JP2017509266A - Patch antenna, method of manufacturing and using such an antenna, and antenna system - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a patch antenna. The invention also relates to an antenna system for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals comprising at least one antenna according to the invention. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing an antenna according to the invention. The invention further relates to a method used in wireless communication by using an antenna according to the invention. Furthermore, the invention relates to an RF transceiver of a wireless communication device comprising at least one antenna according to the invention. The invention further relates to an electronic device comprising an RF transceiver according to the invention.

Description

  The present invention relates to a patch antenna. The invention also relates to an antenna system for transmitting and receiving electronic signals comprising at least one antenna according to the invention. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing an antenna according to the invention. The invention further relates to a method used in wireless communication by using an antenna according to the invention. Furthermore, the invention relates to an RF transceiver of a wireless communication device comprising at least one antenna according to the invention. The invention further relates to an electronic device comprising an RF transceiver according to the invention.

  The present invention improves upon the subject matter disclosed in US Pat. No. 7,620,527 issued Nov. 17, 2009 to inventor Johan Gielis, the contents of which are all described herein. Are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full. In addition, the present invention incorporates by reference herein also the entire disclosure of US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 356,836 entitled Computer Implemented Tool Box for Johan Gielis, filed June 21, 2010, The entire contents of the US provisional patent application are hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in full herein. Further, this application also incorporates by reference herein the entire disclosure of U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 165,240 entitled Computer Implemented Tool Box for Johan Gielis, filed June 22, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference. The entire contents of US patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.

  U.S. Pat. No. 7,620,527 uses a computer programmed with a new mathematical formula to create patterns (e.g., images, waveforms such as sound, electromagnetic waves, or other signals, etc.). ), And a system and method for performing modulation and analysis. The formula is used to generate various shapes, waveforms, and other representations. The formula greatly improves the operating performance of the computer, resulting in a significant savings in computer memory and a significant increase in computing power.

The geometric concept of U.S. Pat. No. 7,620,527 serves to model and explain why certain natural shapes and forms are so formed. As described in the above-mentioned US Pat. No. 7,620,527, the inventor found that most of the existing geometric and regular shapes, including circular and polygonal, are I found that it was described as a special realization of the formula. U.S. Pat. No. 7,620,527 describes that this formula and representation is, for example, a pattern (i.e., for example, an image pattern and a waveform such as an electromagnetic wave (e.g., electricity, light, etc.), sound, and other waveforms, It describes how it can be used in both “synthesis” and “analysis” (including signal patterns).

In order to synthesize various patterns, it is possible to synthesize various patterns by modifying the parameters of this formula. In particular, the parameters appearing in the above formula can be adjusted. Various natural shapes, artificial shapes and abstract shapes can be adjusted in two dimensions by adjusting or adjusting the numbers of rotational symmetry (m), exponent (n _{1 to} n ₃ ), short axis and long axis (a, b). And 3D space.

  FIG. 1 of the aforementioned US Pat. No. 7,620,527 shows various embodiments that can be included in various embodiments for pattern synthesis and pattern analysis using super-formula operators. Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram showing the components. As described in the aforementioned US Pat. No. 7,620,527, according to a first aspect, for exemplary purposes with reference to FIG. 1, the shape or waveform is Can be "synthesized" by applying basic steps. That is, in the first step, the selection of parameters (ie, by entering values into the computer 10 via, for example, the keyboard 20, touch screen, mouse pointer, voice recognition device or other input device, etc., or And by using the computer 10 to synthesize the selected hypershape based on the selection of parameters. In a second optional step, this super-formula can be used to adapt the selected shape, perform optimization calculations, etc. This step can include the use of a graphics program (eg, 2D, 3D, etc.), CAD software, a finite element analysis program, a waveform generation program, or other software. In the third step, using the output from the first or second step, for example, (a) displaying the super shape 31 on the monitor 30, or material such as paper from the printer 50 (2D or 3D) Printing on 52, (b) performing computer-aided manufacturing (eg, by controlling an external device 60 such as a machine, robot, etc. based on the output of Step Three), (c) via the speaker system 70, etc. Generating sound 71, (d) performing stereolithography, (e) performing rapid prototyping, and (f) other methods known in the art for performing such shape transformations. By using the output, etc., the super shape by the computer is converted into a physical form.

  U.S. Pat. No. 7,620,527 discusses both synthesis (e.g., shape creation, etc.) and analysis (e.g., shape analysis, etc.). Regarding analysis, the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 7,620,527 states, “In general, but not limited to, the shape or waveform is the next basic step (these steps are similar to the reverse of the above steps in synthesis Can be "analyzed". That is, in the first step, the pattern is scanned, i.e. input (e.g. in digital form) to a computer. For example, the image of interest may be scanned (2D or 3D), a sound wave may be received by a microphone, or an electrical signal (eg, a wave) may be input, such as a CD-ROM, floppy disk, Data from a computer readable medium such as an internal or external flash drive may be input, for example, data may be received online via the Internet or an intranet. For example, various other known input techniques using a digital camera or other camera (eg, whether it is a single photo or a continuous real-time photo) can be used. . “FIG. 1” receives a waveform through an image scanner 100 (eg, a document scanner used to scan an image or photograph on a material such as paper, or another scanner device) or a recorder 200 (eg, a microphone, etc.). 1) is used together with the computer 10. In the second step, the image is analyzed to determine the super-formula parameter values and the like. In this step, the analyzed signals can be identified, classified, compared, etc. For some computer analyses, the computer can include a library or catalog of primitives (eg, stored in memory) (eg, categorizing miscellaneous supershapes by parameter values). In the latter case, it is possible to approximate, specify, classify, etc. hypershapes based on information in this library or catalog using a computer. A catalog of primitives may be used, for example, for a first order approximation of a pattern or shape. In the third optional step, the analyzed signal can be adjusted as needed (eg, as described above with reference to the second general stage or step of synthesis). Operations can be performed). In the fourth step, output can be generated. This output can be (a) providing a visual (eg, displayed or printed) or audible (eg, sound) output, (b) controlling the operation of a particular device (eg, certain conditions) (C) provide instructions related to the analyzed pattern (eg, identify the instructions, classify, identify preferred or optimal configurations, identify defects or anomalies) And (d) generating other forms of output or results that would be apparent to those skilled in the art. In this analysis, after the pattern is digitized, the computer begins to use a particular form of representation. For chemical patterns, an XY graph should be selected. In the case of a closed shape, a modified Fourier analysis will be selected. The computer should be adapted (eg, via software) to provide a correct parameter estimate for the equation to represent the digitized pattern.

  Although the above-mentioned US Pat. No. 7,620,527 describes remarkable advances in technology over the past decade, the inventor has surprisingly discovered several notable advances and improvements. These are the subject of this application.

US Pat. No. 7,620,527

  The purpose of some embodiments of the present invention is to find a segment of product in which the above techniques are implemented in a beneficial manner.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an improved patch antenna, in particular a patch antenna for a wide range of wireless applications (including Wi-Fi networks) is invented. The improved patch antenna, particularly the patch antenna, includes at least one conductive patch, at least one conductive ground plane, and at least one power supply connector insulated from the ground plane and electrically connected to the at least one patch. And at least one dielectric spacer for separating the at least one patch and the at least one ground plane, wherein the at least one patch is at least a portion of the at least one base profile that is substantially super-shaped. The super-shaped base profile is defined by the following polar function:

  Despite the fact that the proposed antennas are extremely easy to assemble, can be machined into a container and are inexpensive, these antennas surprisingly have an operating bandwidth, maximum gain (good efficiency and good directivity) Both), and in terms of radiation pattern agility, it is significantly better than the antennas currently used in wireless communications. These superior properties are in particular the base profiles of patch antennas and / or ground planes defined by the polar equations known in the scientific literature as superformulas (ie Gielis formulas) and their generalization to three-dimensional space This is due to the special geometry. This super formula is This is described in detail in the aforementioned US Pat. No. 7,620,527 to Gielis, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Such an equation allows a unified description of natural and abstract shapes ranging from elementary particles to generalized lame curves. The inventive antenna leads to a variety of radiating structures and sensors with electromagnetic properties that can be modulated and that can increase design freedom.

In fact, each patch antenna according to the present invention includes a patch and / or ground plane having a three-dimensional shape, although both the patch and the ground plane are generally limited in height. At least one base profile of the patch, and possibly also at least one base profile of the ground plane, is given a super shape, and each super shape base profile is defined by the polar function (super formula) according to claim 1. By doing so, a new compact (portable) antenna with a simple topology and unique architecture is realized, and it will also have better performance than known patch antennas.
Preferably, in the design of a super-shaped patch antenna, the effective radius of the patch is

となる。 To achieve a wide operating band, the distance (h _d ) between the ground plane and the at least one patch antenna is approximately 1/8 or 1/4 wavelength at the center operating frequency of the antenna (f _c ), depending on the antenna structure. Selected to be. That is,

It becomes.

In order to appropriately modulate the resonant frequency of the antenna, the cross-sectional dimension of the patch structure is set so as to obtain the following aspect ratio. Probe position and geometry are determined heuristically by full wave analysis.

  The patch antenna according to the present invention is lightweight, inexpensive, and easy to integrate with attached electronic components. Since the patch (s) used in the antenna according to the present invention is generally substantially flat, the patch antenna is often also referred to as a planar antenna. However, it is conceivable that the at least one patch, and even the antenna itself, has a 3D geometry rather than a 2D flat geometry, in particular curved or saddle-shaped. For example, the patch may wrap around the spacer structure or the antenna itself may wrap or wrap around the object. In this case, both the ground plane and the spatial structure have a 3D shape. Therefore, the antenna according to the present invention is also a 3D antenna.

  Since at least one patch used in this antenna is typically printed (or vapor deposited) on the spacer structure, the patch antenna is often also referred to as a printed antenna. However, it is envisaged that one or more patches of the antenna are pre-fabricated and later attached to the spacer structure, for example by application or mechanical clamping.

  The patch antenna according to the present invention preferably includes a plurality of patches, and each of the plurality of patches is preferably connected to a separate power feeding connector. Accordingly, the patch antenna can be further adapted to the most advantageous configuration in terms of gain and radiation pattern. A separate power connector allows differentiation between patches in terms of applied voltage and its timing. Furthermore, it is preferable that the plurality of patches of the patch antenna according to the present invention are arranged at a distance from each other.

  In the patch antenna according to the present invention, it is preferable that each patch has a substantially super-shaped base profile. This enhances the overall beneficial effect of the patch on the patch antenna.

  In a further preferred embodiment of the patch antenna according to the present invention, the patch antenna comprises at least one patch connected to a power supply connector acting as a primary patch, the patch antenna being arranged at a distance from the primary patch. Preferably further comprising two secondary patches, wherein the primary patch and the secondary patch are configured to interact electromagnetically with each other. In this configuration, the secondary patch is activated by resonance following the activation of the primary patch via the connector power supply. Since each patch has its own electromagnetic characteristics, the patch antenna can transmit and receive at two different frequencies (dual band performance).

  The dual band performance of the patch antenna according to the present invention is further enhanced when a set of at least one primary patch and at least one secondary patch has a substantially super-shaped composite base profile. The super-shape contribution to the patch antenna has already been explained above.

  The patch antenna having dual band performance according to the present invention preferably further includes at least one primary patch and at least one secondary patch separated from each other by at least one slot, wherein the at least one slot is substantially In particular, it has a super-shaped base profile. This super-shaped base profile of the slot has been found to further enhance the advantageous features of the patch antenna. At least one of the primary patch and the secondary patch, preferably both, have a base profile that is substantially hypershaped (by using the super formula). However, it is also conceivable that the assembly of primary and secondary patches has a (overall) base profile that is substantially super-shaped (by using the super formula). Furthermore, the dual-band patch antenna according to the present invention preferably comprises at least one primary patch and at least one secondary patch separated from each other by at least one slot, the slot preferably from 4 mm. It has a substantially constant width in the range of up to 6 mm. Experiments have shown that the frequency response of a patch antenna depends on the gap width. An example of an optimal gap width for a patch antenna that works very well in two frequency bands is 5 mm.

  One preferred embodiment of a dual-band patch antenna according to the present invention includes at least one primary patch that at least partially surrounds at least one secondary patch.

  One particularly preferred embodiment of a patch antenna with dual-band performance according to the invention comprises at least one secondary patch which at least partly, preferably completely surrounds at least one primary patch. For such a patch configuration, the radiation efficiency and gain are significantly higher.

  Preferably, the patch antenna according to the present invention includes at least one patch with at least one notch. In this way, the patch antenna can be adapted to specific requirements in terms of gain, radiation efficiency, and possibly multi-frequency capability.

  Conveniently, the patch antenna according to the invention comprises a spacer structure comprising a substrate comprising at least one dielectric substrate layer, the substrate being arranged between the ground plane and the at least one patch. Such a structural assembly is most advantageous in terms of making the patch antenna and in terms of durability and miniaturization of the patch antenna. In one particularly advantageous embodiment, the dielectric substrate layer forms part of a printed circuit board (PCB) and has the same advantages as described above. The dielectric spacer structure, and in particular at least one substrate layer, is made of glass, in particular Pyrex® (transparent low thermal expansion borosilicate glass marketed by Corning), crystal, silica (silicon dioxide), ferroelectric Body materials, liquid crystals, at least one polymer, especially polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polyimide (PI), bioplastics (plastics derived from renewable biomass resources such as vegetable oils, corn starch, pea starch or microbiota Or other dielectric materials such as fluoroplastics and / or metal oxides, in particular titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, barium oxide or strontium oxide. In particular, applications will be prepared from both a financial and design perspective. Polymers are relatively inexpensive, can be easily molded using conventional molding, extrusion and thermoforming techniques, and can also be molded by 3D printing that provides considerable design freedom. In this regard, in some embodiments, at least one glass, crystal, surrounding at least one interior space that is at least partially filled with a fluid, preferably air or demineralized water (acting as a dielectric), And / or a spacer structure comprising a shell made at least partially from at least one polymer can be applied. The application of air and water reduces the amount of other materials used and reduces the cost of the spacer structure and thus the antenna according to the invention. At least a portion of the spacer structure supports the ground plane and has a substantially U-shaped structure to support at least one patch, and there may be a gap between the ground plane and the at least one patch. Conceivable. The presence of mere air will function as a dielectric. When an intermediate substrate is used as part of the spacer structure, the substrate is disposed between a ground plane and at least one patch, and the substrate includes a plurality of substrate layers such as a core layer, an absorption layer, and a reflective layer. It can be comprised by the laminated body of. By including multiple layers of substrates, the overall characteristics can be more easily optimized.

In a preferred embodiment of the patch antenna according to the present invention, the parameters in the polar function satisfy the condition that m ≧ 1. This parameter condition results in an unprecedented symmetrical shape of the patch with sharp edges, resulting in a more symmetric spatial power density distribution compared to the cylindrical patch (m = 0) case. Become. In this way, electromagnetic radiation can be emitted in multiple focal directions. The presence of sharp edges does not necessarily reduce the radiation efficiency of a suitable antenna. A more preferable boundary condition is a ¹ b. These boundary conditions also result in unconventional patches, especially when n1 is about 0.5, n2 is about 1.0, and n3 is about 1.0.

  In a further preferred embodiment of the patch antenna according to the invention, the at least one patch has a base profile which is symmetric with respect to the x-axis and the y-axis defining the plane of the patch. A relatively low cross polarization of such a patch antenna is shown.

  In one preferred embodiment of the patch antenna according to the present invention, each of the plurality of patches has its power feeding connector connected to a symmetrical position. With this configuration, the polarization purity of the antenna is increased.

  In a further preferred embodiment of the patch antenna according to the invention, the at least one patch has a base profile with a substantially rounded periphery. Such a configuration further reduces the cross polarization level of the antenna.

  In another preferred embodiment of the patch antenna according to the invention, at least one patch has a base profile with a substantially convex periphery. Such a configuration makes the antenna more suitable for miniaturization and bandwidth improvement.

  Preferably, in the patch antenna according to the present invention, the spacer structure and / or the ground plane is substantially circular or elliptical, and preferably the substrate layer and the ground plane are substantially congruent. Such a configuration can be conveniently produced and is suitable for miniaturization.

  More preferably, the patch antenna according to the present invention includes a power feeding connector connected to a selective power feeding point. This feed point excites the desired (fundamental) resonance mode of the antenna to produce directional radiation of power input at the input terminal of the antenna while achieving good impedance matching with the input transmission line And heuristically selected.

  In a patch antenna according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the patch is a thin plate made substantially from a conductive metal, preferably from copper, silver and / or gold. These materials have been found to be very suitable for patch antennas in terms of their function as transceivers.

  A further preferred and suitable dimension of the functional part of the patch antenna is that the patch has a thickness between 1 and 10 micrometers, preferably between 3 and 4 micrometers, more preferably about 3.5 micrometers. The major surface of the patch has a size of 2 and 100 cm 2, the distance between the opposing surface of the patch and the ground plane is between 2 and 20 millimeters, and the major surface of the ground plane facing the patch The size has a size of 1 wavelength × 1 wavelength at the lowest operating frequency.

  More preferably, the base profile of the patch of the patch antenna according to the present invention extends in a direction substantially parallel to a plane defined by the ground plane. This generally provides an axis of symmetry of the patch perpendicular to the (center) plane defined by the ground plane, which is advantageous for spatial power density distribution.

  Advantageously, the patch antenna according to the present invention comprises a patch configured to receive and / or transmit electromagnetic radiation. This allows the antenna according to the invention to be used for receiving and / or transmitting electromagnetic radiation. Thus, the functionality of the at least one power connector depends on the desired functionality of the antenna. Accordingly, it is contemplated that the power connector is configured to receive and / or transmit electromagnetic radiation. In general, the power supply connector includes at least one probe. The geometry of the feed connector, including shape and dimensions, generally depends entirely on the specific purpose and application of the antenna. Various types of power supply connectors can be used. A known power connector is a microstrip that is typically attached by vapor deposition on the surface (substrate) of a spacer structure. As another option, the feed connector is a coaxial feed probe, which is at least partially housed within the spacer structure and is inserted through a hole provided in the ground plane. For this purpose, the spacer structure generally comprises an accommodation space for at least partially accommodating the probe.

  When a single feed connector and a single patch are used in a patch antenna, it is suitable for the antenna to operate within a single specified frequency band. The frequency range of the frequency band depends entirely on the antenna application. Currently, many mobile communication systems include GMS900 / 1800/1900 bands (890-960 MHz and 1710-1990 MHz), Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) and UMTS 3G extended bands (1900-2200 MHz and 2500-2700 MHz), Frequency band in microwave spectrum (1-100 GHz), especially Ka band (26.5-40 GHz) and Ku band (12-18 GHz) used for satellite communications, and Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) / wireless local area Network (WLAN) bands (2400-2500 MHz and 5100-5800 MHz), and different ratio related bands between 9000 and 10000 MHz, and ground penetrating radar frequency band (0.4-4.5 GHz) , We are using some of the frequency bands. However, the patch antenna according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the known frequency bands listed above.

Traditionally, a single antenna with a single patch cannot operate in all these mobile communication frequency bands, so multiple different antennas covering these bands separately may be used. I can do it. However, the use of many antennas is typically limited by application volume and cost constraints. Therefore, a multiband antenna and a wideband antenna are indispensable to provide a multi-function operation for mobile communication. A multiband antenna in a mobile communication system can be defined as an antenna that does not operate at an intermediate frequency between bands but operates in a separate frequency band. For this purpose, the antenna according to the invention comprises a plurality of patches, at least two patches being connected to the respective feed connector, so that the patches can be controlled independently of each other. In addition, additional patches that are configured to interact electromagnetically in operation with the actively powered patch but are not directly connected to the feed connector will also cause the antenna to operate in the desired frequency band. Can be very useful to be able to work with.
The ground plane is at least partially made of metal or any other conductive material. Typically, this ground plane consists of a metal disk, a metal screen (foil), or a metal coating.

  In a preferred embodiment, the antenna includes at least one processor to automatically switch the feed connector (probing structure) between a radiation transmission mode and a radiation reception mode for bidirectional communication of the feed connector. In particular, the processor is preferably configured to automatically switch between a first frequency band and a second frequency band for bidirectional communication in each frequency band.

  Preferably, in the patch antenna according to the invention, at least one patch is adapted to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 0.5 to a maximum of 4 GHz, or from 2 to 20 GHz, or from 0.5 to a maximum of 20 GHz. Composed. Such a patch antenna can be used for ultra wideband (UWB).

Within the scope of the present invention, patch antennas that are particularly suitable for ultra-wideband applications are as follows.
i) A patch antenna in which at least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, the patch being defined by the following polar function:

ii) A patch antenna in which at least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, the patch being defined by the following polar function:

iii) A patch antenna wherein at least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, the patch being defined by the following polar function:

前記パッチ内の前記スロットは、次の極関数によって定義されるパッチアンテナ。

iv) At least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, the patch comprising a slot that is an ablation region in the patch, the patch being the next pole Defined by the function,

The slot in the patch is a patch antenna defined by the following polar function.

  The UWB patch antenna according to the above design is a microstrip line in which a feeding structure is arranged parallel to a vertical symmetry plane of the patch and spaced from the symmetry plane, the distance being the microstrip If it is greater than the width of, the bandwidth achieved can be further improved.

  For example, when using microstrips with a width of 0.5 to 2.0 mm, the distance from the symmetry plane between 2.0 and 5.0 mm depends on the specific base profile of the patch used. There is a possibility of a certain bandwidth increase of 10 GHz or more.

v) A patch antenna where at least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 0.5 GHz to 4 GHz, the patch being defined by the following polar function:

  The preferred embodiment of the present invention also relates to an antenna system for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals including at least one patch antenna according to the present invention. The antenna system includes a plurality of MIMO configuration antennas (Multiple Input Multiple Outputs), each antenna including a plurality of patches and a plurality of feeding connectors, and at least two patches are connected to different feeding connectors. Is done. The system preferably also includes at least two multi-band antennas and at least one processor for switching in at least one of the frequency bands to ensure signal reception and transmission diversity in this band. Preferably, the processor is configured to control the switching means, and the switching means is a SPDT (Single Port Double Throw) switch or a DPDT (Double Port Double Throw) switch. Preferably, the system further comprises at least one interface means for programming the at least one processor and thus programming the antenna itself.

Ｂ）スペーサ構造体を使用することによって、グランドプレーンと、前記少なくとも一つのパッチと、前記グランドプレーンから絶縁され、少なくとも一つのパッチに導電的に接続された給電コネクタとを組み立てることであって、前記パッチ及び前記グランドプレーンは、前記スペーサ構造体によって分離されることを含む方法に関する。 According to some embodiments, the present invention further comprises a method of manufacturing an antenna according to the present invention, comprising:
A) designing the patch such that at least one patch has at least one base profile that is substantially supershaped, wherein the supershape is defined by the following polar function; and

B) assembling a ground plane, the at least one patch, and a power supply connector insulated from the ground plane and conductively connected to the at least one patch by using a spacer structure; The patch and the ground plane may be separated by the spacer structure.

  According to some embodiments, the advantages of using patches and, consequently, a super-shape for designing ground planes and intermediate spacer structures (substrates) have already been comprehensively described above. During step B), preferably a plurality of feed connectors are connected to different patches of the antenna, more preferably allowing the antenna to communicate in a first frequency band and a separate second frequency band. .

  According to some embodiments, the invention further relates to a method for use in wireless communication by using an antenna according to the invention, said method comprising the step of connecting a communication circuit to an antenna network, The network includes a plurality of antennas according to the present invention, each antenna being optimized to operate in at least one designated frequency band. The optimization of the antenna geometry and material depends entirely on the specific purpose. Communication circuits typically include a transmitter and / or receiver that combine to form a transceiver. Each antenna is preferably optimized to operate in multiple frequency bands, and each probe is configured to operate within a specified (single) frequency or frequency band. The antennas can be connected in parallel or in series.

  According to some embodiments, the invention further relates to a patch for use with an antenna according to the invention. The advantages and embodiments of the patch have been comprehensively described above.

  Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to an RF transceiver of a wireless communication device, wherein an antenna according to the present invention is employed.

  Finally, in some embodiments, the invention relates to an electronic device having a wireless interface that includes the RF transceiver described above.

Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described based on non-limiting exemplary embodiments shown in the following drawings.
1 shows a plan view of a patch antenna according to the present invention for use in an advanced ground penetrating radar. FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a patch antenna according to the present invention for use in an advanced ground penetrating radar. FIG. 2 shows a diagram relating to the patch antenna according to FIGS. FIG. 2 shows a diagram relating to the patch antenna according to FIGS. FIG. 2 shows a diagram relating to the patch antenna according to FIGS. FIG. 2 shows a diagram relating to the patch antenna according to FIGS. FIG. 2 shows a diagram relating to the patch antenna according to FIGS. FIG. 2 shows a diagram relating to the patch antenna according to FIGS. FIG. 2 shows a diagram relating to the patch antenna according to FIGS. FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram illustrating steps that can be performed in an exemplary embodiment involving the formation of a pattern by superform. 1 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a patch antenna according to the present invention. FIG. The top view of another patch antenna which concerns on this invention is shown. FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of another patch antenna according to the present invention. 10 shows different views relating to the patch antenna according to FIGS. 10A and 10B. FIG. 10 shows different views relating to the patch antenna according to FIGS. 10A and 10B. FIG. Fig. 4 shows a different view of another patch antenna according to the present invention. Fig. 4 shows a different view of another patch antenna according to the present invention. The figure regarding the patch antenna shown to FIG. 13A and 13B is shown. 3 shows a three-dimensional view of another preferred embodiment of a patch antenna according to the present invention. 3 shows a three-dimensional view of a prior art patch antenna. FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of another patch antenna according to the present invention. Fig. 2 shows some results of a preferred patch antenna according to the present invention suitable for ultra-wideband applications and the super-shape of the patch. Fig. 2 shows some results of a preferred patch antenna according to the present invention suitable for ultra-wideband applications and the super-shape of the patch. Fig. 2 shows some results of a preferred patch antenna according to the present invention suitable for ultra-wideband applications and the super-shape of the patch. Figure 3 shows some results of a preferred patch antenna according to the present invention suitable for ultra-wideband applications. Fig. 2 shows some results of a preferred patch antenna according to the present invention suitable for ultra-wideband applications and the super-shape of the patch.

<Example Patch Antenna for GPR Applications>
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) uses electromagnetic wide frequency band radar pulses to explore the ground. The transmitted radar pulse is reflected by various dielectric discontinuities in the ground, and the reflected wave is detected from the receiving antenna. Soil strata, groundwater surfaces, soil and rock interfaces, artifacts, or other interfaces with differences in dielectric properties can be detected, localized and characterized with high resolution. One of the most important hardware components for GPR system performance is the antenna. For impulse GPR, the antenna needs to have a sufficiently large bandwidth to transmit and receive a short time domain waveform with late ringing suppressed to avoid target masking. In addition, the antenna must exhibit linear phase characteristics over the entire operating frequency band to avoid pulse broadening over time. The operating frequency and bandwidth of the GPR antenna are important for system performance. GPR antennas must satisfy the broadband specification, while higher resolution is required for better resolution to determine small objects, and lower frequencies are required for exploration depth. Therefore, the time domain antenna pulse duration is a trade-off between distance resolution and probe depth. In addition, high efficiency, high gain, portability, ease of use, small volume occupancy for higher spatial sampling, ease of installation, ability to integrate with electrical circuits, ease of manufacture, etc. must comply with GPR antennas It is a basic requirement. Resistive loaded cylindrical monopoles, resistively loaded bowtie antennas, wire bowtie antennas, TEM horn antennas, and their modifications and spiral antennas have been widely used in the past in GPR systems. Larger antennas offer broadband behavior, higher resolution, deeper exploration depth, and the ability to compensate for ground spectral filtering effects, but large antennas are neither compact nor portable. In addition, most if not all of the currently known patch GPR antennas (dipole, bowtie, etc.) rarely have sufficient bandwidth to fully utilize the potential of GPR, In particular, these antennas do not have a common design ground plane, and will cause considerable distortion if shielding or cavities are added.

  In order to overcome one or more of the above disadvantages, an improved patch antenna with superior performance has been designed and is shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B and described in more detail below. Featuring the proposed topology and architecture, the antenna operates in the 0.5 to 4 GHz frequency band covering the low and high frequency spectrum, thus solving all of the above-listed problems. .

  As shown in the plan view of FIG. 1A and the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1B, the patch antenna 1 includes a metal ground plane 2, an absorber layer 3, a dielectric substrate 4, and a substrate 4 opposite to the ground plane 2. A stack of two patches 5a and 5b attached to the (upper) surface of the. Each of the patches 5 a and 5 b is connected to a power supply line 6 a or 6 b drawn through the substrate 4 and the absorber layer 3. A central hole provided in the ground plane 2 separates the feeder lines 6 a and 6 b from the ground plane 2. By inserting a thin absorber layer 3 made of an absorbing material between the ground plane 2 and the dielectric substrate 4, the efficiency of the antenna 1 is greatly reduced, as has normally occurred in the case of resistance loaded antenna designs. Therefore, since the wave reflection from the floating ground plane 2 is alleviated, the ringing effect of the transmission pulse is reduced. The absorber layer 3 is made of a magnetic material loaded absorber ECCOSORB SF-1. Efficiency is an important factor in GPR systems because electromagnetic waves propagate through lossy soil.

The patches 5a and 5b are super-shaped wings having the same shape and arranged symmetrically, the contour profile of which is determined by the three continuous parameters of the super-form formula according to claim 1.

The substrate 4 provides the antenna 1 with structural rigidity, confinement of the magnetic field in the open cavity, absorption of reflected waves, and allows a reduction in the height of the structure. Substrate 4 is made of a dielectric material PREPERM having a dielectric constant _e r = 2.55.

  Feed lines 6a and 6b are formed by two plated through-hole (PTH) pins with a 100 ohm input impedance through the circular slot of ground plane 2. Practical PTH technology is introduced to reduce the reactance of the feed pins 6a, 6b and to enhance bandwidth.

  Return loss parameters of the super-shaped dipole antenna 1 are shown in FIG. It can be seen that the antenna 1 has a frequency impedance bandwidth ranging from 0.5 GHz to over 4.5 GHz resulting in operation in the low and high frequency spectrum. It should be noted that despite the small volume occupied by the antenna 1 due to its patch structure, the antenna 1 retains the full spectral characteristics of an equivalent large antenna. Antenna 1 was designed to exhibit an input impedance of about 100 ohms to accommodate different feed lines. An input impedance profile over the operating frequency range is shown in FIG.

  The time domain antenna response is composed of two parts: the main pulse and the ringing region. The main pulse is due to the direct emission of the excitation pulse at the feed point, but the ringing part is caused by the reflection of the current pulse in the internal structure of the antenna 1 due to discontinuities and reflections from the ground plane. The main purpose of the transient antenna is to reduce the pulse ringing region to avoid target masking. The antenna shape plays an important role for internal wave reflection because it determines the surface current distribution. The hypershape formula offers the possibility to optimize the antenna shape through adjustment of three parameters. In this way, impedance discontinuities in the antenna structure that cause undesirable reflections can be mitigated.

  The excitation signal is a Gaussian pulse having a width of about 0.6 ns. The waveform and spectrum of the excitation pulse are shown in FIG. Since the antenna operates as an electronic differentiation circuit, the output waveform is expected to be ideally a time derivative of the input signal. FIG. 5 shows the transmission pulse at a distance of 25 cm in the lateral direction with and without the absorption layer, and FIG. 6 depicts the spectral components of the transmission pulse. When there is no absorber, the intermediate structure is composed only of the substrate 4 made of only the dielectric material PREPERM having a thickness h = 47.08 mm. It can be seen that the ringing is greatly reduced while the pulse amplitude shows only slight degradation by the absorbing layer. Specifically, the peak-to-peak amplitude of the transmitted pulse is 21.11 V / m and 19.15 V / m for the super-shaped antenna 1 with and without resistance loading, respectively. This means that the pulse amplitude reduction due to the introduction of the absorber is about 9%.

  The basic requirement for a GPR antenna is to radiate towards the ground so as not to interfere with the electronics of the GPR system. Also, the influence of external signals from the upper half space to the GPR receiving antenna must be minimized. Thus, shielding is typically required for dipole antennas that typically radiate in all directions. Shielding designs can be a difficult process because shielding causes distortion in the time domain pulses. Since the antenna 1 according to the present invention is a floating ground plane, it provides electromagnetic separation from the upper half space without employing a shielding mechanism. In this way, manufacturing costs can be greatly reduced. FIG. 7 shows three-dimensional free space radiation patterns at four different frequencies from 0.5 GHz to 4 GHz. In particular, the normalized radiation pattern of the super-shaped dipole antenna 1 is 0.5 GHz (FIG. 7A), 1 GHz (FIG. 7B), 2 GHz (FIG. 7C), 3 GHz (FIG. 7D), 3.5 GHz (FIG. 7E). And 4 GHz (FIG. 7F). As can be seen, the antenna 1 radiates in the lateral direction and the pattern is relatively stable over the operating frequency range. The stability of the radiation pattern and the limited compression and distortion is due to the shortened length of the antenna 1 (compared to a typical known dipole) and the current distribution over the entire antenna area.

  Thus, in FIGS. 1A and 1B, and as supported by FIGS. 2-7, a new compact antenna is shown with a simple topology and unique architecture for GPR applications. This antenna is the first bulb-type GPR antenna that is mathematically designed by the hyperform formula, and provides various advantages. This antenna can cover a frequency range of 0.5 to 4 GHz, thus providing the capability of exploration depth and distance resolution simultaneously. By inserting the absorption layer 3, late ringing is reduced without significantly affecting the radiation efficiency of the antenna 1. Furthermore, the antenna 1 is characterized by unidirectional radiation, in contrast to the known dipole design, so that no shielding or absorbing cavities are required. This makes antenna 1 a low-cost solution for GPR systems. Also, the antenna 1 is easy to manufacture, portable, and has superior performance compared to most conventional GPR antennas.

(Other examples)
Referring to FIG. 8, FIG. 8 is also incorporated as FIG. 16 in US Pat. No. 7,620,527. The shape or waveform of the ground plane and / or patch of the antenna according to the present invention is as follows. Can be “synthesized” by applying the following exemplary basic steps:
1) In the first step, a parameter is selected (for example, by inputting a value into the computer 10, that is, via a keyboard 20, touch screen, mouse pointer, voice recognition device, or other input device). Or by having the computer 10 specify values), the computer 10 is used to synthesize the selected hypershape based on the selection of parameters.
2) In the second optional step, the hyperform can be used to adapt the selected shape, calculate the optimization, etc. This step can include the use of a graphics program (eg, 2D, 3D, etc.), CAD software, a finite element analysis program, a wave generation program, or other software.
3) In the third step, using the output from the first or second step, for example, (a) the super shape 31 is displayed on the monitor 30, and the super shape 51 is displayed on the printer 50 (2D or 3D). By printing on material 52 such as paper from (b) by performing computer-aided manufacturing (eg, by controlling an external device 60 such as a machine, robot, etc., based on the output of a step three, for example) , (C) by generating sound 71 via the speaker system 70 etc., (d) by performing stereolithography, (e) by performing rapid prototyping, typically based on 3D printing technology, And / or (f) computerized by utilizing the output in other ways known in the art for deforming such shapes. It was deformed into physical form super shape.

  Various computer-aided manufacturing (“CAM”) technologies and products made from those technologies are known in the art, and any suitable CAM technology and manufactured product can be selected. For a few examples of CAM technology and products made from those technologies, reference is made to the following US patents (titled in parentheses), the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference: Shall be. US Pat. No. 5,796,986 (Method and apparatus for linking computer aided design databases with numerical control machine database), US Pat. No. 4,864,520 (Shape generating / creating system for computer aided design, computer aided manufacturing, computer aided engineering and computer applied technology), US Pat. No. 5,587,912 (Computer aided processing of three dimensions). onal objects and apparatus therefor), U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,962 (Computer aided processing of 3-D objects and apparatus thereof), U.S. Patent No. 5,159,512 (Cоnstruction of Minkowski sums and derivatives morphological combinations of arbitrary polyhedral in CAD / CAM systems).

  Various stereolithography techniques and products made from those techniques are known in the art, and any suitable stereolithography technique and product made can be selected. For a few examples of stereolithography techniques and products made from those techniques, reference is made to the following US patents (titles in parentheses), the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference: Shall be incorporated. U.S. Patent No. 5,728,345 (Method for making an electrical for electrical discharge by use of the stereolithology model, U.S. Patent No. 5,711,911) stereolithography), U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,413 (Methods and compositions related to stereolithography), U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,293 (Rapid making of a prototype type). ld using stereolithography model), U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,813 (Method of making a three-dimensional object of the stereolithology), U.S. Pat.No. 5,609,812 Lithography), U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,335 (Method for manufacturing fibre-reinforced parts utility stereolithography, U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,340) Dimensional object by stereolithography, United States Patent No. 5,247,180 (Stereolithographic and biofunctions and method of use), United States Patent No. 5,236,637 (Method of use and caps and methods). U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,653 (Method and apparatus for producing a stepless 3-dimensional object by stereolithography), U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,307 (Method a nd apparatus for production of high resolution three-dimensional objects by stereo lithography), US Pat. No. 5,182,715 (Rapid and accurate production of stereo lithographic parts), US Pat. No. 5,182,056 (Stereo lithography method and apparatus developing variant penetration depths), US Pat. No. 5,182,055 (Method of making a three-dimensional object by stereolithograph) hy), U.S. Pat. No. 5,167,882 (Stereo lithography method), U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,663 (Stereo lithography method and apparatus), U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,064 (Method of making). dimensional object by stereolithography), U.S. Pat.No. 5,059,021 (Apparatus and method for correcting for the production of objects 0, No. 4, 059,021) sional object by stereo lithography and composition therefore), US Pat. No. 4,844,144 (Investment casting utilizing patterns produced by stereo lithography).

  Furthermore, the present invention can be used in known microstereolithographic procedures. Thus, for example, the present invention can be used in the manufacture of computer chips and other articles. Some exemplary papers are as follows, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. A. Bertsch, H Lorenz, P.M. Renaud, “3D microfabrication by combining microstereolithography and thick resist UV lithography”, Sensors and Actuators: A, 73, pp. 196 14-23, (1999). L. Belize, A.D. Bertsch, P.M. Renaud “Microstereolithography: a new process to build complex 3D objects”, Symposium on Design, Test and microfabrication of MEMs / MOEMs, ProSingp. 808-817, (1999). A. Bertsch, H.C. Lorenz, P.M. Renaud “Combining Microstereolithography and thick resist UV lithography for 3D microfabrication”, Proceedings of the IEEE MEMS 98 Working Hope, Hep. 18-23, (1998). A. Bertsch, J .; Y. Jezequel, J. et al. C. Andre “Study of the spatial resolution of a new 3D microfabrication process, the microstereomorphic using the dynamic masker. and Photobiol. A: Chemistry, 107, pp. 275-281, (1997). A. Bertsch, S.M. Zissi, J. et al. Y. Jezequel, S .; Corbel, J .; C. Andre, “Microstereophotolithography using a liquid crystal display as dynamic mask-generator”, Micro. Tech. , 3 (2), pp. 42-47, (1997). A. Bertsch, S.M. Zissi, M .; Calin, S.M. Ballandras, A.M. Bourjault, D.M. Hauden, J. et al. C. Andre, "Conception and realization of miniaturized actuators fabricated by Microstereophotolithography and actuated by Shape Memory Alloys", Proceedings of the 3rd France-Japan Congress and 1st Europe-Asia Congress on Mechatronics, Besancon, 2, pp. 631-634, (1996).

  Similarly, various rapid prototyping techniques and products made from those techniques (eg, molded articles) are known in the art, and any suitable technique and product made can be selected. . For example, three exemplary 3D model rapid prototyping methods currently available are disclosed in US Pat. No. 5,578,227, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. A) photocured liquid solidification or stereolithography (see above, for example), b) selective laser sintering (SLS) or powder layer sintering, c) hot melt lamination (FDM) or extrusion melting The plastic lamination method is mentioned. For a few examples of rapid prototyping techniques and products made from those techniques, reference is made to the following US patents (titles in parentheses), the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference: Shall be. U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,370 (Rapid prototyping process and apparatus thefore), U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,718 (Higher construction construction quat, prototypical prototype 6, U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,718) for lost foam casting process using rapid tooling set-up), U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,883 (Rapid prototyping method), U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,577 (Rapid prototyping and manufacturing process) United States Patent No. 5,587,913 (Method Employing Sequential Two-Dimensional Geometry for Producing, United States Patent No.5, United States Patent No. 5,587,913, US Patent No. 5,587,913) No. 5,547,305 (Rapid, tool-less adjusting system for hot stick tooling), US Pat. No. 5,491,643 (Method for optimizing parameters characteristic of an object) loped in a rapid prototyping system), US Pat. No. 5,458,825 (Utilization of blow molding tooling manufactured by stereo lithography for rapid container prototyping), US Pat. No. 5,398,193 (Method of three-dimensional rapid prototyping through control layered deposition / extraction and apparatus thefor).

  The above three steps or stages are also schematically illustrated in the schematic diagram shown in FIG. 9 (steps 1 and 2 can be performed within the illustrated computer itself). This drawing corresponds to FIG. 17 of US Pat. No. 7,620,527. In the next section, some exemplary embodiments of the superform pattern “synthesis” are described in more detail.

A. 2D Graphical Software The present invention has great utility in 2D graphic software applications. The present invention includes conventional commercial programs such as Corel-Draw (TM) and Corel-Paint (TM), Open Office application, Supergraphx (TM), Adobe Photoshop (TM), Adobe's Illustrator and Photoshop (TM), etc. In various drawing programs in Visual Basic ™ or Windows ™ or, for example, Lotus WordPro ™ and Lotus Freegraphic Graphics ™, Java ™, Visual C ™, Visual C ++ ™ And can be applied in other environments, such as any other C environment. In particular, this approach only requires the use of the above-mentioned super formulas with classical functions (powers, trigonometric functions, etc.), so that considerable savings in computer memory space are possible, so the present invention is significant in image synthesis. Have the following advantages. Furthermore, the number of image shapes available by the super formula is considerably greater than the number of image shapes previously available. Graphics programs (such as Windows ™ paint, Microsoft Word ™ drawing tools, Corel-Draw ™, CAD, those used in architectural design, etc.) are computer-programmed shapes “primitives” Is used. These are very limited, for example, often limited primarily to circles, ellipses, squares, and rectangles (in 3D, volume primitives are also very limited). With the introduction of the super formula, the overall possibilities of 2D graphics (and also in 3D graphics as described below) are greatly expanded by orders of magnitude. Since it is used as a linear operator, the super-formula can be computed in various ways and formulas, such as polar coordinates, or 3D using spherical coordinates, cylindrical coordinates, parametric formulation of a homogenized cylinder, etc. I can do it.

Some exemplary embodiments within the scope of 2D graphics software applications are as follows.
a. 1. The computer is configured to utilize the operator quite commonly, for example in polar coordinates or in XY coordinates. In this sense, parameters can be selected (eg, by operator input or by the computer itself) and used as input in the paraform (eg, by programming). Individual shapes or objects can be used in any way, such as printing or displaying an object.
a. 2. The computer can also be configured to perform operations such as integration to calculate area, perimeter, moment of inertia, and the like. In this regard, the computer can configure the computer to: a) select such an operation by operator input (eg, via keyboard 20), or b) perform such an operation (eg, via programming). By doing so, it can be configured to perform such operations.
a. 3. The computer a) displays or presents the shapes, b) allows the user to modify such shapes after their display, and c) displays the shapes modified by the user (eg, , Via software). In this regard, the user can correct the shape by changing parameters, for example. In one exemplary embodiment, the computer displays the shape displayed or presented (ie, presented at the above step three) by physically acting on the physical representation created at the step three. Can be configured to enable. In a preferred embodiment, the computer can be configured such that the shape displayed on the monitor can be modified by extracting patterns, eg, edges and / or corners of the image. In this regard, preferably, the image 31 is displayed on a computer screen or monitor 30 and the user uses a “mouse” 40 (or other user-operated screen or display pointer device) that is operated with his / her hand. Place the displayed pointer 32 on the shape, and “click” the pointer 32 and “drag” it to a new position 33, thereby creating a new “supershape” configuration 34. It can be corrected. This will include recalculation of formulas and parameters.
a. 4). The computer can also be configured to perform a Boolean operation that fuses two or more of the individual shapes generated in a1 or a3 with each other through either superposition processing. In some cases, the individual super-shapes combined, eg, by overlapping and / or repeating, etc. may be, for example, sectors or cross-sections that can be combined to create shapes having different cross-sections or regions (for example, as an example only) , A circular sector between 0 and π / 2 can be combined, for example, with a square sector between π / 2 and π to create a shape consisting of multiple components). The computer is configured to perform further operations on the created supershape, for example, to flatten, skew, stretch, enlarge, rotate, move or translate, or otherwise modify such shape You can also.

B. 3D Graphical Software Like 2D applications, the present invention has great utility in 3D graphic applications (and in representations in various other dimensions).
The present invention includes, for example, computer-aided design ("CAM") software, finite element analysis ("FEM") software, Supergraphx 3D Shape Explorer, CST, Anft HFSS, Remcom XFdtd, EMSS Feko, Empire XCcel, etc. It can be applied to analysis software, architectural design software, etc. The present invention makes it possible to use a single continuous function instead of a spline function, for example, for various applications. CAD industrial applications include, for example, rapid prototyping, or use in computer-aided manufacturing (“CAM”), including 3D printing.

Reference is made to FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrating one embodiment of a patch antenna 300 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The antenna 300 includes a substrate 301 that functions as a carrier structure, and the substrate 301 includes a plurality of conductive patches 303 a, 303 b, 304 a, which are stacked on the opposite side of the conductive ground plane 302 on one side of the substrate 301, and 304b is separated. The patches 303a, 303b, 304a, and 304b are arranged in two patch sets, and each patch set is a primary patch 303a, 304a and a secondary patch 303b, arranged at a distance close to the primary patches 303a, 304a. 304b, and electromagnetic interaction can occur between the primary patches 303a, 304a and the secondary patches 303b, 304b during operation. Each primary patch 303a, 304a is connected to a power supply connector 305a, 305b, also called a power supply line or power supply structure, of a power supply probe led out from a central hole provided in the ground plane 302 from the substrate 301. The secondary patches 303b and 304b are not directly connected to the power supply connector. Since each of the primary patches 303a and 304a is connected to the power supply connectors 305a and 305b, the primary patches 303a and 304a operate first. Due to the operation of the primary patches 303a and 304a, the secondary patches 303b and 304b continue to operate (resonate). The base profile of each patch set (303a, 303b, 304a, 304b) substantially matches the base profile defined by the following polar function.

In this example, the following values are used to form the patch 302 (cross section) shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B. That is, a = b = 5.74, m = 1, and n ₁ = 0.4825, and n ₂ = n ₃ = 1.0662. The thickness of the patches 303a, 303b, 304a, and 304b is typically about a few micrometers. In this example, the patch thickness t is equal to 0.068 mm. The distance w between the power supply connectors 305a and 305b is equal to 5.253 mm in this example. Each power supply connector 305a, diameter or thickness _{d f} of 305b in this example equal to 1.82.

  An antenna 300 illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B is configured as an omnidirectional Wi-Fi dual-band antenna 300, and includes a first frequency band of 2.2 to 2.77 GHz (802.11b / g / n) and 4. It is configured to operate in both the second frequency band of 53-6.96 GHz (802.11a / n / ac). Both frequency bands can be controlled separately. The secondary patches 303b and 304b play an important role to allow the antenna 300 to operate in a lower frequency band. The same applies to the gaps 306a and 306b disposed between the primary patches 303a and 304a and the secondary patches 303b and 304b. The geometry of the gaps 306a, 306b (ie, slots) fits at least a portion of the super-shaped base profile defined by the above polar function. Using the R function, both the super-shaped patch set and the super-shaped gaps 306a, 306b can be combined into a super-shaped geometry assembly. In this example, each gap 306a, 306b has the shape of a circular arc. Experiments have shown that the frequency response depends on the gap width, which is shown in FIG. In this example, the optimal gap width at which the antenna 300 operates very well in both frequency bands is 5 millimeters. Other gap widths (larger or smaller) will degrade antenna performance. In this example, the x radius of substrate 301 and ground plane 302 is equal to 8.64 cm and the y radius is equal to 5.92 cm. The thickness of the substrate 301 is equal to 9.525 mm in this example, which is substantially equal to 1/8 wavelength in the lower band. The radiation pattern of the antenna 300 in both the E plane and the H plane is shown in FIG. 12 at both a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a frequency of 5.45 GHz. As can be seen from the drawing, the radiation pattern is omnidirectional. Therefore, the back cavity can be omitted. The radiation efficiency is very high, 98.5% to 99.1%. No cross-polarization occurs between the two symmetry planes. Therefore, excellent antenna performance is achieved by using the antenna shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B.

Another patch antenna 350 according to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 13A (plan view) and 13B (sectional view). The antenna 350 includes a dielectric substrate 351 that forms the core of the antenna 350. The upper surface of the substrate 351 includes two metal patches 352a and 352b, in particular, an inner patch 352a (primary patch) and an outer patch 352b (secondary patch) surrounding the inner patch 253a. The bottom surface of the substrate 351 includes a metal ground plane 353. The ground plane 353 includes a tubular central portion 353a surrounding a through opening for the metal power connector 354 connected to the inner patch 253a. For this purpose, the power connector 354 extends through the dielectric substrate 351. The patches 352a and 352b, the power supply connector 354 on one side, and the ground plane 353 on the other side are separated (insulated) from each other. The assembly of patches 352a and 352b, in particular the geometry of this assembly, is based on the superposition of a base profile based on the hypershape defined by the polar function according to claim 1. More specifically, the illustrated assembly consists of four superimposed layers, the first layer being formed by a continuous elliptical (filled with material) outer shape, which is super-shaped, in particular The mouth-shaped hollow (material-free) layer forms the second layer, the smaller super-shaped, especially the mouth-shaped solid layer forms the third layer, the smaller superimposed, especially the mouth-shaped A superposed uppermost layer (fourth layer) is formed by the hollow layer. Due to the overlap of the layers, as shown, the primary patch 352a is substantially mouth-shaped at both the inner edge C _1i and the outer edge C _1o , and the primary patch 352A is surrounded by the secondary patch 352b, inner edge _{C 2i} of 352b substantially become the mouth shape, the outer edge of the secondary patch 352b is formed into an elliptical shape. With a computer device, the superposition of the super-shaped layers can be easily performed by using the R function. The following parameters are used in the polar function whose edges result in base profiles corresponding to C _1i , C _1o , and C _2i respectively.

According to experimental tests, the above values are the highest of the antenna 350 as a Wi-Fi dual band antenna in the 2.4 GHz (2.35-2.52 GHz) and 5 GHz (5.12 GHz-5.94 GHz) frequency bands. In order to achieve this performance, an optimal design of the patches 352a and 352b and the gap 355 disposed between the patches 352a and 352b is provided. Dielectric substrate 351 and ground plane 353 have the same elliptical design and dimensions. The length R _x of the substrate 351 and ground plane 353 is equal to 39.7 mm and the width R _y is equal to 33.7 mm in this example. The outer dimensions of the secondary patch 352b in this example have a length r _x equal to 19.8 mm and a width r _y equal to 11.8 mm. The thickness h of the substrate 351 is equal to 9.525 mm in this example. The patch thickness t is equal to 0.07 mm. The thickness _{d f} of the power supply connector 354 is equal to 1.28 mm. The inner diameter _{D f} of the tubular portion 353a of the ground plane 353 is equal to 4.28mm. This provides a distance of 1.5 mm between the feed connector 354 and the ground plane 353.

  As shown in FIG. 14, the realized radiation pattern is unidirectional. The radiation efficiency is relatively high and varies from 94.4% to 98.8%. The realized gain also shows excellent results and is located between 6.84 dB and 7.08 d.

FIG. 15 shows a three-dimensional view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention, namely a patch antenna 400 that includes a patch 402, a feed connector 404, and a substrate 406. The back surface of the substrate is covered with a ground plane (not visible in FIG. 15), and the surface of the substrate is the same size as the ground plane. The thickness of the ground plane and the patch 402 is considerably smaller than that of the ground plane. The substrate 406 is made from a dielectric material and acts as a spacer structure between the ground plane and the patch 402. The power supply connector 404 has a microstrip shape drawn on the surface of the substrate 406. The base profile of the patch 402 substantially matches the base profile defined by the following polar function.

In this example, the following values are used to shape the illustrated patch 406: That is, m ₁ = 4, m ₂ = 4, a = 1, b = 1, n ₁ = 2, n ₂ = 6, and n ₃ = 6.

  The patch antenna 400 shown in FIG. 15 is configured as a single band antenna configured to operate in the 10.2 GHz frequency band. The overall efficiency of the antenna at 10.2 GHz is about 82%. The maximum directivity is 13.2 dBi (comparison: the short dipole antenna achieves 1.76 dBi and the large dish antenna achieves 50 dBi).

(Comparative example)
FIG. 16 shows a three dimensional view of a known design of a patch antenna 450 according to the prior art including a circular patch 452, a feed connector 454, and a substrate 456. FIG. The back surface of the substrate is covered with a ground plane (not visible in FIG. 16), and the surface of the substrate is the same size as the ground plane. The thickness of the ground plane and the patch 452 is considerably smaller than that of the ground plane.

The substrate 456 is made of a dielectric material and acts as a spacer structure between the ground plane and the patch 452. The power supply connector 454 has a microstrip shape drawn on the surface of the substrate 456. The base profile of the circular patch 452 does not match the base profile according to the present invention because it requires m ₁ = 0 and m ₂ = 0 with respect to the polar function defining the base profile. The patch antenna 450 shown in FIG. 15 is configured as a single band antenna configured to operate in the 11.12 GHz frequency band. The overall efficiency of the antenna at 11.12 GHz is about 4.2%. The maximum directivity at 11.12 GHz is 5.6 dBi.

  This comparative example shows the overall efficiency and maximum directivity of a known patch antenna by redesigning the patch base profile so that the patch base profile is substantially defined by the super formula referred to in claim 1. It is proved that can be raised significantly.

FIG. 17 shows a cross-sectional view of another patch antenna 500 according to the present invention. The patch antenna 500 includes a dielectric U-shaped spacer structure 501 that acts as a mounting structure to support the conductive ground plane 502 and to support at least one conductive patch 503. A dielectric gap 504 exists between the ground plane 502 and at least one patch 503. At least one patch is connected to a power connector (not shown). Both the power supply connector and the ground plane 502 are connected to a power source (not shown) for supplying power to the antenna 500. The base profile of the patch 503 and consequently the ground plane 502 is designed and defined by the following polar function:

  As mentioned above, the application of at least one super-shaped patch provides a significant improvement in antenna performance.

(Example of ultra-wideband antenna)
The super-shaped patch antenna according to the present invention is capable of operating over the frequency range from 2 to 20 GHz, while the S parameter has a magnitude of less than about -10 dB or less than -10 dB over almost all frequency ranges. Can also be used to design ultra wideband antennas (UWA) that are required to achieve

  The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunications Department (ITU-R) are currently using UWB for transmission from antennas, either with a radiated signal bandwidth of 500 MHz or 20% of the center frequency. It is defined as exceeding the smaller one.

The circular super-shaped patch antenna has the following basic assembly:
Conductive patch,
Rectangular conductive ground plane,
At least one power supply connector in the form of a microstrip, which is insulated from the ground plane and electrically conductively connected to at least one patch, and which feeds power of 50 ohms, and the at least one patch and the at least one ground plane At least one dielectric substrate for separation,
Have
At least one patch is defined by at least a portion of the at least one substantially super-shaped base profile, the super-shaped base profile being defined by a polar function.

Furthermore, the super-shaped patch has the following conditions:
m1 is equal to m2 and ranges from 1 to 3.5;
a = b = 1,
n3 is equal to n2, ranges from 0.7 to 3, and n1 ranges from 0.5 to 3.
And more specifically,
m1 is equal to m2 and ranges from 1 to 3.5;
a = b = 1,
Of the following
n3 is equal to n2 and is selected from 3, 1, and 0.7 while n1 = 3,
n3 is equal to n2 and is selected from 3, 2.5 and 1 while n1 = 1,
n3 is equal to n2 and 3 while n1 = 0.7, or n3 is equal to n2 and 2.5 while n1 = 0.5
Satisfy the conditions combined with any of the above.

FIGS. 18a and 18b show two examples of circular super-shaped patch antennas as defined above, together with their respective broadband characteristic graphs.
In the insets of FIGS. 18a and 18b, for the following conditions: a), m ₁ = m ₂ = 2.25, n ₃ = n ₂ = 2.7, a = b = 1, n1 = 1 .43, c = 13.28,
For b), m ₁ = m ₂ = 1.65, n ₃ = n ₂ = 3.6, a = b = 1, n1 = 0.65, c = 12.14.
2 are drawn, and c is a scale factor that is a factor by which ρd (j) is multiplied.

  These graphs show that both super-shaped patch antennas achieve a S11 magnitude of about -10 dB or less than -10 dB over a wide frequency range from 2 to 20 GHz.

  One further advantage of this circular patch antenna when compared to a conventional circular monopole is improved impedance matching characteristics at lower frequencies. This is a significant improvement and, as a result, the antenna bandwidth also increases.

Elongate elliptical super-shape The special elongate deformation of the above-mentioned circular super-shape is obtained based on the same basic assembly as above,
m1 = m2 = 1,
a = b = 1,
n3 is equal to n2 and ranges from 1 to 10;
n1 is different in that it has a combination of parameters ranging from 1 to 1.5.
Thereby, the bandwidth which changes in the range of 20 GHz and 26 GHz can be obtained.

Square super shape Square super shape is obtained based on the same basic assembly as above,
m1 is equal to m2 and ranges from 3.6 to 4.5;
a = b = 1,
n3 = n2 = 3 and
n1 = 3.
It is different in that it has a combination of parameters.

  FIG. 19 shows a plot of the above-defined square super-shaped patch antenna (lower right) and a commonly used square patch antenna (upper right). Corresponding to a super-shaped patch antenna).

  The graph shows that the square super-shaped patch antenna achieves a magnitude for S11 of less than -10 dB over a wide frequency range ranging from 3 to 30 GHz. In contrast, a typical square patch antenna achieves only such values, approximately 2, 17, and 25 GHz, but not over the full frequency range.

  Furthermore, a square super-shaped patch antenna achieves a lower or similar input reflection coefficient over the entire frequency range extending from 2 to 30 GHz compared to a typical square patch antenna.

前記パッチ内の前記スロットが、次の極関数によって定義されるという点で異なる。

Super shape with slot (1)
A slotted supershape is obtained based on the same assembly shown above, where the patch comprises a slot that is an ablation region in the patch and is defined by the following polar function:

The difference is that the slot in the patch is defined by the following polar function.

FIG. 20 shows the shape of a super-shaped patch antenna with a slot as defined above in an inset, together with a diagram depicting the inherent broadband characteristics.
The graph shows sufficient sensitivity over the frequency range from 2 to 20 GHz. FIG. 21 shows a graph of the efficiency of the same slotted super-shaped patch antenna. This efficiency is at least 90% over the same frequency range.

Super shape with slot (2)
Other slotted super-shaped patch antennas for UWB can also be considered.
For example, a design in which a secondary patch exists in the ablation region of a slot in the primary patch can be effective.
Such a slotted super-shape is obtained based on the same basic assembly shown above, the patch comprising a slot that is an ablation region in the patch,
The slot comprises a secondary patch;
The main patch, also called the primary patch, the slot, and the secondary patch are all different in that they are defined by polar functions.

  More generally speaking, the present invention includes the above-described slotted supershape that can differ from the above values as long as the values of c1, c2, and c3 satisfy the condition of c1> c2> c3.

FIG. 22 shows such a slotted super-shape with primary and secondary patches, along with a graph highlighting the respective wide bandwidth characteristics.
From this graph, it can be seen that over 4 to 15 GHz, the magnitude of S11 is about -10 dB or less than -10 dB as required.
In the UWB patch antenna according to the above design, the feeding structure is a microstrip line, arranged parallel to the symmetry plane at a distance from the vertical symmetry plane of the patch, and the distance is larger than the width of the microstrip In addition, the obtained bandwidth can be further improved.
For example, when using microstrip lines from 0.5 to 2.0 mm, the distance from the plane of symmetry between 2.0 and 5.0 mm can result in an increase in bandwidth and the bandwidth The width can be 10 GHz or more depending on the specific base profile of the patch used.

(Summary)
It will be apparent that the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments shown and described herein, and that many modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims. Become. Further, based on this disclosure, it is understood that the present invention has numerous embodiments, including numerous inventive devices, components, aspects, methods and the like. In this specification, references to “the invention” are not intended to apply to all embodiments of the invention.

  This summary provides an overview of the concepts disclosed within the scope of this specification and covers many teachings and variations in these teachings provided in an expanded discussion within the scope of this disclosure. Not a list. Accordingly, the content of this summary is not to be used as limiting the scope of the following claims.

  The inventive concept is illustrated in a series of examples, with some examples showing more than one inventive concept. Individual inventive concepts may be practiced without the implementation of all the details provided in the specific examples. Those skilled in the art will understand that the inventive concepts described in the various examples can be combined with each other to address a particular application, so that all possible inventive concepts provided below are considered. There is no need to provide examples of combinations.

  Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of the disclosed teachings will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following drawings and detailed description. All such further systems, methods, features, and advantages are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims and protected thereby.

  Limitations in the claims (including those added later) should be construed broadly based on the language employed in the claims, and are described in this specification or during the performance of the application process. Without being limited to the examples given, these examples should be considered non-exclusive. For example, in the present disclosure, the term “preferably” is non-exclusive and means “preferably, but not limited to”. In the present disclosure and during the performance of the procedures of this application, means plus function or step plus function restrictions are only employed with respect to specific claims limitations if all of the following conditions exist in the limitations: Will be done. A) “means for” or “step for” is explicitly stated, b) the corresponding function is explicitly stated, and c ) No structure, material, or action to support the structure is described. In this disclosure and during the performance of the procedures of this application, the term “present invention” or “invention” is used to refer to one or more embodiments within the scope of this disclosure. There is a case. The language of the present invention or invention should not be construed inappropriately as specifying criticality, nor should it be construed as inappropriately applied across all aspects or embodiments (ie, The present invention should be understood to have many aspects or embodiments) and should not be inappropriately construed as limiting the scope of the application or claims. In this disclosure and during the performance of the procedures of this application, the term “embodiment” refers to any aspect, feature, process, or step, any combination thereof, and / or any one of them. It may be used to describe a part or the like. In some examples, various embodiments may include overlapping features. In the present disclosure, the following abbreviation “eg” meaning “for example” may be employed.

Claims (66)

A patch antenna,
At least one conductive patch;
At least one conductive ground plane;
At least one power connector that is insulated from the ground plane and conductively connected to at least one patch;
And at least one dielectric spacer structure for separating the at least one patch and the at least one ground plane;
A patch antenna wherein at least one patch is defined by at least a portion of at least one base profile that is substantially super-shaped, wherein the super-shaped base profile is defined by the following polar function:

  The patch antenna according to claim 1, wherein the patch antenna includes a plurality of patches, and each of the plurality of patches is preferably connected to a separate power supply connector.   The patch antenna according to claim 2, wherein the patches are arranged at a distance from each other.   The patch antenna according to claim 2 or 3, wherein each patch has a substantially super-shaped base profile.   The at least one patch connected to the power connector acts as a primary patch, and the patch antenna further comprises at least one secondary patch disposed at a distance from the primary patch, wherein the primary patch and the secondary patch The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the next patches are configured to electromagnetically interact with each other.   6. The patch antenna of claim 5, wherein the set of at least one primary patch and the at least one secondary patch has a substantially super-shaped combined base profile.   7. The at least one primary patch and the at least one secondary patch are separated from each other by at least one slot, the at least one slot having a substantially super-shaped base profile. Patch antenna.   The at least one primary patch and the at least one secondary patch are separated from each other by at least one slot, the slot preferably having a substantially constant width that is in the range of 4 to a maximum of 6 mm. Item 8. The patch antenna according to any one of Items 5 to 7.   The patch antenna according to any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein the at least one primary patch at least partially surrounds the at least one secondary patch.   10. The patch antenna according to any one of claims 5 to 9, wherein at least one primary patch is at least partially enclosed, preferably completely.   The patch antenna according to claim 1, wherein the at least one patch includes at least one notch.   The spacer structure includes a substrate including at least one dielectric substrate layer, and the substrate is disposed between the ground plane and the at least one patch. Patch antenna as described in.   The patch antenna according to claim 12, wherein the dielectric substrate layer forms part of a printed circuit board (PCB).   The patch antenna according to claim 1, wherein m ≧ 1. The patch antenna according to claim 1, wherein the patch antenna is a ¹ b. 16. A patch antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one ground plane is defined by a substantially super-shaped base profile, said super-shaped base profile being defined by the following polar function: .

  The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein at least one patch has a base profile that is symmetric with respect to an x-axis and a y-axis defining a plane of the patch.   The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the plurality of patches have respective power supply connectors connected to symmetrical positions.   19. A patch antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one patch has a base profile having a substantially rounded periphery.   20. A patch antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one patch has a base profile having a substantially convex periphery.   21. The spacer structure and / or the ground plane has a substantially circular or elliptical shape, preferably, the substrate layer and the ground plane are substantially congruent. Patch antenna.   The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the power supply connector is connected to at least one patch at an eccentric position on the patch, preferably near or at an edge of the patch. .   23. A patch antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the patch is a thin plate substantially made of a conductive metal, preferably copper, silver and / or gold.   24. A patch antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the patch has a thickness of 1 to 10 micrometers, preferably 3 to 4 micrometers, more preferably about 3.5 micrometers.   The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein a main surface of the patch has a size of 2 to 100 cm2.   26. The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein a distance between the patch and an opposing surface of the ground plane is 2 to 20 millimeters.   27. The patch antenna according to claim 1, wherein the size of the main surface of the ground plane facing the patch has a size of 1 frequency × 1 frequency at the lowest operating frequency.   The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the base profile of the patch extends in a direction substantially parallel to a plane defined by the ground plane.   29. A patch antenna according to any preceding claim, wherein the patch is configured to receive electromagnetic radiation.   30. A patch antenna according to any preceding claim, wherein the patch is configured to transmit electromagnetic radiation.   The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the patch is configured to operate in one or more narrow frequency bands.   32. The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein at least one patch is configured to operate in a frequency band of 5 GHz.   33. The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein at least one patch is configured to operate in a frequency band of 2.4 GHz.   34. The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein at least one patch is configured to operate in a 9 or 10 GHz frequency band.   The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 34, wherein the ground plane is at least partially made of metal.   The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the power supply connector includes a microstrip that extends substantially parallel to the ground plane.   The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein the power feeding connector is led out from a hole provided in the ground plane.   38. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein the antenna includes at least one processor to automatically switch the feed connector between a radiating transmission mode and a radiating reception mode for bidirectional communication of the antenna. The described patch antenna.   40. The patch antenna of claim 38, wherein the processor is configured to automatically switch between a first frequency band and a second frequency band for bidirectional communication in each frequency band.   40. At least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 0.5 to a maximum of 4 GHz, or from 2 to 20 GHz, or from 0.5 to 20 GHz. The patch antenna according to item.   41. An antenna system for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals comprising at least one patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 40.   42. The antenna system according to claim 41, wherein the antenna system includes a plurality of patch antennas having a MIMO configuration according to any one of claims 39 to 40.   The system includes at least two dual-band patch antennas and at least one processor for switching in at least one of the two frequency bands, thereby allowing reception and transmission diversity of the signal in this band. 43. The antenna system according to claim 42, which is guaranteed. A method for manufacturing the antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 40, comprising:
A) designing the patch such that at least one patch is defined by at least a portion of at least one base profile that is substantially super-shaped, wherein the super-shape is defined by the following polar function; and

B) assembling a ground plane, the at least one patch, and a power supply connector insulated from the ground plane and conductively connected to the at least one patch by using a spacer structure; The method comprising: the patch and the ground plane being separated by the spacer structure.   45. The method of claim 44, wherein the spacer structure includes a substrate layer of a dielectric material of a predetermined thickness that exists between the ground plane and the at least one patch.   46. The method of claim 45, wherein at least one patch is deposited on the substrate.   47. A method according to claim 45 or 46, wherein the ground plane is deposited on the substrate.   48. A method according to any one of claims 45 to 47, wherein during step B), a plurality of patches are attached to the substrate and each patch is connected to its own power connector.   49. The method of claim 48, wherein at least one patch is configured to communicate in a first frequency band and at least one other patch is configured to communicate in a second frequency band.   41. A method for use in wireless communication by using a patch antenna as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 40, comprising connecting a communication circuit to an antenna network, the network comprising: 41. A method comprising a plurality of patch antennas according to any one of claims 1 to 40, wherein each antenna is optimized to operate in at least one specified frequency band.   51. The method of claim 50, wherein the communication circuit includes a transmitter.   52. A method according to claim 50 or 51, wherein the communication circuit comprises a receiver.   53. A method according to any one of claims 50 to 52, wherein the communication circuit comprises a transceiver.   54. A method according to any one of claims 50 to 53, wherein each patch antenna is optimized to operate in a plurality of frequency bands.   55. A method as claimed in any one of claims 50 to 54, wherein each of the plurality of designated frequency bands includes a single frequency.   The method according to any one of claims 50 to 55, wherein the plurality of patch antennas are connected in parallel.   57. The method according to any one of claims 50 to 56, wherein the plurality of patch antennas are connected in series.   41. A patch used in the antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 40.   41. An RF transceiver of a wireless communication device comprising at least one patch antenna according to any one of claims 1-40.   60. An electronic device comprising the RF transceiver of claim 59. 41. The patch antenna of claim 40, wherein the at least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, the patch being defined by the following polar function.

41. The patch antenna according to claim 40, wherein the at least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, and the patch is defined by the following polar function.

41. The patch antenna according to claim 40, wherein the at least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, and the patch is defined by the following polar function.

At least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, the patch comprising a slot that is an ablation region in the patch, wherein the patch is Defined,

41. The patch antenna according to claim 40, wherein the slot in the patch is defined by the following polar function.

  62. The power supply connector is a microstrip disposed parallel to a vertical symmetry plane of the patch and spaced from the symmetry plane, and the distance is greater than the width of the microstrip line. 65. The patch antenna according to any one of items 1 to 64. 41. The patch antenna of claim 40, wherein at least one patch is configured to operate in a wide frequency range ranging from 0.5 GHz to 4 GHz, and the patch is defined by the following polar function.

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