JP2021164178A - Power supply system - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a power supply system capable of establishing both of maintenance of supply of power to a power load and improvement of convenience.SOLUTION: A power supply system comprises a storage battery capable of being charged with/discharged of power and an EMS capable of controlling operation of a plurality of power loads. The EMS can execute residual stored power amount prediction processing (step S10 to step S13) of predicting a residual stored power amount of the storage battery at the time of outage; and suppression processing (step S14 to step S18) of suppressing power consumption of a first power load (the most important load of the most important circuit) belonging to a first group of the plurality of power loads when it is predicted that the residual stored power amount of the storage battery is to be smaller than a first threshold (threshold α).SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 6

Description

The present invention relates to a technique of a power supply system having a power storage device.

Conventionally, the technology of a power supply system having a power storage device has been known. For example, as described in Patent Document 1.

Patent Document 1 includes a solar power generation unit capable of generating electricity using natural energy, a power storage device capable of charging and discharging electric power, and a hot water supply device capable of consuming electric power to generate and store heat. The system is described.

In the power supply system, when surplus power (power generated by the solar power generation unit minus power charged to the power storage device and power consumed by the power load) is generated, the hot water supply device is used. It is configured to consume the surplus electric power in the hot water supply device by operating it. With this configuration, the surplus power can be effectively utilized.

However, the technique described in Patent Document 1 relates to an operation method of a power supply system when a power failure does not occur (normal time), and does not propose an operation method at the time of a power failure. Since the power supply from the grid power supply is cut off during a power outage, the consumption of limited power (power generated by the solar power generation unit, charging power of the power storage device, etc.) is suppressed even during a long-term power outage. , It is required to maintain a state in which electric power can be supplied. On the other hand, there is also a demand for electric power users (for example, residents of houses) to use electric power as much as possible even in the event of a power outage to improve the convenience of living. In this way, in the event of a power outage, the issue is how to achieve both maintenance of power supply to the power load and improvement of convenience.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2011-41380

The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and the problem to be solved is power supply capable of achieving both maintenance of power supply to the power load and improvement of convenience. To provide a system.

The problem to be solved by the present invention is as described above, and next, the means for solving this problem will be described.

That is, claim 1 includes a storage battery capable of charging and discharging electric power, and a control unit capable of controlling the operation of a plurality of power loads that operate by receiving the supply of electric power from the storage battery. Is a storage remaining amount prediction process for predicting the remaining stored amount of the storage battery at the time of a power failure, and when it is predicted that the stored amount remaining amount of the storage battery is less than the first threshold value, among the plurality of power loads, It is possible to execute a suppression process for suppressing the power consumption of the first power load belonging to one group.

In claim 2, the control unit individually predicts the power consumption of the plurality of first power loads belonging to the first group, and in the suppression process, the power consumption of the plurality of first power loads is determined. It is to be suppressed individually.

In claim 3, when it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery will be less than the first threshold value, the control unit is different from the first group among the plurality of power loads. It is possible to execute the stop processing to stop the operation of the second power load belonging to the group of.

In claim 4, the control unit disengages the second power load by using a relay provided in the middle of the distribution line that supplies power to the second power load in the stop processing. , The operation of the second power load is stopped.

In claim 5, the control unit executes the suppression process with priority over the stop process.

In claim 6, the control unit repeatedly executes the storage remaining amount prediction process, the suppression process, and the stop process a plurality of times.

In claim 7, the control unit stops the second power load when it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery will be equal to or higher than the second threshold set to the value equal to or higher than the first threshold. It is possible to execute the operation process to operate.

According to claim 8, when it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery will be equal to or higher than the second threshold value, the control unit can execute an increase process for increasing the power consumption of the first power load. Is.

In claim 9, the control unit executes the operation process with priority over the ascending process.

In claim 10, a power generation unit capable of generating power by using natural energy is further provided, and the control unit includes a surplus power prediction process for predicting whether or not surplus power is generated in the power generation unit, and surplus power generation. Of the first power load, the specific operation process for operating the specific power load can be executed only when it is predicted to be performed.

As the effect of the present invention, the following effects are exhibited.

In claim 1, it is possible to both maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load and improve the convenience.

In claim 2, it is possible to more appropriately balance the maintenance of the supply of electric power to the electric power load and the improvement of convenience.

In claim 3, it is possible to both maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load and improve the convenience.

In claim 4, since it is not necessary to individually control the second power load, processing can be facilitated.

In claim 5, convenience can be improved.

In claim 6, appropriate processing can be performed.

In claim 7, it is possible to both maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load and improve the convenience.

In claim 8, it is possible to both maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load and improve the convenience.

In claim 9, convenience can be improved.

In claim 10, it is possible to more effectively maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load.

The block diagram which showed the structure of the power supply system which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention. The figure which showed the connection relation of EMS. The figure which showed an example of the power supply mode at the time of a normal time (during a non-power failure). The figure which showed an example of the power supply mode at the time of a power failure. The figure which showed the list of the load. The figure which showed the flowchart of the control at the time of a power failure. The figure which showed the continuation of the flowchart of FIG. The figure which showed the continuation of the flowchart of FIG. The figure which showed the concrete example of the stage which predicted the electric power demand. (A) The figure which showed the specific example of the stage where the power consumption was suppressed. (B) The figure which showed the specific example of the stage which increased the power consumption. (A) The figure which showed the specific example of the stage which further increased the power consumption. (B) The figure which showed the specific example of the stage which decided the operation of a water heater.

Hereinafter, the power supply system 1 according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. In this specification, the "upstream side" and the "downstream side" are based on the power supply direction from the system power supply K.

The power supply system 1 shown in FIG. 1 supplies power from the system power supply K and generated power to a load (power load). The electric power supply system 1 is provided in a house and supplies electric power to a load of the house (for example, equipment of the house). The power supply system 1 mainly includes a distribution board 10, a general circuit 20, an important circuit 30, the most important circuit 40, a power storage system 50, a specific circuit 60, a relay 70, and an EMS 80.

The distribution board 10 distributes the power supplied from the power supply source (system power supply K or the power storage system 50 described later) to the load. The distribution board 10 is connected to the system power supply K via the distribution line L1. The distribution board 10 is connected to various loads provided in the house. Specifically, the distribution board 10 is connected to a load (not shown) of a house via a general circuit 20 described later. Further, the distribution board 10 is connected to a load of a house (in this embodiment, a television or the like) via a hybrid power conditioner 53, a specific circuit 60, and an important circuit 30, which will be described later. Further, the distribution board 10 is connected to a load of a house (in the present embodiment, a refrigerator or the like) via a hybrid power conditioner 53, a specific circuit 60, and the most important circuit 40, which will be described later.

The general circuit 20 supplies the supplied electric power to a load provided in the house. The general circuit 20 is connected to the distribution board 10.

The important circuit 30 supplies the supplied electric power to a load provided in the house. The important circuit 30 is connected to the distribution board 10 via the hybrid power conditioner 53 and the specific circuit 60.

The most important circuit 40 supplies the supplied electric power to a load provided in the house. The most important circuit 40 is connected to the distribution board 10 via the hybrid power conditioner 53 and the specific circuit 60.

Here, the general circuit 20, the important circuit 30, and the most important circuit 40 are connected to different loads. That is, the general circuit 20, the important circuit 30, and the most important circuit 40 supply electric power to loads different from each other. Specifically, the important circuit 30 and the most important circuit 40 are connected to a relatively important load (specifically, a load in which power is preferably supplied even during a power failure). Further, the most important circuit 40 is connected to a load that is more important than the important circuit 30 (specifically, a load that needs to supply electric power even during a power failure). Further, the general circuit 20 is connected to another load (specifically, a load that is less necessary to supply electric power in the event of a power failure).

In the present embodiment, as an example, it is assumed that the important circuit 30 is connected to the television 31, the charger 32, the microwave oven 33, the rice cooker 34, and the washing machine 35. Further, it is assumed that the most important circuit 40 is connected to the refrigerator 41, the lighting 42, the air conditioner 43, and the water heater 44 (heat pump water heater). Further, it is assumed that the general circuit 20 is connected to other loads.

In the present embodiment, for convenience, the loads connected to the general circuit 20, the important circuit 30, and the most important circuit 40 may be referred to as "general load", "important load", and "most important load", respectively.

The power storage system 50 stores electric power and supplies it to a load. The power storage system 50 includes a photovoltaic power generation unit 51, a storage battery 52, and a hybrid power conditioner 53.

The photovoltaic power generation unit 51 is a device that generates electricity using sunlight. The photovoltaic power generation unit 51 is composed of a solar cell panel or the like. The photovoltaic power generation unit 51 is installed in a sunny place such as on the roof of a house, for example.

The storage battery 52 is configured to be rechargeable with electric power. The storage battery 52 is composed of, for example, a lithium ion battery. The storage battery 52 is connected to the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 via a hybrid power conditioner 53, which will be described later.

The hybrid power conditioner 53 appropriately converts electric power (hybrid power conditioner). The hybrid power conditioner 53 can output the electric power generated by the solar power generation unit 51 and the electric power discharged from the storage battery 52 to the distribution board 10 and the specific circuit 60 described later, and also can output the electric power from the distribution board 10 to the storage battery. It is configured to be able to output to 52. Further, the hybrid power conditioner 53 is configured to be able to acquire information on the performance and operating state of the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 and the storage battery 52. The hybrid power conditioner 53 is connected to the distribution board 10 via the distribution line L2 and the distribution line L3. The hybrid power conditioner 53 of the power storage system 50 can perform a load follow-up operation in which the power to be discharged (output) can be adjusted according to the power consumption of the load based on the detection result of the power sensor (not shown).

The specific circuit 60 supplies the supplied electric power to the important circuit 30 and the most important circuit 40. The specific circuit 60 is connected to the hybrid power conditioner 53 via the distribution line L4. Further, the specific circuit 60 is connected to the important circuit 30 via the distribution line L5. Further, the specific circuit 60 is connected to the most important circuit 40 via the distribution line L6.

The relay 70 switches whether or not electric power can be distributed via the distribution line L5. The relay 70 is provided in the middle of the distribution line L5. The relay 70 can be switched ON / OFF (open / close) based on a control signal from the outside.

The EMS 80 shown in FIG. 2 is an energy management system (Energy Management System) that manages the operation of the power supply system 1. The EMS 80 includes an arithmetic processing unit such as a CPU, a storage unit such as a RAM or ROM, an input / output unit such as a touch panel, and the like. Various information, programs, and the like used when controlling the operation of the power supply system 1 are stored in advance in the storage unit of the EMS 80. The arithmetic processing unit of the EMS 80 can operate the power supply system 1 by executing the program and performing predetermined arithmetic processing or the like using the various information.

The EMS 80 is electrically connected to the hybrid power conditioner 53. The EMS 80 is configured so that a predetermined signal can be input from the hybrid power conditioner 53, and various information regarding the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 and the storage battery 52 can be acquired.

Further, the EMS 80 is electrically connected to the relay 70 and can control the operation of the relay 70.

Further, the EMS 80 is electrically connected to the lighting 42, the air conditioner 43 and the water heater 44 of the most important circuit 40, and can control the operation of the lighting 42, the air conditioner 43 and the water heater 44.

Next, the outline of the power supply mode of the power supply system 1 will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.

As shown in FIG. 3, the hybrid power conditioner 53 supplies the electric power generated by the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 to the distribution board 10 via the distribution line L2 in a normal time (during a non-power failure). The electric power is supplied to the general circuit 20 in response to the demand of the general load. Further, the electric power is supplied to the important circuit 30 and the most important circuit 40 via the distribution line L3, the hybrid power conditioner 53, the distribution line L4, the specific circuit 60, etc., in response to the demands of the important load and the most important load. As described above, in the present embodiment, in the normal state, the electric power from the hybrid power conditioner 53 is temporarily supplied to the general circuit 20 and the specific circuit 60 via the distribution board 10 (bypassing).

Further, the storage battery 52 performs a load following operation according to the detection result of the power sensor (not shown). For example, when the power generated by the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 cannot cover the power consumption of the load, the power discharged from the storage battery 52 is supplied to each load. If the power from the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 and the storage battery 52 cannot cover the power consumption of the load, the power from the grid power source K is purchased (purchased).

Further, in FIG. 3, as an example, the flow of electric power when the electric power from the solar power generation unit 51 and the storage battery 52 cannot cover the power consumption of the load is indicated by an arrow. For example, the solar power generation unit 51 shows the flow of electric power. When the power of the above is surplus with respect to the power consumption of the load (when surplus power is generated), the storage battery 52 can be charged with the surplus power by the load following operation of the storage battery 52. Further, the storage battery 52 can be charged not only with the surplus electric power but also with the electric power (relatively inexpensive electric power) from the system power supply K in the midnight time zone.

Further, as shown in FIG. 4, when the hybrid power conditioner 53 detects a power failure, the hybrid power conditioner 53 outputs the electric power from the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 and the storage battery 52 to the specific circuit 60 via the distribution line L4 instead of the distribution board 10. do. Specifically, the hybrid power conditioner 53 supplies the electric power generated by the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 to the specific circuit 60 via the distribution line L4. The electric power is supplied to the important circuit 30 and the most important circuit 40 (important load and the most important load) via the distribution line L5 and the distribution line L6, respectively. Further, when the electric power from the solar power generation unit 51 cannot cover the power consumption of the important load and the most important load, the storage battery 52 discharges, and the electric power from the storage battery 52 passes through the distribution wire L4 to the specific circuit 60. (By extension, the critical load and the most important load) are supplied. Further, when the electric power from the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 is surplus with respect to the important load and the most important load, the storage battery 52 can be charged with the surplus electric power.

As described above, in the event of a power failure, the hybrid power conditioner 53 supplies the electric power from the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 and the storage battery 52 to the specific circuit 60 (and by extension, the important circuit 30 and the most important circuit 40) without bypassing. As a result, the power supply system 1 can make the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 and the storage battery 52 function as an emergency power source in the event of a power failure, and supply power to some loads (important load and most important load) excluding general loads. can.

As described above, in the event of a power outage, by making it possible to supply electric power to only a part of the loads (important load and most important load), limited electric power (specifically, the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 and the storage battery) Power consumption from 52) can be saved.

Here, as described above, although the power supply destination is limited to a part of the loads (important load and the most important load) in the event of a power failure, the power consumption is saved, but the power is unlimited in the load. If the power is consumed, a limited amount of power will be consumed in a short period of time, and there is a concern that the power cannot be supplied (power cannot be used) thereafter.

Therefore, in the present embodiment, the EMS 80 performs control for achieving both maintenance of power supply to the load during a power failure and improvement of convenience (hereinafter, referred to as "power failure control").

Hereinafter, the contents of power failure control will be specifically described with reference to FIGS. 5 to 8.

First, with reference to FIG. 5, a load whose operation (ON / OFF, etc.) is controlled in power failure control will be specifically described.

As shown in FIG. 5, in power failure control, the most important load and the important load that can be supplied with electric power at the time of power failure are controlled targets. As described above, the most important load (refrigerator 41, lighting 42, air conditioner 43 and water heater 44) is connected to the most important circuit 40. Further, important loads (television 31, charger 32, microwave oven 33, rice cooker 34 and washing machine 35) are connected to the important circuit 30 (see FIG. 1). Here, a relay 70 is provided on the distribution line L5 that connects the specific circuit 60 and the important circuit 30. Therefore, by controlling the operation of the relay 70, the important circuit 30 can be disconnected at an arbitrary timing. That is, the supply of electric power to the important load can be cut off at an arbitrary timing.

Further, as shown in FIG. 5, ON / OFF control of the most important load lighting 42, the air conditioner 43, and the water heater 44 can be performed at an arbitrary timing.

Further, as shown in FIG. 5, the service level of the lighting 42 and the air conditioner 43 can be arbitrarily adjusted. Specifically, the illumination 42 can arbitrarily adjust the illuminance. In the present embodiment, the illuminance of the illumination 42 can be adjusted in 5 steps from 1 to 5. In this embodiment, it is assumed that the illumination 42 is not controlled to 0 (OFF).

Further, the air conditioner 43 can arbitrarily adjust the set temperature. In the present embodiment, the set temperature of the air conditioner 43 can be adjusted in 6 steps from 0 (= OFF) to 5. The maximum set temperature of the air conditioner 43 (= 5) means that, in the present embodiment, the temperature is set in advance by the user of the air conditioner 43 (resident of a house, etc.). That is, in the present embodiment, the set temperature of the air conditioner 43 can be adjusted in 6 steps from the temperature set by the user until the output is gradually lowered and finally turned off.

Further, as shown in FIG. 5, important loads (television 31, charger 32, microwave oven 33, rice cooker 34 and washing machine 35) are subject to "notification". "Notice" is to notify the user (resident of a house, etc.) of the load (equipment) recommended for operation. The process related to the "notification" will be described together with the process of step S35 described later.

Next, the flow of control during a power failure (flow chart) will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 to 8. The power failure control is repeatedly executed (for example, every few minutes) by the EMS 80 when a power failure occurs. The EMS 80 predicts the power demand and the amount of power generation by executing the power failure control, and controls the operation of the load connected to the specific circuit 60 based on the prediction result. Hereinafter, a specific description will be given.

In step S10, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the external information can be acquired by any method (for example, via various communication means (Internet or the like)). Here, the external information is various information that can be used when predicting the amount of power generation or the like in step S12 described later. The external information includes information such as the latest weather forecast. When the EMS 80 determines that the external information can be acquired (“YES” in step S10), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S11. On the other hand, when the EMS 80 determines that the external information cannot be acquired (“NO” in step S10), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S13.

In step S11, the EMS 80 acquires external information. In this process, the EMS 80 acquires information (weather forecast, etc.) for making a prediction in step S12, which will be described later, by an arbitrary method. For example, when acquiring information on the weather forecast, the EMS 80 can acquire the weather forecast from the present time to any time. For example, the EMS 80 is used from the present time until the end of the period subject to the operation plan of the power supply system 1 (hereinafter referred to as “planned period”) (for example, until the time when the generation of surplus power on the next day ends). ) Get the weather forecast. In addition, the EMS 80 can acquire a weather forecast for a longer period (as long as possible). In addition to the weather forecast, the external information can include data on past generated power of the photovoltaic power generation unit 51, data on past purchased power, and the like. The EMS 80 proceeds to step S12 after performing the process of step S11.

In step S12, the EMS 80 predicts the power demand and the amount of power generation (power generation) from the present to the end of the planning target period. In this process, the EMS 80 makes the prediction based on the information such as the weather forecast acquired in step S11 and various information held in advance (data of past generated power, data of past purchased power, etc.). conduct. Further, the EMS 80 predicts the power demand and the like at each time (every hour).

Here, the EMS 80 predicts the power demand by dividing it into the important circuit 30 and the most important circuit 40. More specifically, the power demands of the important load (television 31 and the like) and the most important load (refrigerator 41 and the like) are individually predicted. At this time, as will be described in detail later, since the water heater 44 is operated only in a specific case, the electric power demand of the water heater 44 is not predicted (the electric power demand is predicted assuming that the water heater 44 is not operated).

The EMS 80 proceeds to step S13 after performing the process of step S12.

In step S13, the EMS 80 predicts (calculates) the remaining charge (remaining amount of the storage battery 52) at each time based on the prediction result of step S12. At this time, the EMS 80 calculates the remaining amount of electricity stored on the assumption that the electric power generated from the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 and the discharged electric power from the storage battery 52 are supplied in this order in response to the electric power demand. Further, the EMS 80 calculates the remaining storage amount on the assumption that the surplus power (surplus power) of the power generated by the solar power generation unit 51 is charged to the storage battery 52. The EMS 80 calculates SOC (charge rate (%)) as the remaining charge. The EMS 80 proceeds to step S14 after performing the process of step S13.

In step S14, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the predicted minimum value of the remaining stored amount is less than the predetermined threshold value α. Specifically, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the minimum value of the remaining charge at each predicted time is less than the threshold value α (for example, 10%). The threshold value α is a value set to secure the minimum electric power in the storage battery 52, and can be arbitrarily set.

When the EMS 80 determines that the predicted minimum value of the remaining charge is less than the threshold value α (“YES” in step S14), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S15. The EMS80 aims to suppress the power demand in order to maintain the stored amount of the storage battery 52 by the processing of steps S15 to S20 after the transition. On the other hand, when the EMS 80 determines that the predicted minimum value of the remaining amount of electricity is not less than the threshold value α (“NO” in step S14), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S21 (see FIG. 7). The EMS80 aims to improve the convenience and comfort of the resident by the processing of steps S21 to S27 after the transition.

In step S15, the EMS 80 determines whether the current service level of the air conditioner 43 is greater than zero. When the EMS 80 determines that the current service level of the air conditioner 43 is greater than 0 (“YES” in step S15), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S16. On the other hand, when the EMS 80 determines that the current service level of the air conditioner 43 is 0 (“NO” in step S15), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S17.

In step S16, the EMS 80 lowers the service level of the air conditioner 43 by one. For example, when the current service level of the air conditioner 43 is "3", the service level is lowered to "2". As a result, the power consumption of the air conditioner 43 is reduced. After performing the process of step S16, the EMS 80 returns to the process of step S11 again.

On the other hand, in step S17 shifted from step S15, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the current service level of the lighting 42 is greater than 1. When the EMS 80 determines that the current service level of the lighting 42 is greater than 1 (“YES” in step S17), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S18. On the other hand, when the EMS 80 determines that the current service level of the lighting 42 is 1 or less (“NO” in step S17), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S19.

In step S18, the EMS 80 lowers the service level of the lighting 42 by one. For example, when the current service level of the lighting 42 is "3", the service level is lowered to "2". As a result, the power consumption of the lighting 42 is reduced. Since the process of step S18 is performed through the determination of step S17, the EMS 80 does not lower the service level of the lighting 42 to "0". After performing the process of step S18, the EMS 80 returns to the process of step S11 again.

On the other hand, in step S19 shifted from step S17, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the important circuit 30 is connected to the specific circuit 60. Specifically, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the relay 70 is in the ON (closed) state and power can be supplied from the specific circuit 60 to the important circuit 30. When the EMS 80 determines that the important circuit 30 is connected to the specific circuit 60 (“YES” in step S19), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S20. On the other hand, when it is determined that the important circuit 30 is not connected (disconnected) to the specific circuit 60 (“NO” in step S19), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S28 (see FIG. 8).

In step S20, the EMS 80 causes the critical circuit 30 to be disconnected. Specifically, the EMS 80 switches the relay 70 to OFF (open) to cut off the supply of electric power from the specific circuit 60 to the important circuit 30. After performing the process of step S20, the EMS 80 returns to the process of step S11 again.

On the other hand, in step S21 (see FIG. 7) shifted from step S14, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the important circuit 30 is disconnected from the specific circuit 60. Specifically, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the relay 70 is in the OFF (open) state and the power supply from the specific circuit 60 to the important circuit 30 is cut off. When the EMS 80 determines that the important circuit 30 is disconnected from the specific circuit 60 (“YES” in step S21), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S22. On the other hand, when the EMS 80 determines that the important circuit 30 is not disconnected from the specific circuit 60 (“NO” in step S21), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S23.

In step S22, the EMS 80 connects the critical circuit 30. Specifically, the EMS 80 switches the relay 70 to ON (closed) so that electric power can be supplied from the specific circuit 60 to the important circuit 30. After performing the process of step S22, the EMS 80 returns to the process of step S11 (see FIG. 6) again.

On the other hand, in step S23 shifted from step S21, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the current service level of the lighting 42 is less than 5 (maximum). When the EMS 80 determines that the current service level of the lighting 42 is less than 5 (“YES” in step S23), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S24. On the other hand, when the EMS 80 determines that the current service level of the lighting 42 is 5 (maximum) (“NO” in step S23), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S25.

In step S24, the EMS 80 raises the service level of the lighting 42 by one. For example, when the current service level of the lighting 42 is "3", the service level is raised to "4". As a result, the convenience and comfort of the resident can be improved. After performing the process of step S24, the EMS 80 returns to the process of step S11 (see FIG. 6) again.

On the other hand, in step S25 shifted from step S23, EMS80 determines whether or not the predicted minimum value of the remaining stored amount is larger than the predetermined threshold value β. Specifically, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the minimum value of the remaining charge at each predicted time is larger than the threshold value β (for example, 30%). The threshold value β is a value set for determining that the storage battery 52 has a certain amount of remaining charge, and is a value larger than the threshold value α (see step S14 or the like) and can be arbitrarily set. Is.

When the EMS 80 determines that the predicted minimum value of the remaining stored amount is larger than the threshold value β (“YES” in step S25), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S26. On the other hand, when the EMS80 determines that the predicted minimum value of the remaining amount of stored electricity is equal to or less than the threshold value β (“NO” in step S25), the EMS 80 shifts to step S28 (see FIG. 8).

In step S26, the EMS 80 determines whether the current service level of the air conditioner 43 is less than 5 (maximum). When the EMS 80 determines that the current service level of the air conditioner 43 is less than 5 (“YES” in step S26), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S27. On the other hand, when the EMS 80 determines that the current service level of the air conditioner 43 is 5 (maximum) (“NO” in step S26), the EMS 80 shifts to step S28 (see FIG. 8).

In step S27, the EMS 80 raises the service level of the air conditioner 43 by one. For example, when the current service level of the air conditioner 43 is "3", the service level is raised to "4". As a result, the convenience and comfort of the resident can be improved. The EMS 80 proceeds to step S28 (see FIG. 8) after performing the process of step S27.

On the other hand, in step S28 (see FIG. 8), which is a transition from step S19 or the like, the EMS 80 determines whether or not a surplus electric energy is generated in the entire planning target period. Specifically, the EMS 80 supplies power from the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 to the load during the entire planning target period, and determines whether or not a surplus is still generated even if the storage battery 52 is charged. When the EMS 80 determines that the surplus electric energy is generated during the entire planning target period (“YES” in step S28), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S29. On the other hand, when it is determined that the surplus electric energy is not generated in the entire planning target period (“NO” in step S28), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S32.

In step S29, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the water heater 44 is OFF (stopped). When the EMS 80 determines that the water heater 44 is OFF (“YES” in step S29), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S30. On the other hand, when the EMS 80 determines that the water heater 44 is ON (“NO” in step S29), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S33.

In step S30, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the instantaneous surplus power is larger than the hot water supply power consumption. Here, the "instantaneous surplus power" is the value of the current surplus power. The "hot water supply power consumption" is the power consumption required to operate the water heater 44. That is, in step S30, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the water heater 44 can be operated with the current surplus power.

Here, in general, when surplus power is generated, the output (output of surplus power) is suppressed by the hybrid power conditioner 53, so even if the output of the power from the hybrid power conditioner 53 is detected, the actual surplus power is used. It is difficult to grasp. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the surplus power (instantaneous surplus power) by other methods. In the present embodiment, it is assumed that instantaneous surplus power is generated when the charge amount of the storage battery 52 matches the charge capacity (maximum value), and "instantaneous surplus power = expected power generation amount-expected power consumption-charge power". The instantaneous surplus power shall be calculated using the formula of.

When the EMS 80 determines that the instantaneous surplus power is larger than the hot water supply power consumption (“YES” in step S30), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S31. On the other hand, when the EMS 80 determines that the instantaneous surplus power is equal to or less than the hot water supply power consumption (“NO” in step S30), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S32.

In step S31, the EMS 80 turns on (operates) the water heater 44. The EMS 80 proceeds to step S33 after performing the process of step S31.

On the other hand, in step S32 shifted from step S28 or the like, the EMS 80 turns off (stops) the water heater 44. The EMS 80 proceeds to step S33 after performing the process of step S32.

In step S33, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the predicted minimum value of the remaining amount of electricity stored is larger than "power consumption of each device + threshold value α". Here, the "power consumption of each device" is one time of the device corresponding to the important load (that is, in the present embodiment, the television 31, the charger 32, the microwave 33, the rice cooker 34, and the washing machine 35). Power consumption per operation or per hour. For example, for a device (in this embodiment, the television 31 or the charger 32) that is expected to continuously operate for an arbitrary time of the resident, it means the power consumption per hour. Further, for the equipment (in the present embodiment, the microwave oven 33, the rice cooker 34 and the washing machine 35), which are expected to have a limited operating time, the power consumption per operation is meant.

Here, the fact that the predicted minimum value of the remaining charge is larger than "power consumption of each device + threshold value α" means that even if an important load (television 31 or the like) is operated, the minimum amount of charge remaining in the storage battery 52 is the minimum. It means that it can be expected that the value does not become extremely small (becomes equal to or higher than the threshold value α). The determination in step S33 can also be performed without using the threshold value α (for example, assuming that the threshold value α = 0). That is, in step S33, it is also possible to determine whether or not the minimum value of the remaining charge is at least larger than the power consumption of each device. However, from the viewpoint of securing the remaining amount of electricity stored, it is desirable to set the threshold value α> 0.

The EMS 80 makes a determination for each device (that is, for each of the television 31 and the like) in this step S33 and step S34 described later. When the EMS 80 determines that the predicted minimum value of the remaining amount of electricity stored is larger than "power consumption of each device + threshold value α" ("YES" in step S33), the process proceeds to step S34. On the other hand, when the EMS80 determines that the predicted minimum value of the remaining amount of electricity stored is equal to or less than "power consumption of each device + threshold value α" ("NO" in step S33), this control (power failure control) is terminated. do.

In step S34, the EMS 80 determines whether or not the "discharge residual output + surplus power" is larger than the power consumption of each device at the current time. Here, the "discharge residual output" means how much the output of the storage battery 52 can be increased ("maximum output-current output", that is, the remaining capacity of the output of the storage battery 52). Here, the fact that "discharge residual output + surplus power" is larger than the power consumption of each device at the current time means that power sufficient to operate an important load (television 31 or the like) can be secured now.

When the EMS 80 determines that the “residual discharge output + surplus power” is larger than the power consumption of each device at the current time (“YES” in step S34), the EMS 80 proceeds to step S35. On the other hand, when the EMS 80 determines that the “residual discharge output + surplus power” is equal to or less than the power consumption of each device at the current time (“NO” in step S34), the EMS 80 ends this control (power failure control).

In step S35, the EMS 80 notifies the notification recommending the operation of the corresponding device (important load that can be operated). Specifically, the EMS80 has enough power to operate the critical load determined to be YES in step S33 and step S34, so the resident is notified to recommend the operation of the critical load (equipment). Notify to. The resident who received the notification can operate and use the corresponding device.

As a method of notification by the EMS80, it is also possible to display a predetermined image or character on the EMS80 itself (touch panel) or to notify by using a device (liquid crystal panel, speaker, etc.) for another notification. ..

The EMS 80 ends this control (power failure control) after performing the process of step S35.

As described above, the EMS 80 predicts the remaining amount of electricity stored (steps S10 to S13 in FIG. 6), and when it is determined that the remaining amount of electricity is not sufficient (YES in step S14), the air conditioner 43 and the lighting 42 The service level of the above is lowered to suppress the power consumption (steps S15 to S18). If the power consumption is still insufficiently suppressed, the entire important circuit 30 is disconnected to suppress the power consumption (step S19, step S20).

Further, when the EMS 80 determines that there is a certain margin in the remaining charge (NO in step S14), the EMS 80 connects the important circuit 30 and improves the service level of the lighting 42 and the air conditioner 43 as much as possible (FIG. 7). Steps S21 to S27).

Further, when the water heater 44 can be operated by the surplus electric power, the EMS 80 operates the water heater 44 (steps S28 to S32 in FIG. 8). Further, when the critical load can be operated, the EMS 80 notifies the resident to that effect (steps S33 to S35 in FIG. 8).

Hereinafter, a specific example of actual power failure control will be shown. Note that FIGS. 9 to 11 show the power consumption of each load, the generated power (PV) of the photovoltaic power generation unit 51, and the remaining storage capacity (SOC) of the storage battery 52 at each time of the predetermined planning target period. ing. Further, in FIGS. 9 to 11, the current time (time at the time when the power failure control process is being executed) is indicated by a triangular symbol.

First, as shown in FIG. 9, the power demand, the amount of power generation, the remaining amount of electricity stored, and the like are predicted (steps S10 to S13). In the illustrated example, since the minimum value of the remaining charge is 0, it is determined that the value is less than the predetermined threshold value α (“YES” in step S14), and the power consumption is suppressed (steps S15 to S20).

FIG. 10A shows a state in which power consumption is suppressed. Specifically, in the illustrated example, the service level of the air conditioner 43 is lowered to "0" (step S15, step S16), the service level of the lighting 42 is lowered to "1" (step S17, step S18), and the important circuit 30 is used. Is shown in a state in which the rows (step S19, step S20) are arranged. By suppressing the power consumption in this way, the minimum value of the remaining storage amount is increased. In the illustrated example, it is assumed that the minimum value of the remaining storage amount has increased to the threshold value α or more (“NO” in step S14).

FIG. 10B shows a state in which the power consumption is increased as the minimum value of the remaining charge is increased to the threshold value α or more. Specifically, the state in which the important circuit 30 is connected (step S21, step S22) and the service level of the lighting 42 is raised (step S23, step S24) is shown. FIG. 11A shows a state in which the service level of the air conditioner 43 is further increased (step S26, step S27).

FIG. 11B shows a state (steps S28 to S31) in which the water heater 44 is operated as the surplus electric power is generated. Further, in the illustrated example, since a sufficient remaining amount of electricity can be secured after 8 o'clock, a notification recommending the use of each device is notified (steps S33 to S35).

As described above, in the power supply system 1 according to the present embodiment, by performing the above-mentioned power failure control when a power failure occurs, it is possible to suppress the power consumption based on the prediction of the remaining storage amount and the like. Power can be supplied to the load as much as possible. As a result, it is possible to achieve both maintenance of power supply to the load (securing of the remaining amount of electricity stored) and improvement of convenience in the event of a power failure.

As described above, the power supply system 1 according to the present embodiment is
A storage battery 52 that can charge and discharge electric power,
An EMS80 (control unit) capable of controlling the operation of a plurality of power loads that operate by receiving power supplied from the storage battery 52, and
Equipped with
The EMS80 is
The remaining charge prediction process (steps S10 to S13) for predicting the remaining charge of the storage battery 52 in the event of a power failure,
When it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery 52 will be less than the first threshold value (threshold α), the first power load belonging to the first group among the plurality of the power loads (the most important circuit 40). Suppression processing (steps S14 to S18) that suppresses the power consumption of the important load), and
Is feasible.

With such a configuration, it is possible to maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load and improve the convenience at the same time. That is, only when it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery 52 will be less than the threshold value α, the power consumption of the most important load is suppressed, so that the convenience is improved as much as possible and the power is supplied to the power load. Can be maintained.

Further, particularly in the present embodiment, a load that can lower the service level to 0 (OFF) (air conditioner 43) and a load that does not lower the service level to 0 (OFF) (lighting 42) are set. .. In this way, even if the power consumption is suppressed, the convenience can be further improved by setting the load that does not lower the service level to 0 (OFF).

In addition, the EMS80 is
The power consumption of the plurality of first power loads (particularly, the lighting 42 and the air conditioner 43) belonging to the first group is individually predicted (step S12).
In the suppression process, the power consumption of the plurality of first power loads is individually suppressed (steps S14 to S18).

With such a configuration, it is possible to more appropriately balance the maintenance of the supply of electric power to the electric power load and the improvement of convenience. That is, by individually suppressing the most important load, it is possible to continue to use the most important load as much as possible while maintaining the supply of electric power to the electric power load.

Further, it is also possible to select the first power load to be suppressed according to the power consumption of the first power load individually predicted. For example, the power consumption of the first power load can be predicted individually, and the power consumption of the first power load, which consumes the largest amount of power, can be preferentially suppressed. As a result, power consumption can be effectively suppressed. In addition, the power consumption of the first power load, which consumes the least power, can be preferentially suppressed. As a result, the power consumption of the first power load (first power load with low power consumption), which is considered to be rarely used, is suppressed, and the first power load (high power consumption), which is considered to be frequently used, is suppressed. The power consumption of the first power load) can be maintained, and the convenience can be improved.

In addition, the EMS80 is
When it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery 52 will be less than the first threshold value, the second power load belonging to a second group different from the first group among the plurality of power loads (important). It is possible to execute the stop processing (step S19, step S20) for stopping the operation of the important load of the circuit 30).

With such a configuration, it is possible to maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load and improve the convenience at the same time. That is, by stopping only the important load connected to the important circuit 30, it is possible to maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load while continuing to use the most important load and improving convenience.

In addition, the EMS80 is
In the stop processing, the operation of the second power load is performed by disconnecting the second power load using a relay 70 provided in the middle of the distribution line L5 that supplies power to the second power load. It is to stop.

With this configuration, it is not necessary to individually control the second power load (important load), so that processing can be facilitated.

In addition, the EMS80 is
The suppression process is executed with priority over the stop process.

With such a configuration, convenience can be improved. That is, by controlling the important load so as not to stop as much as possible, the resident can use the important load, so that the convenience can be improved.

In addition, the EMS80 is
The storage remaining amount prediction process, the suppression process, and the stop process are repeatedly executed a plurality of times.

With this configuration, appropriate processing can be performed. That is, by performing the prediction again while controlling the operation of the power load, it is possible to perform the processing according to the current situation.

In addition, the EMS80 is
When it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery 52 will be equal to or higher than the second threshold value (threshold value α) set to the value equal to or higher than the first threshold value, the operation process for operating the stopped second power load ( Step S21 and step S22) can be executed.

With such a configuration, it is possible to maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load and improve the convenience at the same time. That is, when it is determined that the power supply to the power load can be maintained, the convenience can be improved by operating the important load.

In addition, the EMS80 is
When it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery 52 will be equal to or higher than the second threshold value, it is possible to execute an increase process (steps S23 to S27) for increasing the power consumption of the first power load.

With such a configuration, it is possible to maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load and improve the convenience at the same time. That is, when it is determined that the supply of electric power to the electric power load can be maintained, the power consumption of the most important load can be increased, and for example, the convenience (comfort) of the lighting 42 and the air conditioner 43 can be improved.

In addition, the EMS80 is
The operation process is prioritized over the ascending process.

With such a configuration, convenience can be improved. That is, by controlling so as to give priority to restarting the stopped important load, the resident can use the important load, so that the convenience can be improved.

In addition, the power supply system 1
It is further equipped with a solar power generation unit 51 (power generation unit) that can generate electricity using natural energy.
The EMS80 is
Surplus power prediction processing (steps S28 to S30) for predicting the presence or absence of surplus power generated by the photovoltaic power generation unit 51, and
Only when it is predicted that surplus power will be generated, the specific operation process (step S31) of operating the specific power load (water heater 44) among the first power loads, and the specific operation process (step S31).
Is feasible.

With such a configuration, it is possible to more effectively maintain the supply of electric power to the electric power load. That is, by operating a specific power load only when surplus power is generated, it is possible to easily secure the remaining charge of the storage battery 52.

Further, as described above, the power supply system 1 according to the present embodiment is
Solar power generation unit 51 (power generation unit) that can generate electricity using natural energy,
A water heater 44 that operates by receiving electric power,
An EMS80 (control unit) capable of controlling the operation of the water heater 44, and
Equipped with
The EMS80 is
Surplus power prediction processing (steps S28 to S30) for predicting the presence or absence of surplus power generated by the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 at the time of a power failure, and
The operation process (step S31) of operating the water heater 44 only when it is predicted that the surplus electric power of the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 will be generated,
Is feasible.

With this configuration, the water heater can be suitably operated in the event of a power failure. That is, the water heater 44 can be operated by utilizing the surplus electric power generated at the time of a power failure.

In addition, the EMS80 is
In the operation process
The water heater 44 is operated only when the surplus electric power of the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 is larger than the power consumption of the water heater 44.

With this configuration, the water heater 44 can be operated with only surplus electric power. As a result, other electric power (for example, the electric power charged in the storage battery 52) can be used by another electric power load, so that convenience in the event of a power failure can be improved.

In addition, the power supply system 1
A storage battery 52 capable of charging / discharging the electric power from the solar power generation unit 51 is further provided.
The EMS80 is
The surplus power of the photovoltaic power generation unit 51 is calculated by subtracting the power consumption in the power load and the charging power of the storage battery 52 from the power generated by the photovoltaic power generation unit 51.

With this configuration, an appropriate value of surplus power can be calculated. That is, in general, since the output of surplus power during a power failure is suppressed by the hybrid power conditioner 53, it is difficult to detect the value of surplus power using the power sensor. Therefore, a reasonable value of surplus power can be calculated by calculating by the above calculation method.

In addition, the EMS80 is
When the remaining charge of the storage battery 52 at the time of a power failure is at least larger than the power consumption of the power load, the notification process (steps S33 to S35) for notifying that the power load can be used can be executed. be.

With such a configuration, convenience in the event of a power failure can be improved. That is, when surplus power is generated during a power outage, it is possible to encourage users (residents, etc.) to use the power load. This makes it possible to improve the convenience of the user in the event of a power failure.

In addition, the EMS80 is
In the notification process
The power load can be used only when the sum of the residual discharge output indicating the surplus power of the output of the storage battery 52 and the surplus power of the solar power generation unit 51 is larger than the power consumption of the power load. It informs you that you can do it.

With this configuration, notification can be performed only when the power load can be reliably used. As a result, it is possible to prevent a power shortage when the power load is used.

The solar power generation unit 51 according to the present embodiment is an embodiment of the power generation unit according to the present invention.
Further, the EMS 80 according to the present embodiment is an embodiment of the control unit according to the present invention.
Further, the threshold value α according to the present embodiment is an embodiment of the first threshold value and the second threshold value according to the present invention.
Further, the most important load of the most important circuit 40 according to the present invention is one embodiment of the first power load belonging to the first group according to the present invention.
Further, the important load of the important circuit 30 according to the present embodiment is one embodiment of the second power load belonging to the second group according to the present invention.
Further, the water heater 44 according to the present embodiment is an embodiment of a specific power load according to the present invention.

Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the present invention is not limited to the above configuration, and various modifications can be made within the scope of the invention described in the claims.

The threshold values (threshold value α, threshold value β) used in the present embodiment are examples, and can be set to arbitrary values. For example, in the present embodiment, in step S14, it is determined whether or not the minimum value of the remaining charge is less than the threshold value α, and whether the power consumption is suppressed (step S15 or later) or the power consumption is increased (step S21). An example of branching is shown. However, when the minimum value of the remaining amount of electricity stored is equal to or more than the threshold value α, it is further determined whether the minimum value of the remaining amount of electricity stored is equal to or more than a separately set threshold value (threshold value set to a value equal to or more than the threshold value α). It is also possible to increase the power consumption (step S21). In this way, by providing a difference in the threshold value between the case of suppressing the power consumption (step S15 or later) and the case of increasing the power consumption (step S21), it is possible to suppress the complicated control of the power load. Can be done.

Further, the important load and the most important load illustrated in this embodiment are examples, and what kind of power load (equipment) is set as the important load and the most important load can be arbitrarily selected. For example, according to the wishes of the resident, by setting the device that should be able to supply power preferentially even during a power failure as the most important load, it is possible to continuously receive power supply as much as possible during a power failure.

Further, the flowchart of power failure control illustrated in this embodiment is an example, and the processing content and order thereof can be arbitrarily changed. For example, in the present embodiment, when the power consumption is suppressed, the EMS 80 performs the processing in the order of lowering the service level of the air conditioner 43, lowering the service level of the lighting 42, and disconnecting the important circuit 30. The order of processing can be changed as appropriate. For example, when it is desired to emphasize the comfort of the most important load (air conditioner 43 or the like) rather than the use of the important circuit 30 (important load), it is possible to preferentially disconnect the important circuit 30. Further, in the present embodiment, in the case of NO in step S19, an example of shifting to step S28 is shown, but for example, in order to redo the prediction again, the process may be returned to step S11.

Further, in the present embodiment, in step S12, the power demands of the important load (television 31 and the like) and the most important load (refrigerator 41 and the like) are individually predicted, but the present invention is not limited to this. .. For example, it is also possible to collectively forecast the power demands of the important load and the most important load. In particular, in the present embodiment, the operation of each device (television 31 or the like) is not individually controlled for the important load (only the control for collectively disassembling is performed), so that the power demand of the important load is collectively controlled. It is possible to predict.

Further, in the present embodiment, the power generation unit is a photovoltaic power generation unit 51 that generates electricity by using sunlight, but it generates electricity by using other natural energy (for example, hydraulic power or wind power). You may.

Further, the configuration of the power supply system 1 illustrated in the present embodiment (presence / absence of each device and connection relationship) is an example, and can be arbitrarily changed. For example, the power supply system 1 does not necessarily have to have a power generation unit (solar power generation unit 51).

Further, in the present embodiment, the power supply system 1 is provided in a house, but the present invention is not limited to this, and may be provided in an office or the like, for example.

1 Power supply system 30 Important circuit 40 Most important circuit 44 Water heater 51 Solar power generation unit 52 Storage battery 80 EMS

Claims (10)

A storage battery that can charge and discharge electricity,
A control unit capable of controlling the operation of a plurality of power loads that operate by receiving power supplied from the storage battery, and a control unit that can control the operation of a plurality of power loads.
Equipped with
The control unit
The remaining charge prediction process for predicting the remaining charge of the storage battery in the event of a power failure,
When it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery will be less than the first threshold value, a suppression process for suppressing the power consumption of the first power load belonging to the first group among the plurality of power loads, and a suppression process.
Is feasible,
Power supply system. The control unit
Individually predict the power consumption of the plurality of first power loads belonging to the first group,
In the suppression process, the power consumption of the plurality of first power loads is individually suppressed.
The power supply system according to claim 1. The control unit
When it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery will be less than the first threshold value, the operation of the second power load belonging to the second group different from the first group among the plurality of the power loads is performed. It is possible to execute the stop process to stop,
The power supply system according to claim 1 or 2. The control unit
In the stop process, the operation of the second power load is stopped by disconnecting the second power load using a relay provided in the middle of the distribution line that supplies power to the second power load. ,
The power supply system according to claim 3. The control unit
The suppression process is prioritized over the stop process.
The power supply system according to claim 3 or 4. The control unit
The storage remaining amount prediction process, the suppression process, and the stop process are repeatedly executed a plurality of times.
The power supply system according to any one of claims 3 to 5. The control unit
When it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery will be equal to or higher than the second threshold value set to the value equal to or higher than the first threshold value, the operation process for operating the stopped second power load can be executed.
The power supply system according to any one of claims 3 to 6. The control unit
When it is predicted that the remaining charge of the storage battery will be equal to or higher than the second threshold value, it is possible to execute an increase process for increasing the power consumption of the first power load.
The power supply system according to claim 7. The control unit
The operation process is prioritized over the ascending process.
The power supply system according to claim 8. It is equipped with a power generation unit that can generate electricity using natural energy.
The control unit
The surplus power prediction process for predicting the presence or absence of surplus power generated in the power generation unit, and
Only when it is predicted that surplus power will be generated, the specific operation process for operating a specific power load among the first power loads and the specific operation process
Is feasible,
The power supply system according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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