JP2006222585A - Conference telephone system and conference telephone method - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a conference telephone system and a conference telephone method, capable of executing rejection of the arrival of a call or exclusion of a call at any given time, on the basis of the consensus of a plurality of users in a telephone conference, wherein a plurality of the users (three or more people) can simultaneously make a speech through a communications network, such as the Internet. <P>SOLUTION: A PC 1a or the like acquires a terminal identifier for identifying a specified communication terminal 6a or the like, informs a warning notice summing section 36 located on a communication network about the acquired terminal identifier, and a warning processing section 38 stores the summation result of number of notices by each terminal identifier, to table data T1, and executes warning processing to a terminal whose number of notices exceeds a prescribed threshold, when the number of notices of the terminal exceeds the prescribed threshold. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a conference phone system and a conference phone method for restricting calls by a malicious speaker in a conference phone system that can make a call simultaneously using three or more lines.

  In the past, malicious solicitations and crimes by telephone have been increasing. On the other hand, in recent years, diversification of communication services has progressed, and a three-party call service that allows a plurality of people to talk at the same time and hold a conference or the like has been started. In particular, with the rapid spread of broadband, voice data can be sent and received over high-capacity high-speed lines, and IP phone application software and IP phone terminals that enable voice calls using the IP network are attracting attention. (For example, Patent Document 1).

Such IP phone application software allows multiple people to call anonymously, such as user IDs and nicknames, by simply executing the application software on an information processing terminal that can be connected to the Internet, such as a personal computer. Can make uncomfortable calls at the same time.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-221706

  However, traditionally, malicious calls such as those described above can be excluded by methods such as call rejection, but unspecified speakers can participate in three-party calls. It is difficult to reliably eliminate unwanted calls.

  Also, in a three-party call in which multiple people can participate, whether or not the call made by the speaker is malicious is also different for each individual, so the judgment criteria differ depending on the members participating in the three-party call. Will be.

  The present invention has been made in view of such a problem, and in a conference call in which a plurality of people (three or more people) can talk simultaneously through a communication network such as the Internet, a conference telephone system and conference that can reject or reject a call at any time. It is an object to provide a telephone method.

  In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the present invention is a conference phone system capable of making a call simultaneously with three or more communication terminals. The conference telephone system is provided in the communication terminal and acquires a terminal identifier for identifying a specific communication terminal A warning notification unit that notifies the terminal identifier of the terminal identifier arranged on the communication network, a list data for storing the notification count in the notification count unit for each terminal identifier, and a notification count that has a predetermined threshold And a warning processing unit that executes warning processing for a terminal that exceeds the threshold when the threshold is exceeded.

  And in this invention, the terminal identifier which identifies a specific communication terminal is acquired in a communication terminal, the acquired said terminal identifier is notified to the notification totalization part arrange | positioned on a communication network, and the number of notifications in a notification totalization part is totaled The result is accumulated in the list data for each terminal identifier, and when the number of notifications exceeds a predetermined threshold, warning processing is executed for the terminal that exceeds the threshold.

  In the above invention, the warning processing includes notifying a warning to a terminal exceeding the threshold, rejecting an incoming call by the terminal, or blocking a call. This warning may be given not only to the calling side but also to the called side.

  According to the present invention, in a conference call, by identifying a speaker who makes a malicious statement and notifying the notification counting unit, communication by a speaker whose number of notifications exceeds a certain value, A warning can be given, communication can be regulated, and participation of a malicious speaker can be prevented or suppressed.

  In the said invention, it is preferable that the total in a notification notification total part is the majority of the users who are participating in the conference telephone. In this case, it is possible to avoid a warning due to personal arbitrary arbitration, and to perform a warning process fairly.

  In the above invention, the communication terminal includes call application software that provides a call function that is activated and terminated on the information processing terminal based on a user operation, and the terminal identifiers of the communication terminals participating in the conference call are listed. It is preferable to include a display function for displaying and a function for executing notification to the notification counting unit by selecting and operating a terminal identifier. In this case, the present invention can also be applied to a conference call using call application software executed on an information processing terminal such as a personal computer, and the information processing terminal has an operation for notifying a malicious speaker. It can be executed by using the function.

  According to the present invention, in a teleconference system in which a plurality of people (three or more people) can talk simultaneously through a communication network such as the Internet, incoming call rejection or call rejection can be performed based on the user's consensus.

  Hereinafter, the best embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

(Conference call system)
FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram showing an overview of a telephone conference system according to the present embodiment. The “module” used in the description refers to a functional unit that is configured by hardware such as an apparatus or a device, software having the function, or a combination thereof, and achieves a predetermined operation. .

  In this embodiment, the communication network is mainly composed of an IP network 4 and a PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) 5, and these IP network 4 and PSTN are connected to each other by gateways 4b and 5b. Yes. In this embodiment, one user X uses a PC 1a, a fixed IP phone 1b, a mobile phone 1c, a fixed phone 1d, and a phone 6 (6a, 6b) used by another user (for example, user Y). An example will be described in which a telephone call is made between.

  The gateways 4b, 5a, and 5b are devices that enable communication by mutually converting data of different media and protocols on each network, and absorb differences in communication media and transmission methods between different models. Connection is possible.

  The IP network 4 is a distributed type constructed by connecting various communication lines (public lines such as telephone lines, ISDN lines, ADSL lines, private lines, wireless communication networks) using the communication protocol TCP / IP. It is a communication network, and this IP network includes LANs such as 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX intranets (enterprise networks) and home networks.

  The PSTN 5 is a communication network of a general subscriber telephone line, and is connected to the other party's telephone by a line exchange method from a telephone, and can make a voice call by, for example, a fixed telephone 1d. Further, a radio communication station 5d is connected to the PSTN 5 via a gateway 5a, and communication with a mobile terminal is also possible.

  Also, telephone stations 4a, 4c and 5c are installed on the communication network, and various fixed telephones are connected. In particular, the telephone stations 4a and 4c have facilities such as splitters, exchanges, and DRAMs, and play the role of branch stations between the IP network 4 and PSTN 5, and connect IP packet data related to data communication to the IP network 4 side. Then, the voice signal related to the voice call is connected to the PSTN 5 side.

  A PC 1a used by the user X and a fixed IP telephone 1b are connected to the telephone station 4a via the terminating device 2. The terminating device 2 is a device for connecting the PC 1a to the IP network 4, and when connecting to a telephone line, when connecting to a modem or other modem device that performs interconversion between digital data and audio signals, or when connecting to an ADSL line These include signal converters such as ADSL modems that convert between ADSL signals and LAN lines, and devices such as DSUs and terminal adapters that are required to connect to ISDN lines. Also, the terminating device 2 has a so-called VoIP function for converting voice signals into IP packet data and performing Internet telephone calls via the IP network, and converts voice signals from the telephone 1b into IP packets. A call can be made between the fixed IP telephone 6 on the IP network 4 and the fixed telephone on the PSTN 5.

  PC1a is an arithmetic processing unit equipped with a CPU, which can be realized with a general-purpose computer such as a personal computer or a dedicated device with specialized functions, and includes a mobile computer, PDA (Personal Digital Assistance), and mobile phone. It is.

  A call agent server 3 is installed on the IP network 4. The call agent server 3 is a call control device that substitutes the function of the relay exchange for the IP network 4 when providing a telephone service on the IP network 4. Specifically, the call agent server 3 is provided with a user management database 3a at the time of exchange connection, referring to table data T1 and T2 stored in the user management database 3a, and from the telephone numbers of the caller and callee Search both IP addresses and establish communication by sending and receiving IP packets.

  Specifically, the table data T1 and T2 are hierarchical relational databases, and for each user, the terminal identifier (telephone number and user name) of the communication terminal used by each user and connection information (IP address and MAC address) Are related and held together. The table data T1 holds the execution state of the IP phone application executed on the PC 1a (IPTA status: ON or OFF) and the warning level in the conference call, and the table data T2 is called. Priorities indicating the order of terminals (calling order: 1, 2, 3..., Not calling: 0) are set. The warning level can be variously set, for example, the number of warnings at a specific destination (individual or conference call room), the total number of warnings in the entire network, or the like.

  The internal configuration of the PC 1a and the call agent server 3 will be described. FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration related to the IP telephone function of the PC 1a and the call agent server 3. As shown in FIG.

  Specifically, the PC 1a includes an IP phone application execution unit 11, an application status notification unit 12, a priority setting unit 13, a communication unit 14, and a warning notification unit 19 regarding the IP phone function. In addition, an operation unit 15 such as a keyboard and a mouse, a call device 16 such as a microphone and headphones, and a display unit 17 such as a monitor are connected to the PC 1a.

  The IP phone application execution unit 11 executes a program (IP phone application) stored in a storage device (not shown) such as a memory or a hard disk by an arithmetic processing unit such as a CPU, thereby making an Internet phone call using a VoIP function. This is a module to be realized. As this VoIP function, the voice signal input from the microphone of the calling device 16 is converted into IP packet data, transmitted to the other party's terminal, and the IP packet data received from the other party's terminal is converted into a voice signal. , Output from the speaker of the calling device 16. In particular, the IP telephone application according to the present embodiment is provided with a conference telephone function based on a so-called three-party call that can be simultaneously called by three or more communication terminals.

  As an execution form of this IP phone application, in the operation dialog displayed on the display unit 17, a call partner is specified (selected from a dial or a user list), a call is made, and the call device 16 makes a call. Note that the functions of the IP telephone application execution unit 11 include various functions realized by transmitting and receiving data such as a file transfer function and a chat function in addition to the VoIP function. Furthermore, this IP telephone application also displays a user list display function that displays a list of terminal identifiers (telephone numbers, user names, etc.) of communication terminals participating in a conference call, and a terminal identifier included in this list by, for example, a mouse. And a function of executing notification of a malicious speaker by a click operation by the user.

  The application status notification unit 12 is realized as a driver program that resides on the OS, monitors application software that is started / stopped on the PC 1a, detects that the IP phone application software is started / stopped, and the detection result Is transmitted to the call agent server 3 via the communication unit 14.

  The priority setting unit 13 is a module that communicates with the priority changing unit 33 of the call agent server 3 and sets the priority of terminal identifiers registered in the terminal identifier table data T1 and T2 of the call agent server 3. . As this setting method, for example, the browser software is executed, the web page provided by the priority order setting unit 13 is accessed, and the priority order is set by a user operation on the web page. This setting operation includes a procedure for newly registering a telephone number of a communication device to be used and a procedure for deleting / changing a telephone number already registered.

  The warning notification unit 19 is a module that operates in conjunction with the IP phone application, acquires a terminal identifier for identifying a specific communication terminal by a malicious speaker, etc., and transmits the acquired terminal identifier to the communication unit 14 and the communication The warning notification totaling unit 36 is notified through the networks 4 and 5. As a method for acquiring the terminal identifier, the call agent server 3 notifies the user when participating in the conference call.

  In a telephone conference system, since voices of a plurality of persons are synthesized and output, it is often difficult to determine which speaker is which terminal identifier. For this reason, in this embodiment, each communication terminal is provided with a function of selecting an arbitrary terminal identifier and adjusting the volume. The sound whose volume is adjusted is effective only in the communication terminal that performed the operation, and the change in the volume does not affect other speakers. Accordingly, each user can change the volume of the terminal identifier sequentially and investigate the speaker to be identified. This speaker investigation means can be implemented not only in the IP telephone application but also in a mobile phone or a fixed telephone by providing a predetermined user interface (operation buttons or the like).

  On the other hand, the call agent server 3 includes, as a function for exchange connection, a communication unit 31, an application status acquisition unit 32, a priority change unit 33, an exchange connection unit 34, a dial tone change unit 34a, and a warning notification A totaling unit 36, a three-way call providing unit 37, and a warning processing unit 38 are provided.

  The application state acquisition unit 32 receives the execution state (start / end) of the IP telephone application notified from the application state notification unit 12 through the IP network 4 and the communication unit 31 and notifies the priority change unit 33 of it.

  The priority changing unit 33 is a module for setting the priority in the terminal identifier table data T2. As a method for setting the priority order, the priority order is changed according to the execution state (start / end) of the IP telephone application received by the application state acquisition unit 32.

  For example, when the IP phone application is running, the priority set by the user X including the IP phone application is set (IPTA status is ON, the priority flag is 1 to n (user is optional)), and the IP When the telephone application is terminated, it is deleted from the list so as not to make a call to the IP telephone application (IPTA status is turned OFF and the priority flag is set to 0).

  In addition, the priority changing unit 33 monitors the exchange connection result performed by the exchange connection unit 34, detects an incoming call or outgoing call at any of the plurality of communication terminals 1a to 1d used by the user X, and detects this. This module changes the priority order according to the result. For example, the priority of the terminal that has recently received or sent a call may be set higher.

  Also, in this embodiment, it is determined whether a conference call is being held, and when a user is participating in a conference call, the priority of a terminal (for example, PC1a) that can be connected to the conference room is set higher. . This allows another user to interrupt the conference call. In this interruption, the interrupted voice may not be heard by other speakers or may be heard. This interruption processing may use a volume adjustment function in the three-party call providing unit 37 described later.

  The exchange connection unit 34 obtains the connection information (IP address, etc.) of the caller from the terminal identifier (phone number, user name, etc.) of the caller, and sends the call from the terminal identifier (phone number, user name, etc.) of the callee. Search for previous connection information (IP address, etc.), notify both the source and destination terminals of the connection information, enable transmission and reception of IP packets between these terminals, and establish a communication connection It is a module.

  In addition, the exchange connection unit 34 searches for a terminal identifier in the terminal identifier table data T2 in response to a call to any of the terminal identifiers grouped for each user in the user management database 3a at the time of exchange connection. In addition, it has a function of sequentially performing the incoming call processing on the terminal identifier according to the priority set in the table data T2. As a form of this call, as shown in FIG. 6, the call start time can be shifted by several seconds, partially overlapped, or simultaneously as necessary.

  Further, the exchange connection unit 34 has a function of notifying the communication terminal on the transmission side of the type of the communication terminal with which communication has been established by the exchange connection process. In other words, since the exchange connection is performed by sequentially changing the call destination for outgoing calls, the caller is finally notified of which type of communication terminal is connected. Since the call charge varies depending on the type of communication terminal, this notification enables the caller to predict the call charge.

  The dial tone change unit 34a is a module that notifies the communication terminal on the caller side of the type of communication terminal that the exchange connection unit 34 is calling (incoming call processing). In this embodiment, the communication that is calling Notification is made by changing the dial tone for the communication terminal on the calling side according to the type of the terminal. That is, since the exchange connection is performed by sequentially changing the call destination for outgoing calls, the type of communication terminal currently being called is notified by a guidance message, a dial tone, or the like. Various notification methods can be employed depending on the user interface of the caller communication terminal, such as displaying characters and symbols on a mobile phone display or a PC window.

  The warning notification totaling unit 36 is a module that acquires the terminal identifier of the malicious speaker notified from the warning notification unit 19 of each terminal and totals the number of notifications. This aggregation result is accumulated for each terminal identifier as a warning level of the table data T1. The warning level can be variously set, for example, the number of warnings at a specific destination (individual or conference call room), the total number of warnings in the entire network, or the like. For example, a warning level is “3” in a conference room in which a certain user is participating, but a warning level is “0” in another conference room.

  Note that the aggregation method here may be a majority vote of users participating in the conference call. If there is a person who agrees and rejects even one person, call prohibition, administrator (control of the conference room) For example.

  The three-party call providing unit 37 is a module that enables simultaneous calls by three or more communication terminals, synthesizes the voice of the line exchanged by the exchange connection unit 34, and transmits the synthesized voice to each terminal. . The three-party call provider 37 is linked to the volume adjustment function described above, and adjusts and synthesizes the volume of the specified speaker according to the request from each terminal, and the adjusted voice data Is transmitted only to the terminal related to the request. Note that the voice synthesis here may be performed on the user terminal side, and in this case, the volume adjustment function is also performed on the user terminal side. The three-party call provider 37 may be provided with a function to output a music file uploaded using the file transfer function of the IP phone application as BGM of the conference room, and further, a function to send a time signal. It may be provided. Further, the voice of the conference held through the three-way call provider 37 may be documented by a file or voice recognition and provided to the user. Furthermore, a CM viewing point may be given to a conference participant, for example, by running a CM in the conference room. In this case, it may be possible to prevent the CM from being missed by leaving the seat by, for example, sending a notification to the server when the CM is played irregularly and being viewed.

  The warning processing unit 38 is a module that executes warning processing for a speaker (communication terminal) that exceeds the threshold when the number of warning notifications from each user exceeds a predetermined threshold. Examples of the warning processing include notifying a warning to a terminal exceeding the threshold, rejecting an incoming call by a terminal exceeding the threshold, or blocking a call. You may make it select suitably according to. It should be noted that the speaker to be subjected to the warning process can be set according to the nature of the conference room, for example, when an administrator is excluded or targeted regardless of the administrator.

(Conference call method)
By operating the telephone conference system having the above configuration, the telephone conference method of the present invention can be implemented. 3 to 5 are flowcharts showing the operation of the telephone conference system according to this embodiment. Here, it is assumed that the user management database 3a of the call agent server 3 has completed the user registration of each user and the registration of telephone numbers of a plurality of communication terminals (including IP phone applications) to be used. .

  First, as shown in FIG. 3, when the user X starts an IP phone application on the PC 1a (S101), the application state notification unit 12 notifies the call agent server 3 of a state (S102).

  This notification is acquired by the application status acquisition unit 32, activation registration (sets the IPTA status flag of the table data to “ON”) is performed (S103), and connection information is updated (the IP address and MAC address of PC1a are registered) ) And the table data T1, T2 are changed in priority (S104). In the present embodiment, when a terminal related to this activation registration participates in a conference call, the priority order of lines connected to this conference call is further increased.

  Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 4, when the user X terminates the IP telephone application on the PC 1a (S201), the application state notification unit 12 notifies the call agent server 3 of the state (S202).

  This notification is acquired by the application status acquisition unit 32, the end registration is performed (the IPTA status flag of the table data is set to “OFF”) (S203), and the connection information is updated (the IP address or MAC address of the PC1a is deleted) ) And the priority of the table data T1 are changed (the priority is set to “0”), and the connection information is updated (S204). This prevents the IP phone application from being called the next time another user calls user X.

  Next, warning processing when a conference call is configured with a communication terminal (for example, the fixed telephones 6a and 6b) such as another user Y will be described. Here, it is assumed that a telephone conference has already been started on the call agent server 3, and a case where the user Y makes a call to the user X will be described as an example.

  When making a call from the user Y to the user X, as shown in FIG. 5, the user Y sets one of the phone numbers of the terminals 1a to 1d used by the user X (for example, the phone number “090 ...” of the mobile phone 1c). Dial (S301).

  In response to this, the exchange connection unit 34 searches the user management database 3a (S302), and the communication terminal having the highest priority among the telephone numbers collected together with the mobile phone 1c in the table data T2 of the user X. A call is started on (S303). Here, since the IP phone application of user X is started and user X is in a conference call, the priority of this is the highest, so from PC 1a according to T2 shown in FIG. Calls are made in order. During this call, the dial tone change unit 34a outputs a guidance message or dial tone according to the type of communication terminal that is calling at that time to the terminal of the user Y.

  Then, the incoming call process is performed at the communication terminal to which the user X responds, for example, the PC 1a (S304), the user Y is notified by a message that the destination is a conference call, and the call is started (S305). . At this time, the user Y may be able to select whether to participate in the conference or to interrupt.

  Here, it is assumed that user Y participates in a conference call and makes a malicious statement during the conference. On the other hand, the user X executes a booing operation (warning notification specifying the terminal identifier of the malicious speaker) (S306). This notification is acquired by the warning notification totaling unit 36 of the call agent server 3 (S307), where the warning notification is totaled and the warning level is updated / registered (S308).

  Then, another user receives a warning notification, and when the warning level of the user Y in the conference room exceeds a predetermined threshold, warning processing is executed for the user Y. For example, if the user Y is still in a call, a warning message is transmitted to the user Y, or the call is forcibly disconnected depending on the warning level. In addition, when the user tries to connect to the conference room again after finishing the call (S401), the warning processing unit 38 refers to the warning level of the table data T1 and is identified as a malicious speaker. (S402) executes warning processing (S403).

(Action / Effect)
According to this embodiment, communication by a speaker whose number of notifications exceeds a certain value by identifying a speaker who makes a malicious statement in a conference call and notifying the alert notification totaling unit 36. On the other hand, a warning can be given or communication can be restricted, and participation of a malicious speaker can be prevented or suppressed.

  Further, in the present embodiment, the counting in the warning notification totaling unit 36 is a majority decision of the users participating in the conference call, etc., so that it is possible to avoid executing a warning by personal allegiance, Warning processing can be performed fairly.

It is a block diagram which shows the outline | summary of the telephone conference system which concerns on embodiment. 3 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration related to an IP telephone function of the PC 1a and the call agent server 3 according to the embodiment. FIG. It is a flowchart figure which shows the operation | movement at the time of IP telephone application starting in the telephone conference system based on Embodiment. It is a flowchart figure which shows the operation | movement at the time of completion | finish of the IP telephone application in the telephone conference system which concerns on embodiment. It is a flowchart figure which shows the operation | movement at the time of the calling and warning process in the telephone conference system concerning embodiment.

Explanation of symbols

T1, T2 ... Terminal identifier table data
X, Y ... user
1a… PC (use user X)
1b… Fixed IP phone (using user X)
1c… Mobile phone (using user X)
1d ... landline (use user X)
2 ... Terminal equipment
3 ... Call agent server
3a… User management database
4 ... IP network
4a, 4c, 5c, 5d ... Telephone office
4b, 5a, 5b ... Gateway
5 ... PSTN
6 (6a, 6b) ... landline (used by other users)
11… IP phone application execution part
12 ... Application status notification section
13: Priority setting section
14… Communication Department
15 ... Operation part
16… Calling device
17 ... Display section
19… Warning notification section
31 ... Communication Department
32 ... Application status acquisition unit
33 ... Priority change section
34 ... Exchange connection
34a ... Dial tone change section
36… Warning notification totalization section
37… Three-party call provider
38 ... Warning processing section

Claims (10)

It is a conference phone system that can talk simultaneously with three or more communication terminals,
A warning notification unit provided in the communication terminal, for acquiring a terminal identifier for identifying a specific communication terminal, and notifying the acquired terminal identifier to a notification counting unit disposed on the communication network;
List data for storing the number of notifications in the notification counting unit for each terminal identifier,
A conference telephone system, comprising: a warning processing unit that executes warning processing for a terminal that exceeds the threshold when the number of notifications exceeds a predetermined threshold.   2. The conference telephone system according to claim 1, wherein the warning process notifies a warning to a terminal exceeding the threshold or a terminal on the receiving side.   2. The conference telephone system according to claim 1, wherein the warning processing rejects an incoming call by a terminal exceeding the threshold value or blocks a call.   2. The conference telephone system according to claim 1, wherein the totaling in the notification notification totaling unit is a majority vote of users participating in the conference telephone. The communication terminal includes call application software that provides a call function that is activated and terminated on the information processing terminal based on a user operation,
A display function that displays a list of terminal identifiers of communication terminals participating in the conference call,
2. The conference telephone system according to claim 1, further comprising a function of performing notification to the notification aggregation unit by selecting and operating a terminal identifier. It is a conference call method that allows simultaneous communication with three or more communication terminals,
In the communication terminal, acquiring a terminal identifier for identifying a specific communication terminal, and notifying the acquired terminal identifier to a notification counting unit disposed on the communication network (1),
The step (2) of accumulating the result of counting the number of notifications in the notification counting unit in list data for each terminal identifier;
And a step (3) of executing a warning process for a terminal exceeding the threshold when the number of notifications exceeds a predetermined threshold.   7. The conference call method according to claim 6, wherein in the warning process, a warning is notified to a terminal exceeding the threshold value or a terminal on the receiving side.   7. The conference call method according to claim 6, wherein, in the warning process, an incoming call by a terminal exceeding the threshold is rejected or the call is blocked.   7. The conference call method according to claim 6, wherein the totaling in the notification notification totaling unit is a majority vote of users participating in the conference call. The communication terminal includes call application software that provides a call function that is activated and terminated on the information processing terminal based on a user operation,
A display function that displays a list of terminal identifiers of communication terminals participating in the conference call,
7. The conference call method according to claim 6, further comprising a function of performing notification to the notification aggregation unit by selecting and operating a terminal identifier.

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