JPH04208443A - Pneumatic tire - Google Patents
Pneumatic tireInfo
- Publication number
- JPH04208443A JPH04208443A JP2340658A JP34065890A JPH04208443A JP H04208443 A JPH04208443 A JP H04208443A JP 2340658 A JP2340658 A JP 2340658A JP 34065890 A JP34065890 A JP 34065890A JP H04208443 A JPH04208443 A JP H04208443A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- rubber
- chafer
- tire
- boundary
- width direction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 241000254043 Melolonthinae Species 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003351 stiffener Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C15/00—Tyre beads, e.g. ply turn-up or overlap
- B60C15/06—Flipper strips, fillers, or chafing strips and reinforcing layers for the construction of the bead
- B60C2015/0614—Flipper strips, fillers, or chafing strips and reinforcing layers for the construction of the bead characterised by features of the chafer or clinch portion, i.e. the part of the bead contacting the rim
Landscapes
- Tires In General (AREA)
- Tyre Moulding (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
[産業上の利用分野]
本発明は、空気入りタイヤに係り、特にビード部にゴム
チェーファ−とサイドゴムとの境界を有する空気入りタ
イヤに関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire, and particularly to a pneumatic tire having a boundary between a rubber chafer and a side rubber in a bead portion.
[従来の技術]
従来、空気入りタイヤのビード部には、ビード部の剛性
を確保すると共に、リムずれによる摩耗を低減するため
に、サイドゴムと比べ硬質のゴム材が使用されているd
一方、サイドゴムにはタイヤ転勤時の変動に柔軟に対応
する軟質のゴム材が使用されている。従って、従来、空
気入りタイヤを製造する場合には、例えば、第5図に示
される如く、ゴムチェーファ−70の端部70A上にサ
イドゴム72の端部72Aをオーバラップさせて貼着し
、その後、加硫成形していた。又は、第6図に示される
如く、サイドゴム72の端部72A上にゴムチェーファ
−70の端部70Aをオーバラップさせて貼着し、その
後、加硫成形していた。[Prior Art] Conventionally, a rubber material that is harder than side rubber has been used in the bead of a pneumatic tire in order to ensure the rigidity of the bead and reduce wear caused by rim misalignment.
On the other hand, the side rubber uses a soft rubber material that can flexibly respond to changes in tire rotation. Therefore, conventionally, when manufacturing a pneumatic tire, for example, as shown in FIG. 5, an end 72A of a side rubber 72 is pasted onto an end 70A of a rubber chafer 70 in an overlapping manner, and then, It was vulcanized and molded. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 6, the end portion 70A of the rubber chafer 70 is pasted onto the end portion 72A of the side rubber 72 in an overlapping manner, and then vulcanization molding is performed.
しかしながら、これらの空気入りタイヤにおいては、第
5図及び第6図に示される如く、サイドゴム72の端部
72A近傍又はゴムチェーファ−70の端部7OA近傍
に段差部74が夫々発生する。これらの段差部74は空
気入りタイヤをモールド内で加硫成形した場合に、クリ
ーク(しわ)の核と成り易く、このクリークからセパレ
ーションが発生しタイヤ寿命を短くするという不具合が
あった。However, in these pneumatic tires, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, a stepped portion 74 is generated near the end 72A of the side rubber 72 or near the end 7OA of the rubber chafer 70, respectively. When a pneumatic tire is vulcanized in a mold, these stepped portions 74 tend to become the nucleus of creases (wrinkles), and separation occurs from these creases, resulting in a problem of shortening the life of the tire.
これを改善した空気入りタイヤとして、第7図に示され
る如く、ゴムチェーファ−70の端部70A上とサイド
ゴム72の端部72Aとの境界部に、この部位を覆うゴ
ムシート76を貼着し、その後、加硫成形した空気入り
タイヤが知られている。As a pneumatic tire that has improved this, as shown in FIG. 7, a rubber sheet 76 is attached to the boundary between the end 70A of the rubber chafer 70 and the end 72A of the side rubber 72 to cover this area. Since then, vulcanized pneumatic tires have been known.
[発明が解決しようとする課題]
しかしながら、この空気入りタイヤにおいても、ゴムシ
ート76の両端部76A、76B近傍に段差部78が夫
々発生し、これらの段差部78がクリークの核となり、
タイヤ寿命を短くするという不具合があった。[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] However, even in this pneumatic tire, step portions 78 occur near both ends 76A and 76B of the rubber sheet 76, and these step portions 78 become the core of cliques.
The problem was that it shortened the tire life.
本発明は上記事実を考慮し、ゴムチェーファ−とサイ′
ドゴムとの境界部のセパレーションを防止し、タイヤ寿
命を延ばすことができる空気入りタイヤを提供すること
が目的である。In consideration of the above facts, the present invention has developed a rubber chafer and a cylinder.
An object of the present invention is to provide a pneumatic tire that can prevent separation at the boundary with the rubber and extend the life of the tire.
[課題を解決するための手段]
上記目的を達成するため本発明では、ビード部近傍を構
成するゴムチェーファ−と、該ゴムチェーファ−と一体
押出成形により製造したサイドゴムと、を有することを
特徴としている。[Means for Solving the Problems] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is characterized by having a rubber chafer constituting the vicinity of the bead portion, and a side rubber manufactured by integral extrusion molding with the rubber chafer.
[作用]
本発明の空気入りタイヤにおいては、ゴムチェーファ−
とサイドゴムとが、デュアルチーバーによって押出成形
され、一体とされている。従って、ゴムチェーファ−と
サイドゴムとの境界部に、従来のような段差部が発生し
難い。このため、加硫成形時に、ゴムチェーファ−とサ
イドゴムとの境界部にクリークが発生することが無く、
このクリークを核として発生するゴムチェーファ−とサ
イドゴムとの境界部のセパレーションを防止し、タイヤ
寿命を延ばすことができる。[Function] In the pneumatic tire of the present invention, rubber chafer
and side rubber are extruded and integrated using a dual-chiever. Therefore, unlike the conventional type, a stepped portion is unlikely to occur at the boundary between the rubber chafer and the side rubber. For this reason, during vulcanization molding, no leaks occur at the boundary between the rubber chafer and the side rubber.
Separation at the boundary between the rubber chafer and the side rubber, which occurs with this clique as a nucleus, can be prevented and the life of the tire can be extended.
第2図に示される如く、本発明の一実施例の空気入りタ
イヤ10においては、カーカスプライ12は金属コード
からなり、ビード部10Aには、一対のビードワイヤ1
4がリング状に配置されている。また、カーカスプライ
12はビードワイヤ14の周りにビードワイヤ14の内
周をタイヤ幅方向内側(第2図の左側)から外側(第2
図の右側)へ向けて折返され、折返しプライ12Aが形
成されている。この折返しブライ12Aの第2図の上端
部、所謂ブライエンド12B近傍は、タイヤ幅方向外側
(第2図の右側)へ湾曲されている。As shown in FIG. 2, in the pneumatic tire 10 according to one embodiment of the present invention, the carcass ply 12 is made of a metal cord, and a pair of bead wires 1 are provided in the bead portion 10A.
4 are arranged in a ring shape. Further, the carcass ply 12 wraps around the bead wire 14 so that the inner periphery of the bead wire 14 runs from the inner side in the tire width direction (the left side in FIG. 2) to the outer side (the second side in the tire width direction).
The ply 12A is folded back toward the right side in the figure to form a folded ply 12A. The upper end portion of the folded braai 12A in FIG. 2, the vicinity of the so-called brai end 12B, is curved outward in the tire width direction (to the right in FIG. 2).
また、カーカスプライ12のボデーブライ12Cと折返
しブライ12Aにより囲まれる断面形状が略三角形をし
た区域内には、ビード部10Aの高い剛性を保つともに
、サイドウオール部10Bがうける繰返し応力を円滑に
ビード部10Aへ伝達するためのステイフナ一部16が
充填されている。In addition, in the area surrounded by the body bly 12C and the folded bly 12A of the carcass ply 12, which has a substantially triangular cross-sectional shape, the bead part 10A maintains high rigidity and smoothly absorbs repeated stress applied to the sidewall part 10B. A stiffener portion 16 is filled for transmission to 10A.
このステイフナ一部16はビード部10Aからサイドウ
オール部10Bに向けてその肉厚を漸減して、前記のご
とく断面形状は略三角形をなしており、サイドウオール
部10Bに近い側は軟ステイフナ−18とされ、ビード
部10Aに近い側は硬ステイフナ−20とされている。The stiffener portion 16 gradually decreases in thickness from the bead portion 10A toward the sidewall portion 10B, and has a substantially triangular cross-sectional shape as described above, and the side closer to the sidewall portion 10B has a soft stiffener 18. The side closer to the bead portion 10A is a hard stiffener 20.
ビード部10Aの、カーカスプライ12のビードワイヤ
14と反対側にはワイヤチェイファ−15が配置されて
いる。このワイヤチェイファ−15のタイヤ幅方向外側
のタイヤ半径方向外側(第2図の上側)の端部15Aは
カーカスプライ12のブライエンド12Bよりタイヤ半
径方向内側とされており、端部15A近傍は折返しプラ
イ12Aからタイヤ幅方向外側へ若干離間している。A wire chafer 15 is arranged on the bead portion 10A on the opposite side of the carcass ply 12 from the bead wire 14. An end 15A of the wire chafer 15 on the outside in the tire width direction and on the outside in the tire radial direction (upper side in FIG. 2) is located inside the bridle end 12B of the carcass ply 12 in the tire radial direction, and the vicinity of the end 15A is It is slightly spaced apart from the folded ply 12A toward the outside in the tire width direction.
また、ワイヤチェイファ−15の端部1.5Aのタイヤ
幅方向外側(第2図の右側)近傍には、ゴムチェーファ
−22とサイドゴム24の境界部26が位置している。Further, a boundary portion 26 between the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24 is located near the outer side in the tire width direction (right side in FIG. 2) of the end portion 1.5A of the wire chafer 15.
ゴムチェーファ−22はワイヤチェイファ−15のタイ
ヤ半径方向内側及びタイヤ幅方向外側部を構成している
。また、ゴムチェーファ−22はビード部10Aの剛性
を確保すると共に、ビード部10Aのリムずれによる摩
耗を低減するために、サイドゴム24と比べ硬質(硬度
75°±10°)のゴム材が使用されている。The rubber chafer 22 constitutes the inner side in the tire radial direction and the outer side in the tire width direction of the wire chafer 15. In addition, the rubber chafer 22 is made of a harder rubber material (hardness 75°±10°) than the side rubber 24 in order to ensure the rigidity of the bead portion 10A and to reduce wear due to rim displacement of the bead portion 10A. There is.
一方、サイドゴム24は、サイドウオール部10Bを構
成しており、タイヤ転勤時の変動に柔軟に対応する軟質
(硬度55°±10°)のゴム材が使用されている。On the other hand, the side rubber 24 constitutes the sidewall portion 10B, and is made of a soft (hardness: 55°±10°) rubber material that can flexibly respond to fluctuations during tire transfer.
また、ゴムチェーファ−22とサイドゴム24との境界
部26は、タイヤ幅方向内側(第2図の左側)からタイ
ヤ幅方向外側(第2図の右側)へ向けて、タイヤ半径方
向内側(第2図の下側)からタイヤ半径方向外側(第2
図の上側)へ傾斜している。Furthermore, the boundary portion 26 between the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24 extends from the inner side in the tire width direction (the left side in FIG. 2) to the outer side in the tire width direction (the right side in FIG. 2). from the lower side of the tire) to the outside in the tire radial direction (second
(upper side of the figure).
第1図に示される如く、ゴムチェーファ−22とサイド
ゴム24とは、一体押出成形(デュアルチューバー)に
より製造されており、境界部26の段差は発生しないよ
うになっている。また、グリーンタイタに巻き付ける前
の境界部26の角度θは2°〜45° (製品時で2°
〜40°)とされている。As shown in FIG. 1, the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24 are manufactured by integral extrusion molding (dual tuber), so that there is no step at the boundary portion 26. In addition, the angle θ of the boundary portion 26 before being wrapped around the green titer is 2° to 45° (2° in the product state).
~40°).
なお、第1図において、ゴムチェーファ−22とサイド
ゴム24の上側部は、タイヤ幅方向外側(第2図の右側
)部となり、下側部はタイヤ幅方向内側(第2図の左側
)部となる。また、第1図において、ゴムチェーファ−
22とサイドゴム24の右側部は、タイヤ半径方向外側
(第2図の上側)部となり、左側部はタイヤ半径方向内
側(第2図の下側)部となる。In addition, in FIG. 1, the upper part of the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24 is the outer part in the tire width direction (right side in FIG. 2), and the lower part is the inner part in the tire width direction (left side in FIG. 2). . Also, in Figure 1, the rubber chafer
22 and the right side of the side rubber 24 become the radially outer part of the tire (upper side in FIG. 2), and the left part becomes the radially inner part of the tire (lower side in FIG. 2).
次に、本実施例の作用に着いて説明する。Next, the operation of this embodiment will be explained.
本実施例の空気入りタイヤ10においては、ゴムチェー
ファ−22とサイドゴム24とが、デュアルチーバーに
よって押出成形され、一体とされている。従って、ゴム
チェーファ−22とサイドゴム24との境界部26に、
従来のような段差部が発生し難い。このたt1加硫成形
時に、ゴムチェーファ−22とサイドゴム24との境界
部26にクリークが発生することが無く、このクリーク
を核として発生するゴムチェーファ−22とサイドゴム
24との境界部24のセパレーションを防止し、タイヤ
寿命を延ばすことができる。In the pneumatic tire 10 of this embodiment, the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24 are integrally formed by extrusion molding using a dual cheater. Therefore, at the boundary 26 between the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24,
Unlike the conventional type, step portions are less likely to occur. In addition, during t1 vulcanization molding, no leakage occurs at the boundary 26 between the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24, and separation at the boundary 24 between the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24, which would occur due to this leak, is prevented. This can extend the life of your tires.
また、第1図に示される如く、ゴムチェーファ−22と
サイドゴム24とのグリーンタイタに巻き付ける前の境
界部26の角度θは2°〜45゜が好ましく、角度θが
2°より小さい場合には、ゴムチェーファ−22の端部
が薄くなりすぎ、セパレーションの原因となり易い。ま
た、角度θが45°より大きい場合には、ゴムチェーフ
ァ−22とサイドゴム24との接着面積が小さくなりす
ぎセパレーションの原因となり易い。Further, as shown in FIG. 1, the angle θ of the boundary portion 26 between the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24 before being wrapped around the green titer is preferably 2° to 45°, and when the angle θ is smaller than 2°, The end of the rubber chafer 22 becomes too thin, which tends to cause separation. Further, if the angle θ is larger than 45°, the adhesive area between the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24 becomes too small, which tends to cause separation.
なお、上証実施例においては、第1図に示される如く、
ゴムチェーファ−22とサイドゴム24の境界部26を
、タイヤ幅方向内側(第1図の下側)からタイヤ幅方向
外側(第1図の上側)へ向けて、タイヤ半径方向内側(
第1図の左側)からタイヤ半径方向外側(第1図の右側
)へ傾斜させたが、これに代えて、第3図に示される如
く、ゴムチェーファ−22とサイドゴム24の境界部2
6を、タイヤ幅方向内側(第1図の下側)からタイヤ幅
方向外側(第1図の上側)へ向けて、タイヤ半径方向外
側(第1図の右側)からタイヤ半径方向内側(第1図の
左側)へ傾斜させても良く。In addition, in the above-mentioned example, as shown in FIG.
The boundary portion 26 between the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24 is moved from the inner side in the tire width direction (lower side in Figure 1) to the outer side in the tire width direction (upper side in Figure 1), and
The boundary portion 2 between the rubber chafer 22 and the side rubber 24 is inclined from the left side in FIG. 1 to the outside in the tire radial direction (the right side in FIG. 1).
6 from the inner side in the tire width direction (lower side in Figure 1) to the outer side in the tire width direction (upper side in Figure 1), and from the outer side in the tire radial direction (right side in Figure 1) to the inner side in the tire radial direction (first side in the tire width direction). It may also be tilted to the left side of the figure.
また、第4図に示されえる如く、ゴムチェーファ−22
とサイドゴム24の境界部26のタイヤ幅方向外側端部
近傍に屈曲部26Aを設けても良い。Moreover, as shown in FIG. 4, the rubber chafer 22
A bent portion 26A may be provided near the outer end in the tire width direction of the boundary portion 26 between the side rubber 24 and the side rubber 24.
本発明は上記の構成としたので、ゴムチェーファ−とサ
イドゴムとの境界部のセパレーションを防止し、タイヤ
寿命を延ばすことができるという優れた効果を有する。Since the present invention has the above structure, it has the excellent effect of preventing separation at the boundary between the rubber chafer and the side rubber and extending the life of the tire.
第1図は本発明の一実施例の空気入りタイヤにおけるゴ
ムチェーファ−とサイドゴムとの境界部の加硫成形前の
状態を示す断面図、第2図は本発明の一実施例の空気入
りタイヤのビード部を示す一部ハッチングを省略したタ
イヤ子午線断面の片側断面図、第3図及び第4図は本発
明の他の実施例の空気入りタイヤにおけるゴムチェーフ
ァ−とサイドゴムとの境界部の加硫成形前の状態を示す
断面図、第5図は従来例の空気入りタイヤにおけるゴム
チェーファ−とサイドゴムとの境界部の加硫成形前の状
態を示す断面図、第6図及び第7図は他の従来例の空気
入りタイヤにおけるゴムチェーファ−とサイドゴムとの
境界部の加硫成形前の状態を示す断面図である。
10・・・空気入りタイヤ、
10A・・・ビード部、
22・・・ゴムチェーファ−、
24・・・サイドゴム、
26・・・境界部。
第2図
2AFIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the state of the boundary between the rubber chafer and side rubber before vulcanization molding in a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 3 and 4 are half-sectional views of a tire meridian cross section showing a bead portion with some hatching omitted, and FIGS. 3 and 4 are vulcanization molding of the boundary between a rubber chafer and a side rubber in a pneumatic tire according to another embodiment of the present invention. 5 is a sectional view showing the state before vulcanization molding of the boundary between the rubber chafer and the side rubber in a conventional pneumatic tire, and FIGS. 6 and 7 are other conventional pneumatic tires. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the state of the boundary between the rubber chafer and the side rubber in the pneumatic tire of the example before vulcanization molding. DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10... Pneumatic tire, 10A... Bead part, 22... Rubber chafer, 24... Side rubber, 26... Boundary part. Figure 2 2A
Claims (1)
ゴムチェーファーと一体押出成形により製造したサイド
ゴムと、を有することを特徴とする空気入りタイヤ。(1) A pneumatic tire characterized by having a rubber chafer constituting the vicinity of a bead portion, and a side rubber manufactured by integral extrusion molding with the rubber chafer.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2340658A JPH04208443A (en) | 1990-11-30 | 1990-11-30 | Pneumatic tire |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2340658A JPH04208443A (en) | 1990-11-30 | 1990-11-30 | Pneumatic tire |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH04208443A true JPH04208443A (en) | 1992-07-30 |
Family
ID=18339083
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2340658A Pending JPH04208443A (en) | 1990-11-30 | 1990-11-30 | Pneumatic tire |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH04208443A (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1207033A1 (en) * | 2000-11-07 | 2002-05-22 | Bridgestone Corporation | Method and device for producing a two-part tire layer |
EP1240994A1 (en) * | 2001-03-12 | 2002-09-18 | Bridgestone Corporation | Method and apparatus for extruding unvulcanized rubber |
KR100504336B1 (en) * | 1998-09-18 | 2005-10-19 | 한국타이어 주식회사 | Radial tires for passenger cars with side parts extruded rubber chafer |
JP2009056652A (en) * | 2007-08-30 | 2009-03-19 | Bridgestone Corp | Method for molding pneumatic tire, and pneumatic tire |
US20120160392A1 (en) * | 2010-12-22 | 2012-06-28 | Philip Carl Van Riper | Tire with optimized chafer |
JP2015044320A (en) * | 2013-08-27 | 2015-03-12 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | Production method of tire for heavy load |
-
1990
- 1990-11-30 JP JP2340658A patent/JPH04208443A/en active Pending
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100504336B1 (en) * | 1998-09-18 | 2005-10-19 | 한국타이어 주식회사 | Radial tires for passenger cars with side parts extruded rubber chafer |
EP1207033A1 (en) * | 2000-11-07 | 2002-05-22 | Bridgestone Corporation | Method and device for producing a two-part tire layer |
US6866494B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2005-03-15 | Bridgestone Corporation | Device for producing a two-part tire layer |
EP1240994A1 (en) * | 2001-03-12 | 2002-09-18 | Bridgestone Corporation | Method and apparatus for extruding unvulcanized rubber |
US6875004B2 (en) | 2001-03-12 | 2005-04-05 | Bridgestone Corporation | Apparatus for extruding unvulcanized rubber |
US7258827B2 (en) * | 2001-03-12 | 2007-08-21 | Bridgestone Corporation | Method for extruding unvulcanized rubber |
JP2009056652A (en) * | 2007-08-30 | 2009-03-19 | Bridgestone Corp | Method for molding pneumatic tire, and pneumatic tire |
US20120160392A1 (en) * | 2010-12-22 | 2012-06-28 | Philip Carl Van Riper | Tire with optimized chafer |
JP2015044320A (en) * | 2013-08-27 | 2015-03-12 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | Production method of tire for heavy load |
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