JP2004226556A - Method and device for diagnosing speaking, speaking learning assist method, sound synthesis method, karaoke practicing assist method, voice training assist method, dictionary, language teaching material, dialect correcting method, and dialect learning method - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To make diagnosis of the speaking etc. easy by visual representation using a computer etc. <P>SOLUTION: A speaking diagnosing method for diagnosing the speaking of a person who desires a diagnosis by using a computer includes: a voice data acquisition step of inputting voice data generated by recording the way of speaking of the person to be diagnosed to the computer; a voice data analysis step of analyzing the voice data inputted in the voice data acquisition step as to variations of the pitch, tempo, and loudness of the voice etc.; and an analysis result display step of visually displaying the way of speaking of the person who desires the diagnosis according to the results of analyses performed at the data analysis step. The display in the analysis result display step is carried out by using a stave or drawing a graph representing the pitch and loudness of the voice on two axes. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of diagnosing speech.
[0002]
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, there has been a karaoke practice system or the like that scores 100 points, 80 points, etc. after singing. There was no computer-assisted analysis of how to speak.
[0003]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The inventor of the present invention has been training on how to speak, listen, and answer telephone calls on a daily basis. And this time, he came up with a revolutionary speech diagnosis method. This is a method of diagnosing and teaching how to speak by expressing the intonation of a sentence using a multi-line notation (a higher-level concept of a staff notation, which indicates the scale using a plurality of parallel lines). This method has been disclosed in "Techniques of Speaking and Listening by the Telephone King" (published on July 30, 2002, Taiyo Planning Publishing Co., Ltd.), the author of which is the author. A method of diagnosing speech using a multi-line score is described on pages 28, 30, 60, 117, 132, and 143 of this book. In addition, the inventor of the present invention has conceived a method of instructing how to speak using a graph in which the pitch of the voice and the loudness of the voice are two axes, and the book has pages 26, 126, 132, 143, 147 pages, 151 pages, 168 pages, 174 pages, 184 pages, 188 pages, and 198 pages.
[0004] The inventor of the present invention has conceived a method of disseminating speech diagnosis to more people. It is an object of the present invention to visually express diagnosis and the like using a computer or the like to make it easy to understand.
[0005]
Means for Solving the Problems To solve the above-mentioned problems, an invention according to claim 1 is a speech diagnosis method for diagnosing a speech using a computer, the speech recording a speech of a person who wants a diagnosis. An audio data acquisition step of importing data into the computer; an audio data analysis step of analyzing the audio data acquired in the audio data acquisition step for changes in voice pitch, tempo, voice volume, and the like; An analysis result display step of visually displaying the way of speech of the person who wants the diagnosis based on the analysis result analyzed in the analysis step.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided the speech diagnosis method according to the first aspect, wherein the display in the analysis result display step uses a multi-line notation.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided the method for diagnosing speech according to the first aspect, wherein the display in the analysis result displaying step includes a graph having two axes of a voice pitch and a voice loudness. It is what I drew.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a speech diagnosis apparatus for displaying a speech diagnosis result on a display unit of a portable device such as a portable telephone device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an electronic organizer, and a wristwatch. Voice data capturing means for capturing voice data spoken by a person, voice data analyzing means for analyzing voice data captured by the voice data capturing means, and based on an analysis result analyzed by the voice data analyzing means, Analysis result display means for displaying an analysis result of the way of speaking on the display unit of the portable device.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a speech diagnosis apparatus according to the fourth aspect, wherein the speech diagnosis apparatus is incorporated in the portable device and has the function alone. is there.
According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a speech diagnosis apparatus according to the fourth aspect, wherein the speech diagnosis apparatus is provided in a computer network connected via wireless communication such as a mobile phone. The function is achieved by communicating with a portable device.
According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a speaking style learning supporting method for assisting learning of a speaking style using a computer, wherein a voice data acquiring step of capturing voice data obtained by recording the learner's speaking style into the computer. A voice data analysis step of analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data acquisition step for changes in voice pitch, tempo, voice loudness, and the like, and based on the analysis result analyzed in the voice data analysis step. Analysis result display step of visually displaying the learner's speech.
An eighth aspect of the present invention is a voice synthesizing method for synthesizing voice electronically, wherein an intonation adjusting step for adjusting intonation of each sentence in accordance with a multi-line notation, and the intonation adjusting step. And generating synthesized voice data based on the adjusted result.
According to a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a karaoke practice assisting method for assisting a karaoke practicer by using a computer, wherein voice data recording the singing style of the karaoke practicer is taken into the computer. The voice data acquisition step, the voice data analysis step of analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data acquisition step for changes in voice pitch, tempo, voice loudness, etc., and the voice data analysis step An analysis result display step of visually displaying how to sing the karaoke trainer based on the analysis result.
According to a tenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a voice training support method for supporting voice training of a voice training trainer using a computer, wherein the voice data obtained by recording the voice of the voice training trainer is transmitted to the computer. A voice data obtaining step for analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data obtaining step for voice pitch, tempo, change in voice volume, and the like; and An analysis result display step of visually displaying the voice of the voice training trainer based on the analyzed analysis result.
[0015] The invention described in claim 11 is a dictionary in which preferred intonations of sentence units are described using a multi-line notation.
The invention according to claim 12 is a language teaching material in which a preferred intonation of a sentence unit is described by using a multi-line notation.
The invention according to claim 13 is a dialect correction method for correcting a dialect using a computer, the method comprising: obtaining voice data obtained by recording the speech of the corrector into the computer; The voice data captured in the voice data obtaining step, the voice pitch, tempo, voice data analysis step for analyzing changes in voice volume and the like, based on the analysis results analyzed in the voice data analysis step, Analysis result display step of visually displaying the corrector's speech style.
An invention according to claim 14 is a dialect learning method for learning a dialect using a computer, wherein a voice data acquisition step of loading voice data obtained by recording the learner's speaking style into the computer; The voice data captured in the voice data obtaining step, the voice pitch, tempo, voice data analysis step for analyzing changes in voice volume and the like, based on the analysis results analyzed in the voice data analysis step, And an analysis result display step of visually displaying a learner's speech style.
An invention according to claim 15 is a speech diagnosis method for diagnosing speech using a computer, comprising: a speech data acquisition step of taking in speech data obtained by recording speech of a person who wants a diagnosis; A tone change point obtaining step of analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data obtaining step to obtain a change point of a tone, and a note conversion step of converting the change point obtained in the tone change point obtaining step into a note. It has.
The invention described in claim 16 is the speech diagnosis method according to claim 15, further comprising a chord adjusting step of applying a major chord to the scale converted in the note-forming step and applying a major chord. Things.
The invention described in claim 17 is the speech diagnosis method according to claim 15 or 16, further comprising a diagnosis result displaying step of displaying the musical result and the learning target together. It is.
[0022]
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a relationship between “loudness” and “pitch” of a voice at the time of reception. In this figure, the X axis (horizontal axis) represents the volume of the voice. Since the magnitude of the voice is expressed in terms of musical strength, it is expressed as pp (pianissimo), p (piano), mp (meso piano), mf (meso forte), f (forte), ff (fortesimo). . The Y axis (vertical axis) represents the pitch of the voice in the scale of Doremi Faso. For example, it is assumed that point A in the figure is a coordinate at which the forte and the sone intersect, and point B is a coordinate at which the piano and the doe intersect. With respect to the coordinate axes where the X axis and the Y axis intersect, the upper right is the “favorable response”, the lower right is the “persuasion”, the lower left is the “Cheer”, and the upper left is the “cooperation” area. In the first voice of the inbound, it is preferable to speak in the "favorable response" area, and if there is no particular problem in the development of conversation, it is preferable to speak in this area until the end of the conversation. If the tone of the voice comes into the tone of the voice, the tone is called the tone of the voice.
FIG. 2 is a diagram in which the way of speaking is analyzed using a multi-line score. The multi-line notation is a superordinate concept of the staff notation and visually expresses a temporal change in pitch. In some cases, the number of lines can be appropriately changed, such as a six-score notation or a four-score notation, depending on the degree of understanding of the person to be explained and the degree of training of the pitch. If you say "Thank you" or "I'm Saito at Japan Shoji Customer Service Department" with a straight line movement from soud to mute, it's straight and lacks softness. On the other hand, it is soft and easy to accept if you make a curved movement that raises a little from the initial pitch and lowers it. In the case of "Thank you", it is better to start with a so-sound at first, then go up a little and then go down in a curved manner with a convex mountain up to the sound. In the example of "I'm Saito at the Japan Trading Customer Service Department", the "Japan Trading" part goes up a little from the so-to sound to the fa-sound, then descends in a mountain, and the "Customer Service Department" part goes from the fa-sound to the sound. It is better to go up a little and then go down in a mountain, and in the part of "It's Saito", go up a little from the top of the M sound to a little sound and then go down in a mountain.
In the lower half of Fig. 2, an analysis of intonation is written. If you say "Thank you very much" or "I'm really sorry", etc. with the M sound without inflection (stick reading), it gives the listener the feeling that the range is narrow and the heart is not muffled. Also, inflections that go down and up between the Mi and Do sounds are inappropriate, resulting in a rude impression and misunderstanding. A proper intonation is one that has a hill-like intonation that is convex upward at each appropriate cut, as shown at the bottom of FIG. Speaking in this intonation can give the other party the impression of being loving.
FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the habit and three patterns at the end using a multi-line notation. Explains three habits of ending, extending, and ending. By showing and pointing out a habit that the person is not aware of in this way, motivation to promote and correct the awareness can be given.
FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining various ways of saying "yes" using a multi-line score. Yes to answer, yes to consent, yes to consent, yes to respond, yes to answer, yes to lethargy, yes to anxiety, yes to tuning, yes to frustration, 10 to yes. The type “yes” can be distinguished and explained by using a multi-line score.
FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining a five-change speech method for changing the way of speaking using a multi-line score. Change the sound of the entry, change the range, change the timing of the entry (interval), change the speed, change the way of emphasizing the keyword. It is described using FIG. In addition, this can be applied to the way of taking time.
FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining four aspects of the claim response and four areas of the voice using a graph in which the pitch of the voice and the volume of the voice are two axes. Here, the complaint indicates that the customer feels a so-called complaint or dissatisfaction and hits it at a company support center or a customer consultation room. The four phases are the following aspects of the customer: the phase of the claim, the phase of the situation explanation, the phase from listening to understanding and reaching an agreement, and the phase from the agreement to consent, satisfaction, and excitement. From the point of view of the respondent, there are four phases: a meeting phase, a situation understanding phase, a problem solving phase, and a closing phase. In each situation, it is described which region of the voice volume and voice tone is preferably used.
FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining how to make a voice in the first aspect of the claim by using a graph in which the pitch of the voice and the volume of the voice are on two axes and a multi-line notation. A two-axis graph of the pitch and loudness of the voice, showing the change in the pitch of the sound of the voice of Aizuchi and the intonation of "I'm sorry." The explanation is made in correspondence with the movement in.
FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining how to make a voice in the second aspect of the claim by using a two-axis graph and a multi-line notation. FIG. 9 illustrates how to make a voice in the third aspect of the claim, and FIG. 10 illustrates how to make a voice in the fourth aspect of the claim.
FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining how to produce a voice in sales. FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating what tones are accepted in the first phase of sales. FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating that in the second phase of the sales, the information of the partner is extracted while transmitting the merit. FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating answering a question of a partner in the third phase of sales and further promoting a product. FIG. 15 is a diagram for explaining a procedure in the fourth phase of sales and explaining that a promise is attached. As described above, not only in response to complaints but also in the sales phase, diagnosis and guidance of how to speak and how to listen can be performed using the graph in which the pitch of the voice and the volume of the voice are two axes.
FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing a speech diagnosis method according to the present invention. For example, the speech diagnosis method can be realized using a general-purpose computer. First, when this computer program is started, an initial screen is displayed (step 600). At least a record button is displayed on this initial screen, and when the operator clicks the record button, the capture of audio data from the microphone connected to the computer is started (if YES in step 601, the step Proceed to 603). Next, the acquired voice data is analyzed (step 605). The loudness, pitch, tempo, interval, and the like of the voice are analyzed, and the analysis result is visually displayed (step 607). For this visual display, a multi-line notation display or a graph display in which the pitch of the voice and the volume of the voice are two axes can be adopted. It is desirable not only to display based on the voice of the operator, but also to compare and display exemplary utterances that serve as examples. Further, in order to cope with the individual difference between the operator and the user, it is desirable to go through a process of measuring the sound range and volume of the person prior to the recording in step 601.
FIG. 17 is a conceptual block diagram showing an example of the configuration of the speech diagnosis device of the present invention. As described above, a general-purpose computer can be used, but when configured as a portable device, an electronic organizer, a PDA, a mobile phone, a wristwatch, or the like can be used. At a minimum, the CPU 10 shown in FIG. 17, the memory 20 connected to the bus, the microphone interface 30, the display device 40, the switch 50, and the microphone 35 connected to the microphone interface 30 are required. The memory 20 stores necessary programs and supplies a work area for the CPU.
FIG. 18 is a flowchart showing a speech synthesis method according to the present invention. In the present invention, it is assumed that a database has already been constructed for voice data including accent information on words constituting a sentence. First, a word database is accessed to acquire necessary word data (step 810). "Necessary" means that the sentence is broken down into words that constitute the sentence, and all of them are obtained. Although it is possible to automatically decompose sentences into words by a computer program, the sentence may be obtained after being manually decomposed by an operator. After confirming that the necessary word data has been obtained (YES in step 820), they are connected in order (step 830). Then, the result is processed based on a predetermined rule (step 840). Here, the “predetermined rule” is, for example, a sharp intonation as shown in the diagram of the appropriate intonation expressed in FIG. For example, if the accents of the original word data were expressed in a three-line notation, when connecting some of them to form a sentence, a multi-line notation such as a six-line, seven-line, or eight-line notation was used. It is possible that Speech synthesis of the sentence is performed based on the information of the intonation optimized for the sentence thus completed, but in some cases, due to the technical convenience of the speech synthesis system to which the multi-line notation expression is applied, the Since there is a case where the change of the pitch is limited, an appropriate adjustment process is executed (step 850). Then, normal speech synthesis is executed.
[0034]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The use of note-taking techniques in speech analysis has several challenges. When the music data is converted from the voice data using the existing conversion software, there is a tendency that the number of musical notes and the number of mora of the voice cannot be balanced. Also, when the result of the note conversion is reproduced, the result is far from the original sound. There are issues such as. The inventor of the present invention presents a solution to these problems here. Here, the mora number is a phonetic concept, which is similar to the number of characters in which a sentence is written in hiragana.
First, with respect to the problem that the number of sounds is not appropriate, an appropriate threshold value is provided to detect a change point where the change in tone is larger than that, and from a certain change point to the next change point. Is to make one note represent and deform.
In addition, when the result of the musical note is reproduced, it is proposed that a major code be applied to solve the problem that the result is far from the original voice. Major chords, minor chords, and the like are known as chords used in pianos and guitars, and are each represented by chords. A more natural sound flow is achieved by expressing each sound resulting from the note conversion by applying it to one of the sounds constituting the chord of a particular major chord. As a result, the reproduced result can be made closer to the image of the spoken language. Basically, major codes are used, but depending on emotional expressions, it may be appropriate to apply minor codes.
By displaying the result of the note conversion and the sound flow of the ideal way of speaking (learning target) together, it is possible to show a person who learns how to speak to his / her progress. In addition, the result of the musical note and the display of the text can be written together. Furthermore, at the time of acquiring the above-mentioned voice data, it is also possible to execute a voice recognition program at the same time and to record the result together.
FIG. 19 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of the voice diagnosis method. First, audio data is obtained (step 910). This voice data acquisition can be performed by using existing recording software through a microphone. Further, it may be performed by inputting an output of a tape recorder or the like to a computer. Next, the acquired voice data is analyzed to extract a tone change point (step 920). The extraction of the tone change point can be performed by providing an appropriate threshold value and extracting a change point exceeding the threshold value. Next, the process proceeds to a note conversion process (step 940). The note conversion process is performed by placing one note at the extracted change point and extending the sound to the next change point. Next, after performing a major code application process (step 950), it is displayed (step 960). As the contents of this display, the waveform of the audio data acquired in step 910 or the waveform formed by connecting the notes converted in step 940 can be simultaneously displayed. It is also desirable to display the learning target waveform.
In the above-described embodiments and examples, the description has been made on the assumption that a computer such as a personal computer is used. However, in order to facilitate the use of a portable telephone device, the program is stored on a server on the Internet or a portable telephone network. An embodiment in which the program is run via a network is also possible.
Although a method of diagnosing speech using a computer has been described in the present specification, performing the same without using a computer falls within the scope of the present invention. It is also within the scope of the present invention to create a dictionary or language teaching material using a multi-line notation or a graph in which voice pitch and voice loudness are displayed on two axes. In addition, application to karaoke, speech synthesis, dialect correction, dialect learning, and voice training is also included in the category.
[0041]
As described above, the present invention is constructed as described above, and therefore, a person who wants to learn how to speak, a person who wants to learn language, a person who wants to practice karaoke, and a person who wants to perform voice training. For example, the guideline of learning can be presented in an easy-to-understand manner.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a relationship between “loudness” and “pitch” of a voice at the time of reception.
FIG. 2 is a diagram in which a way of speaking is analyzed using a multi-line score.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a habit and three patterns at the end using a multi-line notation.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating various ways of saying “yes” using a multi-line score.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a five-change speech method that changes the way of speaking, using a multiple score.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating four aspects of a claim response and four regions of a voice using a graph in which voice pitch and voice volume are represented on two axes.
FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining how to produce a voice in the first aspect of the claim by using a graph in which the pitch of the voice and the volume of the voice are two axes and a multi-line score.
FIG. 8 is a diagram similarly illustrating how to produce a voice in the second aspect of the claim using a two-axis graph and a multi-line notation.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating how to make a voice in the third phase of the claim.
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating how to make a voice in the fourth aspect of the claim.
FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating how to produce a voice in sales.
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating what tones are accepted in the first phase of sales.
FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating that in the second phase of sales, information on the other party is extracted while transmitting a merit.
FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating answering a question of the other party in the third phase of sales and further promoting the product.
FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a procedure method in the fourth phase of sales and explaining that a promise is attached.
FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing a speech style diagnosis method of the present invention.
FIG. 17 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating a configuration example of a speaking style diagnosis device of the present invention.
FIG. 18 is a flowchart showing a speech synthesis method of the present invention.
FIG. 19 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of the voice diagnosis method of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
10 CPU
Reference Signs List 20 memory 30 microphone interface 35 microphone 40 display device 50 switch

Claims (17)

A speech diagnosis method for diagnosing speech using a computer,
Voice data acquisition step of capturing voice data recording a way of speaking of a person who wants a diagnosis into the computer;
Voice data analysis step of analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data acquisition step for voice pitch, tempo, change in voice volume, and the like;
An analysis result display step of visually displaying the speech of the person who wants the diagnosis based on the analysis result analyzed in the voice data analysis step. A speech diagnosis method according to claim 1, wherein:
The display method in the analysis result display step is a speech style diagnosis method in which the display is a multi-line notation (a visual representation of a temporal change in pitch). A speech diagnosis method according to claim 1, wherein:
The display method in the analysis result display step is a speech diagnosis method in which a graph having two axes of a pitch of the voice and a loudness of the voice is drawn. A speech diagnosis device that displays a diagnosis result of a speech on a display unit of a portable device such as a mobile phone device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an electronic organizer, and a wristwatch,
Voice data capturing means for capturing voice data spoken by the user;
Voice data analyzing means for analyzing voice data captured by the voice data capturing means;
A speech diagnosis apparatus comprising: an analysis result display unit configured to display an analysis result of the speech on a display unit of the portable device based on an analysis result analyzed by the voice data analysis unit. The speech diagnosis device according to claim 4,
The speech diagnosis device is a speech diagnosis device that is incorporated inside the portable device and has the function alone. The speech diagnosis device according to claim 4,
The speech diagnosis device is provided in a computer network connected via wireless communication such as a mobile phone, and performs the function by communicating with the portable device. A speech learning support method for assisting learning of speech using a computer,
Voice data acquisition step of capturing voice data of the learner's speech into the computer;
Voice data analysis step of analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data acquisition step for voice pitch, tempo, change in voice volume, and the like;
An analysis result display step of visually displaying the learner's speech based on the analysis result analyzed in the voice data analysis step. A speech synthesis method for electronically synthesizing speech,
An intonation adjustment step for making adjustments according to a multi-line staff for each sentence intonation;
A synthetic speech creating step of creating synthetic speech data based on a result adjusted in the intonation adjusting step. A karaoke practice support method for supporting karaoke practice of a karaoke trainer using a computer,
Voice data acquisition step of capturing voice data of how to sing the karaoke trainer into the computer;
Voice data analysis step of analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data acquisition step for voice pitch, tempo, change in voice volume, and the like;
A karaoke practice support method comprising: visually displaying the karaoke practicer's singing style based on the analysis result analyzed in the voice data analysis step. A voice training support method using a computer to support voice training of a voice training trainer,
Voice data acquisition step of capturing voice data obtained by recording the voice of the voice training trainer into the computer;
Voice data analysis step of analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data acquisition step for voice pitch, tempo, change in voice volume, and the like;
An analysis result display step of visually displaying the voice of the voice training trainer based on the analysis result analyzed in the voice data analysis step. A dictionary in which the preferred intonation of a sentence unit is described using multi-line notation. A language teaching material in which the preferred intonation of a sentence unit is described using multi-line notation. A dialect correction method for correcting a dialect using a computer,
Voice data acquisition step of capturing voice data recording the corrector's speech into the computer;
Voice data analysis step of analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data acquisition step for voice pitch, tempo, change in voice volume, and the like;
An analysis result display step of visually displaying a speech style of the corrector based on the analysis result analyzed in the voice data analysis step. A dialect learning method of learning a dialect using a computer,
Voice data acquisition step of capturing voice data of the learner's speech into the computer;
Voice data analysis step of analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data acquisition step for voice pitch, tempo, change in voice volume, and the like;
An analysis result display step of visually displaying the learner's speech based on the analysis result analyzed in the voice data analysis step. A speech diagnosis method for diagnosing speech using a computer,
Voice data acquisition step of capturing voice data recording a way of speaking of a person who wants a diagnosis into the computer;
A tone change point obtaining step of analyzing the voice data captured in the voice data obtaining step to obtain a tone change point;
A note-forming step of converting the change point acquired in the tone-change-point acquiring step into a note. A speech diagnosis method according to claim 15, wherein:
A speech style diagnosis method further comprising a chord adjustment step of applying a major chord to the scale converted into a note in the note conversion step to adjust the scale. A speech diagnosis method according to claim 15 or 16,
A speech diagnosis method further comprising a diagnosis result display step of displaying the musical result and the learning target together.

Images