JP3346182B2 - Method for estimating the remaining capacity of electric vehicle batteries - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for estimating a state of charge of a battery used in an electric vehicle such as an electric vehicle.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, when estimating the remaining capacity of a battery of an electric vehicle or the like, it is calculated by the following equation (1).

(Remaining capacity) = (estimated battery capacity) − (discharge power amount) (1) Here, the power calculation method calculated from the Wh-P characteristic is used to estimate the discharge power amount in Expression (1). Is used, and the Wh integration method of actually measuring and integrating discharge power is used.

[0003]

However, no matter which method is used, an estimation error of the discharge power amount occurs. FIG.
0 is a diagram qualitatively showing the relationship between the depth of discharge (DOD) of the battery and the estimation error of the amount of discharged electric power, L1 shows the case of the power calculation method, and L2 shows the case of the Wh integration method. . In the case of the power calculation method, an error at the time of measuring the current and the voltage causes a power calculation error, and the power calculation error is reflected in the estimated discharge power amount and becomes an estimation error. This error increases as the internal resistance of the battery decreases (battery performance improves), and increases as the depth of discharge decreases as shown in FIG.
On the other hand, in the case of the Wh integration method, errors in current and voltage measurement accumulate as the amount of discharge power increases, that is, as the depth of discharge increases, so that the error increases as the depth of discharge increases. As a result, there is a disadvantage that the error becomes larger than a predetermined remaining capacity indication accuracy in a region where the depth of discharge is shallow when the power calculation method is used, and in a region where the depth of discharge is deep when the Wh integration method is used. Was.

An object of the present invention is to provide a remaining capacity estimating method capable of accurately calculating the remaining capacity of a battery.

[0005]

(1) In the method for estimating the remaining capacity of an electric vehicle battery according to the first aspect of the present invention, a maximum output is obtained based on a current value and a terminal voltage value during charging / discharging of the electric vehicle battery. A second discharge integrated based on the calculated and correlated relationship between the discharge power and the maximum output and the first discharge power calculated based on the calculated maximum output, and the current value and the terminal voltage value The above object is achieved by calculating the remaining capacity of the battery by switching and using the electric energy according to the depth of discharge of the battery. (2) In the method for estimating the remaining capacity of an electric vehicle battery according to the second aspect of the present invention, a maximum output is calculated based on a current value and a terminal voltage value at the time of charging and discharging of the electric vehicle battery, and the discharge power amount and the maximum output And a second discharge power amount calculated based on the current value and the terminal voltage value, and a second discharge power amount calculated based on the correlation with The ratio of the amount of discharge power to the power capacity that can guarantee the minimum guaranteed output that the electric vehicle can run is determined by the depth of discharge CAPODOD.
A third discharge power amount is calculated based on the first discharge power amount and the second discharge power amount and a weighting based on the first and second discharge power amounts based on the discharge depth CAPODOD. The above object is achieved by calculating the remaining capacity. (3) According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the method for estimating a remaining capacity of an electric vehicle battery according to the second aspect, the first discharge power amount is W
h1, the second discharge power amount is Wh2, and M (CAPDOD) is a function of the discharge depth CAPODOD, and the third discharge power amount Wh3 is Wh3 = Wh1 × M (CAPDOD) + Wh1 × ｛1
-M (CAPDOD)｝

[0006]

(1) According to the first aspect of the present invention, the first and second discharge powers are switched according to the depth of discharge, and the remaining capacity is obtained from one of the discharge powers. The accuracy is improved and the calculation is simplified. (2) According to the second aspect of the present invention, when calculating the remaining capacity, the third discharge power may be calculated with emphasis on the smaller error between the first and second discharge powers. Therefore, the accuracy of the calculated remaining capacity error can be improved. (3) In particular, in the invention of claim 3, by changing the function M (CAPDOD), it is possible to calculate the optimum third discharge power amount according to the battery.

[0007]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams qualitatively showing an error in the discharge power calculation value. FIG. 3A shows the case where the Wh integration method is used, and FIG. 3B shows the case where the power calculation method is used. In the figure, the vertical axis indicates the discharge power calculation value (Wh calculation value), and the horizontal axis indicates the true value of the discharge power Wh, and a1 and a2 indicate error ranges. In the Wh integration method shown in FIG. 3A, as described above, since the accumulation of the current and voltage errors during the measurement of the discharge power is a factor of the error, the error increases as the Wh operation value increases. In the example shown in the figure, the error is about ± 8% where the calculated Wh value is large (where the discharge depth is almost 100%). Usually, the calculation accuracy is required to be about ± 5%. Therefore, the required accuracy cannot be satisfied at a deep discharge depth, that is, at the end of discharge. On the other hand, in the case of the power calculation method shown in FIG. 3B, the error is large when the Wh calculation value is small (the depth of discharge is small), and the error decreases as the Wh calculation value increases. In the example shown in the figure, the error is about ± 10% when the calculated Wh value is almost zero, and it can be seen that the required accuracy is not satisfied at the shallow depth of discharge.

Therefore, in the state of charge estimation method according to the present invention, the amount of discharge power is calculated by using both the power calculation method and the Wh integration method. As an example, as shown in FIG. 4, when the depth of discharge (DOD) is 50%, the system is switched from the Wh integration method to the power calculation method. That is, the DOD is calculated by the Wh integration method from 0 to 50%, and the DOD is calculated by the power calculation method from 50 to 100%. By switching the calculation method as shown in FIG. 4, the error in the Wh calculation value can be suppressed to the target ± 5% even at the largest position.

In FIG. 4, the Dh is switched from the Wh integration method to the power calculation method when the DOD is 50%. However, when these two methods are used together, the respective weights are selected according to the error situation of each method. At this time, the following two factors can be considered as switching factors. The first factor relates to an error when the power calculation method is used, and will be described with reference to FIG. In the power calculation method, the current I and the voltage V are measured by detecting the change in the battery current, and the IV characteristic is linearly regression-calculated from the plurality of measured I and V as shown in FIG. The maximum output Pmax of the battery at that time is calculated from the intersection with the discharge end voltage Vmin. Therefore, if an error of ± ΔV occurs in the voltage V, an error ± ΔImax occurs in the current Imax obtained from the regression line as shown in FIG. 5B, and as a result, an error ΔP occurs in the maximum output Pmax.
= Vmin × ΔImax. In FIG. 5B, the internal resistance R of the battery indicated by the straight line B1 is smaller than the internal resistance R of the battery indicated by the straight line B2, and the battery performance is better. ± ΔIma
x increases. When the error ± ΔImax occurs, FIG.
As shown in FIG.
An error ΔWh occurs according to P. Here, the depth of discharge DO
Comparing the region C1 where D is shallow with the region C2 where DOD is deep, it can be seen that the error ΔWh is larger when the DOD is shallower.

The above-mentioned maximum output Pmax is the dischargeable power (power calculation value) of the vehicle.
It is not synonymous with the maximum output P'max of the battery alone. That is, the power of the battery is expressed by the following equation using the discharge current I and the discharge voltage V.

[Number 2] P = IV = I (E- V) / R = - (V 2 -EV) / R = {- I (V-E / 2) 2 / R} + E 2 / 4R ... (2) However , E is the open circuit voltage of the battery, and R is the internal resistance of the battery. Therefore, the maximum output of the battery alone is uniquely determined by the power P′max = E ² / 4R at V = E / 2. On the other hand, the operating voltage range of the battery in the vehicle is V = E / 2 or more, and the maximum output P'max of the battery is not used. However, the lower limit value Vmin of the working voltage of the vehicle is as follows (a),
The power reaching this voltage Vmin is determined as the maximum output Pmax = Imax × V as a vehicle.
min. Here, Imax is a current value at the time of Vmin. (A) Lower limit voltage of operating voltage range considering battery life (discharge end voltage) (b) Lower limit voltage of operating voltage range capable of guaranteeing performance and function of vehicle mounted unit

Next, the second factor relating to the switching is as follows.
This is related to the fact that battery characteristics differ depending on the battery type.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing Wh-P characteristics Wh (P) similar to FIG. 5C, but FIG. 6A shows the case of a lithium ion battery.
(B) shows the case of a lead-acid battery. In addition, the horizontal axis is shown by DOD for easy understanding. In the case of the lithium ion battery of FIG. 6A, the power P and the depth of discharge DOD
(Discharge power Wh (P)) has a one-to-one correspondence. However, in the case of the lead-acid battery of FIG. 6B, two discharge depths DOD (discharge power Wh
(P)) corresponds. For this reason, in a battery having characteristics such as a lithium ion battery, the power calculation method can be used in the entire region of the depth of discharge DOD, but in a battery such as a lead-acid battery having the characteristics as shown in FIG. The power calculation method can be used only at a depth deeper than E in the figure (right side in the figure from E).

Therefore, when the power calculation method and the Wh integration method are used together, the accuracy of the remaining capacity estimation by the power calculation method is lower than the required accuracy in a region where the depth of discharge is shallow. When using the power calculation method, the ratio of the Wh integration method is increased, and conversely, the calculation accuracy of the power calculation method can be sufficiently obtained at the end of discharge when the depth of discharge DOD is deepened. Increase the proportion of

Here, the depth of discharge CAPDOD is defined by the following equation (3).
This will be described using OD.

CAPODOD = WhR / Wh (Pmin) (3) In equation (3), WhR is the integrated discharge power, Wh (P
min) is the full capacity of the battery and is the absolute capacity that can guarantee the minimum guaranteed output Pmin required for the vehicle.
h (Pmin) is obtained by adding Pmin to the expression Wh (P) representing the Wh-P characteristic.
Is the value to which. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between the CAPODOD and the origin (EMPTY) of the remaining capacity meter.
CAPODOD increases from 0% as the discharge power amount WhR increases. Then, the remaining capacity meter displays EMPTY before the CAPODOD becomes 100%. At this point, the vehicle can travel to 100% of the CAPODOD at which the output becomes Pmin. That is, the remaining capacity meter is EMPTY
Is also provided with a margin of ΔWh shown in the figure.

When the two methods are weighted as described above, the discharge power WhE calculated using the discharge power WhR calculated by the Wh integration method and Wh (Pmax) calculated by the power calculation method. Is represented by the following equation (4).

WhE = WhR × M (CAPDOD) + Wh (Pmax) × {1−M (CAPDOD)} (4) where the weight M (CAPDOD) is a function of the depth of discharge CAPODOD, and Wh (Pmax) Is the discharge power amount up to the present calculated by the power calculation method. For example,

[Mathematical formula-see original document] If M (CAPDOD) = 1-CAPDOD (5), as shown in FIG.
As the APDOD becomes deeper, it decreases from 1 to zero, and the discharge power WhE shifts from WhR to Wh (Pmax) as shown in FIG. 8B. In FIG. 8B, the vertical axis represents the amount of discharge power, and the horizontal axis represents power P. FIG.
(C) shows a predetermined discharge depth CAPDO as shown in FIG.
D shows the relationship between CAPODOD and M (CAPDOD) when switching from the Wh integration method to the power calculation method.

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a state-of-charge calculating device for driving such a state-of-charge meter by performing such state-of-charge calculations, and FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the state-of-charge control. The control of the above-described remaining capacity meter will be described. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 1 denotes a remaining capacity meter control calculation unit, a discharge capacity calculation unit 11, and a power integrated capacity calculation unit 1.
2, minimum guaranteed power Pmin calculation unit 13, full capacity Wh
(Pmin) operation unit 14, discharge depth CAPDOD operation unit 1
5, a remaining capacity calculation unit 16 is provided. Reference numeral 2 denotes a power calculation unit, 3 denotes a voltage detection unit, 4 denotes a current detection unit, 5 denotes a temperature detection unit, and 6 denotes output limit control and meter output control based on the calculation result of the remaining capacity meter control calculation unit 1. It is a control unit to perform.

In the flowchart of FIG. 2, in step S1, a change in the current of the battery is detected to sample and store the current I and the voltage V. In step S2, as described above (FIG. 5A)
The power calculation unit 2 calculates the maximum output Pmax of the battery. In step S3, the discharge capacity calculation unit 11 calculates the power calculation value Pmax of the discharge power Wh according to the battery characteristics.
Is calculated. When calculating the characteristic expression Wh (Pmax), the battery deterioration and the temperature T
, The characteristic equation is corrected, but the description is omitted. In step S4, the minimum guaranteed power Pmi is calculated by the arithmetic unit 13.
n is calculated, and the full capacity W
h (Pmin) is calculated. In step S5, the operation unit 16 calculates the capacity WhC of the remaining capacity meter when the EMPTY lamp is turned on as in the following equation (6).

[Mathematical formula-see original document] WhC = Wh (Pmin)-[Delta] Wh (6) [Delta] Wh is the amount of power guaranteed after EMPTY lighting as described above.

In step S6, the calculation unit 12 constantly measures and integrates the IV to integrate the discharge power amount WhR up to the present. In step S7, each time a new Pmax1 is obtained, it is substituted into the characteristic formula Wh (Pmax) to calculate the discharge power amount Wh (Pmax1) up to the present. Note that the discharge power amount Wh (P
max) is calculated by the following equation (7) in consideration of battery charging and regenerative charging.

(Equation 7) That is, the charge amount is subtracted using the latest discharge power amount Wh (Pmax1) before charging as a reference value. In equation (7), the integral of the second term is the charging current integration, where Vec is the discharge power conversion voltage (a constant corresponding to the depth of discharge), and φ is the charging efficiency (a constant corresponding to the current). In addition, the discharge power amount Wh at the time of charging
(Pmax) is a provisional value, and is updated (reset) when the power calculation is obtained again after the start of discharge. When the full charge condition is completed, Wh (Pmax) = 0 and the remaining capacity meter is reset.

In step S8, the averaged discharge power amount WhE is calculated as in the above equation (4). In step S9, the remaining capacity of the battery is calculated by the calculation unit 16 using the following equation (8).

(Residual capacity) = WhC-WhE (8) FIG. 9 shows the relationship between the amounts (WhC and the like) calculated in the above-described flow in a graph of power characteristics versus discharge power amount.
Regarding the fully charged lamp point and extinguishing of the remaining capacity meter,
When the normal end condition of the normal charge control is satisfied (this is defined as full charge), the discharge power amount is set to WhR = 0, the full charge lamp is turned on, and when WhR> the specified discharge power amount, the lamp is turned off. Here, the reason why WhR is used is that the resolution is insufficient with Wh (Pmax) using the power calculation method in a state near full charge.

In the correspondence between the embodiment described above and the elements of the claims, Wh (Pmax) represents the first discharge power Wh1, WhR represents the second discharge power Wh2,
WhE constitutes the third discharge power amount Wh3.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a remaining capacity calculation device.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a remaining capacity meter control.

3A and 3B are diagrams qualitatively showing an error in a discharge power calculation value, where FIG. 3A shows a case where a Wh integration method is used, and FIG. 3B shows a case where a power calculation method is used.

FIG. 4 is a view for explaining a discharge power amount using both a power calculation method and a Wh integration method.

5A and 5B are diagrams illustrating an error factor of a power calculation method, wherein FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating a linear regression line of an IV characteristic, and FIG.
7 is a diagram illustrating an error ΔP, and FIG. 7C is a diagram illustrating an error ΔWh.

6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating Wh-P characteristics, wherein FIG. 6A shows a case of a lithium ion battery, and FIG. 6B shows a case of a lead-acid battery.

FIG. 7 shows the depth of discharge (CAPDOD) and the origin (E
MPTY).

8A and 8B are diagrams for explaining an averaging process, in which FIG. 8A shows a relationship between a depth of discharge CAPDOD and a weight M, and FIG.
The figure which shows the change of E qualitatively, (c) is discharge depth CAPD.
Another example of the relationship between the OD and the weight M is shown.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing power characteristics versus discharge power.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a depth of discharge DOD and an error.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Remaining capacity meter control calculation part 2 Power calculation part 3 Voltage detection part 4 Current detection part 5 Temperature detection part 6 Control part 11 Discharge capacity calculation part 12 Power integrated capacity calculation part 13 Minimum guaranteed power Pmin calculation part 14 Full capacity Wh (Pmin ) Calculation unit 15 Discharge depth CAPDOD calculation unit 16 Remaining capacity calculation unit

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuation of the front page (56) References JP-A-7-191109 (JP, A) (58) Fields investigated (Int. Cl. ⁷ , DB name) G01R 31/36 B60L 3/00 H02J 7 / 00

Claims (3)

(57) [Claims] 1. A current value during charging and discharging of a battery for an electric vehicle, and
The maximum output is calculated based on the terminal voltage value, and the
The correlation with the maximum output and the calculated maximum output
A first discharge power amount calculated based on the current value,
Discharge electric energy integrated based on and the terminal voltage value
Rukoto used is switched depending bets on the depth of discharge of the battery
Charge estimating method for a battery electric vehicle, and calculates the remaining capacity of the battery by. 2. The current value during charging and discharging of a battery for an electric vehicle, and
The maximum output is calculated based on the terminal voltage value, and the correlation between the discharge power amount and the maximum output and the calculated
A first discharge power amount calculated based on the maximum output,
A second integrated based on the current value and the terminal voltage value
And calculating the ratio of the second discharge power amount to the power capacity that can guarantee the minimum guaranteed output in which the electric vehicle can travel, by calculating the discharge depth CAPODOD.
And the first discharge power amount and the second discharge power
Based on the amount and the discharge depth CAPDOD for them
Calculating a third amount of electric power discharged on the basis of the weighting and the remaining capacity estimating process of the electrical for vehicle battery and calculates the remaining capacity of the battery based on the discharge power of the third. 3. The remaining capacity estimating method according to claim 2 , wherein the first discharge power amount is Wh1, the second discharge power amount is Wh2, and M (CAPDOD) is a function of the discharge depth CAPDOD. When the third discharge power amount Wh3 is Wh3
= Wh2 × M (CAPDOD) + Wh1 × ｛1-M (CAPDO
D) A method for estimating the remaining capacity of an electric vehicle battery of an electric vehicle battery, wherein the calculation is performed in (1).