JPH079279B2 - Heat insulation structure on the bottom of tank and its construction method - Google Patents
Heat insulation structure on the bottom of tank and its construction methodInfo
- Publication number
- JPH079279B2 JPH079279B2 JP17677287A JP17677287A JPH079279B2 JP H079279 B2 JPH079279 B2 JP H079279B2 JP 17677287 A JP17677287 A JP 17677287A JP 17677287 A JP17677287 A JP 17677287A JP H079279 B2 JPH079279 B2 JP H079279B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- heat insulating
- support
- tank
- insulating material
- appropriate intervals
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
- F17C13/001—Thermal insulation specially adapted for cryogenic vessels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/03—Thermal insulations
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
- F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
- F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 〔産業上の利用分野〕 本発明はタンク底面部の防熱構造及びその施工方法に関
する。The present invention relates to a heat insulating structure for a bottom surface of a tank and a method for constructing the heat insulating structure.
例えば、液化ガス運搬船の船倉内底板上に取付けられる
竪円筒型独立タンク式液化ガスタンクのタンク底面部の
防熱構造としては、第４図部分横断面図に示すように、
まず内底板013上に長手方向適宜間隔で並列させた複数
の横手方向支持ガーダー014と、それの上に横手方向適
宜間隔で並列させた複数の長手方向支持ビーム015と、
それの上端部材に沿つて載置された各断熱性支持材016
とにより支持構造017を形成し、次いで、この支持構造0
17の上にタンク底板018を搭載し、更にこのタンク底板0
18の下面にポリウレタンフオーム防熱材019を現場発泡
により直接固着させるとともに、それと断熱性支持材01
6との間に適宜厚さのグラスウール防熱材020を挿入した
のち、ポリウレタンフオーム防熱材019及びグラスウー
ル防熱材020の下面を保護シート021で覆うものが知られ
ている。For example, as a heat insulating structure for the bottom surface of the vertical cylindrical independent tank type liquefied gas tank mounted on the bottom plate of the cargo tank of the liquefied gas carrier, as shown in the partial cross-sectional view of FIG.
First, a plurality of lateral support girders 014 arranged on the inner bottom plate 013 at appropriate longitudinal intervals, and a plurality of longitudinal support beams 015 arranged on the inner bottom plate 013 at appropriate lateral intervals.
Each adiabatic support 016 placed along its top member
To form a support structure 017, and then this support structure 0
The tank bottom plate 018 is mounted on 17 and the tank bottom plate 0
Polyurethane foam heat insulating material 019 is directly fixed to the lower surface of 18 by in-situ foaming and heat insulating support material 01
It is known that a glass wool heat insulating material 020 having an appropriate thickness is inserted between 6 and 6, and the lower surface of the polyurethane foam heat insulating material 019 and the glass wool heat insulating material 020 is covered with a protective sheet 021.
しかしながら、このような構造では、下記のような欠点
がある。However, such a structure has the following drawbacks.
（１） タンク底面部の防熱工事はタンク底板018を断
熱性支持材016の上に据付けてから行うので、その工事
はタンク底板018と内底板013に挾まれた狭い空間で行わ
なければならず、作業性が極めて悪い。(1) Since the heat insulation work on the bottom surface of the tank is performed after the tank bottom plate 018 is installed on the heat insulating support material 016, the work must be performed in a narrow space between the tank bottom plate 018 and the inner bottom plate 013. , Workability is extremely poor.
（２） タンクは建造時及び入渠時の常温から液化ガス
運搬時の低温までの温度変化により熱変形があり、タン
ク底板018に固着したポリウレタンフオーム防熱材019と
断熱性支持材016とは相対的に移動し、その移動量をグ
ラスウール防熱材020で吸収させているが、タンクが大
型化する場合、タンクの温度変化が大きい場合，タンク
材料が熱変形の大きい材料の場合等、その移動量は大き
くなり、例えば、小型LPG船の移動量に比べて大型LNG船
のそれは10倍を越えるので、この移動量の吸収は困難に
なる。(2) The tank undergoes thermal deformation due to temperature changes from the room temperature during construction and docking to the low temperature during transportation of liquefied gas, and the polyurethane foam heat insulating material 019 and heat insulating support material 016 fixed to the tank bottom plate 018 are relatively The amount of movement is absorbed by the glass wool heat insulating material 020, but the amount of movement is large, such as when the tank becomes large, when the temperature change of the tank is large, or when the tank material is a material with large thermal deformation. It becomes large, for example, that of a large LNG carrier exceeds 10 times that of a small LPG carrier, so it is difficult to absorb this displacement.
本発明は、このような事情に鑑みて提案されたもので、
防熱施工時に上方クリヤランスの制約がなく、液体貯蔵
時に防熱材がタンクの熱変形の影響を受けず、施工能率
及び安全性の高いタンク底面部の防熱構造及びその施工
方法を提供することを目的とする。The present invention has been proposed in view of such circumstances,
It is an object of the present invention to provide a heat insulating structure for the bottom surface of a tank and a method of installing the same, which has no upper clearance clearance during heat insulating construction, the heat insulating material is not affected by thermal deformation of the tank during liquid storage, and has high construction efficiency and safety. To do.
そのために本発明構造は、基礎上に長手方向適宜間隔で
並列された複数の支持ガーダーと、上記支持ガーダーの
上に横手方向適宜間隔で並列された複数の支持ビーム
と、上記各支持ビームの上端に沿つてそれぞれ載置され
た断熱性支持材とより形成される支持構造上に搭載され
るタンク底面部の防熱構造において、上記各断熱性支持
材間に底面が上記支持構造に支持され両側面及び頂面が
比較的薄い弾性を有する防熱材で覆われた防熱材ブロツ
クを密充填したことを特徴とする。Therefore, the structure of the present invention comprises a plurality of support girders arranged on the foundation at appropriate intervals in the longitudinal direction, a plurality of support beams arranged on the support girder at appropriate intervals in the lateral direction, and upper ends of the support beams. In a heat insulating structure of a tank bottom portion mounted on a support structure formed by a heat insulating support member placed along each of the above, a bottom surface is supported between the heat insulating support members by both side surfaces The heat-insulating material block whose top surface is covered with a heat-insulating material having a relatively thin elasticity is closely packed.
また本発明方法は、基礎上に長手方向適宜間隔で並列さ
れた複数の支持ガーダーと、上記支持ガーダーの上に横
手方向適宜間隔で並列された複数の支持ビームと、上記
各支持ビームの上端に沿つてそれぞれ載置された断熱性
支持材とより形成される支持構造上にタンクを支持する
防熱構造を施工するに際し、上記各断熱性支持材間に防
熱材ブロツクを密充填する第１工程と、上記支持構造上
に上記タンクの底面部を載置する第２工程とよりなるこ
とを特徴とする。Further, the method of the present invention, a plurality of support girders arranged in parallel in the longitudinal direction at appropriate intervals on the foundation, a plurality of support beams arranged in parallel in the transverse direction at appropriate intervals on the support girder, and at the upper end of each of the support beams. When constructing a heat insulating structure for supporting the tank on a support structure formed by a heat insulating support material placed along each of them, a first step of closely packing the heat insulating material block between the heat insulating support materials, and The second step of placing the bottom surface portion of the tank on the support structure.
上述の構成により、上方に制約のない広いスペースで支
持構造に防熱構造を装着することができるとともに、タ
ンク底板は防熱構造が装着された支持構造上に載置され
ているだけなので、その熱変形の影響を防熱構造に与え
ることがない。With the above configuration, the heat insulating structure can be mounted on the supporting structure in a wide space without any restriction on the upper side, and the tank bottom plate is only placed on the supporting structure having the heat insulating structure, so that the thermal deformation Does not affect the heat insulating structure.
本発明を液化ガス運搬船に適用した一実施例を図面につ
いて説明すると、第１図はその横断面図、第２図は第１
図II部の部分拡大図、第３図は第１図のタンク底部の防
熱構造への下部タンクブロツクの取付け要領を示す同じ
く横断面図である。An embodiment in which the present invention is applied to a liquefied gas carrier will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view thereof, and FIG.
Fig. 2 is a partially enlarged view of Fig. II, and Fig. 3 is a transverse cross-sectional view showing how to attach the lower tank block to the heat insulating structure at the bottom of the tank shown in Fig. 1.
上図において、第４図と同一の記号はそれぞれ同図と同
一の部材を示し、まず、第１〜２図において、１は支持
構造017上に載置され、アンカーリング２により内底板0
13に支持された竪円筒型独立タンク式液化ガスタンク
で、その頂面及び周面は防熱材３により被覆されてい
る。In the above figure, the same symbols as in FIG. 4 indicate the same members as in FIG. 4, respectively. First, in FIGS. 1 and 2, 1 is placed on the support structure 017, and the inner ring plate 0 is attached by the anchor ring 2.
A vertical cylindrical independent tank type liquefied gas tank supported by 13, and its top surface and peripheral surface are covered with a heat insulating material 3.
４は並列された各支持ビーム015の間にそれぞれ長手方
向適宜間隔で並列的に架設された横木５の上に横手方向
適宜間隔で並列された２本の支え木、６は支え木４によ
り支持され隣り合う断熱性支持材016,016の側面間に配
置された比較的巾広で深さが断熱性支持材016の深さ相
当の防熱材ブロツク、７は断熱性支持材016の左右側面
と防熱材ブロツク６との間にそれぞれ圧装された比較的
巾狭の弾性のあるグラスウール防熱材、８は防熱材ブロ
ツク６の上面とタンク底板018下面との間に圧装される
とともに、防熱材ブロツク６に接着止めされた比較的深
さの浅い弾性のあるグラスウール防熱材である。Reference numeral 4 denotes two supporting trees juxtaposed at appropriate intervals in the lateral direction on a horizontal bar 5 laid in parallel between the supporting beams 015 arranged in parallel at appropriate intervals in the longitudinal direction, and 6 is supported by the supporting bar 4. The heat insulating material block disposed between the side surfaces of the adjacent heat insulating support materials 016 and 016 and having a relatively wide depth corresponding to the depth of the heat insulating support material 016, and 7 are the left and right side surfaces of the heat insulating support material 016 and the heat insulating material. A relatively narrow elastic glass wool heat insulating material, which is respectively installed between the heat insulating material block 6 and the block 6, is installed between the upper surface of the heat insulating material block 6 and the lower surface of the tank bottom plate 018, and the heat insulating material block 6 It is a glass wool heat insulating material that has a relatively shallow elasticity and is adhered to.
次に、第３図において、９はタンク底板018を含むタン
ク下部ブロツク、10は図示せざるクレーンより吊り枠11
等を介して下部ブロツク９を吊るワイヤである。Next, in FIG. 3, 9 is a tank lower block including the tank bottom plate 018, and 10 is a hanging frame 11 from a crane not shown.
It is a wire that hangs the lower block 9 via, for example.
このような構造において、グラスウール防熱材８はタン
ク底板018に固着されておらず、それ等は互いに相対移
動することが可能なので、タンクに液体貯蔵時等に防熱
材ブロツク6,グラスウール防熱材７及び８はタンク底板
018の熱変形の影響を受けることがない。In such a structure, since the glass wool heat insulating material 8 is not fixed to the tank bottom plate 018 and they can move relative to each other, the heat insulating material block 6, the glass wool heat insulating material 7 and 8 is the tank bottom plate
It is not affected by the thermal deformation of 018.
次に、本発明による上述したタンク底面部の防熱構造の
施工方法を示す。Next, a method of constructing the heat insulating structure on the bottom surface of the tank according to the present invention will be described.
まず、第１工程として第２図に示すように、内底板013
上に形成された支持構造017について、対向する支持ビ
ーム015の下端部材の間に横木５を架け、その上に支え
木４を渡し、更にその上に断熱性支持材016と同一程度
の深さの防熱材ブロツク６を載置するとともに、それと
断熱性支持材016との間にそれぞれグラスウール防熱材1
7,17を圧装し、続いてグラスウール防熱材８を防熱材ブ
ロツク６の上面に貼付け、断熱性支持材016の上面より
若干突出した状態として支持構造017側に防熱構造を造
り付けておく。First, as the first step, as shown in FIG. 2, the inner bottom plate 013
Regarding the support structure 017 formed above, the cross bar 5 is hung between the lower end members of the opposing support beams 015, the support tree 4 is passed over the cross bar 5, and the same depth as the heat insulating support member 016 is provided thereon. Place the heat insulating material block 6 and the glass wool heat insulating material 1 between the heat insulating material block 6 and the heat insulating support material 016, respectively.
7,17 are pressed, and then the glass wool heat insulating material 8 is attached to the upper surface of the heat insulating material block 6, and the heat insulating structure is built on the support structure 017 side in a state of slightly protruding from the upper surface of the heat insulating support material 016.
次に、第２工程として、第３図に示すように、地上ブロ
ツクとして構成されたタンク下部ブロツク９をクレーン
で吊り、断熱性支持材016の上に載置するとともに、そ
の重量でグラスウール防熱材８を下方に圧縮し、これと
密接させる。Next, as a second step, as shown in FIG. 3, the tank lower block 9 configured as a ground block is hung by a crane and placed on the heat-insulating support material 016, and the weight of the glass wool heat insulating material is used. Compress 8 down and intimately with it.
このような方法において、支持構造017上にタンク底板0
18が搭載される前に各断熱性支持材016の間に防熱ブロ
ツク6,グラスウール防熱材７及び８を密充填するので、
その際の作業スペースが制約されない。In this way, the tank bottom plate
Before the 18 is mounted, the heat insulating block 6, the glass wool heat insulating materials 7 and 8 are closely packed between the heat insulating support materials 016.
The work space at that time is not restricted.
このような構造及び方法によれば、下記効果が奏せられ
る。According to such a structure and method, the following effects can be obtained.
（１） 上方に制約のない広いスペースで支持構造に防
熱構造を装着できるので、その作業性が良く、製造コス
トが低減する。(1) Since the heat insulating structure can be attached to the support structure in a wide space without any restriction on the upper side, the workability is good and the manufacturing cost is reduced.
（２） タンク底板は防熱構造が一体化された支持構造
上に載置されるだけなので、その熱変形の影響を防熱構
造に与えず、それの安全性が増す。(2) The bottom plate of the tank is only placed on the support structure in which the heat-insulating structure is integrated, so that the heat-insulating structure is not affected by its thermal deformation, and its safety is increased.
要するに本発明構造によれば、基礎上に長手方向適宜間
隔で並列された複数の支持ガーダーと、上記支持ガーダ
ーの上に横手方向適宜間隔で並列された複数の支持ビー
ムと、上記各支持ビームの上端に沿つてそれぞれ載置さ
れた断熱性支持材とより形成される支持構造上に搭載さ
れるタンク底面部の防熱構造において、上記各断熱性支
持材間に底面が上記支持構造に支持され両側面及び頂面
が比較的薄い弾性を有する防熱材で覆われた防熱材ブロ
ツクを密充填したことにより、液体貯蔵時に防熱材がタ
ンクの熱変形の影響を受けず、安全性の高いタンク底面
部の防熱構造を得るから、本発明は産業上極めて有益な
ものである。In short, according to the structure of the present invention, a plurality of support girders juxtaposed on the foundation at appropriate intervals in the longitudinal direction, a plurality of support beams juxtaposed on the support girder at appropriate intervals in the transverse direction, and each of the support beams. In a heat insulating structure of a tank bottom portion mounted on a support structure formed by a heat insulating support member placed along the upper end, a bottom surface is supported by the support structure between the heat insulating support members, and both sides are supported. The heat insulating material block whose surface and top surface are covered with a relatively thin elastic heat insulating material is tightly packed so that the heat insulating material is not affected by thermal deformation of the tank during liquid storage, and the tank bottom portion is highly safe. The present invention is extremely useful in industry because it provides the heat insulating structure.
また、本発明方法によれば、基礎上に長手方向適宜間隔
で並列された複数の支持ガーダーと、上記支持ガーダー
の上に横手方向適宜間隔で並列された複数の支持ビーム
と、上記各支持ビームの上端に沿つてそれぞれ載置され
た断熱性支持材とより形成される支持構造上にタンクを
支持する防熱構造を施工するに際し、上記各断熱性支持
材間に防熱材ブロツクを密充填する第１工程と、上記支
持構造上に上記タンクの底面部を載置する第２工程とよ
りなることにより、防熱施工時に上方クリヤランスの制
約がなく、施工能率の高いタンク底面部の防熱構造の施
工方法を得るから本発明は産業上極めて有益なものであ
る。Further, according to the method of the present invention, a plurality of support girders juxtaposed on the foundation at appropriate intervals in the longitudinal direction, a plurality of support beams juxtaposed on the support girder at appropriate intervals in the transverse direction, and each of the support beams described above. At the time of constructing the heat insulating structure for supporting the tank on the support structure formed by the heat insulating support material placed along the upper end of each of them, the heat insulating material block is closely packed between the heat insulating support materials. By including one step and the second step of placing the bottom portion of the tank on the support structure, there is no upper clearance limitation during heat-insulating construction, and a method for constructing a heat-insulating structure for the bottom surface of the tank having high construction efficiency. Therefore, the present invention is extremely useful industrially.
第１図は本発明を液化ガス運搬船に適用した一実施例を
示す横断面図、第２図は第１図II部の部分拡大図、第３
図は第１図のタンク底部の防熱構造への下部タンクブロ
ツクの取付け要領を示す同じく横断面図である。 第４図は公知の液化ガス運搬船のタンク底面部防熱構造
を示す部分横断面図である。 １……液化ガスタンク、２……アンカーリング、３……
防熱材、４……支え木、５……横木、６……防熱材ブロ
ツク、7,8……グラスウール防熱材、９……タンク下部
ブロツク、10……ワイヤ、11……吊り枠、 013……内底板、014……支持ガーダー、015……支持ビ
ーム、016……断熱性支持材、017……支持構造、018…
…タンク底板、021……保護シート。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment in which the present invention is applied to a liquefied gas carrier, and FIG. 2 is a partially enlarged view of part II in FIG.
The figure is also a transverse cross-sectional view showing how to attach the lower tank block to the heat insulating structure at the bottom of the tank in FIG. FIG. 4 is a partial transverse cross-sectional view showing a tank bottom heat insulating structure of a known liquefied gas carrier. 1 ... Liquefied gas tank, 2 ... Anchor ring, 3 ...
Heat-insulating material, 4 ... Supporting tree, 5 ... Horizontal bar, 6 ... Heat-insulating material block, 7,8 ... Glass wool heat-insulating material, 9 ... Tank lower block, 10 ... Wire, 11 ... Hanging frame, 013 ... … Inner bottom plate, 014 …… Supporting girder, 015 …… Supporting beam, 016 …… Adiabatic support material, 017 …… Supporting structure, 018…
… Tank bottom plate, 021 …… Protective sheet.
Claims (2)
数の支持ガーダーと、上記支持ガーダーの上に横手方向
適宜間隔で並列された複数の支持ビームと、上記各支持
ビームの上端に沿つてそれぞれ載置された断熱性支持材
とより形成される支持構造上に搭載されるタンク底面部
の防熱構造において、上記各断熱性支持材間に底面が上
記支持構造に支持され両側面及び頂面が比較的薄い弾性
を有する防熱材で覆われた防熱材ブロツクを密充填した
ことを特徴とするタンク底面部の防熱構造。1. A plurality of support girders juxtaposed on the foundation at appropriate intervals in the longitudinal direction, a plurality of support beams juxtaposed on the support girder at appropriate intervals in the lateral direction, and along the upper ends of the respective support beams. In the heat insulating structure of the tank bottom portion mounted on the support structure formed by the heat insulating support material placed on each side, the bottom surface is supported by the support structure between the heat insulating support materials, and both side surfaces and the top surface are supported. A heat insulating structure at the bottom of a tank, characterized in that a heat insulating material block whose surface is covered with a relatively thin elastic material is closely packed.
数の支持ガーダーと、上記支持ガーダーの上に横手方向
適宜間隔で並列された複数の支持ビームと、上記各支持
ビームの上端に沿つてそれぞれ載置された断熱性支持材
とより形成される支持構造上にタンクを支持する防熱構
造を施工するに際し、上記各断熱性支持材間に防熱材ブ
ロツクを密充填する第１工程と、上記支持構造上に上記
タンクの底面部を載置する第２工程とよりなることを特
徴とするタンク底面部の防熱構造の施工方法。2. A plurality of support girders juxtaposed on the foundation at appropriate intervals in the longitudinal direction, a plurality of support beams juxtaposed on the support girder at appropriate intervals in the transverse direction, and along the upper ends of the respective support beams. Then, when constructing the heat insulating structure for supporting the tank on the support structure formed by the heat insulating support material placed respectively, the first step of densely filling the heat insulating material block between the heat insulating support materials, A method for constructing a heat insulating structure for a bottom surface of a tank, comprising a second step of placing the bottom surface of the tank on the support structure.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17677287A JPH079279B2 (en) | 1987-07-15 | 1987-07-15 | Heat insulation structure on the bottom of tank and its construction method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17677287A JPH079279B2 (en) | 1987-07-15 | 1987-07-15 | Heat insulation structure on the bottom of tank and its construction method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6421300A JPS6421300A (en) | 1989-01-24 |
| JPH079279B2 true JPH079279B2 (en) | 1995-02-01 |
Family
ID=16019559
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17677287A Expired - Lifetime JPH079279B2 (en) | 1987-07-15 | 1987-07-15 | Heat insulation structure on the bottom of tank and its construction method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH079279B2 (en) |
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-
1987
- 1987-07-15 JP JP17677287A patent/JPH079279B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS6421300A (en) | 1989-01-24 |
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