceding claims, derived from anti-MHC antibody L243 (ATCCHB55). 17. Modified antibody according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the lower hinge of the antibody is exchanged for an antibody of a different isotype. 18. 18. The modified antibody according to claim 17, wherein the IgG1 lower hinge region is replaced with the IgG2 lower hinge region. 19. One or more amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of the C H 2 domain of the antibody have been modified, characterized in that the ability of the antibody to fix complement has been modified as compared to the unmodified antibody. A method of treating a disease in which antibody therapy imparts undesirable toxicity due to antibody-mediated complement fixation, which comprises administering a modified antibody.
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EP0714409A1 (en) 1996-06-05

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