JP2005322258A - Authentication slip issuing system - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To enable to issue an authentication slip using DNA as biological feature data to prevent unauthorized use of the authentication slip and to improve its safety and reliability. <P>SOLUTION: The DNA extracted from blood by a DNA extractor 520 is provided to a reactor 521. The reactor 523 carries out a hybridization reaction of a DNA microarray 521 in which a plurality kinds of DNA probes are arranged in a prescribed sequence and the extracted DNA 522. A hybridization pattern is formed on the reacted DNA microarray 524. The data indicating the hybridization pattern formed on the DNA array 524 after a reaction is used for issuing the authentication slip to certificate a user (525, 527). And the hybridization pattern is eliminated after issuing the authentication (526). <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to an authentication voucher issuing system, apparatus, and method for issuing an authentication voucher for personal authentication.

  For personal authentication in a driver's license or passport, a highly reliable personal authentication method that can identify an individual is required. These certificates can be said to be the origin of personal authentication, and are considered to be a type of personal authentication belonging to a higher concept than the ID at the time of entering or leaving a cash card or facility.

  Currently, photographs are used for personal authentication of licenses and passports. The photo attached to the driver's license or passport can be immediately compared with the person who holds it, and can be judged instantly. However, if the expiry date of the license or passport becomes longer, the human phase will change during that period, and it may be difficult to determine. Taking a 10-year passport with a long expiry date as an example, the changes associated with becoming an adult from a child and the changes associated with aging are very large, and it is not uncommon for the “face” to change. In addition, changes in human phase are not only due to changes in time, but there are also various things such as hairstyles, presence or absence of glasses, shaping, illness, changes due to accidents, changes in body shape due to obesity, etc., and the impression may change completely. There are many. However, it is too complicated to perform the renewal procedure every year. Therefore, misuse such as licenses and counterfeiting of passports with such problems continues.

  As a proposal for personal authentication in place of photographs, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-338826 discloses authentication by handwriting as biological characteristic data. According to this method, a highly reproducible sign is used as a handwriting, and not only the shape information but also writing pressure information and stroke order information are used as authentication means. This method is a system for performing authentication by registering a signature in advance, obtaining a user authentication slip at an issuing place, and reading the user authentication slip at a place where authentication such as ATM is necessary. Furthermore, when it becomes necessary to reconfirm the authentication, the authentication registration authority compares the signature of the person with the data of the authentication slip, and reconfirms with the writing pressure and stroke order information.

  However, the drawback of this method is that it requires a significant amount of information to store its shape. Furthermore, even if the signature is extremely reproducible, humans are changing every day. For example, if there is some change in the finger due to injury, illness, etc., the signature It will be different from the one. In addition, the characters change little by little with age. Especially when using kanji like Japanese people, the change is in many places, and the determination at the time of authentication is complicated. For this reason, it is necessary to periodically update the authentication form, and there is a disadvantage that complicated elements such as labor and information management increase.

  Therefore, a method of authenticating using information (biological information) representing so-called biological characteristics such as a fingerprint, a voice print, a fundus blood vessel pattern image, and a retinal image has been studied. Information based on these types of biological characteristics is completely different for each individual, and since it has a characteristic that it is invariant for one person, it is considered to be more suitable for personal authentication than the above-mentioned signature authentication.

  Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-338826) described above describes a method for acquiring biometric information, extracting personal features from the information, converting the information into code string data, and performing personal authentication by password encryption. The use of fundus images, fingerprints, and voiceprints as biometric information is described.

  However, the amount of information of such biometric information also becomes very large, and in addition, in the case of authentication using complicated fingerprints and voiceprints, it takes time to collate, which is not practical. Also, since there is a large amount of data for each individual, it is easy to imagine that storing the data of each license holder and passport holder will enormously increase the amount of data and make it difficult to store and manage it. it can.

  Also, Patent Document 2 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-94873) describes a method of using the retina as biological information, but this method also has a problem that the amount of information is large as in the above method.

  Also, electronic information (magnetic information) written on the card may cause problems such as being erased or destroyed depending on the storage environment. The above-mentioned various biological information can also be digitized and recorded on a card (license or passport), but if the contents cannot be read due to the influence of magnetism or electrons, the adverse effects are immeasurable. .

  Also, in recent years, the types of information accessed via communication networks are becoming extremely diverse, including online diagnosis and personal medical records, browsing of registered items at government offices, as well as electronic commerce such as product sales and credits, Issuance of proofs, financial consultations on asset management, speculation, deposit and savings management, etc. are increasing and usage tends to proceed.

For example, electronic commerce using a communication network has been developed rapidly because there is a merit that it can be easily obtained from sites all over the world without being limited by time. Credits are often used for payment. However, a system that authenticates by signature like a credit card cannot be used in the case of transactions via a communication network, and a highly reliable user authentication method that can distinguish individual persons is required. . For such purposes, a method of performing user authentication using biometric information representing so-called biological characteristics such as the above-described fingerprints and voiceprints is also being studied. However, as described above, these have a large amount of information, and when authentication is required, it takes time to collate and is not practical. In addition, it can be easily imagined that data will become enormous and it will become difficult to store and manage it in the spread of electronic commerce using today's communication networks.
JP 11-338826 A JP 2000-94873 A

  As mentioned above, security of various cards is required, and various countermeasures have been devised for illegal use and counterfeiting, but the amount of information is too large to be technically satisfactory. . In particular, personal authentication such as a driver's license or passport is used as a means for personal authentication when a problem occurs in other authentication such as a cash card, and more accurate authentication is required.

  It is well known that DNA can identify an individual with high accuracy. However, in both Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-338826) and Patent Document 2 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-94873), biology is known. Although reference is made to the use of DNA as characteristic feature data, there is no description of the specific technique.

The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and can issue an authentication certificate using DNA as biological characteristic data, prevent unauthorized use of the authentication certificate, and improve its safety and reliability. The purpose is to issue an authentication certificate.
Another object of the present invention is to reduce the amount of information for authentication and facilitate the verification process.
Another object of the present invention is to make it possible to provide an authentication tag that holds data for authentication without deterioration due to factors over time and environmental factors such as electrons and magnetism.

In order to achieve the above object, an authentication tag issuing system according to the present invention comprises the following arrangement. That is,
Reaction means for reacting one DNA array selected from a plurality of types of DNA arrays in which a plurality of DNA probes corresponding to a plurality of types of genes are arranged in a predetermined order with a gene collected from a user; Each type of DNA array has a different order of DNA probe placement,
Registration means for registering the order of arrangement of the DNA probes of the selected DNA array;
Issuing means for issuing an authentication slip for authenticating the user using data representing a hybridization pattern formed on the DNA array after reaction obtained by the reaction means;
Erasing means for erasing data representing the hybridization pattern after the authentication is issued.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, it becomes possible to issue the certification | authentication form using DNA as biological characteristic data, and it becomes possible to aim at prevention of the unauthorized use of a certification | authentication form, and the improvement of the safety | security and reliability. Further, according to the present invention, the amount of information for authentication is reduced, and the matching process can be easily performed. Furthermore, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide an authentication tag that holds data for authentication without being deteriorated due to factors over time and environmental factors such as electrons and magnetism.

  Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[First Embodiment]
<About personal authentication system>
First, an identification card issuing system applicable to a personal authentication system and an example of its operation will be described. In the following embodiment, an example in which the present invention is applied to a driver's license or passport as a personal identification card will be described, and an example of improving the security function for holding and using a card carrier will be described.

  In this embodiment, a DNA microarray (also referred to as a DNA chip) that has attracted attention in recent years is used. A DNA microarray is composed of thousands to hundreds of thousands of different types of DNA probes arranged on a solid phase surface such as a glass plate of about 1 inch. By performing a hybridization reaction with sample DNA using this DNA microarray, it is characterized in that many genes can be examined at once. In addition, these DNA probes are regularly arranged in a matrix, and the address of each probe can be easily taken out as information. In addition to disease-related genes, genes to be tested include genetic polymorphisms of individual individuals.

  On the other hand, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene is a region where the genes of the immune system are concentrated most in the human genome, and its nucleotide sequence has recently been clarified (Nature volume 401, p921-923, 1999). ), Attracting attention. This sequence contains a gene involved in determination of conformity / nonconformity in bone marrow transplantation, organ transplantation, and the like. Currently, the determination of conformity / non-conformity in organ transplantation and bone marrow transplantation is performed by examination using leukocytes, but examination using leukocytes takes time and the amount of information is small. Is expected to become mainstream. There are three types of MHC (HLA antigen in the case of humans) as class I antigens, HLA-A, B, and C, and as class II antigens, HLA-DR, DQ, and DP.

  Each individual receives a total of 12 antigens, one each from their parents, and that is the “type” of that individual. On the other hand, about 1000 genes in total including HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP have been identified. New MHC genes have been elucidated one after another, and the number is expected to increase further in the future. Since only 12 genes are selected from 1000 or more genes, it is considered extremely rare that a combination of each type matches another person. In fact, the combination of the above types is rare in bone marrow transplantation and organ transplantation. This indicates that the MHC gene pattern is rich in variations and can be considered as a gene group suitable for individual authentication. Moreover, this gene group does not change with age.

  Therefore, in this embodiment, the hybridization pattern of each person in the DNA microarray is used as biological characteristic data for distinguishing individuals, and among these, the pattern of the DNA microarray carrying the MHC gene is used. In addition, gene groups called gene polymorphisms (SNPs) can also be used as gene groups suitable for personal authentication. This gene group can also be added for the purpose of further adding information to a DNA microarray carrying the MHC gene.

  As described above, the MHC gene represents a characteristic constitution of the human and is considered not to change with the environment and age. The number of genes is also the amount of information that can be contained in a single DNA microarray of 1 inch square. Therefore, the DNA microarray carrying the MHC gene is reacted with each individual gene, and the obtained hybridization pattern image of each individual DNA microarray is used as a means for authentication. More specifically, in a certification slip that requires authentication, such as a license or passport, a DNA microarray having a hybridization pattern obtained by reacting with each individual's DNA is attached as it is, or the hybridization pattern is used. Personal authentication is achieved by being written as electronic information (or magnetic information).

  In addition, as described above, the DNA probes on the DNA array are regularly arranged in a matrix, and each probe address (for example, the probe can be specified by how many rows and columns) can be easily taken out as information. Accordingly, the amount of information based on the DNA array can identify each individual with less information than complicated image information and signals such as retina, fingerprint, voiceprint, and fundus image.

  Furthermore, DNA is very stable to the environment and is not easily affected by environmental factors such as magnetism, electrons, and temperature. Therefore, it is suitable for attachment to a certification slip held for a long time.

  In the certificate issuance system according to the present embodiment, blood is collected and DNA is extracted at a license or passport issuing place, and a hybridization pattern is obtained by a hybridization reaction with a DNA microarray on which an MHC gene is mounted as a probe. A DNA microarray having Furthermore, this hybridization pattern is affixed to a license or passport as a DNA microarray, or is converted into information such as electronic information and written on each document, and at the same time registered with a certificate authority.

  As described above, the number of probes required for personal authentication is at least about 1000. This value corresponds to the number of MHC genes currently revealed. However, new genes have been elucidated one after another, and the number is expected to increase further. Those genes can also be used as probes. The MHC gene does not change with age. This is also a requirement suitable for personal authentication. Values considered to be appropriate as the number of probes necessary for personal authentication are 1000 to 5000. As requirements necessary for this authentication system, it is important to mount all types of arrays necessary for personal authentication, and the number is estimated to be 1000 to 5000. Furthermore, it is necessary that the price is low, and in the case of such a small number of probes, the price of the DNA microarray can be reduced. However, it is also possible to use a higher density DNA microarray because of the need for accuracy and the like.

  In addition, SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) can be used as genes other than MHC.

  In addition, the following usage forms of the authentication form according to the present embodiment are conceivable.

  If you present your passport when you travel abroad, you will be checked for face photos and written items as before. At this time, if there is a report such as theft, it is natural that entry / exit is refused, but if any doubt is found, blood is collected on the spot and reacted with the DNA array. And matching with the DNA pattern described on the passport is performed.

  Personal authentication is preferably performed for all subjects every time they travel abroad, but at present, the check takes time and is not necessarily practical. There is also a purpose to prevent crimes by raising the barrier to counterfeiting because there is a means that can be reliably determined when there is a discrepancy with the description. If a minimally invasive blood collection method is established in the future, it is possible to collect blood every time when traveling abroad and to perform personal authentication by comparing with information on the passport.

  The driver's license is also personally authenticated by the same method. That is, a DNA array pattern is obtained by blood sampling by the police and the information is written on the license. When an accident occurs, in order to confirm the identity of the license, blood is collected again to obtain a hybridization pattern on the DNA array, and personal authentication is performed. If the MHC gene is used for such authentication, there is also an advantage that medical information can be provided when treating injuries associated with accidents. For example, the MHC gene is effective in selecting candidates for organ transplantation and the like, and is also useful from the viewpoint of emergency lifesaving. When renewing a license, it can be easily renewed by checking the match between the pattern obtained by blood collection and the pattern written on the license.

  Further, when theft or loss is suspected, DNA can be examined again based on blood, and it can be confirmed whether or not the DNA microarray used is the original one. In addition, when renewing a license or passport, a work for collecting blood and checking whether or not it matches the registered DNA array pattern is added.

  It is desirable that the same DNA microarray is used for the license and passport. It is important that the DNA array from which the registered pattern is obtained and the DNA array at the time of checking for collation are of the same type. This is because it is impossible to prepare a type of DNA array.

  If blood can be easily collected without going through an organization such as a hospital, and if there is a system that integrates DNA extraction using it and subsequent hybridization reactions, each person's unique DNA hybridization pattern The DNA microarray on which can be stored can be easily created at each passport issuing office or police station.

  The DNA array is preferably attached to a license or passport without being digitized as it is. This is because the computerized information is easily erased or destroyed when exposed to a means or environment that destroys the information, so that it is possible to avoid troubles when entering and leaving the country due to incorrect confirmation.

<Regarding the certification card issuing system for personal authentication>
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of an authentication card issuing system according to the present embodiment. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a DNA microarray used in this embodiment. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a hybridization pattern obtained by a hybridization reaction between DNA extracted from a user's blood and a DNA microarray. FIG. 4 is a flowchart for explaining a processing procedure in the authentication card issuing system according to this embodiment. These drawings are one embodiment of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to these.

  A DNA array used as a license or personal authentication means of a passport is produced by the procedure shown in FIG. 4 using the configuration of FIG. However, the production method is not limited to this method.

  Blood collected from a blood sample (person to be authenticated) 101 by a doctor or the like at a police or passport issuing office is provided to the DNA extractor 102, and DNA is extracted (S401, S402). The DNA 104 extracted by the DNA extractor 102 is reacted with a predetermined MHC gene detection DNA microarray (S403). The MHC gene DNA microarray 103 is suitable for use as a license or passport from among many types such as the number of mounted DNA probes, the arrangement of each probe, and the type of SNPs added. It is chosen and something common to all people is used.

  The DNA microarray 103 has a form as shown in FIG. In the figure, DNA probes having different sequences are bound to the regions indicated by ◯. The extracted DNA 104 and the DNA array 103 are set in a reaction device 105 and a hybridization reaction is performed.

  Moreover, the DNA microarray after the reaction is, for example, as shown in FIG. In the figure, the region indicated by ● is a probe that forms a hybrid with the user's own DNA, and the pattern formed by this ● is a hybridization pattern, and this image is used for personal authentication in this embodiment.

  After the surface of the reacted DNA microarray 106 is processed with a protective agent, it is used as a means for personal authentication by sticking it directly to a license or passport (authentication form 110) (S404). Alternatively, the hybridization pattern on the reacted DNA microarray 106 can be read by the reading device 107 (S411) and replaced with electronic / magnetic information and stored in an authentication form 111 such as a license or passport for use in authentication (see FIG. S412). When replacing with electronic / magnetic information, the positions of black dots (12 in this example) are read in the hybridization pattern as shown in FIG. 3, and the data indicating those positions is used as electronic / magnetic information. Is an example.

  Thus, when the writing by the electronic / magnetic information is completed, the information erasure unit 108 erases the electronic information of the hybridization pattern in the reader. This erasure may be performed by the person to be recognized or may be automatically performed.

  Note that the certificate issuance is based on the premise of blood collection and currently requires the intervention of a doctor, but it is more preferable that all the steps can be performed automatically, preferably using an automatic device. Furthermore, if detection using DNA from saliva, mucous membranes, etc., which is easy to obtain instead of blood, is possible, it is expected that the creation of the authentication slip by the user will be easier.

[Second Embodiment]
In this embodiment, an authentication form using a hybridization pattern on a DNA microarray, which is suitable for application to a user authentication system used in transactions via the Internet, will be described.

<About the authentication card in the user authentication system>
Unlike the personal authentication system described in the first embodiment, the DNA microarray used by the user does not need to be common to all people. By using a DNA microarray in which the same probe is used and its arrangement is changed, variations can be added to the authentication pattern. That is, the pattern created by each hybridization reaction is important, and the diversity of patterns leads to security from others. However, it is important that the sequence of each DNA microarray is registered in advance, and when the user obtains his own MHC pattern using the same array again, the same pattern as before is obtained. That is a means of proving that the user's DNA microarray is his / her own when the user's DNA microarray is in the hands of others due to theft or the like.

  The DNA microarray required for user authentication is preferably an array with a relatively small number of probes at the beginning. In the unlikely event that the DNA array on which the user's genetic pattern is written is in the hands of another person due to theft or loss, another type of DNA microarray and a DNA microarray can be created using the user's DNA again. I need it. As a new DNA microarray at this time, one having an increased number of probes or one having a different arrangement of probes can be used. When increasing the number of probes, gene polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used as genes other than MHC. In this case, the optimum number of probes is about 10,000 to 50,000, and the price of the DNA microarray increases as the number of probes increases.

  Further, when DNA information that has been handed over to another person due to theft or loss is misused, it is possible to confirm whether or not the DNA microarray used is the original one based on the blood of the user.

  In the second embodiment, when creating a DNA microarray reacted with the user's DNA, the user purchases a DNA microarray having the desired sequence and reacts with the DNA extracted from the collected blood. Do. Blood collection is ideal with appropriate equipment, but it can also be left to a specialist. This is to avoid information leakage and to ensure security. DNA extraction may be performed by a specialist in a hospital or the like, or if a DNA extractor or the like is provided, it may be performed by the user's own hands. It is preferable in terms of security that the user himself / herself performs as many processes as possible.

  In addition, if there is a system in which blood can be easily collected without going through hospitals or other institutions and DNA extraction using the system and subsequent hybridization reactions are integrated, DNA hybridization unique to each person is possible. Creation of a DNA microarray on which a pattern is placed does not require a special facility such as a hospital or a certificate issuance place, and each individual can create a DNA microarray.

  Also, when a DNA microarray reacted with a user's DNA is analyzed using a reading device and the result is recorded on a card as electronic information, it is preferable to perform the operation with the user's own hand. Furthermore, the information is preferably erased by the user's own hand after the card is created. All such operations lead to security.

<Regarding the authentication card issuing system for user authentication>
The user authentication form is created as shown in FIG. 5, for example. In addition, the procedure uses the flowchart shown in FIG. However, the production method is not limited to this method.

  The user 500 requests a blood sampler 501 such as a doctor to collect blood at an organization such as a hospital (S401). The collected blood is taken out as DNA through the DNA extractor 510 (S402). The user selects and purchases a desired DNA microarray 511 for preparing a certification slip from commercially available DNA microarrays (for example, a DNA microarray for MHC gene detection). The MHC gene DNA microarray is selected from among many types such as the number of mounted DNA probes, the arrangement of each probe, and the type of SNPs gene added. The DNA microarray has the form described above with reference to FIG.

  The user sets and reacts the purchased DNA microarray 511 and the extracted own DNA solution 512 in the reaction device 513 (S403). The DNA microarray 514 after the reaction is, for example, as shown in FIG. After the surface of this reacted DNA microarray 514 is processed with a protective agent, it can be used as it is as an authentication slip, or it can be used by pasting it on a predetermined authentication slip (S404).

  As an example of another form of issuing the authentication form, there is performing from the blood collection to the hybridization reaction in the authentication form issuing place. In other words, blood collected from the user 500 by the expert (blood collector) 502 at the certificate issuance office is provided to the DNA extractor 520, and a DNA solution 522 is obtained. When the user 500 purchases the desired DNA microarray 521 and provides it to the reaction apparatus 523 together with the DNA solution 522, the reacted DNA microarray 524 is obtained (S401 to S403).

  In addition to the method of using the reacted DNA microarray 524 itself as an authentication slip as described above, it is also possible to create a card-like authentication slip by replacing those image data with electronic / magnetic information.

  That is, the hybridization pattern of the reacted DNA microarray 524 is read by the reading device 525 by the reading device 525 (S411), is replaced with electronic / magnetic information, and is stored in an authentication slip 527 such as a license or passport, and used for authentication (S412). .

  Since this method does not perform a reaction operation by the user himself / herself, this method is convenient for a person who is not used to handling the device such as an elderly person, but includes a risk of information leakage from the viewpoint of security. In order to solve this problem, an information erasure unit 526 for erasing the data on the reading device 525 used for creating the authentication form automatically or completely by the user's own hand is provided, and data relating to the hybridization pattern is provided. Is deleted (S413).

  Note that the certificate issuance is based on the premise of blood collection, and currently requires the intervention of a doctor, but it is more preferable that all steps can be performed by the user himself, preferably using an automatic device. Furthermore, if detection using DNA from saliva, mucous membranes, etc., which can be easily obtained instead of blood, is possible, it is expected that the creation of the authentication slip by the user will be easier.

  It is also possible to configure an authentication form issuing device that automatically issues an authentication form using the DNA extractor and reaction device shown in FIGS.

It is a figure which shows the structural example of the issuing system of the certification | authentication form in 1st Embodiment. It is a schematic diagram of the DNA microarray used for this embodiment. It is a schematic diagram which shows the hybridization pattern obtained by hybridization reaction with DNA extracted from the blood of a certain user, and a DNA microarray. It is a flowchart explaining the process sequence in the issuing system of the authentication tag in this embodiment. It is a figure which shows the structural example of the issuing system of the certification | authentication form by 2nd Embodiment.

Claims (7)

Reaction means for reacting one DNA array selected from a plurality of types of DNA arrays in which a plurality of DNA probes corresponding to a plurality of types of genes are arranged in a predetermined order with a gene collected from a user; Each type of DNA array has a different order of DNA probe placement,
Registration means for registering the order of arrangement of the DNA probes of the selected DNA array;
Issuing means for issuing an authentication slip for authenticating the user using data representing a hybridization pattern formed on the DNA array after reaction obtained by the reaction means;
An authentication voucher issuing system comprising: erasing means for erasing data representing the hybridization pattern after issuing the authentication.   2. The authentication form issuing system according to claim 1, wherein the issuing unit issues an authentication form in which data representing the hybridization pattern is recorded by magnetic recording.   2. The authentication form issuing system according to claim 1, wherein the issuing means issues an authentication form in which data representing the hybridization pattern is recorded in the form of electronic information.   The said issuing means has a reading means which reads the hybridization pattern formed on the DNA array after the said reaction, acquires the data showing this hybridization pattern, and hold | maintains it, The holding | maintenance of Claim 1 characterized by the above-mentioned. Certification card issue system.   2. The certificate issuance system according to claim 1, wherein the DNA probes of the DNA array are composed of gene probes corresponding to major histocompatibility antigens.   2. The certificate issuance system according to claim 1, wherein the DNA probes of the DNA array are constituted by gene probes corresponding to gene polymorphisms.   2. The authentication voucher issuing system according to claim 1, further comprising extraction means for extracting DNA from the collected blood and providing it to the reaction means.

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