JP2018031500A - Combustion control method - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、燃焼制御方法に関するものである。 The present invention relates to a combustion control method.
近年、環境問題への関心の高まりにより、より低公害な燃焼を可能とする天然ガスが注目されている。天然ガスは、石油や石炭と比べてＣ／Ｈ比が小さく、１モルの天然ガスを燃焼させたときの二酸化炭素の排出量が少ないことが知られている。また、輸送時に天然ガスを液化する際に、Ｎ成分、Ｓ成分が除去されるため、燃焼時のＮＯｘ、ＳＯｘの排出量も少ないことが知られている。 In recent years, natural gas that enables lower pollution combustion has attracted attention due to an increase in interest in environmental problems. It is known that natural gas has a smaller C / H ratio than petroleum and coal, and emits less carbon dioxide when 1 mol of natural gas is burned. It is also known that the amount of NOx and SOx emitted during combustion is small because N and S components are removed when natural gas is liquefied during transportation.
天然ガスは、主成分としてメタン、エタンおよびプロパンを含み、その組成比は産地毎に異なる（非特許文献１）。メタン、エタンおよびプロパンは、燃焼させたときの熱量が異なるため、天然ガスの産地が異なれば（組成比が異なれば）、天然ガスの熱量も異なる。 Natural gas contains methane, ethane, and propane as main components, and the composition ratio varies depending on the production area (Non-patent Document 1). Since methane, ethane, and propane have different calorific values when burned, the natural gas has different calorific values if the natural gas production areas are different (composition ratios are different).
従来、工場では燃料として天然ガスが用いられている。通常、天然ガスはタンクなどに貯蔵された状態のものが使用される。このとき、タンクごとに異なる産地（異なる組成比）の天然ガスが貯蔵されていることがあった。しかしながら、連続運転している燃焼器に対して異なる組成比の天然ガスを切り替える際、熱量の変化に伴う不具合が生じることが想定される。具体的には、熱量の小さな天然ガスから熱量の大きな天然ガスに切り替える場合、熱量が急激に増加して火炎が長くなることが想定される。また、熱量の大きな天然ガスから熱量の小さな天然ガスに切り替える場合、熱量が急激に減少して失火することが想定される。そこで、異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴う熱量の変動を抑制できる燃焼制御方法が求められていた。 Conventionally, natural gas is used as fuel in factories. Usually, natural gas is stored in a tank or the like. At this time, natural gas of different production areas (different composition ratios) may be stored for each tank. However, when switching natural gas having a different composition ratio to a combustor that is continuously operated, it is assumed that a problem associated with a change in the amount of heat occurs. Specifically, when switching from natural gas with a small amount of heat to natural gas with a large amount of heat, it is assumed that the amount of heat increases rapidly and the flame becomes longer. In addition, when switching from a natural gas with a large amount of heat to a natural gas with a small amount of heat, it is assumed that the amount of heat rapidly decreases and misfires occur. Therefore, there has been a demand for a combustion control method that can suppress fluctuations in the amount of heat accompanying switching of natural gas having different composition ratios.
本発明はこのような事情に鑑みてなされたものであって、異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴う熱量の変動を抑制できる燃焼制御方法を提供することを目的とする。 This invention is made | formed in view of such a situation, Comprising: It aims at providing the combustion control method which can suppress the fluctuation | variation of the calorie | heat amount accompanying switching of the natural gas of a different composition ratio.
上記課題を解決するため、本発明の一態様は、連続運転している燃焼器に供給する燃料を、第１の天然ガスから、第１の天然ガスと組成比の異なる第２の天然ガスへ切り替える際に行われる燃焼制御方法であって、切り替え時には、第１の天然ガスと第２の天然ガスとを含む混合ガスが燃焼器に供給され、第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第１の熱量と、第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第２の熱量と、に基づいて、切り替え時の単位時間における混合ガスの熱量の変化量または前記天然ガスを燃焼させたときの対象物の温度の変化量が小さくなるように、切り替え時に変化する混合ガスの組成を制御する工程を有する燃焼制御方法を提供する。 In order to solve the above problems, according to one embodiment of the present invention, fuel supplied to a combustor that is continuously operated is changed from a first natural gas to a second natural gas having a composition ratio different from that of the first natural gas. A combustion control method performed at the time of switching, wherein at the time of switching, a mixed gas containing the first natural gas and the second natural gas is supplied to the combustor and is calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas. Based on the first heat quantity and the second heat quantity calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas, when the amount of change in the heat quantity of the mixed gas in the unit time at the time of switching or when the natural gas is burned There is provided a combustion control method including a step of controlling the composition of a mixed gas that changes at the time of switching so that the amount of change in the temperature of the target object becomes small.
本発明の一態様においては、混合ガスの組成を制御する工程では、第１の天然ガスから第２の天然ガスへの切り替え時間を制御することで、変化量が小さくなるように制御する方法としてもよい。 In one aspect of the present invention, in the step of controlling the composition of the mixed gas, as a method of controlling the change amount to be small by controlling the switching time from the first natural gas to the second natural gas. Also good.
本発明の一態様においては、切り替え時間が５秒より長い方法としてもよい。 In one embodiment of the present invention, the switching time may be longer than 5 seconds.
本発明の一態様においては、混合ガスの組成を制御する工程では、第１の天然ガスおよび第２の天然ガスに、さらに所定の熱量を有する調整ガスを混合して混合ガスとすることで、変化量が小さくなるように制御する方法としてもよい。 In one aspect of the present invention, in the step of controlling the composition of the mixed gas, the first natural gas and the second natural gas are further mixed with a regulated gas having a predetermined amount of heat to obtain a mixed gas. A method of controlling the amount of change to be small may be used.
本発明の一態様においては、調整ガスは、不活性ガス、メタンまたはプロパンである方法としてもよい。 In one aspect of the present invention, the adjustment gas may be an inert gas, methane or propane.
本発明の一態様においては、第１の天然ガス、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの密度と、第１の天然ガス、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの熱量とから、第１の天然ガスが、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの３成分のみからなることとして近似したときの第１近似組成比を算出し、第２の天然ガス、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの密度と、第２の天然ガス、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの熱量とから、第２の天然ガスが、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの３成分のみからなることとして近似したときの第２近似組成比を算出して、第１近似組成比から算出される第１の熱量と、第２近似組成比から算出される第２の熱量と、に基づいて、変化量が小さくなるように調整ガスの混合量を制御する方法としてもよい。 In one aspect of the present invention, from the density of the first natural gas, methane, ethane and propane and the calorific value of the first natural gas, methane, ethane and propane, the first natural gas is methane, ethane and The first approximate composition ratio when approximated as consisting of only three components of propane is calculated, the density of the second natural gas, methane, ethane and propane, and the calorific value of the second natural gas, methane, ethane and propane From the above, a second approximate composition ratio is calculated when the second natural gas is approximated as consisting of only three components of methane, ethane and propane, and the first calorific value calculated from the first approximate composition ratio is calculated. Further, based on the second heat amount calculated from the second approximate composition ratio, a method of controlling the mixing amount of the adjustment gas so that the amount of change is small may be used.
本発明の一態様は、連続運転している燃焼器に供給する燃料を、第１の天然ガスから、第１の天然ガスと組成比の異なる第２の天然ガスへ切り替える際に行われる燃焼制御方法であって、切り替え時には、第１の天然ガスと第２の天然ガスとを含む混合ガスが燃焼器に供給され、第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第１の熱量と、第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第２の熱量と、に基づいて、切り替え時の単位時間における混合ガスの熱量の変化量または天然ガスを燃焼させたときの対象物の温度の変化量が小さくなるように、天然ガスの供給量を制御する工程を有する燃焼制御方法を提供する。
One aspect of the present invention is a combustion control performed when the fuel supplied to a combustor that is continuously operated is switched from the first natural gas to the second natural gas having a composition ratio different from that of the first natural gas. In the method, at the time of switching, a mixed gas containing the first natural gas and the second natural gas is supplied to the combustor, and a first calorific value calculated from a composition ratio of the first natural gas; The amount of change in the amount of heat of the mixed gas in the unit time at the time of switching or the amount of change in the temperature of the object when the natural gas is burned based on the second amount of heat calculated from the composition ratio of
本発明の一態様においては、第１の天然ガスおよび第２の天然ガスは、経時的な組成変化を伴い、第１の熱量として、経時的な組成変化から予測される切り替え時の第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出した値を用い、第２の熱量として、経時的な組成変化から予測される切り替え時の第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出した値を用いる方法としてもよい。 In one aspect of the present invention, the first natural gas and the second natural gas are accompanied by a change in composition over time, and the first amount of heat is a first amount at the time of switching predicted from the change in composition over time. A value calculated from the composition ratio of the natural gas may be used, and a value calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas at the time of switching predicted from the composition change with time may be used as the second heat quantity.
本発明の一態様によれば、異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴う熱量の変動を抑制できる燃焼制御方法が提供される。 According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a combustion control method that can suppress fluctuations in the amount of heat associated with switching of natural gas having different composition ratios.
［第１実施形態］
本実施形態は、燃料として供給される天然ガスの切替時での組成変化に着目し、天然ガスの熱量を制御しようとするものである。通常、天然ガスは、液化されてタンクなどに貯蔵された状態のものが使用される。このとき、タンクごとに異なる産地（異なる組成比）の天然ガスが貯蔵されていることがあった。しかしながら、連続運転している燃焼器に対して異なる組成比の天然ガスを切り替える際、熱量の変化に伴う不具合が生じることが想定される。このように異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴う熱量の変動を模式的に表したグラフを図１に示す。なお、連続運転している燃焼器に対して異なる組成比の天然ガスを切り替える際、天然ガスを燃焼させたときの対象物の温度の変化に伴う不具合が生じることもあるが、ここでの説明は省略し、熱量の変化に伴う不具合についてのみ説明する。
[First Embodiment]
In the present embodiment, attention is paid to a composition change at the time of switching of natural gas supplied as fuel, and the amount of heat of natural gas is to be controlled. Usually, natural gas is used in a state of being liquefied and stored in a tank or the like. At this time, natural gas of different production areas (different composition ratios) may be stored for each tank. However, when switching natural gas having a different composition ratio to a combustor that is continuously operated, it is assumed that a problem associated with a change in the amount of heat occurs. FIG. 1 is a graph schematically showing the variation in the amount of heat accompanying switching of natural gas having different composition ratios. In addition, when switching the natural gas having a different composition ratio to the combustor that is operating continuously, a problem may occur due to a change in the temperature of the object when the natural gas is burned. Will be omitted, and only the problems associated with changes in the amount of heat will be described.
異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替について図１および図２を用いて説明する。図１は、本実施形態における異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴うオーバーシュートを模式的に表したグラフである。図２は、本実施形態における異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴うアンダーシュートを模式的に表したグラフである。 The switching of natural gas having different composition ratios will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 1 is a graph schematically showing overshoot associated with switching of natural gas having different composition ratios in the present embodiment. FIG. 2 is a graph schematically showing undershoot accompanying switching of natural gas having different composition ratios in the present embodiment.
図１および図２では、横軸に時間、縦軸に天然ガスの組成比に基づいて算出される温度を示している。ここでの温度は、天然ガスを燃焼させたときの火炎の温度を意味する。図１および図２に示すように、時間ｔ０からｔ１の間は平均温度がＴＡの天然ガスＡが供給される。一方で、時間ｔ２からｔ３の間は平均温度がＴＢの天然ガスＢが供給される。天然ガスＡから天然ガスＢに切り替え時には、時間ｔ１からｔ２の間、第１の天然ガスと第２の天然ガスとを含む混合ガスが燃焼器に供給される。 1 and 2, the horizontal axis represents time, and the vertical axis represents temperature calculated based on the composition ratio of natural gas. The temperature here means the temperature of the flame when natural gas is burned. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, between the time t 0 of t 1 is the average temperature of natural gas A of T A are supplied. On the other hand, between t 3 from the time t 2 is the average temperature of natural gas B of T B is supplied. When switching from the natural gas A to the natural gas B, the mixed gas containing the first natural gas and the second natural gas is supplied to the combustor during the time t 1 to t 2 .
図１に示すように、温度ＴＡ＜ＴＢとき、天然ガスＡは、天然ガスＢと比べて組成比から算出される熱量が低い。このとき、切り替え時の単位時間における混合ガス（天然ガスＡ＋天然ガスＢ）の熱量の変化量が大きいほど、温度ＴＢよりも温度が大きくなることがある。このような現象のことを、一般にオーバーシュートという。 As shown in FIG. 1, when the temperature T A <T B , the natural gas A has a lower amount of heat calculated from the composition ratio than the natural gas B. In this case, the larger the amount of change in the heat of the mixed gas per unit time at the time of switching (Natural Gas A + Natural gas B), there is the temperature is greater than the temperature T B. Such a phenomenon is generally called overshoot.
一方、図２に示すように、温度ＴＡ＞ＴＢとき、天然ガスＡは、天然ガスＢと比べて組成比から算出される熱量が高い。このとき、切り替え時の単位時間における混合ガスの熱量の変化量が大きいほど、温度ＴＢよりも温度が小さくなることがある。このような現象のことを、一般にアンダーシュートという。 On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 2, when the temperature T A > T B , the natural gas A has a higher amount of heat calculated from the composition ratio than the natural gas B. In this case, the larger the amount of change in the heat of the mixed gas per unit time during the switching, there is a temperature smaller than the temperature T B. Such a phenomenon is generally called undershoot.
そこで、異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴う熱量の変動を抑制できる燃焼制御方法が求められていた。 Therefore, there has been a demand for a combustion control method that can suppress fluctuations in the amount of heat accompanying switching of natural gas having different composition ratios.
以下、本実施形態の燃焼制御方法について説明する。
本実施形態の燃焼制御方法は、連続運転している燃焼器に供給する燃料を、第１の天然ガスから、第１の天然ガスと組成比の異なる第２の天然ガスへ切り替える際に行われるものである。
Hereinafter, the combustion control method of this embodiment will be described.
The combustion control method according to the present embodiment is performed when the fuel supplied to the combustor operating continuously is switched from the first natural gas to the second natural gas having a composition ratio different from that of the first natural gas. Is.
以下の説明において、図１および図２における天然ガスＡを第１の天然ガス、天然ガスＢを第２の天然ガスとする。本実施形態の燃焼制御方法は、第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第１の熱量と、第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第２の熱量と、に基づいて、切り替え時の単位時間における混合ガスの熱量の変化量または天然ガスを燃焼させたときの対象物の温度の変化量が小さくなるように、切り替え時に変化する混合ガスの組成を制御する工程を有する。 In the following description, the natural gas A in FIGS. 1 and 2 is a first natural gas, and the natural gas B is a second natural gas. The combustion control method of the present embodiment is switched based on the first heat quantity calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas and the second heat quantity calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas. And a step of controlling the composition of the mixed gas that changes at the time of switching so that the amount of change in the amount of heat of the mixed gas per unit time or the amount of change in the temperature of the object when the natural gas is combusted becomes small.
本発明者らが検討を重ねた結果、混合ガスの熱量の変化量が５秒間あたり３ＭＪ／ｍ３以上であると、オーバーシュートまたはアンダーシュートしやすいことがわかった。そのため、混合ガスの熱量の変化量が５秒間あたり３ＭＪ／ｍ３未満になるように制御することが好ましい。 As a result of repeated studies by the present inventors, it has been found that overshoot or undershoot tends to occur when the amount of change in the amount of heat of the mixed gas is 3 MJ / m 3 or more per 5 seconds. Therefore, it is preferable to control the amount of change in the amount of heat of the mixed gas to be less than 3 MJ / m 3 per 5 seconds.
また、本実施形態において「対象物の温度」は、天然ガスを燃焼させたときの火炎の温度であってもよいし、燃焼器の内部の温度であってもよいし、天然ガスを燃焼させたときの火炎を利用して加熱または燃焼させるものであってもよい。 Further, in the present embodiment, the “temperature of the object” may be the temperature of the flame when natural gas is burned, the temperature inside the combustor, or burn the natural gas. It is also possible to heat or burn using a fired flame.
なお、以下では、燃焼器に供給される熱量の変化量が小さくなるように、切り替え時に変化する混合ガスの組成を制御することについて説明する。 In the following, controlling the composition of the mixed gas that changes at the time of switching will be described so that the amount of change in the amount of heat supplied to the combustor is small.
（１）切り替え時間
混合ガスの組成を制御する工程では、第１の天然ガスから第２の天然ガスへの切り替え時間を制御することで、変化量が小さくなるように制御してもよい。本実施形態では、切り替え時間（図１または図２のｔ２−ｔ１）が５秒より長いこととしてもよい。切り替え時間は、５秒以上が好ましく、１０秒以上がより好ましく、２０秒以上がさらに好ましく、それ以上であってもよい。これにより、切り替え時間を十分増大させることができるので、切り替え時の単位時間における混合ガスの熱量の変化量を十分に小さくすることができる。
(1) Switching time In the step of controlling the composition of the mixed gas, the change amount may be controlled to be small by controlling the switching time from the first natural gas to the second natural gas. In the present embodiment, the switching time (t 2 -t 1 in FIG. 1 or 2) may be longer than 5 seconds. The switching time is preferably 5 seconds or more, more preferably 10 seconds or more, further preferably 20 seconds or more, and may be more than that. Thereby, since the switching time can be increased sufficiently, the amount of change in the amount of heat of the mixed gas in the unit time at the time of switching can be made sufficiently small.
（２）調整ガスの混合量
また、別の方法としては、混合ガスの組成を制御する工程では、第１の天然ガスおよび第２の天然ガスに、さらに所定の熱量を有する調整ガスを混合して混合ガスとすることで、変化量が小さくなるように制御してもよい。この方法は、単独で行ってもよいし、他の２つ以上の方法と適宜組み合わせて行ってもよい。
(2) Mixing amount of adjustment gas As another method, in the step of controlling the composition of the mixture gas, the first natural gas and the second natural gas are further mixed with an adjustment gas having a predetermined calorific value. By using a mixed gas, the amount of change may be controlled to be small. This method may be performed alone or may be performed in combination with two or more other methods as appropriate.
所定の熱量を有する調整ガスとしては、例えばメタンまたはプロパンが挙げられる。なお、本実施形態において、所定の熱量を有する調整ガスとしては、所定の熱量は０ＭＪ／ｍ３である不活性ガスを含んでもよい。 Examples of the adjusting gas having a predetermined calorie include methane or propane. In the present embodiment, the adjustment gas having a predetermined amount of heat may include an inert gas whose predetermined amount of heat is 0 MJ / m 3 .
一般に、天然ガスは、主成分としてメタン、エタンおよびプロパンを含んでいる。また、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンは、熱量がそれぞれ異なる。燃焼させたときに得られる熱量は、メタンが最も低く、エタン、プロパンの順に熱量が高くなることが知られている。天然ガスに含まれる上記３成分以外の成分は微量であることから、上記３成分の組成比を変えることにより、混合ガスの熱量を調整することが可能である。 In general, natural gas contains methane, ethane and propane as main components. Also, methane, ethane and propane have different calories. It is known that the amount of heat obtained when burning is the lowest for methane, and the amount of heat increases in the order of ethane and propane. Since the amount of components other than the above three components contained in the natural gas is very small, the amount of heat of the mixed gas can be adjusted by changing the composition ratio of the above three components.
調整ガスの選択について具体例を挙げて説明する。
例えば、第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第２の熱量が、第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第１の熱量と比べて大きい場合、調整ガスとして窒素ガスなどの不活性ガスまたはメタンが好ましく用いられる。
The selection of the adjustment gas will be described with a specific example.
For example, when the second calorie calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas is larger than the first calorie calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas, nitrogen gas or the like is not used as the adjustment gas. Active gas or methane is preferably used.
不活性ガスを用いる場合、その熱量は０ＭＪ／ｍ３であるため、第１の天然ガスおよび第２の天然ガスよりも熱量が小さい。一方、メタンを用いる場合、その熱量は、エタンやプロパンのようにメタンよりも熱量の大きい成分を含む第１の天然ガスおよび第２の天然ガスと比べて小さい。したがって、不活性ガスまたはメタンを用いることで、混合ガスの熱量の変化量を小さくすることができる。 When an inert gas is used, the amount of heat is 0 MJ / m 3 , and thus the amount of heat is smaller than that of the first natural gas and the second natural gas. On the other hand, when methane is used, the amount of heat is smaller than that of the first natural gas and the second natural gas containing components having a larger amount of heat than methane, such as ethane and propane. Therefore, the amount of change in the amount of heat of the mixed gas can be reduced by using an inert gas or methane.
一方、第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第２の熱量が、第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第１の熱量と比べて小さい場合、調整ガスとしてプロパンが好ましく用いられる。 On the other hand, when the second calorie calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas is smaller than the first calorie calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas, propane is preferably used as the adjustment gas. .
プロパンを用いる場合、その熱量は、メタンやエタンのようにプロパンよりも熱量の小さい成分を含む第１の天然ガスおよび第２の天然ガスと比べて大きい。したがって、プロパンを用いることで、混合ガスの熱量の変化量を小さくすることができる。 When propane is used, its calorific value is larger than that of the first natural gas and the second natural gas containing components having a smaller calorific value than propane, such as methane and ethane. Therefore, the amount of change in the amount of heat of the mixed gas can be reduced by using propane.
（３）近似組成比
本実施形態では、熱量を算出する際に用いる天然ガスの組成比について、分析の結果明らかになる真の組成比を用いてもよいが、近似値を用いてもよい。本発明者らの検討により、天然ガスが、メタン、エタン、プロパンの３成分からなると仮定し、天然ガスに微量含まれるブタンやペンタンについては捨象して天然ガスの組成を近似しても、熱量を計算するにあたっては不具合が生じないことが分かった。
(3) Approximate composition ratio In the present embodiment, the true composition ratio that is clarified as a result of the analysis may be used as the composition ratio of natural gas used when calculating the amount of heat, but an approximate value may be used. According to the study by the present inventors, it is assumed that natural gas is composed of three components of methane, ethane, and propane, and even if the butane and pentane contained in a small amount in natural gas are discarded, the composition of the natural gas is approximated. It was found that there was no problem in calculating.
ここで、天然ガスの組成比について、上記３成分のみ考慮した場合と、他の成分を含めた全成分を考量した場合とで、燃焼特性に差が生じるのか検証した。具体的には、公知のソフトウェアを用いて、一般的な天然ガスと、上記３成分の合計を１としたとき、当該天然ガスの上記３成分の割合になるように換算した模擬天然ガスとをそれぞれ計算し、燃焼特性を比較した。その結果、一般的な天然ガスと模擬天然ガスとの間で燃焼特性にほとんど差は見られなかった。 Here, regarding the composition ratio of natural gas, whether or not there is a difference in combustion characteristics between the case where only the above three components are considered and the case where all components including other components are considered was verified. Specifically, using known software, general natural gas and simulated natural gas converted so as to be the ratio of the three components of the natural gas when the total of the three components is 1. Each was calculated and the combustion characteristics were compared. As a result, there was almost no difference in combustion characteristics between general natural gas and simulated natural gas.
公知のソフトウェアとしては、例えば、株式会社菱化システムが販売している詳細化学反応解析支援ソフトウェア「ＣＨＥＭＫＩＮ−ＰＲＯ」などが挙げられる。計算モデルには、例えば予混合よどみ流火炎モデルを採用し、ガス流量０．８ｍ／秒、温度２９８．１５Ｋ、圧力１０１．３２５ｋＰａ、当量比０．７の条件で計算することができる。なお、当量比とは、実際の燃料および空気の体積比を、理論混合比における燃料および空気の体積比で除した値を指す。 Known software includes, for example, detailed chemical reaction analysis support software “CHEMKIN-PRO” sold by Ryoka System Co., Ltd. For example, a premixed stagnation flow flame model is adopted as the calculation model, and the calculation can be performed under the conditions of a gas flow rate of 0.8 m / second, a temperature of 298.15 K, a pressure of 101.325 kPa, and an equivalence ratio of 0.7. The equivalent ratio refers to a value obtained by dividing the actual volume ratio of fuel and air by the volume ratio of fuel and air in the theoretical mixing ratio.
本実施形態では、第１の天然ガスが、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの３成分のみからなることとして近似したときの第１近似組成比を用いて制御してもよい。同様に、第２の天然ガスが、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの３成分のみからなることとして近似したときの第２近似組成比を用いて制御してもよい。そして、第１近似組成比から算出される前記第１の熱量と、前記第２近似組成比から算出される前記第２の熱量と、に基づいて、混合ガスの熱量の変化量または前記天然ガスを燃焼させたときの対象物の温度の変化量が小さくなるように、（１）天然ガスの切り替え時間や、（２）調整ガスの混合量を制御することができる。 In the present embodiment, the first natural gas may be controlled using the first approximate composition ratio when approximating that the first natural gas is composed of only three components of methane, ethane and propane. Similarly, the second natural gas may be controlled using the second approximate composition ratio when approximated as being composed of only three components of methane, ethane and propane. Then, based on the first calorie calculated from the first approximate composition ratio and the second calorie calculated from the second approximate composition ratio, the amount of change in the calorie of the mixed gas or the natural gas It is possible to control (1) the switching time of the natural gas and (2) the mixing amount of the adjustment gas so that the amount of change in the temperature of the object when the is burned becomes small.
具体的には、第１の天然ガス、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの密度と、第１の天然ガス、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの熱量とから、第１の天然ガスが、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの３成分のみからなることとして近似したときの第１近似組成比を算出する。同様に、第２の天然ガス、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの密度と、第２の天然ガス、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの熱量とから、第２の天然ガスが、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの３成分のみからなることとして近似したときの第２近似組成比を算出する。第１近似組成比および第２近似組成式は、次の式（Ｓ１）〜（Ｓ３）の連立式に基づいて算出することができる。 Specifically, from the density of the first natural gas, methane, ethane, and propane and the calorific value of the first natural gas, methane, ethane, and propane, the first natural gas is methane, ethane, and propane. A first approximate composition ratio is approximated when approximated as consisting of only components. Similarly, from the density of the second natural gas, methane, ethane and propane and the calorific value of the second natural gas, methane, ethane and propane, the second natural gas has only three components, methane, ethane and propane. A second approximate composition ratio when approximated as consisting of is calculated. The first approximate composition ratio and the second approximate composition formula can be calculated based on the simultaneous equations of the following formulas (S1) to (S3).
ρｆ＝ρ１Ｒ１＋ρ２Ｒ２＋ρ３Ｒ３ （Ｓ１）
〔式（Ｓ１）中、ρ１〜ρ３は、それぞれ、この順にメタン、エタンおよびプロパンの比重を表し、ρｆは、混合ガスが、上記３成分のみからなるとして近似したときの混合ガスの熱量を表す。また、Ｒ１〜Ｒ３は、それぞれ、この順にメタン、エタンおよびプロパンの近似組成比を表す。〕
ρ f = ρ 1 R 1 + ρ 2 R 2 + ρ 3 R 3 (S1)
[In the formula (S1), ρ 1 to ρ 3 represent specific gravity of methane, ethane, and propane, respectively, in this order, and ρ f represents the mixed gas when the mixed gas is approximated as consisting of only the above three components. Represents the amount of heat. R 1 to R 3 each represent an approximate composition ratio of methane, ethane, and propane in this order. ]
Ｑｆ＝Ｑ１Ｒ１＋Ｑ２Ｒ２＋Ｑ３Ｒ３ （Ｓ２）
〔式（Ｓ２）中、Ｑ１〜Ｑ３は、それぞれ、この順にメタン、エタンおよびプロパンの熱量を表し、Ｑｆは、混合ガスが、上記３成分のみからなるとして近似したときの混合ガスの熱量を表す。また、Ｒ１〜Ｒ３は上記と同様である。〕
Q f = Q 1 R 1 + Q 2 R 2 + Q 3 R 3 (S2)
Wherein (S2), Q 1 ~Q 3 each represent the amount of heat of the order of methane, ethane and propane, Q f is the gas mixture, the gas mixture when the approximated as consisting of only the three components Represents the amount of heat. R 1 to R 3 are the same as described above. ]
Ｒ１＋Ｒ２＋Ｒ３＝１ （Ｓ３）
〔式（Ｓ３）中、Ｒ１〜Ｒ３は上記と同様である。〕
R 1 + R 2 + R 3 = 1 (S3)
[In formula (S3), R 1 to R 3 are the same as above. ]
なお、天然ガスの密度（比重）は、燃焼器（例えば、バーナー）の上流において、ガス密度計を用いて測定される。ガス密度計としては、従来公知のものを用いることが可能であり、例えば横河電機株式会社製の「ＧＤ４００」を使用することができる。なお、本明細書において、燃焼器の上流とは、タンクの出口から燃焼器の出口までの間を指す。天然ガスの測定のしやすさから、具体的に燃焼器の上流とは、タンクの出口または燃焼器の入口であることが好ましい。 The density (specific gravity) of natural gas is measured using a gas density meter upstream of the combustor (for example, a burner). A conventionally known gas density meter can be used. For example, “GD400” manufactured by Yokogawa Electric Corporation can be used. In addition, in this specification, the upstream of a combustor refers to the area from the exit of a tank to the exit of a combustor. From the viewpoint of easy measurement of natural gas, specifically, the upstream side of the combustor is preferably the outlet of the tank or the inlet of the combustor.
以上のように、メタン、エタン、プロパンのみからなる近似組成比を用いると、注目する天然ガスの成分の数が少なくて済むので、天然ガスの熱量の制御が容易となる。 As described above, when an approximate composition ratio composed only of methane, ethane, and propane is used, the number of components of the natural gas to be noticed can be reduced, so that the amount of heat of the natural gas can be easily controlled.
（４）経時的な組成変化
ここで、第１の天然ガスおよび第２の天然ガスは、経時的な組成変化を伴うことがあった。図３は、本実施形態における天然ガスの経時的な組成変化に伴う熱量の変動を模式的に表したグラフである。液化天然ガスをタンクに保管する場合、通常、タンク内で機械的な撹拌を行わないため、タンクの上部では比重が比較的小さいメタンが多く存在しやすく、下部では比重が比較的大きいプロパンが多く存在しやすくなっている。このような現象は、タンク内の液化天然ガスの量が少なくなり、液化天然ガスの一部が気化する際に顕著に確認される。
(4) Compositional change over time Here, the first natural gas and the second natural gas may be accompanied by a compositional change over time. FIG. 3 is a graph schematically showing a change in the amount of heat accompanying a change in the composition of natural gas over time in the present embodiment. When liquefied natural gas is stored in a tank, since mechanical agitation is not usually performed in the tank, methane with a relatively small specific gravity tends to exist in the upper part of the tank, and propane with a relatively large specific gravity exists in the lower part. It is easy to exist. Such a phenomenon is remarkably confirmed when the amount of the liquefied natural gas in the tank is reduced and a part of the liquefied natural gas is vaporized.
このようなタンクから天然ガスを流出させる際、比重が比較的大きいプロパンが流出しやすく、比重が比較的小さいメタンが残存しやすい。したがって、切り替え直前のタンクから流出する天然ガスは、天然ガスの平均組成よりもメタンの比率が大きくなっていることが予想される。一方で、切り替え直後のタンクから流出する天然ガスは、天然ガスの平均組成よりもプロパンの比率が大きくなっていることが予想される。 When natural gas flows out from such a tank, propane having a relatively large specific gravity tends to flow out, and methane having a relatively small specific gravity tends to remain. Therefore, it is expected that the ratio of methane in the natural gas flowing out from the tank immediately before switching is larger than the average composition of natural gas. On the other hand, natural gas flowing out from the tank immediately after switching is expected to have a higher proportion of propane than the average composition of natural gas.
このような場合、切り替え直前の天然ガスは、メタンの比率が大きいので、その熱量は天然ガスの平均熱量よりも低くなっている。そのため、図３に示すように、切り替え直前（時間ｔ１直前）では、平均温度がＴＡの天然ガスＡを供給しているにもかかわらず、温度がＴＡよりも低いＴｃとなることが予想される。 In such a case, since the natural gas immediately before switching has a large proportion of methane, its calorific value is lower than the average calorific value of natural gas. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3, the immediately preceding (time t 1 immediately before) switching, despite the average temperature is supplying natural gas A of T A, it is a lower T c than temperature T A Is expected.
一方で、切り替え直後の天然ガスはプロパンの比率が大きいので、その熱量は天然ガスの平均熱量よりも低くなっている。そのため、図３に示すように、切り替え直後（時間ｔ２直後）では、平均温度がＴＢの天然ガスＢを供給しているにもかかわらず、温度がＴＢよりも高いＴＤとなることが予想される。 On the other hand, since the natural gas immediately after switching has a large proportion of propane, its calorific value is lower than the average calorific value of natural gas. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3, the immediately after the switching (time t 2 after), despite the average temperature is supplying natural gas B of T B, the temperature is higher T D than T B Is expected.
このように、燃焼器に供給する天然ガスは、経時的な組成変化を伴うことがあった。また、このような継時的な組成変化に起因して、時間ｔ１から時間ｔ２の間に変化する温度幅が拡大し、オーバーシュートの幅が増加することが想定される。 Thus, the natural gas supplied to the combustor may be accompanied by a change in composition over time. Further, it is assumed that the temperature range that changes from time t 1 to time t 2 is expanded due to such a compositional change over time, and the overshoot width is increased.
したがって、経時的な組成変化から予測される切り替え時の第１の天然ガスの組成比および経時的な組成変化から予測される切り替え時の第２の天然ガスの組成比を用いることにより、より正確に異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴う熱量の変動を抑制することができる。 Therefore, by using the composition ratio of the first natural gas at the time of switching predicted from the composition change over time and the composition ratio of the second natural gas at the time of switching predicted from the composition change over time, it is more accurate. In addition, fluctuations in the amount of heat associated with switching of natural gas having different composition ratios can be suppressed.
このような事情を顧みて、本実施形態では、第１の熱量として、経時的な組成変化から予測される切り替え時の第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出した値を用い、第２の熱量として、経時的な組成変化から予測される切り替え時の第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出した値を用いることとしてもよい。予測方法としては、特に制限されるものではないが、例えば短期予測法などを用いることができる。 In view of such circumstances, in the present embodiment, as the first amount of heat, a value calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas at the time of switching predicted from the composition change with time is used, and the second amount of heat is used. Alternatively, a value calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas at the time of switching predicted from the composition change with time may be used. Although it does not restrict | limit especially as a prediction method, For example, a short-term prediction method etc. can be used.
また、本実施形態では、第１の天然ガスおよび第２の天然ガスの周期的な組成変化をさらに考慮して、第１の天然ガスおよび第２の天然ガスの組成比を近似してもよい。 In the present embodiment, the composition ratio of the first natural gas and the second natural gas may be approximated by further considering the periodic composition change of the first natural gas and the second natural gas. .
ここで、短期予測法とは、タンクから供給される天然ガスの組成比についての過去の測定値に基づいて、未来の予測値を得る方法を指す。例えば、図１において時間ｔ１までの組成変化を測定したデータがあるとする。このような測定データは、ある程度の周期的な変化は含んでいるとしても、完全には周期的なデータとはなっていない。そこで、このような測定データについてカオス理論に基づいた軌道平行測度法（ＴＰＭ：Ｔｒａｊｅｃｔｏｒｙ Ｐａｒａｌｌｅｌ Ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ）により、時間ｔ１以降の近い将来の組成変化を予測することとしてもよい。 Here, the short-term prediction method refers to a method of obtaining a future predicted value based on a past measurement value of a composition ratio of natural gas supplied from a tank. For example, it is assumed that there is a data obtained by measuring the composition change up to the time t 1 in FIG. 1. Such measurement data is not completely periodic data even though it includes some periodic change. Therefore, the near future composition change after time t 1 may be predicted for such measurement data by a trajectory parallel measure (TPM: Trajectory Parallel Measurement) based on chaos theory.
また、上述のような測定データに基づいて、周期回帰分析やスペクトル解析を行うことにより測定データの周期回帰曲線を求め、得られる周期回帰曲線の周期に基づいて、近い将来（例えば時間ｔＢ）の組成変化を予測することとしてもよい。 Further, a periodic regression curve of the measurement data is obtained by performing periodic regression analysis or spectrum analysis based on the measurement data as described above, and in the near future (for example, time t B ) based on the period of the obtained periodic regression curve. It is good also as predicting a composition change.
その他、天然ガスの組成比の測定データに基づいて、天然ガスの組成比変化の周期性を近似する解析方法であれば、種々の統計的手法を用いることができる。 In addition, various statistical methods can be used as long as the analysis method approximates the periodicity of the change in the composition ratio of the natural gas based on the measurement data of the composition ratio of the natural gas.
以上のような方法によれば、異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴う熱量の変動を抑制することができる。 According to the method as described above, it is possible to suppress fluctuations in the amount of heat accompanying switching of natural gas having different composition ratios.
［第２実施形態］
以下、第２実施形態の燃焼制御方法について説明する。
第２実施形態は、図１および図２における天然ガスＡを第１の天然ガス、天然ガスＢを第２の天然ガスとする点で第１実施形態と共通している。
[Second Embodiment]
Hereinafter, the combustion control method of 2nd Embodiment is demonstrated.
The second embodiment is common to the first embodiment in that the natural gas A in FIGS. 1 and 2 is the first natural gas and the natural gas B is the second natural gas.
本実施形態では、第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第１の熱量と、第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第２の熱量と、に基づいて、切り替え時の単位時間における混合ガスの熱量の変化量または天然ガスを燃焼させたときの対象物の温度の変化量が小さくなるように、天然ガスの供給量を制御する工程を有する。 In the present embodiment, the unit time at the time of switching is based on the first amount of heat calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas and the second amount of heat calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas. The step of controlling the supply amount of natural gas so that the amount of change in the amount of heat of the mixed gas or the amount of change in the temperature of the object when the natural gas is burned becomes small.
ここでは、第１の熱量および第２の熱量の説明は省略し、燃焼器に供給される熱量の変化量が小さくなるように、天然ガスの供給量を制御する工程について具体例を挙げて説明する。なお、以下では、燃焼器に供給される熱量の変化量が小さくなるように、天然ガスの供給量を制御することについて説明する。 Here, the description of the first heat quantity and the second heat quantity is omitted, and the process of controlling the supply amount of natural gas so as to reduce the change amount of the heat quantity supplied to the combustor will be described with a specific example. To do. In the following, controlling the supply amount of natural gas so as to reduce the amount of change in the amount of heat supplied to the combustor will be described.
例えば、当量比が１より小さい場合であって、第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第２の熱量が、第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第１の熱量と比べて大きい場合、天然ガスの供給量を減少させる。これにより、第２の天然ガスの総熱量が減少する。そのため、図１に示すグラフのＴＢ−ＴＡの値が小さくなり、異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴う熱量の変動が抑えられる。 For example, when the equivalence ratio is smaller than 1, the second calorie calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas is compared with the first calorie calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas. If larger, reduce natural gas supply. Thereby, the total calorie | heat amount of 2nd natural gas reduces. Therefore, the value of T B -T A of the graph shown in FIG. 1 becomes smaller, the variation of the amount of heat due to switching of natural gas having a different composition ratio can be suppressed.
一方、当量比が１より小さい場合であって、第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第２の熱量が、第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第１の熱量と比べて小さい場合、天然ガスの供給量を増加させる。これにより、第２の天然ガスの総熱量が増加する。そのため、図２に示すグラフのＴＡ−ＴＢの値が小さくなり、異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴う熱量の変動が抑えられる。 On the other hand, when the equivalence ratio is smaller than 1, the second heat quantity calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas is compared with the first heat quantity calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas. If small, increase the supply of natural gas. Thereby, the total calorie | heat amount of 2nd natural gas increases. Therefore, the value of T A -T B in the graph shown in FIG. 2 is reduced, and fluctuations in the amount of heat associated with switching of natural gas having different composition ratios are suppressed.
以上のような方法によれば、第２実施形態においても第１実施形態と同様に、異なる組成比の天然ガスの切替に伴う熱量の変動を抑制することができる。 According to the method as described above, in the second embodiment as well, as in the first embodiment, it is possible to suppress fluctuations in the amount of heat accompanying switching of natural gas having different composition ratios.
Claims (8)
切り替え時には、前記第１の天然ガスと前記第２の天然ガスとを含む混合ガスが前記燃焼器に供給され、
前記第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第１の熱量と、前記第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第２の熱量と、に基づいて、切り替え時の単位時間における前記混合ガスの熱量の変化量または前記天然ガスを燃焼させたときの対象物の温度の変化量が小さくなるように、切り替え時に変化する前記混合ガスの組成を制御する工程を有する燃焼制御方法。 A combustion control method that is performed when a fuel supplied to a combustor that is continuously operated is switched from a first natural gas to a second natural gas having a composition ratio different from that of the first natural gas,
At the time of switching, a mixed gas containing the first natural gas and the second natural gas is supplied to the combustor,
Based on the first calorific value calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas and the second calorific value calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas, the mixing in the unit time at the time of switching is performed. A combustion control method comprising a step of controlling the composition of the mixed gas that changes at the time of switching so that the amount of change in the amount of heat of gas or the amount of change in the temperature of an object when the natural gas is burned is reduced.
前記第２の天然ガス、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの密度と、前記第２の天然ガス、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの熱量とから、前記第２の天然ガスが、メタン、エタンおよびプロパンの３成分のみからなることとして近似したときの第２近似組成比を算出して、
前記第１近似組成比から算出される前記第１の熱量と、前記第２近似組成比から算出される前記第２の熱量と、に基づいて、前記変化量が小さくなるように前記調整ガスの混合量を制御する請求項４または５に記載の燃焼制御方法。 From the density of the first natural gas, methane, ethane and propane and the calorific value of the first natural gas, methane, ethane and propane, the first natural gas has only three components, methane, ethane and propane. Calculating the first approximate composition ratio when approximated as comprising:
From the density of the second natural gas, methane, ethane and propane and the calorific value of the second natural gas, methane, ethane and propane, the second natural gas has only three components, methane, ethane and propane. Calculating the second approximate composition ratio when approximated as consisting of
Based on the first calorific value calculated from the first approximate composition ratio and the second calorific value calculated from the second approximate composition ratio, the amount of change in the adjustment gas is reduced. The combustion control method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the mixing amount is controlled.
切り替え時には、前記第１の天然ガスと前記第２の天然ガスとを含む混合ガスが前記燃焼器に供給され、
前記第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第１の熱量と、前記第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出される第２の熱量と、に基づいて、切り替え時の単位時間における前記混合ガスの熱量の変化量または前記天然ガスを燃焼させたときの対象物の温度の変化量が小さくなるように、前記天然ガスの供給量を制御する工程を有する燃焼制御方法。 A combustion control method that is performed when a fuel supplied to a combustor that is continuously operated is switched from a first natural gas to a second natural gas having a composition ratio different from that of the first natural gas,
At the time of switching, a mixed gas containing the first natural gas and the second natural gas is supplied to the combustor,
Based on the first calorific value calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas and the second calorific value calculated from the composition ratio of the second natural gas, the mixing in the unit time at the time of switching is performed. A combustion control method comprising a step of controlling a supply amount of the natural gas so that a change amount of a heat amount of gas or a change amount of a temperature of an object when the natural gas is burned becomes small.
前記第１の熱量として、前記経時的な組成変化から予測される切り替え時の前記第１の天然ガスの組成比から算出した値を用い、
前記第２の熱量として、前記経時的な組成変化から予測される切り替え時の前記第２の天然ガスの組成比から算出した値を用いる請求項１から７のいずれか１項に記載の燃焼制御方法。 The first natural gas and the second natural gas are accompanied by a change in composition over time,
As the first amount of heat, a value calculated from the composition ratio of the first natural gas at the time of switching predicted from the composition change over time,
The combustion control according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein a value calculated from a composition ratio of the second natural gas at the time of switching predicted from the composition change with time is used as the second heat quantity. Method.
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