JP2019179573A - Fire detection system and fire detection method - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a fire detection system and a fire detection method capable of certainly detecting a fire with fixed scale without depending on a distance by combining fire detection at a first stage from a dimmed image by smoke and fire detection from a scattered light image by smoke.SOLUTION: In a fire detection system, a first fire detection part 50 detects a fire at a first stage from a dimmed image of a smoke plume generated in a monitoring area imaged with a monitoring camera 10, and outputs a first fire signal to notify a fire sign alarm (pre-alarm) in a state of performing background illumination to the monitoring area. An illumination switching part 42 stops the background illumination of the monitoring area to be switched to entire illumination when the fire at the first stage is detected by the first fire detection part 50. A second fire detection part 100 detects a fire at a second stage from a scattered light image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged with the monitoring camera 10, and outputs a second fire signal to notify a fire alarm in a state of switching illumination of the monitoring area to the entire illumination.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

  The present invention relates to a fire detection system and a fire detection method for detecting smoke at an early stage of fire from an image of a monitoring area captured by a monitoring camera.

  Conventionally, various fire detection systems have been proposed in which a fire is detected by performing image processing on an image of a monitoring area captured by a monitoring camera.

  In such a fire detection system, early detection of fire is important from the viewpoint of initial fire extinguishing and evacuation guidance for the occurrence of fire.

  For this reason, in the conventional system (Patent Document 1), as a phenomenon caused by smoke from a fire from an image, a decrease in transmittance or contrast, a convergence of a luminance value to a specific value, a luminance distribution range is narrowed and a luminance distribution is reduced. , A change in average value of brightness due to smoke, a decrease in the total amount of edges, and an increase in intensity in the low frequency band are derived, and these can be comprehensively judged to detect smoke.

JP 2008-046916 A JP-A-7-245757 JP 2010-238028 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-325211 JP 2004-104727 A JP 2006-085608 A

  However, in such a fire detection system that detects a fire from smoke images associated with a conventional fire, smoke from a small fire near the surveillance camera cannot be distinguished from smoke from a large fire in the distance. For fires that occurred in the distance, there is a problem that the detection sensitivity is reduced and the time delay until the fire is detected increases. Conversely, smoke caused by a non-fire phenomenon near the surveillance camera is mistakenly recognized as fire smoke. For example, the smoke of cigarettes smoked in the immediate vicinity of a surveillance camera could be mistaken for smoke from a large fire in the distance.

  The present invention relates to a fire detection system and a fire capable of reliably detecting a fire of a certain scale by combining the detection of a first-stage fire from a dimmed image with smoke and the fire detection from a scattered light image with smoke. An object is to provide a detection method.

(System 1)
The present invention provides a fire detection system,
Imaging means for photographing the surveillance area;
Background illumination means for illuminating the background of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means to a constant illuminance;
An overall illumination means for illuminating the entire monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
First fire detection means for detecting a first-stage fire from a smoke image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means in a state in which the monitoring area is illuminated in the background, and outputting a first fire signal;
A lighting switching means for stopping the background lighting by the background lighting means and switching to the whole lighting by the whole lighting means when a first stage fire is detected by the first fire detecting means;
A second fire that detects a second-stage fire from a smoke image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means and outputs a second fire signal in a state where the monitoring area is switched to the overall illumination by the illumination switching means Detection means;
Is provided.

(System 2)
The present invention provides a fire detection system,
Imaging means for photographing the surveillance area;
Background illumination means for illuminating the background of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means to a constant illuminance;
An overall illumination means for illuminating the entire monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
First fire detection means for detecting a first-stage fire from a smoke image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means in a state in which the monitoring area is illuminated in the background, and outputting a first fire signal;
When the first fire is detected by the first fire detection means, if the entire illumination is performed, the background illumination by the background illumination means is stopped. If the entire illumination is not performed, the background illumination by the background illumination means is performed. Illumination switching means for stopping and switching to the overall illumination by the overall illumination means,
A second fire that detects the second stage fire from the smoke image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means and outputs the second fire signal in a state where the monitoring area is only the entire illumination by the illumination switching means. Detection means;
Is provided.

The first fire detection means
A smoke image determination means for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of background illumination of a monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
A dimming rate detecting means for detecting a dimming rate at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining means;
Plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the light attenuation rate detected by the light attenuation rate detection means;
A fire determination means for detecting and detecting a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is greater than or equal to a predetermined value, and outputting a first fire signal;
Is provided.

The second fire detection means
A smoke image determination means for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume exists from an image of the entire illumination of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
A luminance rate detection means for detecting a luminance rate per unit pixel of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination means;
Plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the brightness rate detected by the brightness rate detection means;
A fire determination means for detecting and detecting a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is greater than a predetermined value, and outputting a second fire signal;
Is provided.

The fire detection system
Expected angle detecting means for detecting the expected angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining means,
A distance calculation means for estimating a fire point distance, which is a distance from the imaging means to the fire point, based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected by the expected angle detection means and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated by the plume thickness estimation means; Provided,
When it is determined that there is a fire, the fire determination unit outputs information including at least one of the fire spot distance estimated by the distance calculation unit and the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation unit.

The distance calculation means
When the expected angle of the smoke plume detected by the expected angle detection means is θ and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is 2r, the fire point distance L is
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
Fire detection system characterized by calculating and estimating by

(Method 1)
The present invention provides a fire detection method,
First fire detection for detecting a first-stage fire from a smoke image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area captured by the imaging means and outputting a first fire signal with the background of the monitoring area illuminated at a constant illuminance Steps,
When a first-stage fire is detected in the first fire detection step, from the smoke image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means with the background illumination stopped and the monitoring area switched to the overall illumination A second fire detection step of detecting a second stage fire and outputting a second fire signal;
Is provided.

(Method 2)
The present invention provides a fire detection method,
First fire detection for detecting a first-stage fire from a smoke image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area captured by the imaging means and outputting a first fire signal with the background of the monitoring area illuminated at a constant illuminance Steps,
When the first fire detection step detects the first stage fire, if the monitoring area is fully illuminated, if the background lighting is stopped and only the entire lighting is not performed, The second stage fire signal is output by detecting the second stage fire from the smoke image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means in a state where the background illumination is stopped and the monitoring area is switched to the overall illumination. A second fire detection step;
Is provided.

  Other features of the fire detection method according to the present invention are basically the same as those of the fire detection system.

(System 3)
Further, the present invention provides a fire detection system,
A smoke image determination means for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of a monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
Smoke density detecting means for detecting the smoke density at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining means;
Plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the smoke density detected by the smoke density detection means;
A fire determination means for determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
Is provided.

(System 4)
Further, the present invention provides a fire detection system,
A smoke image determining means for illuminating the monitoring area by the illuminating means and determining a smoke image having a smoke plume from the image of the monitoring area captured by the imaging means;
A dimming rate detecting means for detecting a dimming rate at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining means;
Plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the light attenuation rate detected by the light attenuation rate detection means;
A fire determination means for determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
Is provided.

(System 5)
Further, the present invention provides a fire detection system,
A smoke image determining means for illuminating the monitoring area by the illuminating means and determining a smoke image having a smoke plume from the image of the monitoring area captured by the imaging means;
A luminance rate detection means for detecting a luminance rate per unit pixel of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination means;
Plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the brightness rate detected by the brightness rate detection means;
A fire determination means for determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
Is provided.

Further, the present invention provides a fire detection system,
Expected angle detecting means for detecting the expected angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining means,
A distance calculation means for estimating a fire point distance, which is a distance from the imaging means to the fire point, based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected by the expected angle detection means and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated by the plume thickness estimation means; Provided,
The fire determining means, when determined to be a fire, outputs information including at least one of the fire spot distance estimated by the distance calculating means and the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimating means. To do.

Further, the present invention provides a fire detection system,
When the expected angle of the smoke plume detected by the expected angle detection means is θ and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is 2r, the distance calculation means is the fire point distance L,
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
It is characterized by calculating and estimating by.

(Method 3)
Further, the present invention provides a fire detection system,
A smoke image determination step for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of a monitoring region imaged by an imaging means;
A smoke density detection step for detecting a smoke density at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination step;
A plume thickness estimation step for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the smoke density detected in the smoke density detection step;
A fire determination step for determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
Is provided.

(Method 4)
Further, the present invention provides a fire detection method,
A smoke image determination step for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of the monitoring area illuminated by the imaging means by illuminating the monitoring area with the illumination means;
A dimming rate detecting step for detecting a dimming rate at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining step;
A plume thickness estimation step for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the dimming rate detected by the dimming rate detection means;
A fire determination step for determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
Is provided.

(Method 5)
Further, the present invention provides a fire detection method,
A smoke image determination step for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of the monitoring area illuminated by the imaging means by illuminating the monitoring area with the illumination means;
A luminance rate detection step for detecting a luminance rate per unit pixel of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination step;
A plume thickness estimation step for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the brightness rate detected in the brightness rate detection step;
A fire determination step for determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
Is provided.

Further, the present invention provides a fire detection method,
An expected angle detection step of detecting an expected angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination step;
A distance calculating step for estimating a fire point distance, which is a distance from the imaging means to the fire point, based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected in the expected angle detection step and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated in the plume thickness estimation step;
Is provided.

Further, the present invention provides a fire detection method,
In the distance calculation step, when the expected angle of the smoke plume detected in the expected angle detection step is θ, and the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is 2r, the fire point distance L is
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
It is characterized by calculating and estimating by.

(Basic effect)
The fire detection system according to the present invention includes an imaging unit that captures a monitoring area serving as a partitioning space, a background illumination unit that illuminates a wall surface and a floor surface of the monitoring region captured by the imaging unit with a constant illuminance, and an imaging unit. The first stage fire is detected from the dimmed image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means in the state where the entire illumination area is illuminated by the imaging means and the background illumination of the monitoring area. 1st fire detection means for outputting 1 fire signal and lighting switching to stop the background illumination by the background illumination means and switch to the overall illumination by the overall illumination means when a first stage fire is detected by the first fire detection means And the second stage fire from the scattered light image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means in a state where the monitoring area is switched to the overall illumination by the illumination switching means The second fire detection means for detecting and outputting the second fire signal is provided, so that when the first stage fire is detected based on the dimmed image in which the light from the background illumination is attenuated by the smoke plume, 1 To output a fire signal to notify a fire warning (pre-alarm), and to confirm a fire, switch the illumination of the monitoring area from background lighting to whole lighting, and smoke from the whole lighting scattered by the smoke plume. When a second-stage fire is detected from the scattered light image, a second fire signal is output and a fire alarm is notified, so even a smoke plume image that changes in size depending on the distance is displayed as a dimmed image. By combining fire detection based on observation images with different scattered light images, it is possible to reliably detect a fire from an observation image of a monitoring area imaged by an imaging means and to give an alarm.

  In addition, the lighting switching control means switches from the background lighting in the monitoring area to the entire lighting when it is determined as the first stage fire, so that the entire room serving as the monitoring area is illuminated when it is determined as the first stage fire. The captured image can be captured, so that it is possible to make an artificial check by looking at the monitor screen, and to appropriately deal with fire fighting activities and evacuation activities.

  Even if the first stage fire is erroneously detected from the dimmed image of the smoke plume by temporarily blocking the light from the background illumination by an object other than smoke, for example, a person, the first stage fire detection Based on the scattered light image obtained by switching to the entire illumination of the monitoring area based on the above, because the luminance rate is different from smoke, the smoke plume thickness does not exceed the threshold value for judging fire, and false alarms due to non-fire factors Can be prevented.

Explanatory drawing which showed the monitoring area | region which installed the fire detection system of this invention The block diagram which showed embodiment of the fire detection system by this invention Explanatory diagram showing smoke generated by fire as a model A graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the smoke plume and the light extinction rate relative to the heat source heat quantity Explanatory drawing showing a model fire to obtain an empirical formula for ceiling flow by an arpert The graph which showed the relationship between the thickness of the smoke plume calculated based on FIG. 4, and the light attenuation rate Graph showing the relationship between the distance to the background and the energy and area of the background illuminated at a constant illuminance Graph showing the relationship between the light decay rate and the smoke rise rate with respect to the height of the smoke plume Explanatory drawing showing the relationship between the expected angle of the smoke plume and the flame distance for the horizontal monitoring area of the surveillance camera Explanatory drawing which showed the image process which produces | generates and determines a difference image by the 1st smoke image determination part of FIG. Graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the smoke plume and the total brightness and smoke density A graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the smoke plume, the luminance rate, and the smoke concentration A graph showing the relationship between the total brightness and the brightness rate relative to the distance to the fire point A flowchart showing an outline of fire detection processing by the image processing apparatus of FIG. Flowchart showing details of the first fire detection process of S2 in FIG. The flowchart which showed the detail of the 2nd fire detection process of S6 of FIG.

[Outline of fire detection system]
(Overview of monitoring area)
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a monitoring area where a fire detection system according to the present invention is installed.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the monitoring area 16 is a partition space such as a room, and a monitoring camera 10 that functions as an imaging unit is installed in the monitoring area 16. An observation image of the monitoring area 16 captured by the monitoring camera 10 is transmitted to an image processing apparatus 12 installed in a manager's room or the like via a transmission path.

(Schematic configuration of fire detection system)
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an outline of the functional configuration of the fire detection system according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the fire detection system includes a monitoring camera 10 and an image processing device 12. The image processing device 12 includes a CPU, a memory, various input / output ports, and the like as hardware. It is composed of a computer circuit or the like.

  The image processing apparatus 12 includes a transmission unit 28, a first fire detection unit 50 that functions as a first fire detection unit, and a second fire detection unit that functions as a second fire detection unit as functions realized by execution of a program by the CPU. 100 and an illumination switching unit 42 functioning as illumination switching means.

  The first fire detection unit 50 includes a first smoke image determination unit 30 that functions as a first smoke image determination unit, a first view angle detection unit 32 that functions as a first view angle detection unit, and functions as a dimming rate detection unit. The light attenuation rate detecting unit 34, the first plume thickness estimating unit 36 functioning as the first plume thickness estimating unit, the first distance calculating unit 38 functioning as the first distance calculating unit, and the first fire determining unit. A first fire determination unit 40 is provided. In addition, although the illumination switching part 42 is included in the function of the 1st fire determination part 40, you may provide as an independent function. The transmission unit 28 uses an appropriate transmission interface for receiving image data captured by the monitoring camera 10.

  The second fire detection unit 100 functions as a second smoke image determination unit 130 that functions as a second smoke image determination unit, a second view angle detection unit 132 that functions as a second view angle detection unit, and a luminance rate detection unit. Luminance rate detection unit 134, second plume thickness estimation unit 136 that functions as second plume thickness estimation unit, second distance calculation unit 138 that functions as second distance calculation unit, and second that functions as second fire determination unit A fire determination unit 140 is provided.

  The monitoring camera 10 functioning as an imaging unit transmits image data of a monitoring area, for example, 30 frames per second as moving image data by transmission control of the transmission unit 28, and is provided in the image processing device 12. Store in a memory (not shown). In the present embodiment, for example, the monitoring camera 10 having a resolution of 1400 horizontal pixels and 1000 vertical pixels is used. The sensing wavelength of the monitoring camera 10 is set to 750 nm or more in consideration of background illumination by infrared rays.

  For example, when the monitoring mode is set at night and the unattended monitoring area is set as an example, the lighting switching unit 42 automatically sets the monitoring mode by the timer setting or manually sets the indoor lighting. While turning off the device 24, the floor illumination device 22a and the wall surface illumination device 22b are always lit or pulsed, and only the background floor surface and wall surface are illuminated at a constant illuminance by indirect illumination.

  Here, the floor illumination device 22a and the wall surface illumination device 22b constitute background illumination means, and the indoor illumination device 24 constitutes overall illumination means.

  The first fire detection unit 50 uses the floor illumination device 22a and the wall surface illumination device 22b to illuminate the monitoring region 16 in the background, and the light attenuation rate from the dimmed image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring region captured by the monitoring camera 10 1 to estimate the thickness of the smoke plume from the dimming rate, detect the first stage fire and output the first fire signal, for example, from the fire alarm equipment 14 of FIG. Is output.

  When the first fire detection unit 50 detects a first-stage fire, the illumination switching unit 42 stops the background illumination by the floor illumination device 22a and the wall illumination device 22b and switches to the overall illumination by the room illumination device 24. .

  The second fire detection unit 100 obtains the luminance rate from the scattered light image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring region imaged by the monitoring camera 10 in a state where the monitoring region 16 is switched to the overall illumination by the illumination switching unit 42, and the luminance rate The smoke plume is estimated to detect the second stage fire and output a second fire signal. For example, the fire alarm equipment 14 outputs a fire alarm following a fire warning.

(Monitoring area lighting)
In order for the first fire detection unit 50 to correctly detect the light reduction rate due to smoke in the monitoring region 16 from the observation image of the monitoring camera 10, only the floor surface 16a, the wall surface 16b, and the ceiling surface 16c as the background emit light, and the space It is desirable to use background lighting that does not illuminate the smoke that spreads over.

  For this reason, in this embodiment, the floor surface illumination device 22a and the wall surface illumination device 22b are used as illumination means for illuminating the floor surface 16a and the wall surface 16b which are the background of the monitoring region 16 imaged by the monitoring camera 10 with a constant illuminance. Indirect lighting is installed.

  The floor illumination device 22a and the wall surface illumination device 22b have a reflection hood, and irradiate light from the light source toward the floor surface 16a and the wall surface 16b so that light does not go into the space of the monitoring area. . In addition, the floor lighting device 22a and the wall surface lighting device 22b use a light source of visible light or infrared light, and illuminate the floor surface 16a and the wall surface 16b with a constant illuminance by always lighting or intermittent lighting (pulse lighting). .

  An indoor lighting device 24 is provided on the ceiling surface 16c of the monitoring area, and the whole lighting area is illuminated by turning on the indoor lighting device 24 while a person is in the room during the daytime or the like. When the fire of the monitoring area 16 is monitored by the monitoring camera 10 due to nobody at night or the like, the indoor lighting device 24 is turned off, and the floor lighting device 22a and the wall lighting device 22b are turned on.

  In addition, when a fire is monitored by the monitoring camera 10 while the room lighting device 24 is lit while a person is in the room, the illumination light of the room lighting device 24 is visible light that does not include near-infrared light, The illumination light from the floor illumination device 22a and the wall illumination device 22b may be near infrared light. In this case, the sensing wavelength of the monitoring camera 10 includes the near-infrared wavelength that illuminates the floor surface 16a and the wall surface 16b.

  In general fluorescent lamps and LED lighting fixtures as the interior lighting device 24, the irradiation energy of near-infrared light of 750 nm or more is small, and the detection wavelength of the monitoring camera 10 is set to 750 nm or more. By using an infrared LED or a heat generating lamp as the light source of the illumination device 22b, the floor surface 16a and the wall surface 16b, which are the background of the monitoring area by the monitoring camera 10, are fixed by infrared light that is not affected by visible light from the indoor illumination device 24. It is possible to emit light with illuminance.

  Instead of illuminating the monitoring area 16 imaged by the monitoring camera 10, a light emitting panel with an infrared illumination structure embedded in the back, a surface panel coated with a fluorescent paint that converts visible light into near infrared light, and the like are installed. Then, a constant illuminance may be obtained.

  On the other hand, in order for the second fire detection unit 100 to correctly detect the luminance rate from the scattered light from the smoke in the monitoring area 16 from the observation image of the monitoring camera 10, the lighting is switched to the overall illumination by the room lighting device 24 and the monitoring area 16 is raised. Light from the indoor lighting device 24 strikes the smoke 20 so that scattered light from the smoke particles is obtained.

[Principle of detection of smoke plume by dimmed image]
The first fire detection unit 50 in FIG. 2 detects a first-stage fire from the dimmed image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area captured by the monitoring camera 10 with the monitoring area 16 illuminated in the background. The detection principle will be described as follows.

(Smoke plume and dimming rate)
FIG. 3 is an explanatory view showing a model of smoke generated by a fire as shown in FIG.

  As shown in FIG. 3, in the initial stage of the fire, a smoke plume 26 having a cylindrical smoke range is formed as the smoke rises, and the thickness 2r (radius r) of the smoke plume 26 is considered to be substantially constant. It is done. In the following description, the smoke plume may be simply referred to as a plume.

  When the floor surface 16a and the wall surface 16b, which are the background of the monitoring area 16 imaged by the monitoring camera 10 shown in FIG. 1, are illuminated at a constant illuminance, the dimming image generated by the smoke 20 is captured by the monitoring camera 10. The dimming rate due to the smoke plume can be detected.

  Now, let's consider a fire model that gradually burns and spreads using paper as a burning material. In this case, the thickness of the smoke plume 26 gradually increases with the expansion of the fire, and at the same time, the smoke plume 26 becomes darker and the dimming rate increases.

  FIG. 4 shows the smoke plume thickness 2r (m), the light extinction rate y (% / m), and the smoke rising speed u (m / S) is a graph showing the relationship. The light attenuation rate y (% / m) means the smoke density.

  The smoke plume generated by the fire becomes thicker as the amount of heat increases due to the expansion of the fire source, and at the same time, the smoke rising speed u (m / s) and the light extinction rate y (% / m) also increase.

(Alpert's empirical formula)
The plume thickness and smoke density (light extinction rate) at each height in the smoke plume generated by the fire can be obtained by the empirical formula of Alpart. The empirical formula for this part is the 76th paper of the Annual Meeting of National Fire Protection Association held in Philadelphia, USA on May 18, 1972 "Calculation of Response Time of Ceiling-Mounted Fire Detectors".

  FIG. 5 (A) is an explanatory diagram showing a model fire in which the amount of heat generated at a fire point is obtained from an empirical formula for a ceiling flow by means of an arpert.

Assuming that the amount of heat generated at the hot spot is Q (kW), the temperature rise ΔT and the wind speed u are as follows.
ΔT = 5.38 (Q / r) ^2/3 / H
u = 0.2Q ^1/3 H ^1/2 / r ^5/6
The relationship between plume height H, radius r, and dimming rate y is obtained. The relationship between the smoke extinction coefficient k (1 / m) and the temperature rise ΔT is determined by the substance to be burned.
k / ΔT = 0.41 × 0.01 (1 / m · deg)
It becomes. To convert the light extinction coefficient k (1 / m) to the light extinction rate y (% / m),
y = (1-e ^−k ) · 100
It becomes. FIG. 5B shows a representative value of the k / ΔT ratio.

  According to the above relational expression, when the combustion product is paper, the thickness 2r (m) at the height H of the smoke plume due to the fire in which the generated heat quantity Q gradually increases, the light attenuation rate y (% / m), When the rising wind speed u (m / sec) is obtained, the relationship shown in the graph of FIG. 6 is obtained.

  FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the smoke plume thickness and the light reduction rate (smoke density) obtained based on the graph of FIG. In FIG. 6, the light attenuation rate Y when light from the background passes through the smoke plume having a thickness 2r (m) having a light attenuation rate y (% / m) corresponding to the thickness of the smoke plume. (%) Is calculated and shown. The dimming rate detected from the observation image of the monitoring area 16 where the smoke 20 is captured by the monitoring camera 10 of FIG. 1 is the dimming rate Y (%) in the smoke plume of FIG.

  Here, the extinction rate Y (%) of the smoke plume detected from the observation image of the surveillance camera 10 is constant regardless of the fire point distance L from the fire point 18 to the surveillance camera 10. This is based on the fact that the energy incident on the surveillance camera 10 from the background where the uniform light strikes is constant regardless of the distance to the background.

  FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the distance to the background and the energy and area of the background illuminated at a constant illuminance.

Now, assuming that the distance from the monitoring camera 10 to the background is L0 and the viewing angle of the monitoring camera 10 is θ, the area S (m ² ) of the background that is the viewing area of the monitoring camera 10 is
S = (L0 · tan θ) ²
It becomes.

Further, assuming that the uniform light hits the background and the luminance rate of the reflected light emitted from the background is W (mW / m ² ), the radiation intensity E (mW) emitted from the background in the visual field of the monitoring camera 10 is
E = W · S = W (L0 · tan θ) ²
It becomes.

The energy -Er (mW) that the background light enters the surveillance camera 10 separated by L0 is inversely proportional to the square of the distance L0. Incident energy at different distances L01 and L02 to the background: Er1 and Er2 are
Er2 / Er1 = L02 ² / L01 ²
Er2 = Er1 · L02 ² / L01 ²
= W (L01 · tan θ) ² · L02 ² / L01 ²
= W (L02 · tan θ) ²
= Er2
That is, the energy -Er that enters the monitoring camera 10 from the background where the uniform light strikes is constant regardless of the distance L0 to the background.

When a smoke layer by a smoke plume having a dimming rate (1-α) is interposed in the light path, the energy -Es that passes through the smoke layer and enters the surveillance camera 10 is
Es = (1-α) Er
Thus, the incident energy -Es of the monitoring camera 10 is constant regardless of the distance from the smoke layer to the monitoring camera 10.

  From the above relationship, as shown in FIG. 6, in the background illumination that makes the illuminance to the floor surface 16a and the wall surface 16b as the background constant, the dimming rate Y (%) by the smoke 20 is the background. It can be uniquely determined regardless of the distance L0 to and the fire point distance L to the smoke 20.

(Relationship between light attenuation and thickness due to smoke plume height)
As described above, the relationship between the thickness of the smoke plume and the light attenuation rate at each height of the smoke plume generated by the fire can be obtained by the theory of the part shown in FIG. Now, assuming that paper is a burned material, the relationship among plume thickness 2r for each plume height H generated in an initial fire with a fire point of 30 kW, dimming rate y, and smoke rising speed u is obtained as shown in FIG. As shown in the graph diagram.

  As shown in FIG. 8, the smoke plume generated by the fire is in a relationship in which ambient smoke is involved, so that as the height H increases, the smoke plume thickness 2r increases and the dimming rate y decreases. .

  Therefore, it is desirable to detect the light attenuation rate by a relatively low part of the smoke plume, and in this embodiment, H = 1.0 m is set in the model fire assumed to determine the fire.

  In FIG. 1, it is desirable to set the optical axis of the surveillance camera 10 to a height of 1 meter from the floor surface 16a. When the surveillance camera 10 is installed upward and monitored obliquely downward, it is installed so that the height of the optical axis on the camera side is, for example, 1.5 m or less.

(Relationship between smoke plume thickness and distance)
When the smoke plume thickness 2r can be estimated from the light plume reduction rate Y of the smoke plume existing in the observation image of the monitoring camera 10, the distance L from the monitoring camera 10 to the fire point generating the smoke plume is calculated. be able to.

  FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram showing the relationship between the expected angle of the smoke plume and the fire point distance in the horizontal monitoring area of the monitoring camera.

  In order to calculate the fire point distance L, first, a prospective angle θ of the smoke plume 26 existing in the observed smoke image is obtained. Here, the prospective angle means an angle of view when a specific object is imaged from the monitoring camera 10.

  The thickness 2r of the smoke plume 26 in the smoke image captured by the monitoring camera 10 represents the expected angle θ of the smoke plume 26, and the distance from the monitoring camera 10 even if the expected angle θ is the same. As a result, the thickness of the smoke plume 26 in the smoke image changes.

Now, assuming that the screen size of the monitoring camera 10 is (horizontal) × (vertical) = (1400 pixels) × (1000 pixels) and the one-sided horizontal angle of the imaging region 15 of the monitoring camera 10 is 45 °, the expected per pixel The angle α is α = 45 ° / 700 = 0.064 (° / pixel).
It becomes. In the following description, a pixel may be referred to as a pixel, and (pxl) may be expressed as a unit of the number of pixels.

Here, assuming that the number of pixels in the horizontal direction on the observation screen corresponding to the thickness 2r of the smoke plume imaged by the monitoring camera 10 is 2R pixels, the expected angle θ of the smoke plume is
θ = α ・ 2R (°) (Formula 1)
It becomes.

Thus, when the expected angle θ of the smoke plume is obtained, the fire point distance L from the monitoring camera 10 to the smoke plume 26 based on the smoke plume thickness 2r obtained from the light plume attenuation rate Y is
L = r / tan (θ / 2) (Formula 2)
It becomes.

(Judgment of fire)
In the fire determination by the smoke plume in the observation image of the monitoring camera 10, the smoke plume thickness 2r estimated from the smoke plume dimming rate Y is equal to or greater than the threshold plume (2r) th of the smoke plume due to the predetermined model fire. When it becomes, it judges with fire.

  In the present embodiment, assuming a model fire that generates a smoke plume having a dimming rate of Y = 48 (%) and a thickness of 2r = 0.6 (m), the threshold thickness (2r) of the smoke plume that is determined to be a fire. When th = 0.6 (m) is set and the threshold thickness (2r) th is equal to or greater than the threshold, it is determined that there is a fire.

(Functional configuration of the first fire detector)
As shown in FIG. 2, the fire detection system includes a monitoring camera 10 and an image processing device 12, and the image processing device 12 is provided with a first fire detection unit 50 following the transmission unit 28.

  The first fire detection unit 50 turns off the room lighting device 24 and turns on the floor lighting device 22a and the wall surface lighting device 22b to illuminate only the floor surface and wall surface serving as the background with indirect illumination at a constant illuminance. The image data of the monitoring area which is operated and transmits image data of a monitoring area of 30 frames per second, for example, as moving image data captured by the monitoring camera 10 by the transmission control of the transmission unit 28 is provided in the image processing device 12. Do not store in memory.

  The first smoke image determination unit 30 determines a smoke image in which a smoke plume exists from the image captured by the monitoring camera 10. For example, as shown in FIG. 10, the smoke image determination by the first smoke image determination unit 30 is performed by storing an observation image in which no smoke plume exists in the monitoring area captured by the monitoring camera 10 in the memory as the background image 44. Then, a difference image 46 between the observation image 45 captured by the monitoring camera 10 and the held background image 44 is generated, and for example, a portion of the difference image whose luminance is reduced from the surroundings due to light reduction due to smoke is observed in a vertically long band shape. The area to be processed is extracted as the smoke plume area 47. A smoke image is determined when the number of pixels 2R (pxl) in the horizontal pixel row 48 of the extracted smoke plume region 47 is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold (2R) th. The background image 44 is normally updated regularly.

Here, the luminance ΔB of the pixel in the smoke plume region 47 of the difference image 46 is defined as Br, where the luminance of the corresponding pixel of the background image 44 is B, and the luminance of the corresponding pixel of the observation image 45 is Bs.
ΔB = Br−Bs
And shows the amount of light loss from the background that passes through the smoke plume.

  The threshold (2R) th of the number of horizontal pixels determined to be a smoke image by the first smoke image determination unit 30 generates, for example, a smoke plume with a maximum monitoring distance L = 30 (m) and a thickness 2r = 1.0 (m) In this case, the number of horizontal pixels 2R of the smoke plume in the observed image is 2R = 12 pixels, so the threshold (2R) th is set to (2R) th = 12 pixels.

  The first expected angle detection unit 32 calculates the expected angle θ of the smoke plume from the horizontal pixel number 2R of the smoke plume area in the smoke image determined by the first smoke image determination unit 30, and calculates the first distance. To the unit 38.

On the other hand, the light attenuation rate detection unit 34 detects the light attenuation rate Y at a predetermined height H of the smoke plume region in the smoke image determined by the first smoke image determination unit 30. For example, the light attenuation rate detection unit 34 includes an average luminance ΔB of the horizontal pixel row 48 having a predetermined height H in the smoke plume region 47 extracted from the difference image 46 generated by the first smoke image determination unit 30 illustrated in FIG. Based on the average luminance Br of the horizontal pixel column of the background image 44 at the same position as the horizontal pixel column 48, the smoke plume dimming rate Y (%) is set to Y = (ΔB / Br) · 100.
Calculate as

Here, if the average luminance of the horizontal pixel column in the observation image 45 at the same position as the horizontal pixel column 48 of the smoke plume region 47 in the difference image 46 is Bs, ΔB = (Br−Bs), and the light attenuation rate Y ( %)
Y = {(Br−Bs) / Br} · 100
Means that it was calculated as

  The detection of the light attenuation rate Y may be calculated from the luminance of a specific pixel of the horizontal pixel row 48 of the difference image 46, for example, the center pixel, or may be calculated from the average luminance of a plurality of horizontal pixel rows positioned above and below. You may do it.

  The first plume thickness estimation unit 36 estimates the corresponding smoke plume thickness 2r (m) from the dimming rate Y (%) detected by the dimming rate detection unit 34 based on the relationship shown in FIG. To do. For example, the first plume thickness estimation unit 36 sets a relational expression that approximates the graph characteristics of the light attenuation rate Y and the plume thickness 2r shown in FIG. By substituting, the smoke plume thickness 2r is calculated and estimated.

  The first plume thickness estimation unit 36 prepares a binary table based on the graph characteristics of the light attenuation rate Y and the plume thickness 2r shown in FIG. The thickness 2r of the corresponding smoke plume may be read by referring to the bull.

  The first distance calculation unit 38 calculates the smoke plume angle θ detected by the first plume angle detection unit 32 and the smoke plume thickness 2r estimated by the first plume thickness estimation unit 36 based on the above equation 2. A fire point distance L from the monitoring camera 10 to the smoke plume is calculated.

  The first fire determination unit 40 determines that the first stage fire is detected when the smoke plume thickness 2r estimated by the first plume thickness estimation unit 36 is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold (2r) th = 0.6 (m). Otherwise, it is determined as a non-fire, and if it is determined as a first-stage fire, the smoke plume thickness 2r and / or the first distance calculation unit estimated by the first plume thickness estimation unit 36 A first fire signal is output to the external fire alarm device 14 together with the data of the fire point distance L calculated in 38, and a fire warning alarm (pre-alarm) is output as a first stage fire alarm, for example, a smoke plume. The thickness 2r and / or the fire point distance L are displayed.

  By grasping the thickness (size) and distance of the smoke plume in the monitoring area in such a fire alarm facility 14, it is possible to accurately grasp the state of the first stage fire.

(Specific example of fire detection by dimming image)
Now, assuming that the number of horizontal pixels 2R of the smoke plume region determined by the first smoke image determination unit 30 is 2R = 46 pixels, the expected angle θ calculated by the first expected angle detection unit 32 is θ = 0.064 × 46 = 2.94 °
It becomes.

  At this time, assuming that the smoke plume dimming rate Y detected from the smoke image by the light extinction rate detecting unit 34 is Y = 48 (%), the thickness of the smoke plume from the relationship between the luminance rate and the plume thickness in FIG. 2r is estimated to be 2r = 1.0 (m).

Further, since the first distance calculation unit 38 is tan (θ / 2) = 23/700, the fire point distance L from the monitoring camera 10 to the fire point is calculated by the above equation 2.
L = 15.2 (m)
And calculate.

  The first fire determination unit 40 is configured such that the smoke plume thickness 2r = 1.0 (m) estimated by the first plume thickness estimation unit 36 matches the threshold (2r) th = 1.0 (m). Judged as a first stage fire.

  For this reason, the first fire determination unit 40 outputs the first fire signal together with the smoke plume thickness data and the fire point distance data to the fire alarm device 14, and together with the output of the first stage fire alarm, the smoke plume. The thickness 2r = 1.0 (m) and the fire point distance L = 15.2 (m) are displayed so that the status of the first stage fire that occurred in the monitoring area can be confirmed.

  On the other hand, even if the number of horizontal pixels 2R of the smoke plume in the smoke image is 2R = 46 pixels and the prospective angle θ is the same θ = 2.94 °, the smoke plume dimming rate Y is, for example, Y = 14 (% ), The smoke plume thickness in this case is estimated to be 2r = 0.30 (m) from the relationship of FIG. = 4.6 (m).

  In this case, the smoke plume thickness 2r = 0.30 (m) is less than the threshold value (2r) th = 1.0 (m) for determining fire, and is determined to be non-fire.

(Relationship between smoke plume thickness due to combustion material and dimming rate)
The white smoke plume generated when wood, cloth, paper, etc. are fired, maintains a relationship between the smoke plume thickness and the light attenuation rate, which is almost the same as the paper shown in Fig. 6, although there are some differences. And the fire detection by the 1st fire detection part 50 of FIG. 2 is attained.

  On the other hand, when a resin such as polyurethane is burned, smoke close to black is generated. According to the theory of part, the extinction rate of smoke generated varies depending on the type of combustible, and the extinction rate of smoke generated when a resin such as polyurethane or PVC burns is the same as that of wood or paper. It is known that it is very different from white smoke.

  Therefore, by separately preparing the relationship between the light attenuation rate and thickness of the smoke plume generated when a resin such as polyurethane or PVC burns, and setting it in the first plume thickness estimation unit 36 of FIG. A fire can be detected by estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the detected light attenuation rate.

  However, in the case of a liquid fire such as oil, for example, oil that has leaked and accumulated on the floor surface may burn at once. In this case, a very thick plume with a large burning area compared to wood or the like is observed with a high attenuation rate, which is a different profile from a fire model in a smoke plume such as wood.

  For this reason, if it is determined that the liquid fire is caused by the size of the smoke plume area in the observation image, the fire model must be changed. In the case of a liquid fire, the dimming rate is greater than the observed plume thickness compared to the model fire of wood-fired wood. The size of the fire source is determined by the oil distribution, and it does not grow as the fire progresses, unlike wood.

  For this reason, it is difficult to determine the distance of the fire point from the relationship between the light attenuation rate of the smoke plume and the plume thickness according to this embodiment. For this reason, when the smoke plume area present in the difference image between the observation image of the surveillance camera and the background image is extremely large, it is determined as a first-stage fire, a first fire signal is output, and the fire source distance is estimated. Do not.

[Principle of fire detection by scattered light image]
When the first fire detection unit 50 determines that the first-stage fire has occurred, the second fire detection unit 100 in FIG. The second-stage fire is detected from the scattered light image of the smoke plume generated in the captured monitoring area and the second fire signal is output. The detection principle will be described as follows.

(Smoke plume and luminance rate)
When the monitoring area 16 shown in FIG. 1 is illuminated as a whole by turning on the indoor lighting device 24, a scattered light image generated by the smoke 20 can be captured by the monitoring camera 10 to detect the occurrence of smoke plume. it can. In this case, the observation image of the smoke 20 by the monitoring camera 10 is an image corresponding to the amount of scattered light scattered by the illumination light hitting the smoke 20. When the scattered light from the smoke 20 is observed by the monitoring camera 10, the amount of scattered light decreases in inverse proportion to the square of the distance L from the smoke plume.

  Consider a fire model that gradually burns and spreads using wood as a combustion product. At this time, the thickness 2r of the smoke plume 26 shown in FIG. 3 gradually increases as the fire spreads. At the same time, the smoke density y of the smoke plume increases and the amount of scattered light observed increases accordingly. The smoke density y means the light attenuation rate.

  FIG. 11 is a graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the smoke plume and the smoke density y (% / m) when a fire breaks out, and also shows the total luminance X (μW) of the smoke plume observed by the monitoring camera. Show.

  When a fire occurs in the monitoring area 16, when the scale of the fire increases, the smoke plume thickness 2r increases as shown in FIG. 11, and the smoke density y (% / m) generated there also increases. The total luminance X (μW) of the smoke plume imaged at 1 also increases.

In this case, the luminance rate x (μW / pxl) indicating the luminance per pixel (per unit pixel) at which the scattered light of the generated smoke is observed by the monitoring camera 10 is the horizontal direction occupied by the smoke plume in the observed image. When the number of pixels (hereinafter referred to as “the number of horizontal pixels”) is 2R pixels,
x = y / 2R (μW / pxl)
It becomes.

  FIG. 12 is a graph showing the relationship between the smoke plume thickness 2r (m) and the luminance factor x (μW / pxl) together with the smoke density y (% / m), and the smoke plume thickness of FIG. This is based on the relationship between 2r and the total luminance value X (μW).

  From the relationship between the smoke plume thickness 2r and the luminance factor x shown in FIG. 12, the smoke plume luminance factor 2r can be estimated by detecting the smoke plume luminance factor x from the image observed by the monitoring camera 10. .

  The detection of the luminance rate of the smoke plume in the observation screen imaged by the monitoring camera 10 does not have to be calculated from the observation image, and the luminance of the pixels existing in the smoke plume region may be detected.

(Relationship between luminance rate and distance)
FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between the total brightness and the brightness rate with respect to the distance to the fire point. The brightness rate x of the smoke plume present in the observation image of the monitoring camera 10 is independent of the distance L to the fire point. Always a constant value. The reason for this will be described as follows.

  Consider a case where a smoke plume with a thickness of 2r = 1 m is at a distance L1 = 30 m from the surveillance camera 10 and a case where the smoke plume is at a distance L2 = 3 m. Here, a plume existing at a distance L1 = 30 m is defined as a first plume, and a smoke plume existing at a distance L2 = 3 m is defined as a second plume.

The closer the smoke plume is to the surveillance camera 10, the greater the brightness of the observed smoke plume. Considering the total brightness measured from the smoke plume observed by the monitoring camera 10, between the first plume and the second plume at different distances, the respective total brightness is X1 and X2.
X1 · L1 ² = X2 · L2 ²
There is a relationship. That is, the total luminance X1 and X2 of the smoke plume is inversely proportional to the square of the distances L1 and L2 to the fire point.

For example, if the distance L1 of the first plume is 30 (m) and the total luminance X1 is X1 = 10 (mW), the total luminance X2 of the second plume where the distance L2 = 3 (m) is
X2 = X1 · L1 ² / L2 ² = 1000 (mW)
It becomes.

Further, the luminance rate x (μW / pxl) per unit pixel of the monitoring camera 10 is obtained. Here, assuming that the number of horizontal pixels occupied by the smoke plume in the observed image is 2R pixels, the luminance rate x is
x = X / (2R) ²
And
2R1 ・ L1 = 2R2 ・ L2
Therefore, x1 = X1 / (2R1) ²
= X1 / (2R2 / L2 / L1) ²
= (X2 / L2 ² / L1 ² ) / (2R2 / L2 / L1) ²
= X2 / (2R2) ²
= X2
It becomes.

  That is, the luminance factor x is constant regardless of the distance L, and depends only on the smoke plume size 2r. This is the same principle that the temperature measured in a radiation thermometer is independent of distance.

(Relationship between smoke plume thickness and distance)
If the thickness 2r can be estimated from the luminance factor x of the smoke plume existing in the observation image of the monitoring camera 10, the distance L from the monitoring camera 10 to the fire point generating the smoke plume is shown in FIG. It can be calculated from the relationship between the expected angle of the same smoke plume and the fire point distance.

That is, assuming that the number of pixels in the horizontal direction on the observation screen corresponding to the thickness 2r of the smoke plume imaged by the monitoring camera 10 is 2R pixels, the expected angle θ of the smoke plume is
θ = α ・ 2R (°) (Formula 3)
It becomes. This is the same as Equation 1 described above.

Thus, when the expected angle θ of the smoke plume is obtained, the fire point distance L from the monitoring camera 10 to the smoke plume 26 is calculated based on the smoke plume thickness 2r obtained from the luminance factor x of the smoke plume.
L = r / tan (θ / 2) (Formula 4)
It becomes. This is the same as Equation 2 described above.

(Judgment of fire)
In the fire determination by the smoke plume in the scattered light image of the monitoring camera 10, the smoke plume thickness 2r estimated from the smoke plume luminance factor x is equal to or greater than the threshold plume size (2r) th of the smoke plume due to the predetermined model fire. When it becomes, it judges with fire.

  In this embodiment, a model fire that generates a smoke plume having a smoke density y = 30 (% / m) with a luminance rate x = 1.84 (μw / pxl) is determined as a fire. Since the thickness 2r corresponding to the luminance ratio x = 1.84 (μw / pxl) is 1.0 (m), the threshold thickness (2r) th = 1.0 (m) is set and the threshold value is set. When the thickness is greater than (2r) th, it is determined as a fire, and when it is less than that, it is determined as a non-fire.

[Second fire detection section]
(Functional configuration of the second fire detector)
As shown in FIG. 2, the second fire detection unit 100 provided in the image processing device 12 turns off the floor lighting device 22a and the wall lighting device 22b when the first fire detection unit 50 determines that the first stage fire is detected. Then, the indoor lighting device 24 is turned on, the operation is performed with the entire monitoring area 16 illuminated, and moving image data captured by the monitoring camera 10 by transmission control of the transmission unit 28 is, for example, 30 frames per second. The image data of the monitoring area is transmitted and stored in a memory (not shown) provided in the image processing device 12.

  The second smoke image determination unit 130 determines a smoke image in which a smoke plume due to scattered light exists from an image captured by the monitoring camera 10. The determination of the smoke image by the second smoke image determination unit 130 is performed by, for example, detecting a smoke plume candidate area formed by a set of pixels having a predetermined threshold luminance or higher that can be determined as a smoke plume, and detecting the detected smoke plume candidate area When the horizontal pixel number 2R of the smoke image is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold (2R) th, it is determined that the smoke plume is likely to be present due to a fire, and the horizontal pixel number 2R of the smoke plume candidate region in the determined smoke image is 2 Output to the prospective angle detection unit 132 and send the determined smoke image to the luminance rate detection unit 134 to instruct the detection operation of the luminance rate x.

  As another embodiment of the second smoke image determination unit 130, a background image in which no smoke plume is present in the monitoring area is stored in advance, and a difference image between the image captured by the monitoring camera 10 and the background image is generated. A smoke plume region may be extracted, and a smoke image may be determined when the number of horizontal pixels 2R in the smoke plume region is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold (2R) th. Note that the background image is appropriately updated in the absence of the smoke plume.

  The threshold (2R) th of the number of horizontal pixels determined to be a smoke image by the second smoke image determination unit 130 generates, for example, a smoke plume having a maximum distance L = 30 (m) and a thickness 2r = 1.0 (m). Assuming a fire model, in this case, the number of horizontal pixels 2R of the smoke plume in the observed image is 2R = 12 pixels, so the threshold (2R) th is set to (2R) th = 12 pixels.

  The second expected angle detection unit 132 calculates the expected angle θ of the smoke plume from the horizontal pixel number 2R of the smoke plume candidate area in the smoke image determined by the second smoke image determination unit 130 by the above equation 3, and the second distance The result is output to the calculation unit 138.

  On the other hand, the luminance rate detection unit 134 detects the luminance of the pixel in the smoke plume candidate region in the smoke image determined by the second smoke image determination unit 130 as the luminance rate x. The luminance rate x in this case may be detected as an average value of a plurality of pixels entering the smoke plume.

  The second plume thickness estimation unit 136 estimates the smoke plume thickness 2r from the luminance rate x detected by the luminance rate detection unit 134 based on the relationship between the luminance rate x and the plume thickness 2r shown in FIG. . For example, the second plume thickness estimation unit 136 sets a plurality of linear expressions or quadratic expressions that approximate the graph characteristics of the luminance rate x and the plume thickness 2r shown in FIG. By substituting the luminance factor x, the smoke plume thickness 2r is calculated and estimated.

  The second plume thickness estimation unit 136 prepares a binary table based on the graph characteristics of the luminance rate x and the plume thickness 2r shown in FIG. 12, and refers to the table based on the detected luminance rate x. The corresponding smoke plume thickness 2r may be read out.

  The second distance calculation unit 138 calculates the smoke plume estimated angle θ detected by the second expected angle detection unit 132 and the smoke plume thickness 2r estimated by the second plume thickness estimation unit 136 based on the above equation 4. A fire point distance L from the monitoring camera 10 to the smoke plume is calculated.

  The second fire determination unit 140 determines that the second stage of fire is a fire when the smoke plume thickness 2r estimated by the second plume thickness estimation unit 136 is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold (2r) th (confirms the fire). In other cases, it is determined as non-fire, and when it is determined as a second-stage fire, the smoke plume thickness 2r estimated by the second plume thickness estimation unit 136 and / or the second distance calculation unit 138 A second fire signal is output to the external fire alarm device 14 together with the data of the calculated fire point distance L, a fire alarm is output, and the smoke plume thickness 2r and / or the fire point distance L are displayed, for example.

(Specific example of fire point detection based on scattered light image)
Now, assuming that the number of horizontal pixels 2R of the smoke plume candidate area determined by the second smoke image determination unit 130 is 2R = 46 pixels, the expected angle θ calculated by the second expected angle detection unit 132 is expressed by the equation 3 = 0.064 × 46 = 2.94 °
It becomes.

  At this time, assuming that the luminance rate x of the smoke plume detected from the smoke image by the luminance rate detection unit 134 is x = 18.4 (μW / pxl), the smoke from the relationship between the luminance rate x and the plume thickness 2r in FIG. The plume thickness 2r is estimated to be 2r = 1.0 (m).

Further, since the second distance calculation unit 138 is tan (θ / 2) = 23/700, the fire point distance L from the monitoring camera 10 to the fire point is calculated according to the above equation 4.
L = 15.2 (m)
And calculate.

  The second fire determination unit 140 sets a predetermined threshold (2r) th for determining a fire from the smoke plume thickness 2r estimated by the second plume thickness estimation unit 136, for example, (2r) th = 1.0 (m ), The smoke plume thickness 2r = 1.0 (m) estimated at this time coincides with the threshold value (2r) th = 1.0 (m), so that it is determined as a fire.

  For this reason, the second fire determination unit 140 outputs the second fire signal together with the smoke plume thickness data and the fire point distance data to the fire alarm device 14 to output a fire alarm and the smoke plume thickness. d = 1.0 (m) and fire point distance L = 15.2 (m) are displayed, and the status of the fire that occurred in the monitoring area can be confirmed.

  On the other hand, even if the smoke plume horizontal pixel number 2R in the smoke image is 2R = 46 pixels and the prospective angle θ is the same θ = 2.94 °, the smoke plume luminance factor x is, for example, x = 5.0 ( .mu.W / pxl), the smoke plume thickness in this case is estimated to be 2r = 0.5 (m) from the relationship of FIG. 5, and the fire point distance L from the surveillance camera 10 to the fire point is given by 4 to L = 7.6 (m).

  In this case, the smoke plume thickness 2r = 0.5 (m) is less than the threshold (2r) th = 1.0 (m) for determining a fire, and is determined to be a non-fire.

(Detection of black smoke fire by dimming image)
The smoke plume of white smoke that is generated when wood, cloth, paper, etc. are fired, maintains a substantially equivalent relationship between plume thickness and smoke density, as shown in FIG. For this reason, the relationship between the luminance rate and thickness of the smoke plume shown in FIG. 11 is maintained regardless of the object to be fired, and the fire detection by the second fire detection unit 100 in FIG. 2 becomes possible.

  However, when oil or gas burns with flames, black smoke is generated instead of white smoke generated by smoldering, and the relationship between the scale of the fire, that is, plume thickness and the amount of light scattered by smoke, is It will be different.

  In this case, it is necessary to first confirm the presence of flame and recognize that black smoke is generated due to the fire. In addition, the relationship between plume thickness and the amount of scattered light must be judged by replacing it with a black smoke model fire.

  For this reason, when detecting a fire from the smoke image of the black smoke plume, the second plume thickness estimation unit 136 provided in the second fire detection unit 100 of FIG. By setting the relationship, it is possible to estimate the thickness of the black smoke plume and determine the fire in the same manner as in the case based on the relationship of FIG. 12 when white smoke is generated.

[Fire detection processing]
(Outline of fire detection process)
FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing an outline of the fire detection process according to the embodiment of FIG. As shown in FIG. 14, first, in step S1 (hereinafter, “step” is omitted), the floor lighting device 22a and the wall surface lighting device 22b are turned on by the illumination switching unit 42, and as shown in FIG. The floor surface 16a and the wall surface 16b, which are the background of the monitoring area 16 to be imaged, are illuminated with a constant illumination.

  Then, it progresses to S2 and the 1st fire detection part 50 performs a 1st fire detection process. That is, the first fire detection unit 50 executes a process of determining the first stage fire by estimating the thickness of the smoke plume and the fire point distance from the smoke dimmed image captured by the monitoring camera 10, and in S3, the first fire is detected. When the determination result of the stage fire is determined, the first fire signal is output to the fire alarm equipment 14 together with the data indicating the thickness of the smoke plume and the fire point distance in S4, and the fire alarm equipment 14 outputs the first stage fire alarm. For example, a fire warning alarm (pre-alarm) is output and the smoke plume thickness and fire point distance are displayed.

  Subsequently, the process proceeds to S5, where the illumination switching unit 42 turns off the floor illumination device 22a and the wall illumination device 22b to stop the background illumination, turns on the interior illumination device 24, and switches to the overall illumination of the monitoring region 16.

  Then, it progresses to S6 and the 2nd fire detection part 100 performs a 2nd fire detection process in the state which switched the monitoring area | region 16 to the whole illumination. That is, the second fire detection unit 100 executes a process of determining the fire of the second stage by estimating the thickness of the smoke plume and the fire point distance from the smoke scattered light image captured by the monitoring camera 10, and in S7, the fire is detected. When the determination result is determined, in S8, the second fire signal is output to the fire alarm facility 14 together with the data indicating the thickness of the smoke plume and the fire point distance, and the fire alarm facility 14 outputs a fire alarm and the smoke plume thickness. And display the hot spot distance.

(Details of the first fire detection process)
FIG. 15 is a flowchart showing details of the first fire detection process in S2 of FIG. 14, and is a control operation of the first fire detection unit 50 of FIG.

  In FIG. 15, first, in S11, a fire determination for determining a fire from the threshold (2R) th of the horizontal pixel number for determining the smoke plume region in the smoke image, the expected angle α per pixel in the surveillance camera 10, and the thickness of the smoke plume. The threshold (2R) th is set as a constant.

  Subsequently, in S12, the smoke plume area is detected from the difference image between the observation image captured by the monitoring camera 10 and the background image stored in advance, and the number of horizontal pixels 2R having a predetermined height H in the smoke plume area is obtained, and in S13. If it is not less than the predetermined threshold (2R) th, it is determined as a smoke image, and the process proceeds to S14.

  In S14, the prospective angle θ is calculated from the horizontal pixel number 2R of the smoke plume detected in S12, and then the process proceeds to S15 to detect the smoke plume dimming rate Y in the smoke image. Subsequently, the process proceeds to S16, where the smoke plume thickness 2r is estimated from the smoke plume dimming rate Y, and then the process proceeds to S17, where the fire point distance L is calculated from the expected angle θ of the smoke plume and the thickness 2r.

  Subsequently, the process proceeds to S18, and if the smoke plume thickness 2r is equal to or greater than the fire threshold (2r) th, it is determined as the first-stage fire, and the process returns to S3 in FIG. 14 to determine the determination result of the first-stage fire. Then, the process proceeds to S4, and the first fire signal is output together with the data of the smoke plume thickness 2r and / or the fire point distance L.

(Details of the second fire detection process)
FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing details of the second fire detection process in S6 of FIG. 14, and is a control operation of the second fire detection unit 100 of FIG.

  In FIG. 16, first, in step S21, a fire is determined from the threshold (2R) th of the horizontal pixel number for determining the smoke plume candidate area in the smoke image, the expected angle α per pixel in the surveillance camera 10, and the thickness of the smoke plume. The fire determination threshold (2R) th is set as a constant.

  Subsequently, the process proceeds to S22, where a smoke plume candidate area formed by a pixel set having a predetermined luminance or higher is detected from the observation image captured by the monitoring camera 10, and the horizontal pixel number 2R of the smoke plume candidate area is obtained. If it is equal to or greater than the threshold (2R) th, it is determined as a smoke image, and the process proceeds to S24.

  In S24, the prospective angle θ is calculated from the horizontal pixel number 2R of the smoke plume detected in S22, and then the process proceeds to S25 to detect the luminance of the smoke plume in the smoke image as the luminance factor x.

  Subsequently, the process proceeds to S26, where the smoke plume thickness 2r is estimated from the luminance factor x of the smoke plume, and then, the process proceeds to S27, where the fire point distance L is calculated from the expected angle θ of the smoke plume and the thickness 2r.

  Subsequently, the process proceeds to S28, and if the smoke plume thickness 2r is equal to or greater than the fire threshold (2r) th, it is determined as a second-stage fire, the process returns to S7 in FIG. 14, and the fire determination result is determined. The second fire signal is output together with the data of the smoke plume thickness 2r and / or the fire point distance L.

[Application of fire point distance and smoke plume thickness]
(Application based on estimation of fire point distance)
The smoke 20 in the monitoring area 16 of FIG. 1 is generated by using the fire point distance L that is output when the image processing apparatus 12 of FIG. 2 determines that the fire is the first stage or the second stage. It is possible to identify the fire point position.

  When the fire point position of the smoke 20 in the monitoring area 16 can be specified, for example, proper fire extinguishing can be performed by sending smoke position information to the fire extinguishing device. For example, when a sprinkler fire extinguishing equipment having a remotely controllable sprinkler head is installed, only the sprinkler head close to the fire point position is operated. A movable fire extinguishing robot is automatically moved to the vicinity of the fire point. In addition, the position of the water gun is controlled.

  In an automated large space facility such as a factory or an automatic warehouse, knowing the position of the fire point makes it possible to take appropriate measures such as stopping the operation of the target equipment and operating the attached fire extinguishing device.

  In addition, even during the initial fire extinguishing activity by a person, it is possible to go straight to the fire point position, and quick response is possible. In addition, it is possible to set an accurate route for evacuation guidance. Furthermore, it is possible to provide information on the exact location of the fire point to fire fighters, and to improve the fire extinguishing efficiency, leading to life saving and damage suppression. Besides this, various measures can be taken by knowing the fire point distance.

(Application based on estimation of smoke plume thickness)
By using the estimated value of the size of the smoke plume, that is, the size (scale) of the fire point, which is output when the image processing apparatus 12 of FIG. 2 determines that the fire is the first stage fire and the second stage fire. The following applications are possible.

  For example, it is possible to use an appropriate fire extinguisher that matches the size (scale) of smoke, and it is possible to reliably extinguish with a small amount of fire extinguisher, leading to pollution prevention and property protection.

  In addition, the sudden expansion of the smoke plume indicates that the fire has suddenly expanded, enabling evacuation guidance to be started in an appropriate manner at an early stage, leading to lifesaving. Besides this, various measures can be taken by knowing the scale of the fire from the thickness of the smoke plume.

[Modification of the present invention]
(Fire judgment)
In the above embodiment, the first fire detection unit determines the first stage fire from the dimmed image of the smoke plume and outputs the first fire signal, and then the second fire detection unit outputs the scattered light image of the smoke plume. The second fire signal is output by determining the second stage fire from the second stage, but when the first stage fire is determined, the fire signal is not output and the second stage fire is determined to determine the fire. If it is determined, a fire confirmation signal may be output to notify a fire alarm.

(Smoke plume thickness and fire point distance)
In the above embodiment, when it is determined that the first-stage fire is detected from the smoke dimming image or when the second-stage fire is determined from the scattered light image of the smoke, the first fire signal or the second fire signal is added. Although the estimated smoke plume thickness and / or fire point distance data are output, only the first fire signal or the second fire signal may be output.

(Non-fire judgment)
In the above embodiment, when the thickness of the smoke plume estimated from the smoke dimming image or the smoke scattered light image is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold, it is determined that the first stage fire or the second stage fire has occurred. Data indicating the fire point distance to the smoke plume and / or the thickness of the smoke plume is output together with the fire signal or the second fire signal. Outputs data indicating the fire spot distance to the smoke plume and / or the smoke plume thickness, for example, outputs a caution alarm based on non-fire smoke detection, and displays the fire spot distance and the smoke plume thickness Thus, the use of fire in the monitoring area where fire is strictly prohibited is notified, and it is possible to deal with, for example, arson.

(Surveillance camera)
In the above embodiment, the case where the horizontal one-side viewing angle θ of the surveillance camera is set to 45 ° is taken as an example in order to simplify the description, but the embodiment can be applied to an appropriate viewing angle. Further, the number of horizontal and vertical pixels of the surveillance camera is not limited to (1400 × 1000) pixels, and those having an appropriate resolution can be used.

(Image processing device)
In the above embodiment, the surveillance camera and the image processing apparatus are separately arranged and connected by a transmission path, but an apparatus in which both are integrated may be used.

(Other)
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, includes appropriate modifications without impairing the object and advantages thereof, and is not limited by the numerical values shown in the above-described embodiment.

[Features of the present invention]
Here, the features of the present invention are enumerated as follows.

(Feature 1) (System)
An imaging means for photographing a monitoring area to be a partition space;
A background illumination means for illuminating the wall surface and floor surface of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means with a constant illuminance;
An overall illumination means for illuminating the entire monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
First fire detection means for detecting a first-stage fire from a dimmed image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means and outputting a first fire signal in a state where the monitoring area is illuminated in the background When,
An illumination switching means for stopping the background illumination by the background illumination means and switching to the overall illumination by the overall illumination means when a first stage fire is detected by the first fire detection means;
A second fire signal is detected by detecting a second-stage fire from the scattered light image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means in a state where the monitoring area is switched to the overall illumination by the illumination switching means. Second fire detection means for outputting;
A fire detection system characterized by the provision of

(Feature 2) (First fire detection means)
In the fire detection and system described in Feature 1,
The first fire detecting means is
First smoke image determination means for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of background illumination of the monitoring area captured by the imaging means;
A dimming rate detecting means for detecting a dimming rate due to the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the first smoke image determining means;
First plume thickness estimating means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the dimming rate detected by the dimming rate detecting means;
First fire determining means for determining a first-stage fire and outputting a first fire signal when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the first plume thickness estimating means is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold;
A fire detection system characterized by the provision of

  According to the feature 2, the smoke plume generated by the fire is generated by illuminating the floor surface and the wall surface as the background of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging unit without illuminating the space where the smoke in the monitoring area rises. The light plume thickness is detected from the observed image, and the smoke plume thickness is estimated from the smoke plume light decay rate that is constant regardless of the preset distance. By determining the first stage fire in the above case, the first stage fire is reliably detected from the observation image dimmed by the smoke plume whose size changes depending on the distance, and for example, a fire warning (pre-alarm) ) Can be notified.

(Feature 3) (Second fire detection means)
In the fire detection and system described in Feature 1,
The second fire detecting means is
Second smoke image determination means for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of the entire illumination of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
A luminance rate detecting means for detecting a luminance rate per unit pixel of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the second smoke image determining means;
Second plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the brightness rate detected by the brightness rate detection means;
Second fire determination means for determining a second stage fire and outputting a second fire signal when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the second plume thickness estimation means is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold;
A fire detection system characterized by the provision of

  According to this feature 3, the thickness of the smoke plume can be estimated from the luminance rate of the smoke plume which is constant regardless of the distance, and the thickness of the smoke plume determined by a predetermined model fire is used as a threshold for fire determination. In the above case, a fire is detected by determining a second-stage fire from the scattered light image of the smoke plume following a fire warning by detecting the first-stage fire based on the dimmed image. It can be confirmed and fire can be reliably detected and alarmed from the smoke plume observation image whose size changes with distance.

 Even if the first stage fire is erroneously detected from the dimmed image of the smoke plume by temporarily blocking the light from the background illumination by an object other than smoke, for example, a person, the first stage fire detection Based on the scattered light image obtained by switching to the entire illumination of the monitoring area based on the above, because the luminance rate is different from smoke, the thickness of the smoke plume does not exceed the threshold for judging fire, and false alarms due to non-fire factors Can be prevented.

(Feature 4) (First distance estimation)
In the fire detection system according to the feature 2, the first fire detection means further includes:
First prospective angle detection means for detecting the prospective angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the first smoke image determination means;
Based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected by the first expected angle detection means and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated by the first plume thickness estimation means, the fire point distance from the imaging means to the smoke plume is calculated. First distance calculating means;
And the first fire determining means has the fire plume distance calculated by the first distance calculating means and / or the smoke plume thickness estimated by the first plume thickness estimating means when it is determined that the first stage fire has occurred. The fire detection system characterized by outputting the information which shows this with the said 1st fire signal.

  According to this feature 4, the fire point distance from the imaging means to the flame can be obtained based on the thickness of the smoke plume estimated from the extinction rate of the smoke plume, and the first stage fire is determined from the thickness of the smoke plume. If it is determined that the fire point distance and / or smoke plume thickness is output together with the first fire signal, for example, a fire warning alarm (pre-alarm) is output and the flame distance and smoke plume thickness (large) are output. Display), thereby making it easier to grasp the first stage fire occurrence in the monitoring area and to take appropriate measures.

(Feature 5) (Second distance estimation)
In the fire detection system according to the feature 3, the second fire detection means further includes:
Second expected angle detection means for detecting the expected angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the second smoke image determination means;
A second point for calculating a fire point distance from the imaging means to the smoke plume based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected by the second expected angle detection means and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated by the plume thickness estimation means. A distance calculating means;
Provided,
The second fire determining means indicates the fire point distance calculated by the second distance calculating means and / or the smoke plume thickness estimated by the second plume thickness estimating means when it is determined that the second stage fire has occurred. A fire detection system that outputs information together with the second fire signal.

  According to this feature 5, the fire point distance can be obtained based on the thickness of the smoke plume estimated from the luminance factor of the smoke plume. By outputting the point distance and / or smoke plume thickness, for example, a fire alarm is output, and the flame distance and smoke plume thickness (size) are displayed, which enables the detection of fire occurrence in the monitoring area. Make it easy and appropriate.

(Feature 6) (Smoke image determination by background illumination)
In the fire detection system according to the feature 3, the first smoke image determination unit holds a background image in which no smoke plume exists in the monitoring area, and a difference image between the image captured by the imaging unit and the background image Is extracted, and a smoke plume region is extracted, and a smoke image is determined when the number of horizontal pixels of the smoke plume region is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold.

(Feature 7) (Detection of dimming rate)
In the fire detection system according to the feature 6, the dimming rate detection unit includes a luminance of a horizontal pixel row having a predetermined height in a smoke plume region extracted from the difference image generated by the first smoke image determination unit, and A fire detection system that calculates a light reduction rate of a smoke plume based on luminance of a horizontal pixel row of the background image at the same position as the horizontal pixel row.

(Feature 8) (Smoke plume thickness estimation)
In the fire detection system according to the feature 3, the first plume thickness estimation means presets a relationship between a light attenuation rate and a thickness due to a smoke plume obtained from a predetermined model fire, and based on the relationship, A fire detection system characterized in that the thickness of a smoke plume is estimated from the extinction rate of the smoke plume detected by the dimming rate detection means.

(Feature 9) (Calculation of fire point distance)
In the fire detection system according to the feature 4, the first distance calculation means, when the estimated smoke plume thickness is 2r and the expected angle of the smoke plume is θ,
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
Fire detection system characterized by calculating and estimating by

(Characteristic 10) (Smoke image judgment by overall illumination)
In the fire detection system according to the feature 3, the second image determination unit detects a smoke plume candidate region that is a set of pixels having a predetermined luminance or higher from the image captured by the imaging unit, and the smoke plume candidate region is detected. A fire detection system that determines a smoke image when the number of pixels in the horizontal direction is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold.

(Feature 11) (Estimation of plume thickness by luminance rate)
2. The fire detection system according to claim 3, wherein the two plume thickness estimation means sets a relationship between the luminance rate and the thickness of the smoke plume based on a predetermined empirical formula, and detects the luminance rate based on the relationship. A fire detection system for estimating the thickness of a smoke plume from a luminance rate detected by means.

(Feature 12) (Calculation of fire point distance)
In the fire detection system according to the feature 5, the second distance calculating means, when the estimated smoke plume thickness is 2r and the expected angle of the smoke plume is θ,
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
Fire detection system characterized by calculating and estimating by

(Feature 13) (Method)
The first stage fire is detected from the dimmed image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area captured by the imaging means with the background illumination of the wall and floor surface of the monitoring area forming the partition space at a constant illuminance. And a first fire detection step for outputting a first fire signal;
When a first-stage fire is detected in the first fire detection step, a second is obtained from the scattered light image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means in a state where the monitoring area is switched to the overall illumination. A second fire detection step for detecting a stage fire and outputting a second fire signal;
The fire detection method characterized by providing.

(Feature 14) (First fire detection means)
In the fire notification method according to the feature 13, the first fire detection step includes:
A first smoke image determination step for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of background illumination of the monitoring area captured by the imaging means;
A dimming rate detection step for detecting a dimming rate due to the smoke plume from the smoke image determined in the first smoke image determination step;
A first plume thickness estimation step for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the attenuation rate detected in the attenuation rate detection step;
A first fire determination step of determining a first-stage fire and outputting a first fire signal when the smoke plume thickness estimated in the first plume thickness estimation step is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold;
The fire detection method characterized by providing.

(Feature 15) (second fire detection means)
In the fire detection method according to the feature 13, the second fire detection step includes:
A second smoke image determination step for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of the entire illumination of the monitoring area captured by the imaging means;
A luminance rate detection step of detecting a luminance rate per unit pixel of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the second smoke image determination step;
A second plume thickness estimation step for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the luminance rate detected in the luminance rate detection step;
A second fire determination step of determining a second stage fire and outputting a second fire signal when the smoke plume thickness estimated in the second plume thickness estimation step is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold;
The fire detection method characterized by providing.

(Feature 16) (First distance estimation)
In the fire detection method according to the feature 14, the first fire detection step further includes:
A first expected angle detection step of detecting an expected angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the first smoke image determination step;
Based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected in the first expected angle detection step and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated in the first plume thickness estimation step, the fire point distance from the imaging means to the smoke plume is calculated. A first distance calculating step;
And the first fire determination step includes the fire plume distance calculated in the first distance calculation step and / or the smoke plume thickness estimated in the first plume thickness estimation step when it is determined that the fire is in the first stage. The fire detection method characterized by outputting the information which shows this with the said 1st fire signal.

(Feature 17) (Second distance estimation)
In the fire detection method according to the feature 15, the second fire detection step further includes:
A second expected angle detection step of detecting the expected angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the second smoke image determination step;
Second to calculate the fire point distance from the imaging means to the smoke plume based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected in the second expected angle detection step and the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step; A distance calculating step;
The second fire determination step includes the fire plume distance calculated in the second distance calculation step and / or the smoke plume thickness estimated in the second plume thickness estimation step when it is determined that the second stage fire. The fire detection method characterized by outputting the information which shows this with the said 2nd fire signal.

(Feature 18) (Smoke image determination by background illumination)
16. The fire detection method according to claim 15, wherein the first smoke image determination step retains a background image in which no smoke plume exists in the monitoring area, and a difference image between the image captured by the imaging unit and the background image. Is generated, and a smoke plume region is extracted, and a smoke image is determined when the number of horizontal pixels of the smoke plume region is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold.

(Feature 19) (Detection of dimming rate)
In the fire detection method according to the feature 18, the dimming rate detection step includes the luminance of a horizontal pixel row having a predetermined height in the smoke plume region extracted from the difference image generated in the first smoke image determination step, and A fire detection method, comprising: calculating a light reduction rate of a smoke plume based on a luminance of a horizontal pixel row of the background image at the same position as the horizontal pixel row.

(Feature 20) (Smoke plume thickness estimation)
In the fire detection method according to the feature 15, the first plume thickness estimation step sets in advance a relationship between a light attenuation rate and a thickness due to a smoke plume obtained from a predetermined model fire, and based on the relationship, A fire detection method characterized in that the thickness of a smoke plume is estimated from the extinction rate of the smoke plume detected in the attenuation rate detection step.

(Feature 21) (Calculation of fire point distance)
In the fire detection method according to the feature 16, the first distance calculating step is configured such that when the estimated smoke plume thickness is 2r and the expected angle of the smoke plume is θ, the fire point distance L is
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
Fire detection method characterized by calculating and estimating by

(Feature 22) (Smoke image determination by overall illumination)
In the fire detection method according to the feature 15, the second image determination step detects a smoke plume candidate region that is a set of pixels having a predetermined luminance or higher from an image captured by the imaging unit, and detects the smoke plume candidate region. A fire detection method characterized by determining a smoke image when the number of pixels in the horizontal direction is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold.

(Feature 23) (Estimation of plume thickness by luminance rate)
26. The fire detection method according to claim 16, wherein the two plume thickness estimation step sets a relationship between the luminance rate and the thickness of the smoke plume based on a predetermined empirical formula, and detects the luminance rate based on the relationship. A fire detection method characterized by estimating a thickness of a smoke plume from a luminance rate detected by means.

(Feature 24) (Calculation of fire point distance)
In the fire notification method according to the feature 17, the second distance calculating step is configured such that when the estimated smoke plume thickness is 2r and the expected angle of the smoke plume is θ, the fire point distance L is
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
Fire detection method characterized by calculating and estimating by

10: surveillance camera 12: image processing device 14: fire alarm equipment 15: imaging region 16: monitoring region 18: fire point 20: smoke 22a: floor illumination device 22b: wall illumination device 24: indoor illumination device 26: smoke plume 28 : Transmission unit 30: First smoke image determination unit 32: First prospect detection unit 34: Dimming rate detection unit 36: First plume thickness estimation unit 38: First distance calculation unit 40: First fire determination unit 42 : Lighting switching unit 44: background image 45: observation image 46: difference image 47: smoke plume region 48: horizontal pixel row 50: first fire detection unit 100: second fire detection unit 130: second smoke image determination unit 132: Second prospective angle detection unit 134: luminance rate detection unit 136: second plume thickness estimation unit 138: second distance calculation unit 140: second fire determination unit

Explanatory drawing which showed the monitoring area | region which installed the fire detection system of this invention The block diagram which showed embodiment of the fire detection system by this invention Explanatory diagram showing smoke generated by fire as a model A graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the smoke plume and the light extinction rate relative to the heat source heat quantity Explanatory drawing showing a model fire to obtain an empirical formula for ceiling flow by an arpert The graph which showed the relationship between the thickness of the smoke plume calculated based on FIG. 4, and the light attenuation rate And the distance to the background, graph chart showing a relationship between radiant intensity emanating from the background of the energy and the field of view incident on the camera in a predetermined view angle when are illuminated with constant irradiance Graph showing the relationship between the light decay rate and the smoke rise rate with respect to the height of the smoke plume Explanatory drawing showing the relationship between the expected angle of the smoke plume and the flame distance for the horizontal monitoring area of the surveillance camera Explanatory drawing which showed the image process which produces | generates and determines a difference image by the 1st smoke image determination part of FIG. Graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the smoke plume and the total brightness and smoke density A graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the smoke plume, the luminance rate, and the smoke concentration A graph showing the relationship between the total brightness and the brightness rate relative to the distance to the fire point A flowchart showing an outline of fire detection processing by the image processing apparatus of FIG. The flowchart which showed the detail of the 1st fire detection process of S2 of FIG. The flowchart which showed the detail of the 2nd fire detection process of S6 of FIG.

Figure 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the radiation intensity emanating from the background of the energy and the field of view incident on the camera in a predetermined view angle when are illuminated with distance and constant illumination to the background.

The energy Er (mW) that the background light enters the surveillance camera 10 separated by L0 is inversely proportional to the square of the distance L0. The relationship between the incident energy Er1, Er2 at different distances L01, L02 to the background is
Er2 / Er1 = {E2 / L02 ² } / {E1 / L01 ² }
Er2 = Er1 · {E2 / L02 ² } / {E1 / L01 ² }
= Er1 · { W (L0 2 · tan θ) ² / L02 ² } / {W (L01 · tan θ) ² / L01 ² }
= Er 1
That is, the energy Er incident on the monitoring camera 10 from the background where the uniform light strikes is constant regardless of the distance L0 to the background.

In this case, the luminance rate x (μW / pxl) indicating the luminance per pixel (per unit pixel) at which the scattered light of the generated smoke is observed by the monitoring camera 10 is the horizontal direction occupied by the smoke plume in the observed image. When the number of pixels (hereinafter referred to as “the number of horizontal pixels”) is 2R pixels,
x = X / (2R) ²
It becomes.

Claims (22)

Imaging means for photographing the surveillance area;
Background illumination means for illuminating the background of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means at a constant illuminance;
An overall illumination means for illuminating the entire monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
First fire detection means for detecting a first-stage fire from a smoke image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means in a state in which the monitoring area is illuminated in the background and outputting a first fire signal; ,
Illumination switching means for stopping the background illumination by the background illumination means and switching to the overall illumination by the overall illumination means when the first fire detection means detects the first stage fire;
In a state where the monitoring area is switched to the overall illumination by the illumination switching means, a second stage fire signal is detected by detecting a second stage fire from the smoke image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means. Second fire detection means for outputting;
A fire detection system characterized by the provision of
Imaging means for photographing the surveillance area;
Background illumination means for illuminating the background of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means at a constant illuminance;
An overall illumination means for illuminating the entire monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
First fire detection means for detecting a first-stage fire from a smoke image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means in a state in which the monitoring area is illuminated in the background and outputting a first fire signal; ,
When the overall fire is detected when the first fire is detected by the first fire detection means, the background illumination by the background illumination means is stopped, and when the overall illumination is not performed, Illumination switching means for stopping the background illumination by the background illumination means and switching to the overall illumination by the overall illumination means;
A second fire signal is detected by detecting a second-stage fire from a smoke image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means in a state where the monitoring area is only the entire illumination by the illumination switching means. Second fire detection means for outputting;
A fire detection system characterized by the provision of
The fire detection system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first fire detection means includes:
A smoke image determination means for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of background illumination of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
A dimming rate detecting means for detecting a dimming rate at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining means;
Plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the light attenuation rate detected by the light attenuation rate detection means;
A fire determination means for determining and detecting a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is greater than or equal to a predetermined value, and outputting the first fire signal;
A fire detection system characterized by the provision of
The fire detection system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the second fire detection means includes:
A smoke image determination means for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of the entire illumination of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
Luminance rate detection means for detecting the luminance rate per unit pixel of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination means,
Plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the brightness rate detected by the brightness rate detection means;
A fire determination means for determining and detecting a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is greater than or equal to a predetermined value, and outputting the second fire signal;
A fire detection system characterized by the provision of
In the fire detection system according to claim 3 or 4,
Expected angle detection means for detecting the expected angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination means;
Distance calculating means for estimating a fire point distance, which is a distance from the imaging means to the fire point, based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected by the expected angle detecting means and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated by the plume thickness estimating means And,
When the fire determination means determines that there is a fire, the fire determination means outputs information including at least one of the fire spot distance estimated by the distance calculation means and the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means. A fire detection system.
The fire detection system according to claim 5, wherein the distance calculation means includes:
When the expected angle of the smoke plume detected by the expected angle detection means is θ and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is 2r,
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
Fire detection system characterized by calculating and estimating by
A first fire that detects a first-stage fire from a smoke image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area captured by the imaging means and outputs a first fire signal with the background of the monitoring area illuminated at a constant illuminance A detection step;
When the first fire was detected by the first fire detection step, the background lighting was stopped and the monitoring area was switched to the overall lighting, and occurred in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means. A second fire detection step for detecting a second stage fire from a smoke image of the smoke plume and outputting a second fire signal;
The fire detection method characterized by providing.
A first fire that detects a first-stage fire from a smoke image of a smoke plume generated in the monitoring area captured by the imaging means and outputs a first fire signal with the background of the monitoring area illuminated at a constant illuminance A detection step;
When the first fire is detected in the first fire detection step, if the monitoring area is totally illuminated, the background lighting is stopped and only the overall lighting is used. If the background illumination is stopped and the monitoring area is switched to the overall illumination, a second-stage fire is detected from the smoke image of the smoke plume generated in the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means. Detecting a fire and outputting a second fire signal;
The fire detection method characterized by providing.
The fire detection method according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the first fire detection step includes:
A smoke image determination step for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of background illumination of the monitoring region imaged by the imaging means;
A dimming rate detecting step for detecting a dimming rate at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining step;
A plume thickness estimation step for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the light attenuation rate detected in the light attenuation rate detection step;
A fire determination step of determining and detecting a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is greater than or equal to a predetermined value, and outputting the first fire signal;
The fire detection method characterized by providing.
The fire detection method according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the second fire detection step includes:
A smoke image determination step for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of the entire illumination of the monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
A luminance rate detection step of detecting a luminance rate per unit pixel of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination step;
A plume thickness estimation step for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the brightness rate detected in the brightness rate detection step;
A fire determination step for determining and detecting a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is greater than or equal to a predetermined value, and outputting the second fire signal;
The fire detection method characterized by providing.
In the fire detection method according to claim 9 or 10,
An expected angle detection step of detecting an expected angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination step;
A distance calculating step for estimating a fire point distance, which is a distance from the imaging means to the fire point, based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected in the expected angle detection step and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated in the plume thickness estimation step. And,
When the fire determination step determines that there is a fire, the fire determination step includes information indicating at least one of the fire point distance estimated in the distance calculation step and the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step. A fire detection method characterized by
The fire detection method according to claim 11, wherein the distance calculating step includes:
When the expected angle of the smoke plume detected in the expected angle detection step is θ and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is 2r, the fire point distance L is
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
Fire detection method characterized by calculating and estimating by
A smoke image determination means for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of a monitoring area imaged by the imaging means;
Smoke density detecting means for detecting the smoke density at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining means;
Plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the smoke density detected by the smoke density detection means;
Fire determination means for determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
A fire detection system characterized by the provision of
A smoke image determination unit that determines a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of the monitoring region that is illuminated by the imaging unit and illuminated by the illumination unit;
A dimming rate detecting means for detecting a dimming rate at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining means;
Plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the light attenuation rate detected by the light attenuation rate detection means;
Fire determination means for determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
A fire detection system characterized by the provision of
A smoke image determination unit that determines a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of the monitoring region that is illuminated by the imaging unit and illuminated by the illumination unit;
Luminance rate detection means for detecting the luminance rate per unit pixel of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination means,
Plume thickness estimation means for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the brightness rate detected by the brightness rate detection means;
Fire determination means for determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
A fire detection system characterized by the provision of
The fire detection system according to any one of claims 13 to 15,
Expected angle detection means for detecting the expected angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination means;
Distance calculating means for estimating a fire point distance, which is a distance from the imaging means to the fire point, based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected by the expected angle detecting means and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated by the plume thickness estimating means And,
When the fire determination means determines that there is a fire, the fire determination means outputs information including at least one of the fire spot distance estimated by the distance calculation means and the smoke plume thickness estimated by the plume thickness estimation means. A fire detection system.
The fire detection system according to claim 16, wherein the distance calculation means includes:
When the expected angle of the smoke plume detected by the expected angle detection means is θ and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated by the plume thickness estimation means is 2r,
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
Fire detection system characterized by calculating and estimating by
A smoke image determination step for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of a monitoring region imaged by an imaging means;
A smoke density detection step for detecting a smoke density at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination step;
A plume thickness estimation step for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the smoke concentration detected in the smoke concentration detection step;
A fire determination step of determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
The fire detection method characterized by providing.
A smoke image determination step for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of the monitoring area that is illuminated by the illumination means and imaged by the imaging means;
A dimming rate detecting step for detecting a dimming rate at a predetermined height of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determining step;
A plume thickness estimation step for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the dimming rate detected by the dimming rate detection means;
A fire determination step of determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
The fire detection method characterized by providing.
A smoke image determination step for determining a smoke image in which a smoke plume is present from an image of the monitoring area that is illuminated by the illumination means and imaged by the imaging means;
A luminance rate detection step of detecting a luminance rate per unit pixel of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination step;
A plume thickness estimation step for estimating the thickness of the smoke plume from the brightness rate detected in the brightness rate detection step;
A fire determination step of determining a fire when the smoke plume thickness estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is greater than or equal to a predetermined value;
The fire detection method characterized by providing.
The fire detection method according to any one of claims 18 to 20,
An expected angle detection step of detecting an expected angle of the smoke plume from the smoke image determined by the smoke image determination step;
A distance calculating step for estimating a fire point distance, which is a distance from the imaging means to the fire point, based on the expected angle of the smoke plume detected in the expected angle detection step and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated in the plume thickness estimation step. When,
The fire detection method characterized by providing.
The fire detection method according to claim 21, wherein the distance calculating step includes:
When the expected angle of the smoke plume detected in the expected angle detection step is θ and the thickness of the smoke plume estimated in the plume thickness estimation step is 2r, the fire point distance L is
L = r / tan (θ / 2)
Fire detection method characterized by calculating and estimating by

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