JP2003238103A - Method and structure for obtaining lower energy hydrogen - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method and apparatus for releasing energy from a hydrogen atom (molecule) by deriving an electron to be relieved to a lower energy level than quantized 'normal state' and a smaller radius (smaller half major axis and half minor axis). <P>SOLUTION: An energy sink and an energy hole can be supplied with at least one electron transmission between an atom, an ion, a molecule and a relating seed which involves a compound of the ion or the molecule. The invention is furthermore comprised of a functional group which supports a movable free hydrogen atom, a hydrogen overflowing catalyst having the functional group to dissociate molecular hydrogen for supplying a free hydrogen atom which overflows to the functional group able to be a source of an energy hole and a multi-functional group substance. An energy reaction apparatus involves one of an electrolytic cell, a pressurized hydrogen gas battery and a hydrogen gas discharging cell. A gas phase radiant heat reaction of hydrogen electron transition to a lower energy state is caused in the reactor. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to
A method and apparatus for releasing energy from hydrogen atoms (molecules). By supplying the transition catalyst, the electron has a lower energy level, and a "ground state".
It is induced to relax to smaller radii (smaller half-diameters and semi-shorter diameters). The transition catalyst acts as an energy sink or as a method of removing the energy that resonates with the emitted electron energy and inducing these transitions according to the new atomic model. The transition catalyst is not consumed in the reaction. It accepts energy from hydrogen and releases it to the surrounding environment. Thus, the transition catalyst returns to its original state. The processes that require collision are common. For example, for the exothermic chemical reaction H + H forming H ₂ , the binding energy −H + H + M
→ A collision with a third object, M, is required to remove H ₂ + M. The third body distributes energy from the exothermic reaction, resulting in H ₂ molecules and an increase in system temperature. Similarly, from the n = 1 state of hydrogen to the n = 1 / intg of hydrogen
A transition to the er state is possible, for example via a resonating collision from n = 1 to n = 1/2. In these cases, during the collision, the electrons combine, for example, with another electronic transition or electron transfer reaction. This reaction absorbs hydrogen atoms (molecules), the exact amount of energy to be removed from the resonant energy sink. As a result, hydrogen enters a lower energy state and the system temperature rises. Each of these reactions is hereinafter referred to as a “shrinkage reaction”; each transition is hereinafter referred to as a “shrinkage transition”; each energy sink, that is, resonance with hydrogen energy released to act on each transition. The method of removing the energy that is generated is referred to below as "energy hole".
Call. In addition, the electron energy removed by the energy hole to act and induce the contraction transition is hereinafter referred to as resonance shrinkage energy. The energy holes consisting of the reactant ions that are automatically regenerated after an endothermic electron ionization reaction with an energy equal to the "resonance contraction energy" are hereinafter called "electrocatalytic ions". An energy hole consisting of two reactants that are automatically regenerated after an endothermic electron transfer reaction between two species whose difference in ionization energy is equal to resonance contraction energy is hereinafter referred to as "electrocatalytic couple" (electrocatalytic couple). couple)).

2. Description of the Related Art (Description of Related Art) There are observed physical phenomena that cannot be explained by existing atomic models and theories. For example, E. Schrodinger's hydrogen atom wavefunction cannot explain the extreme ultraviolet emission spectra of the interstellar medium and the sun. At the same time, the phenomenon of abnormal heat release from hydrogen in an electrolytic cell containing potassium nitrate electrolyte, or in a gas energy cell containing a hydrogen spillover catalyst containing potassium nitrate that produces lower energy hydrogen atoms and molecules. Can't even explain. This is part of this invention. Thus, energy production and material advances have been largely limited to laboratory discoveries aimed at limited, less than optimal, commercial applications.

[0002]

The present invention comprises an electrolytic cell energy reactor, a pressurized gas energy reactor, and a gas discharge energy reactor, including: hydrogen source; solids, melts, liquids, and gases. One of the sources of energy holes of hydrogen; a container containing hydrogen and a source of energy holes, in which the hydrogen and the source of energy holes come into contact to cause a contraction reaction; , A method of preventing the exothermic contraction reaction from reaching equilibrium. The invention further comprises a method and structure for spelling back the contractile response,
By creating contracted atoms (molecules), new materials are provided with new properties such as high thermal stability.

(Summary of the Invention) The present invention induces an electron so as to relax to a quantized potential energy level below the "ground state", and heat energy from a hydrogen atom (molecule). And a method and device for releasing the. At this time, the electrochemical reactant (electrocatalytic ionization couple)
Reactants containing the electron transfer reactions, removing energy from hydrogen atoms (molecules) to induce these transitions. It also comprises a method and apparatus for increasing the output by increasing the reaction rate, ie the rate of formation of lower energy hydrogen. The present invention further includes hydrogen spill catalysts, polyfunctional materials, having functional groups that dissociate molecular hydrogen and supply free hydrogen atoms. Free hydrogen atoms spill over to the functional groups that support the mobile free hydrogen atoms, as well as the functional groups that can be the source of energy holes. The energy reactor is
For electrolyzers, pressurized hydrogen gas batteries, and hydrogen gas discharge cells
Including one. A preferred hydrogen gas pressurized energy reactor includes: a vessel; a hydrogen source; a method of controlling the pressure of hydrogen and the flow to the vessel; a substance that dissociates molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, and in the gas phase. A substance that can be a source of energy holes. Sources of gas energy holes include those that sublime, boil, and / or volatilize at the commercial operating temperature of the gas energy reactor. In this gas energy reactor, a contraction reaction occurs in the gas phase.

The present invention further includes a method and apparatus for repeating the contractile response. Energy is released in accordance with the present invention, providing new properties, such as high thermal stability and low reactivity, to the contracted atoms and molecules. When electrons are excited to higher energy levels, atoms and molecules in lower energy states can be buoyant gases, engine media such as Sterling engines or turbines, a common alternative to helium,
It is also useful for heat transfer and cryogenic applications as a coolant by absorbing energy such as heat energy.

(Transitions of hydrogen atoms below the "ground state") A new atomic theory has been published in the following reference: Mills, R., "The Orthodox Nuclear Sciences General Theory
nd Unified Thory of Classical Quantum Mechanics),
(1995), Technomic Pubilishing Company, Lancaster, P
A providede by Hydro Catalysis Power Corporation,
Great Valley Corporate Center, Great Valley Parkw
ay, Malvern, PA 19355; “The Unificaiton of Spacetime, the For
ces, Matter, and Energy), Mills, R., Techonomic Pub
lishing company, Lancaster, PA, (1992); "The Grand Unified Theory", Mills, R. and Farre
l, J., Science Press, Ephrata, PA, (1990); Mills,
R., Kneizys, S., Fusion Techology, 210, (1991), pp.
65-81; Mills, R., Good, W., Shaubach, R., `` Dihydr
ino Molecular Identification (Dihydrino Molecule Identidicaiton), F
usion Techonology, 25,103 (1994); Mills, R., Good.
W., "Fractional Quantum Energy Level
Energy Levels of Hydrogen), Fushion Techolog
y, Vol.28, No.4, November, (1995) pp.1697-1719, and my earlier US patent application: Title "Energy / Matter Conversion Methods an
d Structures) ", serial number 08 / 467,051, June 6, 1995.
Date submission, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, 1995 4
Submitted on March 3rd, Partial continuation application, Serial number 08 / 107,357, 1993
Filed on August 16, 2012, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 075,102
(Dkt.99437), filed June 11, 1993, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 345,628, filed April 28, 1989,
Partially continuing application, serial number 07 / 341,733, submitted on April 21, 1989.

(Energy Levels of Fractional Quantum Hydrogen) A number of experimental observations given in the “Experimental” section below show that even in a fractional quantum state lower in energy than the conventional “ground” (n = 1) state, atoms The conclusion is drawn that hydrogen can exist. For example, the fractional quantum energy level hydrogen atom (hereinafter hyd
The existence of (called rino) provides an explanation to the following theory:
Soft X-ray emission of dark interstellar medium observed by Labov and Bowyer [S. Labov and S. Bowyer, "Astrophysica 1 Journa 1", 371 (1991) 810], and soft X-ray emission of the sun [Thomas, RJ, Neupert, W., M.,
"Astrophysical Journal special issue
Supplement Series) '', Vol.91, (1994), pp.461-482; Ma.
linovsky, M., Heroux, L, `` Astronomy Journal (Ast
rophysical Journal), Vol.181, (1973) ,. pp.1009-103
0; Noyes, R., "The sun, Our Star", H
arvard Univesity Press, Cambridgy Ma, (1982), p.17
2; Phillips, JH, `` The Guide to the Sun (Guide to the su
n) '', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great
Britain, (1992), pp.118-119; 120-121; 144-145]

[0008] In 1885, Balmer (JJ Balmer) showed that the frequencies of some of the lines observed in the atomic hydrogen emission spectrum could be expressed in a perfect empirical relationship. Later, Ryudberg developed this method. Ryudberg showed that all atomic hydrogen spectral lines are given by the equation: μ = R (1 / n _f ² −1 / n _i ² ) (1) where R = 109,677 cm- 1, n _f = 1,2,3 ..., _ni = 2,
3,4 ..., and a _n i> _{n f.} In 1913, Bohr (Niels Bohr) developed the atomic hydrogen theory that gave an energy level consistent with Rydberg's equation. 19
In 2014, E. Schrodinger and W. Heisenberg separately developed identities based on completely different theories of hydrogen atoms. En = -e ² / n ² 8 πε ₀ α _H = 13.598 eV / n ² (2a) n = 1,2,3 ・ ・ ・ (2b) where α _H is the Bohr radius of hydrogen atom (52.947pm), e
Is the magnitude of the electronic charge, and E ₀ is the vacuum permittivity. Mills's theory is that equation (2b)
Predict that it should be replaced in c). n = 1,2,3, ... and n = 1 / 2,1 / 3,1 / 4 ... (2c) The quantum number n = 1 describes the "ground" electronic state of the hydrogen atom. Used conventionally. In recent advances in quantum mechanics, Mills [Mills, R., “The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Qua
ntum Mechanics) '', (1995), Technomic Publishing Com
Pany, Lancaster, PA] showed that the n = 1 state is the "ground" state of the "pure" photon transition. (The n = 1 state can absorb a photon and become an excited state of an electron, but cannot emit a photon and become a lower energy electronic state). However, electronic transitions from the ground state to lower energy states are possible by the "resonant collision" mechanism. These lower energy states have a fractional quantum number, n = 1 / integer. The processes that occur without photons and those that require collisions are common. For example, the exothermic chemical reaction H + H to form H ₂ does not occur with the emission of photons. Rather, the reaction requires collision with a third body, M, to remove the binding energy H + H + M → H ₂ + M. The third body distributes energy from the exothermic reaction,
As a result, H ₂ molecules are formed and the system temperature rises. Similarly, n = 1 state of hydrogen and n = 1 / integer of hydrogen
Although the state is non-radiative, a transition between two non-radiative states is possible, for example, via a resonant collision from n = 1 to n = 1/2. In these cases, during collisions the electrons combine with another electronic transition or electron transfer reaction, which can absorb the exact amount of energy to be removed from the hydrogen atom, and a resonant energy sink called the energy hole. As a result, hydrogen is in a lower energy state and system temperature rises.

(Solution of wave equation of hydrogen atom) Recently, Mill
s [Mills, R., "Unification theory of orthodox quantum mechanics (The Grand Un
ificd Theoryof Classical Quantum Mcchanics), (199
5), Technical Pub1ishing Company, Lancastcr, PA]
A new atomic theory based on the first principle was drawn to develop the research commonly known as quantum mechanics. Below Mi
This new theory, called the lls theory, is based on Maxwell's equations, Newton's law, and Einstein's-
Integrate general / special relativity. The main point of this theory is that all particles (atomic size and macroscopic particles) follow the same physical laws. However, Schrodinger assumed a boundary state: ψ → 0 with r → ∞, Mills's theoretical boundary state comes from Maxwell's equation [Haus,
HA, `` On the radiation from p
oint charges), American Journal of Physics, 54, (19
86), pp.1126-1129.]: In the non-radiative state, the current density function must not have a space-time Fourier component synchronous with the wave traveling at the speed of light.

The application of this boundary state leads to physical models such as particles, atoms, molecules, and cosmology in the final analysis. The closed-form mathematical solution contains only basic constants, and the calculated values of physical quantities are in agreement with experimental observations. Furthermore, we predict that this theory should replace equation (2b) with equation (2c). Bound electrons are represented by a charge density (mass density) function. This function, the radius of the delta function (f (r) = r- r n)), 2 two corners functions (harmonics spheres), and the product of the time harmonic function. Therefore, an electron is a plane of a spinning two-dimensional sphere, which is called an electron orbit sphere, and can exist in a bound state for a specified distance from the nucleus. More specifically, the orbital sphere consists of a shell of two-dimensional spheres of mobile charge. The corresponding orbital sphere current pattern comprises an infinite series of correlatively orthogonal great circle current loops. Current pattern
(Mills, Fig. 1.4 [Mills, R., "A generalized theory of orthodox quantum mechanics.
(The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mec
Hanics) '' (1995), Technological Publishing Company-Lanca
ster PA]) is generated on the surface by two sets of orthogonal infinite sequences of nested rotations of two orthogonal great circle current loops. Here, the coordinate axes rotate with two orthogonal great circles. An infinitesimal rotation of the infinite series is the new X-axis and Y-axis resulting from such a previous rotation, respectively, for each of the two sets of nested rotations, the rotating X-axis and Y-axis.
-The total angle of rotation of the axis is radian √2π. The current pattern causes a phenomenon corresponding to the spin quantum number.

All functions representing the spin motion of an electron orbital sphere consist of two functions. One function, the spin function, is spatially constant on the orbital sphere and spins at a quantized angular velocity, producing spin angular momentum. The other function, the modulation function, can be spatially constant. In that case, there is no orbital angular momentum, and the magnetic momentum of the electron orbital sphere is 1 Bohr magneton. Alternatively, the modulation function is not spatially constant, in which case there is orbital angular momentum. The modulation function is also calculated by Mills, the numerical value of the angular velocity rotating at the quantized angular velocity, the radius of the allowed orbital sphere, the energy, and the related quantities. The orbital sphere radius is calculated by setting the centripetal force equal to the electrical and magnetic forces.

The orbital sphere is a resonator cavity that captures photons of discrete frequencies. The radius of the orbital sphere increases with the absorption of electromagnetic energy. The solution of Maxwell's equations for a mode excited in a resonator cavity of an orbital sphere yields four quantum numbers, the energy of the mode being experimentally known as the hydrogen spectrum. The excited state is unstable because the charge density function of the electron plus photon has a doublet function component of radius corresponding to the electric dipole. The doublet has a space-time Fourier component that is synchronous with the wave traveling at optical distance; thus it is radiative. As with each mathematical n = 1 / integer state, the electron plus photon charge density function of the main quantum state of the n = 1 hydrogen atom is a purely radial delta function. The delta function has no space-time Fourier component synchronous with the wave traveling at the speed of light; therefore it is non-radiative.

(Transition of lower energy hydrogen electrons of the catalyst) When comparing transitions between energy states less than "ground" (fractional quantum) with excited states (integer quantum), the former is It is recognizable that the latter is not acted upon by photons, but the latter. Transitions are symmetrical with time. Mills [Mills, R., "Generalized theory of orthodox quantum mechanics (T
he Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mecha
nics) '', (1995), Technological Pub1ishing Company, Lanca
According to the non-radiative boundary state of [ter, PA], the current density function that causes photons is generated by photons in the opposite path.
Excited (integer quantum) energy states are consistent with this case. Also, according to the non-radiative boundary state, a photon-free current density function is not generated by photons in the reverse process. Energy states below the "base" (fractional quantum) are consistent with this case. However, the stable state transitions to the next stable state by atomic collision. The two non-radiative stable states during the transition, which are subjected to collisions with the resonant energy sink, are similar to the reaction of two atoms forming a diatomic molecule. This reaction requires collision with a third body to remove the binding energy [NV Sidgwick,
`` The Chemical Elements and T
heir Compounds) '', VoIume I Oxford, Clarendon Pres
s, (1950), p.17)

Concept of Energy Holes Mills' nonradiative boundary states and electron-photon relationships give a quantized "allowable" hydrogen energy state as a function of the parameter n. Each value of n corresponds to an allowed transition that is acted upon by a resonant photon that excites an electronic transition. In addition to the traditional integer values of n (1,2,3 ...), fractional values corresponding to transitions are also allowed, increasing in the central field (charge) and decreasing in the size of hydrogen atoms. For example, when an electron combines with another electronic transition or electron transfer reaction that can absorb energy or an energy sink. This is the absorption of energy holes. Absorption of energy holes disrupts the balance between centrifugal force and increased central electric force. As a result, the electron transitions to a lower energy non-radiative state. According to the law of energy conservation, the resonance energy hole α _H / m + 1 of the hydrogen atom that excites the resonator mode in the radial dimension is m × 27.2 eV
(3); At this time, m = 1,2,3,4 ...

After resonance absorption of the energy holes, the radius of the orbital sphere, a _H , contracts to a _H / m + 1, and after p cycles of resonance contraction, the radius is a _H / m + 1. In other words, the radial ground state field is considered as the superposition of the Fourier components. Removing the negative Fourier component of energy mX27.2eV (m is an integer), the central electric field in the spherical shell becomes
It increases m times the proton load. The synthetic electric field is a time harmonic solution of the Laplace equation in spherical coordinates. In this case, the radius at which force balance and non-radiation are achieved is α _H / m + 1 (m is an integer). When it collapses from the "ground" state to this radius,
Total energy [(m + 1) ² -1 ² ] × 13.6 eV is released. The transition between two stable non-radiative states, which is subject to collisions with energy holes, is similar to the reaction of two atoms forming a diatomic molecule. This reaction requires collision with a third body to remove the binding energy. [NVS
idgwick, "The Chemical Eleme
nts and Their Compounds) ”, Volume I, Oxford, Cla
rendon Press, (1950), p.17]. The total energy source of atomic hydrogen is shown in FIG. The exothermic reaction that accompanies the transition from one potential energy level to a lower level is hereinafter referred to as hydrogen catalysis.

A hydrogen atom having an electron in an energy level below the "ground state" corresponding to a fractional quantum quantity is hereinafter referred to as a hydrino atom. The symbol of the hydrino atom with radius a ₀ / p (p is an integer) is H [a ₀ / p]. The size of the electron orbital sphere as a function of potential energy is shown in FIG. An efficient catalytic system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to potassium. For example, the second ionization energy of potassium is 31.63 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. But,
When K ⁺ is reduced to K, it releases 4.34 eV. As a result K
The + to K ²⁺ and K ⁺ to K bonds have a net energy change of 27.28 eV.

[0015]

[Formula 1] It should be noted that the energy generated by the contraction of atoms is much larger than the energy lost in the energy holes. Also, the energy released is
Larger than conventional chemical reactions.

(Disproportionation of energy state) Lower energy hydrogen atom, hydrino can function as a source of energy hole causing resonance contraction. This is because the excitation and / or ionization energy is m × 27.2 eV (equation (3)). For example, the equation expressing the absorption of the energy hole of 27.21 eV, m = 1 in equation (3) is the third of hydrogen atom, H [α _H / 3].
During the cycle's contraction cascade, it is ionized as a source of resonant contraction energy holes, along with the hydrogen atom H [α _H / 2], which gives:

[Formula 2]

[Formula 3]

A transition to a discontinuous energy level is possible with absorption of an energy hole having an integral multiple of 27.21 eV. Lower energy hydrogen atom, hydrino is mx 27.2 eV
It can function as a source of energy holes that cause resonance contraction with absorption of the energy holes of (Equation (3)). Therefore,

[Formula 4]

Hydrogen is the source of energy holes. The ionization energy of hydrogen is 13.6 eV. Disproportionation can occur between three hydrogen atoms. Here two atoms supply an energy hole of 27.21 eV to the third hydrogen atom. Therefore, the hydrogen atom,

[Formula 5]

Spectral lines from most of the dark interstellar medium and the output of the sun are "Hydrinos from the dark interstellar medium.
Spectral Data of Hydrinos from
the Dark Interstellar Medium) and Mills' Sun section, which can be ascribed to the disproportionation reaction [Mills, R., "Generalized Theory of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics (Theg
rand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanic
s) '', (1995), Technological Publishing company, Lancas
ter, PA]. This assignment elucidates the dark matter mystery sun's neutral micron problem, the cause of the intestinal sunspot and other solar activity mysteries, and the reason why the sun emits X-rays.
It also provides the reason for the abrupt change of sound velocity and the transition from the "radiative layer" to the "convective layer" at radius 0.7, solar radius 0.7Rs. This is summarized in Example 4 below.

Energy Hole (Atomic Hydrogen) In the preferred embodiment, the energy holes (approximately 27.21 eV each) are:
Delivered by electron transfer reactions of the reactants, including electrochemical reactants (electrocatalytic ions or couples). Electrochemical reactants release heat from hydrogen atoms when their electrons are induced to relax to a quantized potential energy level below the "ground state". The electron transfer reaction, the energy removed by the energy holes, resonates with the released hydrogen energy and induces this transition. A source of hydrogen atoms is generated at the cathode surface during the electrolysis of water for electrolyte energy reactors and during the electrolysis of hydrogen gas or hydrides for pressurized gas energy reactors or gas discharge energy reactors. To be done.

(“Ground state” of hydrogen type molecule and molecular ion)
Two hydrogen atoms react to form a diatomic molecule, a hydrogen molecule.

[Formula 6] At this time, 2C is the internuclear distance. In addition, two hydrino atoms react to form a diatomic molecule (hereinafter called dihydrino molecule).
To form.

[Formula 7] At this time, p is an integer.

The central force equation for hydrogen-type molecules is a circular, elliptical, parabolic, or hyperbolic orbital solution. The former two types of solutions are associated with atomic and molecular orbital functions. `` Unification of space time, force, matter, energy (The Uni
fication of Spacetime, the Forces, Matter, and Ene
rgy) '', Mills, R., Technomic Publishing Company, L
These solutions are nonradiative if the nonradiative boundary conditions given in the "one-electron atom" section of ancaster, Pa, (1992) are satisfied. Mathematical formulation of zero emission must not have a space-time Fourier component in synchronism with the wave propagating at the speed of light where the function describing the motion of the electron. When the angular frequency is below, the boundary condition of the orbital sphere is satisfied.

[Formula 8]

"Unification of space-time, force, matter and energy
(The Unification of Spacetime, the Force Matter,
and Energy), Mills, R., Technomic Publishing Compa
This condition is satisfied for the Dirac delta function of the radius and the product function of the time-harmonic function, as demonstrated in the "one-electron atom" section of ny, Lancaster, PA (1992). At this time, the angular frequency w is a constant and is given by equation (21).

[Formula 9]

At this time, L is the angular momentum and A is the area of the closed geodesic trajectory. Consider the solution of the central force equation, including the two-dimensional ellipsoid and the product of the time harmonics. The spatial part of the product function is the convolution of the radius Dirac delta function with an ellipsoidal equation. The Fourier transform of the convolution of two functions is the product of the Fourier transform of the individual functions; therefore, at the bottom, the time-harmonic boundary condition of the ellipsoid is satisfied.

[Formula 10] At this time, the area of the ellipse is A = πab (24)

2b is a semi-major axis length, and 2a is a semi-major axis length. Geometric molecular hydrogen is an ellipse with the internuclear axis as the principal axis; therefore, the electron orbit is the time-harmonic function of a two-dimensional ellipsoid. The mass continues in time with the geodesic time as determined by the central field of the proton at the focal point. Furthermore, the rotational symmetry of the internuclear axis determines that the orbit is a spheroid. In general, an ellipsoidal orbital of a molecular bond (hereinafter referred to as an ellipsoidal molecular orbital function (MO's)) is represented by the following general equation. X ² / a ² + y ² / b ² + Z ² / c ² = 1 (25) The semimajor axes of an ellipsoid are a, b, and c. In the coordinates of the ellipsoid, Laplacian is

[Formula 11]

The MO of an ellipsoid is equivalent to a charge conductor with a surface given by equation (25). This is the total charge
has q and its potential is ellipsoidal coordinates, the Laplacian solution of equation (26). The excited state of an orbital sphere is defined as "The Unification of space-time, force, matter, energy.
Sapcetime, The Forces, Matter and Energy) '' Mills,
R., Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA, (1
It is discussed in the excited states of the "One-electron atom (quantization)" section of 992). In the case of ellipsoidal MO's, excited states of electrons are created when photons of discrete frequency are trapped in the MO ellipsoidal cavity. Photons change the effective charge at the MO surface where the central field is ellipsoidal. Force balance is achieved with a series of equipotential two-dimensional surfaces of the ellipsoid that are confocal with the ground state ellipsoid. The captured photons have ellipsoidal coordinates,
This is the Laplacian solution of equation (26). The higher and lower energy states are equally valid, as in the orbital sphere. The optical scheduled ordinary wave in both cases is a Laplacian solution in ellipsoidal coordinates. For an ellipsoidal resonator cavity, the relationship between the permissible circumference, 4aE and the photon standing wave, 1 is

4 _a E = nλ (27) At this time, n is an integer. Also,

[Equation 12] Is used in the elliptic integral E of equation (27). Equation (27)
Applying (28) and (28), the relationship between the permissible angular frequency given by equation (23) and the photon standing wave angular frequency, ω, is:

[Formula 13] from omega ₁ is allowed angular frequency a ₁ and b ₁ of n = 1 is n = 1 allowable semimajor axis and a semi-minor equation (29), the magnitude of the elliptic field corresponding to a transition of less than "ground state" hydrogen molecules Is an integer. The potential energy equation for hydrogen molecules is

[0028]

[Formula 14]

Further, p is an integer. From the law of conservation of energy, the next transition

[Formula 15] The resonance energy hole of the hydrogen-type molecule that causes is mp ² × 48.6 eV (36), where m and p are integers. During the transition, the elliptic field increases from magnitude p to magnitude p + m. The corresponding potential energy change is equal to the energy absorbed by the energy hole. Energy hole = -Ve-Vp = mp ² × 48.6ev (37) As the internuclear distance "contracts", more energy is released by the hydrogen-type molecule. The total energy released during the transition, E _T is

[Formula 16]

A schematic diagram of the total energy source of hydrogen type molecules and molecular ions is shown in FIG. Further, an exothermic reaction accompanied by a transition from one potential energy level to a lower level below the “ground state” is hereinafter referred to as hydrogen catalysis. A hydrogen-type molecule having an electron with a lower energy level than the "ground state" corresponding to a fractional quantum number is hereinafter called a dihydrino molecule. Dihydrin with internuclear distance, 2C = √2α ₀ / p (p is an integer)
o The numerator symbol is H ^* ₂ [2c = √2α ₀ / P]. A schematic of the size of hydrogen-type molecules as a function of total energy is in FIG.

The magnitude of the elliptic field corresponding to the first sub-ground state hydrogen type molecule is 2. From the law of energy conservation, the resonance energy of a hydrogen molecule with an internuclear distance of 2C = √2a is excited to transition below the first "ground state" with an internuclear distance of 2c = 1 / v2 a _0. The hole is given by equations (30) and (31). Then the elliptic field increases from magnitude 1 to magnitude 2:

[Formula 17]

In other words, the "ground state" field of the ellipsoid of hydrogen molecules is considered as the superposition of Fourier components.
Removing the negative Fourier component of the energy, m × 48.6 eV (42), where m is an integer, the positive electric field in the ellipsoidal shell increases m times the proton charge at each focal point. The synthetic electric field is a Laplacian time harmonic solution in elliptic coordinates. A hydrogen molecule with an internuclear distance of 2c '= √2a ₀ transitions to a level below the "ground state", and the internuclear distance for achieving force balance and nonradiation is 2C' = √2a _0/1 + m. Total energy when decaying from "ground state" to this internuclear distance

[Formula 18] Is released.

Energy Hole (Molecular Hydrogen) In the preferred embodiment, the energy holes are each about m × 48.6 eV.
Is an electrochemical reactant (electrocatalytic ion or couple)
, Which is provided by the electron transfer reaction of the reactants. Heat is released from the molecular hydrogen as the electrochemical reactants induce the electrons to relax to the quantized potential energy levels below the "ground state". The energy removed by the electron transfer reaction, the energy hole, resonates with the hydrogen energy released to induce this transition. The source of molecular hydrogen is on the cathode surface during the electrolysis of water in the case of electrolytic energy reactors and during the electrolysis of hydrogen gas or hydrides in the case of pressurized gas energy reactors or gas discharge energy reactors. Is generated by.

(Energy Reactor) This invention relates to an electrolytic cell energy reactor, a pressurized gas energy reactor,
And a gas discharge energy reactor, etc., including: a source of hydrogen; a source of energy holes for one solid, melt, liquid, and gas; a vessel containing a source of hydrogen and energy holes (in which hydrogen and energy holes Of the lower molecular hydrogen) to prevent the exothermic contractile reaction from equilibrating. By adapting the energy holes to balance the resonant contraction energy, the contraction kinetics and net power are increased. In general, the output can be optimized by adjusting the temperature, the pressure of the hydrogen gas, the source of the energy holes that couple the electrocatalytic ions or couples. The source of energy holes provides the energy holes, electrocatalytic or couple counterions, and surface area where the shrinkage reaction occurs. Further, the present invention comprises a polyfunctional substance having a functional group capable of dissociating molecular hydrogen, and supplies a hydrogen overflow catalyst and a free hydrogen atom. Free hydrogen atoms spill over to the functional groups that support the mobile free hydrogen atoms, as well as the functional groups that can be the source of energy holes. A preferred hydrogen gas pressurized energy reactor includes: a vessel; a hydrogen source; a method of controlling the pressure of hydrogen and the flow of hydrogen to the vessel; a substance that dissociates molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen and an energy hole in the gas phase. A substance that can be a source. Sources of energy hole gases include those that sublime, boil, and / or volatilize at the elevated operating temperatures of the gas energy reactive dew. In this reactor, a contraction reaction occurs in the gas phase. Other objects, features, characteristics, and operating methods and functions of the related elements of the present invention will become apparent when considering the following description and the accompanying drawings and the description thereof. All of these are relevant to this description and reference numbers indicate corresponding parts of these figures.

[0035]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS (Structure of Atomic Catalytic Energy Holes) (Single Electron Excited State) Energy holes are the excitation of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. It is provided by the transition from some electrons into the excited state species, including the continuum of states. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of excited state transitions of an electron of one species. At this time, the transition energy of the acceptor species is approximately m × 27.21 eV (m is an integer)
be equivalent to.

(Single electron transfer) energy holes are provided by electron transfer between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of electron transfer from one species to another. At this time, the sum of the ionization energies of the electron donor species and the electron affinity of the ionization energies of the electron acceptor species is approximately m × 27.21 eV (m
Is an integer).

Single Electron Transfer (2 Kinds) An efficient catalytic system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to potassium. For example, the second ionization energy of potassium is 3
It is 1.63 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, when K ⁺ is reduced to K, 4.3
Emits 4 eV. The combination of K ⁺ to K ²⁺ and K ⁺ and K results in the pure energy change in equation (3), 27.28 eV; m = 1
have.

[Formula 19]

It should be noted that the energy released as the atoms contract is much greater than the energy lost to the energy holes. Also, the energy released is large compared to conventional chemical reactions. When sodium is sodium ion, an electrocatalytic reaction of about 27.21 eV is completely impossible. For example, an energy of 42.15 eV is absorbed by the inverse of the reaction given by equation (45) (replace K ⁺ with Na ⁺ ). Na ⁺ + Na ⁺ +42.15 eV → Na + Na ²⁺ (47) Another less efficient catalytic system relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities. For example, the third ionization energy of palladium is 32.93 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, Li ⁺ releases 5.392 eV when reduced to Li. Pd ²⁺ to pd ³⁺ and Li ⁺
As a result, the combination of Li and net energy change is 27.54 eV.
have.

[Formula 20]

(Single electron transfer (1 type)) The energy hole is
It is supplied by the ionization of electrons to the vacuum energy levels from participating species, including compounds of atoms, ions, molecules, and ionized molecules. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of ionization of electrons from one species to the vacuum energy level. At this time, the ionization energy of a type of electron donor is approximately m × 27.21 eV (m is an integer). Titanium has a third ionization energy of 27.49e in equation (3).
Since V and m = 1, it is one catalyst (electrocatalytic ion) that can cause resonance contraction. Therefore, the contraction cascade of the p-th cycle is

[0040]

[Formula 21] Rubidium is also a catalyst (electrocatalytic ion).
The second ionization energy is 27.28 eV.

[Equation 22]

Another single electron transfer reaction that provides an energy hole of approximately m × 27.2 leV (m is an integer) has been described in my earlier US patent application and is referenced here: Title "Energy / Matter Conversion method and structure (Energy / Matter Convers
ion Methods and Structures), serial number 08 / 467,05
1, submitted June 6, 1995, partly continued application, serial number 08/416,
040, submitted on April 3, 1995, partly continued application, serial number 08/10
7,357, filed on August 16, 1993, partly continued application, serial number 08
/ 075,102 (Dkt.99437), submitted on June 11, 1993, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 626,496, submitted on December 12, 1990, partly continuous application, serial number 07 / 345,628, April 28, 1989 Submission, partial continuation application, serial number 07 / 341,733, submitted on April 21, 1989.

(Multi-Electron Transfer) Energy holes are provided by multi-electron transfer between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of the transfer of t-electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, the sum of the ionization energies and / or electron affinities of one electron donor species and the sum of the ionization energies and / or electron affinities of the electron acceptor species is approximately m ×
It is equal to 27.2 leV (m and t are integers).

Energy holes are provided by the transfer of multiple electrons between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of the transfer of t electrons from one species to another. At this time, the value obtained by subtracting the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the continuous electron acceptor of t from the electron affinity and / or ionization energy of the continuous electron donor species of t is approximately m × 27.2 leV (n and t are integers). )be equivalent to. In the preferred embodiment, the electron acceptor species is Mn.
It is an oxide such as O _x , AIO _x , and SiO _x . The preferred molecular electron acceptor is oxygen, O ₂ .

(2 Electron Transfer (1 Kind)) In one embodiment, the catalyst system supplying the energy holes is composed of atoms, ions,
Or it depends on the ionization of two electrons from the molecule to the vacuum energy level. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies is about 27.2 leV. For zinc, the sum of the first and second ionization energies is 27.358 eV, m in equation (3).
Since = 1, it is one catalyst (electrocatalytic atom) capable of causing resonance contraction. Therefore, the contraction cascade of the p-th cycle is

[Formula 23]

(2 Electron Transfer (2 Kinds)) In another embodiment,
The catalytic system that provides the energy holes relies on the transfer of two electrons from one atom, ion, or molecule to another atom or molecule. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies minus the sum of the two electron affinities of the involved atoms, ions, and / or molecules is approximately
It is 27.2 leV. A catalytic system that relies on the transfer of two electrons from an atom to a molecule involves palladium and oxygen. For example, the first and second ionization energies of palladium are 8.34 eV and l9.43 eV, respectively. And the first and second electron affinities of oxygen molecule are 0.45 eV and 0.11, respectively.
eV. The energy hole resulting from two-electron transfer is suitable for resonant absorption. The combination of Pd ²⁺ and O ₂ to O ₂ ²⁻ consequently has a net energy change of 27.21 eV.

[0046]

[Equation 24] The additional atom, molecule, or compound that can be replaced by O ₂ is the first at approximately 0.45 eV and 0.11 eV, respectively.
And has a second electron affinity. Eg, O and to form a O ^2-, mixed oxides comprising O ₂ to form the O ₂ ^2-(Mn
O _x , AIO _x , SiO _x ).

(2 Electron Transfer (2 Kinds)) In another embodiment,
The catalyst system that supplies the energy holes is one atom, iodide.
From one atom or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule
It depends on the transfer of two electrons. At this time, two ionization
From the total energy, the atoms, ions,
And / or one ionization energy of the molecule and one
Subtracting the total electron affinity is approximately 27.2 leV.
It A touch that depends on the transfer of two electrons from an atom to an ion
The medium is related to xenon and lithium. For example, Kise
The first and second ionization energies of non are l
2.l3eV and 2l.2leV. And the first Io of lithium
Energy and first electron affinity are 5.39 eV, respectively.
It is 0.62 eV. The energy holes resulting from two-electron transfer are
Suitable for sound absorption. Xe to Xe²⁺And Li ⁺To Li^-Compound of
Has a net energy change of 27.33 eV as a result.

[Formula 25]

(2 Electron Transfer (2 Kinds)) In another embodiment,
The catalytic system that provides the energy holes relies on the transfer of two electrons from one atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies minus the sum of the two ionization energies of the involved atoms and / or molecules is approximately 27.2 leV. Catalytic systems that rely on the transfer of two electrons from the first ion to the second ion are related to silver (Ag ⁺ ) and silver (Ag ²⁺ ). For example, the second and third ionization energies of silver are 21.49 eV and 34.83 eV, respectively.
And the second and third ionization energies of silver are 21.49 eV and 7.58 eV, respectively. The energy hole resulting from two-electron transfer is suitable for resonant absorption. Ag ⁺ to Ag ³⁺ and Ag
^{The 2+} to Ag combination thus has a net energy change of 27.25 eV.

[Equation 26]

(3 Electron Transfer (2 Kinds)) In another embodiment,
The catalytic system that supplies the energy holes relies on the transfer of three electrons from one ion to another. At this time, the sum of the electron affinity of the first ion and the total of the two ionization energies minus the total of the three ionization energies of the second ion is about 27.2 leV. Catalytic systems that rely on the transfer of three electrons from one ion to a second ion are related to Li ⁻ and Cr ³⁺ . For example, the electron affinity, first ionization energy, and second ionization energy of lithium are 0.62 eV, 5.392 eV, and 75.63, respectively.
It is 8 eV. And, the third, second, and first ionization energies of Cr ³⁺ are 30.96 eV, 16.50 eV, and 6.766 eV, respectively. The energy hole resulting from three-electron transfer is suitable for resonant absorption. Li ^- to Li ²⁺ and Cr ³⁺ to Cr
Has a net net energy change of 27.42 eV.

[Equation 27]

(3 electron transfer (2 types)) In another embodiment,
The catalytic system that provides the energy holes relies on the transfer of three electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule. At this time, the sum of the three consecutive ionization energies of the electron donor species minus the sum of the three consecutive ionization energies of the electron acceptor species is
It is about 27.21 eV. A catalytic system that depends on the transfer of three electrons from an atom to an ion is related to Ag and Ce ^3+. For example, the first, second, and third ionization energies of silver are 7.58 eV and 2 l, respectively. .49 eV and 34.83 eV.
And Ce ³⁺ The third, second, and first ionization energies of are 20.20 eV, 10.85 eV, and 5.47 eV, respectively. The energy hole resulting from three-electron transfer is suitable for resonant absorption. The combination of Ag to Ag ³⁺ and Ce ³⁺ to Ce results in a net energy change of 27.38 eV.

[Formula 28]

Structure of Additional Catalytic Energy Holes (Single Electron Transfer) In a further embodiment, the energy holes of energy equal to the total energy released due to electronic transitions below the "ground state" of the hydrogen atom. Is an atom, an ion,
It is supplied by the transfer of electrons between participating species, including compounds and molecules and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of the transfer of electrons from one species to another. At this time, the sum of the ionization energies of the electron donor species and the ionization energy or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species is about m / 2 La 27.21 eV.
(M is an integer).

M corresponding to the transition from n = 1 to n = 1/2
= 3, an efficient catalytic system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves arsenic and calcium. For example, the third ionization energy of calcium is 50.908 eV
Is. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, when As ⁺ is reduced to As, 9.81 eV
To release. The combination of Ca ³⁺ and As ⁺ to As from Ca ^{2 tens,} then, has a net energy change of 41.1EV.

[Equation 29]

(Multi-Electron Transfer) Energy holes are provided by the transfer of multi-electrons between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. 1
In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of the transfer of t-electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron donor species minus the sum of ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species is approximately m /
It is equal to 2 × 27.21 eV (m and t are integers).

(Catalyst Energy Pore Structure of Molecules) (Single Electron Excited State) Energy holes are provided by the transition of electrons from species to excited state species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. . In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of excited state transitions of an electron of one species. At this time, the transition energy of the acceptor species is mp
² × 48.6 eV (m and p are integers). A (single electron transfer) energy hole is provided by the transfer of one electron between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of the transfer of electrons from one species to another. At this time, the sum of the ionization energies of the electron donor species and the ionization energy or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species is approximately equal to mp ² × 48.6 eV (m and p are integers).

(Single electron transfer (2 types)) An efficient catalytic system that depends on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to iron and lithium. For example, the fourth ionization energy of iron is 5
It is 4.8 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, when Li ⁺ is reduced to Li, 5.3
It emits 92 eV. The combination of Fe ³⁺ to Fe ⁴⁺ and Li ⁺ to Li is
As a result, it has a net energy change of 49.4 eV.

[Formula 30]

It should be noted that the energy released as the molecule contracts is much greater than the energy lost to the energy holes. Also, the energy released is large compared to conventional chemical reactions. An efficient catalytic system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to scandium. For example, the fourth ionization energy of scandium is 73.47 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. But Sc
^{When 3+} is reduced to Sc ²⁺ , it releases 24.76 eV Sc ³⁺ to S
The combination of c ⁴⁺ and Sc ³⁺ to Sc ²⁺ consequently has a net energy change of 48.7 eV.

[Formula 31]

An efficient catalytic system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to yttrium. For example, the fourth ionization energy of gallium is 64.00 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, Pb ²⁺ releases 15.03 eV when reduced to Pb ⁺ . The combination of Ga ^{3 +} to Ba ⁴⁺ and Pb ²⁺ to Pb ⁺ , consequently, has a net energy change of 48.97 eV.

[Equation 32]

(Single electron transfer (1 type)) The energy hole is
Includes atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules.
From the species involved to the vacuum energy level
Supplied by ionization. Energy in one embodiment
-Hole is a hole for electrons from one species to the vacuum energy level.
Composed of ionization. At this time, the ionization energy of the electron donor species
Energy is about mp ²× 48.6eV (m and p are integers)
Yes.

(Multi-electron transfer) energy holes are provided by the transfer of multi-electrons between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. 1
In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of the transfer of t-electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, a value obtained by subtracting the total ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species from the total ionization energy and / or charge making power of the electron donor species is approximately mp ²
* 48.6eV (m, P, t are integers).

Energy holes are provided by the transfer of multiple electrons between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of the transfer of t electrons from one species to another. At this time, the value obtained by subtracting the continuous ionization energy and / or electron affinity of t of the electron acceptor from the continuous electron affinity and / or ionization energy of t of the electron donor species is approximately mp ² × 48.6 eV (m, P, t are Integer). In the preferred embodiment, the electron acceptor species is
It is an oxide such as MnO _x , AlO _x , and SiO _x . The preferred molecular electron acceptor is oxygen, O ₂ .

(2 Electron Transfer (1 Kind)) In one embodiment, the catalyst system supplying the energy holes is composed of atoms, ions,
Or it depends on the ionization of two electrons from the molecule to the vacuum energy level. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies is approximately mp ² × 48.6 eV (m and P are integers).

(Two-Electron Transfer (Two Kinds)) In another embodiment,
The catalytic system that provides the energy holes relies on the transfer of two electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to another atom or molecule. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies minus the sum of the two electron affinities of the involved atoms, ions, and / or molecules is approximately mp ² × 4
It is 8.6 eV (m and p are integers).

(2 Electron Transfer (2 Kinds)) In another embodiment,
The catalytic system that provides the energy holes relies on the transfer of two electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule. In this case, from the sum of the two ionization energies, the involved atoms, ions, and / or
Or the sum of one ionization energy and one electron affinity of a molecule is about mp ² × 48.6 eV (m and p are integers). (Other Energy Holes) Energy holes in other embodiments, respectively about m × 67.8 eV given by equation (30).

[Formula 33]

Is provided by an electron transfer reaction of the reaction conditions, which includes electrochemical reactants (electrocatalytic ions or couples). This electrochemical reactant has those electrons
It gives off heat from molecular hydrogen when induced to relax to a quantized potential energy level below the "ground state". The electron transfer reaction, the energy removed by the energy holes, resonates with the released hydrogen energy,
Induce this transition. A source of molecular hydrogen is produced at the cathode surface during the electrolysis of water in the case of electrolysis energy reactors and during the electrolysis of hydrogen gas or hydrides in the case of pressurized gas energy reactors or gas discharge energy reactors. To be done.

Energy holes are provided by the transfer of one or more electrons between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, the sum of the ionization energy and / or the electron affinity of the electron donor species minus the sum of the ionization energy and / or the electron affinity of the electron acceptor species is approximately mp ² × 48.
It is equal to 6 eV (m and t are integers). An efficient catalytic system that relies on the coupling of three resonator box cavities is related to magnesium and strontium. For example, the third ionization energy of magnesium is 80.143 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. But Sr
^{2 +} releases 11.03 eV when reduced to Sr ⁺ . Mg ^{2 +}
To Mg ^{3 +} and Sr ²⁺ to Sr ⁺ , the result is 69.1 eV
With a net energy change of.

[Equation 34]

Another efficient catalytic system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves magnesium and calcium. In this case, Ca ^{2 dozen} when it is reduced to Ca ^+, releasing 11.871EV. The combination of Mg ²⁺ Mg ³⁺ and Ca ² from ⁺ Ca ⁺ a, then, has a net energy change of 68.2EV.

[Formula 35]

In four other embodiments, theorized in my earlier US patent application referenced herein, serial no. 08 / 107,357, filed August 16, 1993, the energy holes were each approximately as follows: N × E _t eV with zero-order oscillation (E _t is given by equation (38)); n × E _t eV with zero-order oscillation (E _t is given by equation (43)); m × 31.94eV (31.94eV is US patent application No. 08/10
7,357 equations (222) (given by n and m are integers)

[0068]

[Formula 36] And 95.7 eV (US patent application, serial numbers 08/107, 357 of equations (254) and (222) -Et _{zero order} -E _vib / 2
Of the equation (43) with zero-order oscillation given by the difference of
Corresponds to m = 1)

[0069]

[Formula 37] Is an electrochemical reactant (electrocatalytic ion or couple)
Is provided by an electron transfer reaction of a reactant containing. This electrochemical reactant gives off heat from molecular hydrogen when its electrons are induced to relax to a quantized potential energy level below the "ground state". Electron transfer reaction,
The energy removed by the energy holes resonates with the released hydrogen energy, inducing this transition.
A source of molecular hydrogen is produced at the cathode surface during the electrolysis of water in the case of electrolysis energy reactors and during the electrolysis of hydrogen gas or hydrides in the case of pressurized gas energy reactors or gas discharge energy reactors. To be done.

Energy holes are provided by the transfer of one or more electrons between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, a value obtained by subtracting the total ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species from the total ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron donor species is approximately m × 31.9.
4eV (equation (222)) (m and t are integers).

Energy holes are provided by the transfer of one or more electrons between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy holes consist of the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron donor species minus the sum of ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species is approximately m × 95.7.
is equal to eV (m and t are integers). Energy Reactor An energy reactor 50 (FIG. 5) according to the present invention comprises an energy reaction mixture 54, a heat exchanger 60, and a vessel 52 having a steam generator 62.
The heat exchanger 60 absorbs the heat released by the shrinkage reaction, at which time the reaction mixture of shrinkable materials shrinks. The heat exchanger exchanges heat with the steam generator 62 that absorbs heat from the exchanger 60 and generates steam. The energy reactor 50 further comprises a turbine 70 that receives steam from a steam generator 62 and provides mechanical power to an output generator 80. The power generator 80 converts steam energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is received by the load 90 and either produces or dissipates work.

The energy reaction mixture 54 comprises a source of hydrogen isotope atoms or a molecular hydrogen isotope, and a source of energy holes.
Consisting of energy emitting materials 56, including 58. The source 58 of the energy hole is approximately m × 27.21 eV (m is an integer) to cause “contraction” of atomic hydrogen, and approximately m × 48.6 eV (m is an integer) to cause “contraction” of molecular hydrogen. )
Resonate and remove. Here, the contraction reaction occurs due to the contact between the source of the energy holes and hydrogen. The contraction reaction releases heat and contracted atoms and / or molecules.

The source of hydrogen can be hydrogen gas, dissociation of water, including thermal dissociation, electrolysis of water, hydrogen from hydrides, or hydrogen from metal monohydrogen solutions. In all examples, the source of energy holes can be one or more electrochemical, chemical, photochemical, thermal, free radical, sonic, nuclear, etc. reactions, or inelastic scattering reactions of photons or particles. In the latter two cases, the energy reactor of the invention consists of a particle source 75b and / or a photon source 75a for supplying the above-mentioned energy holes. In these cases the energy holes correspond to stimulated emission by photons or particles. In the preferred embodiment of the pressurized gas energy (FIG. 7) and the gas discharge reactor (FIG. 8), respectively, a photon source
75a dissociates a hydrogen molecule into hydrogen atoms. At least one approximately m × 27.21eV, m / 2 × 27.21eV, or 40.8eV
A photon source that produces photons of energy causes a stimulated emission of energy as the hydrogen atoms undergo a contraction reaction. In another preferred embodiment, at least one photon source 75a that produces photons with an energy of approximately m × 48.6 eV, 95.7 eV, or m × 3l.94 eV has a stimulated emission of energy as the molecular hydrogen undergoes a contraction reaction. cause. In all reaction mixtures, a selected external energy device 75, such as an electrode, is used to supply an electrostatic potential or current (magnetic field) to reduce the activation energy of resonant absorption of the energy holes. In another embodiment, the mixture 54 further comprises a surface or material that dissociates and / or absorbs the atoms and / or molecules of the energy emitting material 56. Surfaces or materials that dissociate and / or absorb hydrogen, deuterium, or deuterium include: hydrogen, compounds, alloys, or transition elements or mixtures of internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium,
Zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, C
r, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd,
La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, P
m, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, P
a, U, activated carbon (carbon), and intercalated Gs carbon (graphite). In the preferred embodiment, the source of energy holes that contract the hydrogen atoms comprises catalytic energy hole material 58,
It consists of electrocatalyst ions and a couple, which typically supply an energy hole of approximately m × 27.21 eV plus or minus 1 eV. In a preferred embodiment, the source of energy holes that contract molecular hydrogen consists of catalytic energy pore material 58, from electrocatalyst ions and couples, including those that provide energy holes of approximately m x 48.6 eV plus or minus 5 eV. Become. Electrocatalytic ions and couples, including the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my earlier US patent application, are referenced here: Title "Energy / Matter Conversion Methods
d Structures) ", serial number 08/467, 051, June 6, 1995.
Date submission, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, April 1995
Submitted on March 3rd, Partial continuation application, Serial number 08 / 107,357,199
Submitted on August 16, 3rd, Partially continuing application, serial number 08 / 075,102
(Dkt. 99437), submitted June 11, 1993, partly continued application,
Serial number 07 / 626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 345,628, filed April 28, 1989, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989 .

A further embodiment is a vessel 52 having a source of energy holes that includes: melt, liquid, gas, or solid state electrocatalytic ions or couples (sources of energy holes), and hydrides, Hydrogen source such as gaseous hydrogen. In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, the example further comprises a method of dissociating molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, including: elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of arresting elements, internal transfer elements, iron, Platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn,
Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re,
Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, D
y, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon),
And electromagnetic radiation including Cs carbon (graphite) intercalated between layers or UV light provided by a photon source 75.

The present invention relates to an electrolytic cell energy reaction device,
It consists of a pressurized gas energy reactor, a gas discharge energy reactor, etc., including: a hydrogen source; a source of energy holes for one solid, melt, liquid, and gas; A container containing hydrogen and a source of energy pores in which the shrinkage reaction occurs; and a method of removing the (molecular) lower energy hydrogen to prevent the exothermic shrinkage reaction from equilibrating. This energy invention is further described in my earlier US patent application and is referenced here: Title "Energy Matter Conversion Methods and Structu.
res), serial number 08 / 467,051, submitted June 6, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, submitted April 3, 1995,
Partial continuation application, serial number 08 / 107,357, submitted on August 16, 1993, partial continuation application, serial number 08/075, 102 (Dkt.9943
7), submitted on June 11, 1993, partly continued application, serial number 07 /
626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 345,628, filed April 28, 1989, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989, and my publication Thing, Mills, R., Kenizys, S. , Fusion Technology,
210, (1991), pp.65-81; Mills, R., Good, W., Sha
ubach, R., Dihydrino molecular identification (Molecule Identificati
on) ”, Fusion Technology, 25, 103 (1994); Mills,
R., Good, W., “Fractional quantum energy level of hydrogen (Frac
tionalQuantum energy levels of Hydrogen) ”, Fusio
n Technology, Vol. 28, No. April, November, (1995), PP.
1697-1719.

[0076]

EXAMPLES (Electrolytic Energy Reactor) An electrolytic energy reactor was described in my earlier US patent application,
Reference here: Title "Energy / Matter Conversion Methods and Str
uctures) ”, serial number 08 / 467,051, submitted June 6, 1995, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, April 3, 1995
Mt. Hidai, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, August 1993
Submitted on March 16, Partially continuing application, Serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dkt
・ 99437), submitted on June 11, 1993, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 626,496, submitted on December 12, 1990, partly continued application,
Serial number 07 / 345,628, submitted on April 28, 1989, partial continuation application, serial number 07 / 341,733, submitted on April 21, 1989. A preferred embodiment of the energy reactor of the present invention comprises an electrolyser forming a reaction vessel 52 (FIG. 5) containing a molten electrolyzer. The electrolytic cell 100 is shown generally in FIG. An electric current flows through an electrolytic solution 102 with electrocatalytic ions or couples that provides an energy hole equal to the resonance contraction energy (see the electrocatalyst described in my earlier U.S. patent application referenced herein). Including working ions and couples). Therefore, the output control device 108 driven by the power supply 110
Therefore, a voltage is applied to the anode 104 and the cathode 106. Ultrasonic energy or mechanical energy is also transmitted to the cathode 106 and the electrolytic solution 102 by the vibrating device 112. Heater 114
The heat can be supplied to the electrolytic solution 102. Pressure regulator 1
The pressure of the electrolytic cell 100 can be controlled by 16 and the cell can be closed. The reactor is further configured with a method 101, such as a selective vent valve, that removes the lower energy (molecular) hydrogen to prevent the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating.

In the preferred embodiment, by applying a hydrogen source 121 and an overpressure of hydrogen, the cell operates with a zero voltage gap. Here, overpressure can be controlled by means of the pressure control devices 122 and 116. The cathode 106 can decompose water into hydrogen and hydroxide, and the anode 104 can oxidize hydrogen into protons. Examples of electrolyzer energy reactors include the reverse fuel cell geometry, which removes lower energy hydrogen under vacuum. The preferred cathode 106 in this embodiment has a modified gas diffusion layer, and the first Teflon®
It comprises a gas loop method including a membrane filter and a composite layer of a second carbon paper / Teflon membrane filter. A further embodiment includes a reaction vessel that can be closed except for the connection with the condenser 140 at the top of the vessel 100. The cell is operated at the time of boiling, and the vapor emitted from the boiling electrolyte 102 is condensed by the condenser 1
It can be condensed at 40 and the condensed water can be returned to the container 100. The lower energy hydrogen flows through the top of condenser 140. In one embodiment, the condenser includes a hydrogen / oxygen recombiner 145 in contact with the emitted electrolysis gas. Hydrogen and oxygen are recombined and the resulting water returns to container 100. Heat released from the exothermic reaction that causes the electrons of hydrogen atoms (molecules) produced electrolytically to undergo an inductive transition from the "ground state" to lower energy levels, and the heat released by the recombination of standard hydrogen and oxygen that is generated electrolytically. Are removed by the heat exchanger 60 (FIG. 5) connected to the condenser 140.

In a vacuum with no external field, the energy holes that induce hydrogen atoms (molecules) to undergo contraction transition are mx
It is 27.21 eV (m x 48.6 eV) (m is an integer). Atom (molecule)
This resonance contraction energy can be modified when is in a different medium than the vacuum. For example, an electrolytic aqueous solution 10 having an intrinsic or applied magnetic field supplied by an applied electric field or an external magnetic field generator 75.
There is a hydrogen atom (molecule) absorbed by the cathode 106 at 2.
The energy hole required under such conditions is mx 27.21e
It may be slightly different from V (m × 48.6eV). Thus, when operating under these conditions, a source of energy holes containing electrocatalytic ions and couple reactants having redox (electron transfer) energies that resonate with the resonant contraction energy can be selected. If the cell operates in the voltage range of 1.4 V to 5 V and the nickel cathode 106 is used to electrolyze the aqueous solution 102, K ⁺ / K ⁺ and Rb ⁺ (Fe ³⁺ / Li ⁺ and Sc ³⁺ / Sc ^{3 +} ) Electrocatalytic ions and couples are the preferred embodiment for contracting hydrogen atoms (molecules).

The cathode supplies hydrogen atoms (molecules), and a contraction reaction occurs on the surface of the cathode where the hydrogen atoms (molecules) are in contact with the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples). Therefore, the shrinkage reaction may depend on the surface area of the cathode. When a constant concentration is given per unit area of hydrogen atoms (molecules) at a constant current density, the surface area increases and the number of reactants for causing a contraction reaction increases. In addition, the increased surface area of the cathode reduces the resistance of the electrolytic cell which improves electrolysis efficiency. Desirable cathodes for electrolytic cells containing nickel cathodes have properties such as high surface area, pressure hardened surfaces such as cold drawn / machined surfaces, and many grain boundaries.

In a preferred embodiment of the electrolyzer energy reactor, the source of energy holes can be mechanically incorporated into the cathode by methods that include cold working the source of energy holes into the cathode surface; Energy is generated thermally by methods such as melting the source of the energy holes or solvent evaporation of the solution of the source of the energy holes in contact with the cathode surface, and electrostatically by methods such as electrolytic deposition, ion bombardment or vacuum deposition. The source of holes can be incorporated into the cathode.

The shrinkage reaction rate may depend on the configuration of the cathode 106. Hydrogen atoms (molecules) are reactants that generate energy through a contraction reaction. Therefore, the cathode must efficiently supply a high concentration of hydrogen atoms (molecules). Cathode 106 comprises elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of conductors or semiconductors. This is a transition element and compound,
Actinide and lanthanide elements and compounds, and Group IIIB
Includes Group IVB elements and compounds. The transition metal (element) dissociates hydrogen gas into atoms by the metal (element) to some extent. Nickel and titanium easily dissociate hydrogen molecules, and are desirable examples of contraction of hydrogen atoms.
The cathode changes the energy of absorbed hydrogen atoms (molecules) and affects the contraction reaction energy. Depending on the energy hole and the resonance contraction energy, the cathode material that supplies resonance can be selected. In the case of K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple with carbonate as the counter ion that catalyzes the contraction of hydrogen atom, the relationship between the cathode material and the reaction rate is as follows: Pt <pd << ti, fe <Ni

This may be the opposite order of energy released when these materials absorb hydrogen atoms. Therefore, for this electrocatalytic couple, a slight perturbation of the electron energy can be used to enhance the reaction rate by using a cathode that weakly absorbs hydrogen atoms. Moreover, when the medium is a non-linear medium such as a magnetized ferromagnetic medium, the coupling of the resonator cavities and the enhancement of the energy transfer between them can be enhanced. Therefore, the paramagnetic or ferromagnetic cathode and the non-linear magnetization medium increase the resonance contraction energy of the hydrogen atom and the coupling of the energy hole containing the electrocatalytic ion or couple, thereby increasing the reaction rate. Alternatively, a magnetic field can be applied with the magnetic field generator 75. The magnetic field of the cathode modifies the energy of the absorbed hydrogen and concomitantly the resonance contraction energy. Further, the magnetic field changes the energy level of electrons accompanying the reaction and perturbs the energy of the reaction (energy hole) of the electrocatalysis. The strength of the magnetic field and the magnetic properties of the cathode are selected and applied by the magnetic field generator 75 to optimize the contraction reaction rate-power. The preferred ferromagnetic cathode is nickel.

Desirability of Electrolyte Cathode Including Nickel Cathode
The cleaning method is about 0.57M X₂CO₃(X is K⁺Electrolysis including
Alkaline cations) in a basic electrolyte solution
Anodize the cathode with about 3% H₂O₂Dilute solution H like
₂O₂Soak the cathode in. In a further embodiment of the cleaning method
Is a circulating voltaic with a second electrode of the same material as the first cathode.
The voltage meter (voltametry) operates. Then distill the cathode
Rinse thoroughly with water. Organic substances on the cathode surface are generated electrolytically
The electron of the hydrogen atom (molecule) to be stored is lower than the "ground state".
Suppress catalytic reaction that induces transition to energy level
Control. Cleaning by this method is carried out from the cathode surface with organic substances.
Is removed and oxygen atoms are added to the cathode surface. Cathode anode
Processing and H₂O₂By cleaning the cathode at
When the metal (element) surface of is doped with oxygen atoms,
Power increases. Therefore, the recombination of hydrogen and molecular hydrogen
The resonant contraction energy of hydrogen that is reduced and absorbed is
K⁺/ K ⁺(Sc³⁺/ Sc³⁺) Energy such as couple for electrocatalyst
-Hydrogen, adapted to the energy holes supplied by the hole source
Also reduces the binding energy between atoms (molecules) and metals (elements)
Less.

Different anode materials have different overpotentials that oxidize water and can also cause ohmic losses. Low overpotential anodes increase efficiency. The preferred anode is a dimensionally stable anode such as nickel, platinum, and platinum titanium Carbonate is used as the counterion, in the case of K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couples, nickel is the preferred anode. Is also a desirable anode, along with a nickel cathode, for use in basic solutions. Nickel is less expensive than platinum, and raw nickel can also be electroplated on the cathode during electrolysis.

A preferred method of cleaning a dimensionally stable anode such as a platinum titanium anode is about 3M of the anode for about 5 minutes.
Put in HCl, then rinse with distilled water. In the case of hydrogen atom contraction, hydrogen atoms on the surface of the cathode 106 form hydrogen gas, and the hydrogen atoms form bubbles on the surface of the cathode. These bubbles act as a boundary layer between hydrogen atoms and electrocatalytic ions or couples. The boundary can be improved by vibrating the cathode and / or the electrolytic solution 102 or applying ultrasonic waves with the vibrating device 112; and adding a wetting agent to the electrolytic solution 102 to reduce the surface tension of water. ,
There is also a method of preventing bubble formation. The use of a smooth surfaced cathode or wire cathode prevents gas deposition. In addition, the intermittent current supplied by the on / off circuit of the output control device 108 supplies periodic supply of hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms are dissipated by hydrogen gas formation and diffuse into the solution while preventing excess hydrogen gas formation leading to boundary layer formation.

The contraction reaction may be temperature dependent. In most chemical reactions, the rate of reaction doubles with each 10 ° C increase in temperature. The increase in temperature increases the collision rate between hydrogen atoms (molecules) and electrocatalytic ions or couples, which increases the contraction reaction rate. With large temperature excursions from room temperature, the kinetic energy distribution of the reactants can be completely modified so that the energy holes and the resonance shrinkage energies adapt to different degrees. Velocity can be proportional to the conformation of these energies and the degree of resonance. Shrinkage Rate-The temperature can be adjusted to optimize the rate of energy production. For K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couples, in the preferred embodiment, heat is applied in the heater 114 to react above room temperature.

The contraction reaction may depend on the current density. The increase in current density is in some respects equivalent to the increase in temperature. As the collision velocity increases, the energy of the reactants increases with the current density. That is, the velocity can be increased by increasing the collision velocity of the reactants;
The velocity may be increased or decreased by the effect of the increased reactant energy in the energy hole or conformation of the resonance contraction energy. Also, the increased current may dissipate more energy by ohmic heating, forming hydrogen bubbles in the case of hydrogen atom contraction. However, the high gas flow eliminates bubbles that reduce any hydrogen gas boundary layer. The current density can be tailored at the power controller 108 to optimize excess energy production. In the preferred embodiment, the current density is in the range of 1 milliamp to 1000 milliamps per square centimeter.

The pH of the electrolytic water solution 102 can affect the shrinkage reaction rate. When the electrocatalyst ion or couple is positively charged, increasing the pH reduces the concentration of hydronium at the cathode; thus increasing the concentration of electrocatalytic ion or couple cation. As the concentration of reactants increases, so does the reaction rate. Rb + or K ⁺ / K ⁺ (SC ³⁺ / SC
³⁺ ) ions or couples, the preferred pH is basic (7.
1-14). Electrocatalytic ions or couple counterions of the electrolytic solution 102 change the energy of the transition state,
The contraction kinetics can be influenced. For example, a K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple transition state compound with a hydrogen atom has a positive charge of 2, and involves three object collisions that may be disadvantageous. The minus 2 charged oxyanion (0xanion) can bind two potassium ions; thus providing a lower energy neutral transition state compound. Its formation depends on binary collisions and is very advantageous. The rate may depend on the separation distance of the potassium ion as part of the composition with the oxyanion. The larger the separation distance, the less favorable the transfer of electrons between them. Close juxtaposition of potassium ions will increase velocity. When the K ⁺ / K ⁺ couple is used, the relationship of reaction rates of counterions is as follows. _{^{OH - <Po 3- 4, HPO}} 2- 3 <
SO ^2- ₄ << Co ^2- ₃

Thus, the planar minus two charged oxyanions are more desirable as counterions for the K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple. The anion includes a carbonate with at least two binding sites of K- ¹⁰ , which provides a close juxtaposition of K- ¹⁰ ions. Also, carbonate counterions are more desirable counterions for electrocatalytic ions. An output controller 108 consisting of an intermittent current, on-off, electrolysis circuit will provide optimization of the electric field and increase excess heat as a function of time to provide maximum conformation of reactant energy. It also provides the optimum concentration of hydrogen atoms (molecules) while minimizing the ohmic and electrolysis output losses. Furthermore, in the case of hydrogen atom contraction, the formation of hydrogen gas boundary layers is minimized. Frequency, duty cycle, peak voltage, step waveform, peak voltage, and offset voltage are adjusted to achieve optimal contraction reaction rate and contraction reaction output while minimizing ohmic and electrolytic output losses. When using a K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple with carbonate as the counterion and platinum as the nickel anode as the cathode, a preferred embodiment can use an intermittent square wave with the following: about 1.4 volts to 2 Offset voltage of 2V; peak voltage of about 1.5V to 3.75V; peak current of about 1mA to 100mA per square centimeter of cathode surface area; about 5% to 90%
Duty cycle; frequencies in the range of approximately 1 Hz to 1500 Hz.

By repeating the contraction reaction, more energy is released. The contracted atoms (molecules) diffuse into the cathode lattice. The use of the cathode 106 facilitates multiple contraction reactions of hydrogen atoms (molecules). In one embodiment, by using a fissile, porous cathode for electrocatalytic ions or couples, it can contact contracted atoms (molecules) diffused into a lattice containing a metal (element) lattice. In a further embodiment, a cathode of alternating layers of material providing hydrogen atoms (molecules) during electrolysis is used. This material includes transition metals (elements) and electrocatalytic ions or couples. For example, there are contracted hydrogen atoms (molecules) that diffuse periodically or repetitively to come into contact with electrocatalytic ions or couples.

The shrinkage reaction may depend on the dielectric constant of the medium. The permittivity of the medium modifies the electric field at the cathode and concomitantly the energy of the reactants. Solvents of different dielectric constants have different solvation energies. The dielectric constant of the solvent lowers the overpotential due to electrolysis and improves electrolysis efficiency. A solvent containing water can be selected for the electrolytic solution 102 that optimizes the conformation between the energy holes and the resonance contraction energy and maximizes the electrolytic efficiency. The solubility of hydrogen in the reaction solution may be directly proportional to the hydrogen pressure on the solution. The increased pressure increases the concentration of reactant hydrogen atoms (molecules) at the cathode 106, resulting in increased velocity. However, in the case of hydrogen atom contraction, this also favors the development of the hydrogen gas boundary layer. The pressure regulator 116 can control the hydrogen pressure and optimize the shrinkage reaction rate.

In the preferred embodiment, the electrolytic cell cathode 106 comprises a catalytic material containing a hydrogen spill catalyst. This is explained in the "Pressurized Gas Energy Reactor" section below. In another embodiment, the cathode comprises multiple hollow containers of thin film conductive shells. In this case, the lower energy hydrogen diffuses through the thin film and collects in the respective vessels, in which a disproportionation reaction occurs. At least 10 containers
0 (Fig. 6), condenser 140 (Fig. 6) and heat exchanger 60 (Fig. 5)
The output can be controlled by a computerized monitoring and control system that uses a thermocouple that is present at 0 to monitor the output heat and controls the output modification method.

(Pressurized Gas Energy Reactor) The pressurized gas energy reactor comprises a first container 200 (FIG. 7). This includes hydrogen sources including: metal (element) -hydrogen from hydrogen solutions, hydrogen from hydrides,
Hydrogen from water dissociation, including thermal dissociation, hydrogen from water electrolysis, or hydrogen gas. In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, the reactor further comprises a method of dissociating molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, such as a dissociating material including: elements, compounds, alloys, or transition elements or mixtures of internal transition elements. , Iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, T
c, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au,
Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, T
Electromagnetic activity including m, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) intercalated between layers or UV light provided by a photon source 205. The dissociated hydrogen atoms (molecules) come into contact with the source of the energetic holes in the liquid, gas, or solid containing the electrocatalytic ions and couples.
This is described in my earlier US patent application and is referenced here: Title "Energy / Matter Conversion Methods and Structu
res) ”, serial number 08 / 467,051, submitted June 6, 1995, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, submitted April 3, 1995, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, August 16, 1993
Date submission, partial continuation application, serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dkt.9943
7), submitted on June 11, 1993, partly continued application, serial number 07/6
26,496, submitted on December 12, 1990, partly continued application, serial number
07 / 345,628, submitted on April 28, 1989, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 341,733, submitted on April 21, 1989. The pressurized gas energy reactor further comprises a method 201, such as a selective vent valve, that removes (molecular) lower energy hydrogen and prevents the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating. 1
One example is a heat pipe as heat exchanger 60 (FIG. 5) with a lower energy hydrogen vent valve at the cold spot.

A preferred embodiment of the pressurized gas energy reactor of the present invention comprises a first reaction vessel 200 having an interior surface 240 of a substance that dissociates molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen. This material includes: elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum,
Palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, R
h, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce,
Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, L
u, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers. In a further embodiment, the inner surface 240 comprises a proton conductor. The first reaction container 200 can be sealed in the second reaction container 220. It is also a pressure measurement / control method 2
Hydrogen is received from source 221 under pressure controlled by 22 and 223. In the preferred embodiment, the hydrogen pressure is 10 ^-3 to 100.
It is in the range of atmospheric pressure. The wall 250 of the first container 200 may be hydrogen permeable. External surface 245 and / or external container 220
Has a source of energy holes equal to the resonant contraction energy. In one embodiment, the sources of energy holes are melt, liquid,
Alternatively, it is a mixture or solution containing solid energy holes.
In another embodiment, the electric current flows through the material with the source of energy holes. The reactor further includes a method for controlling the reaction rate, such as a current source 225, and a heating method 230 for heating the first and second reaction vessels 200, 220. In the preferred embodiment, the outer reaction vessel 220 contains oxygen and the inner surface 240 comprises one or more coatings of nickel, platinum, or palladium. Outer surface 245, one or more copper, tellurium, arsenic, cesium, platinum or palladium, and _{CuO x, PtO x, PdO x} , MnO x ,, AlO x, is coated with an oxide such as SiO _x. The electrocatalyst ions or couples are automatically regenerated by regeneration methods including heating method 230 and current source 225.

In another embodiment, the pressurized gas energy reactor is a single reaction vessel 2 having a hydrogen impervious wall 250.
It consists of only 00. In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, one or more hydrogen dissociating substances, including:
0 is coated: transition elements and internal transition elements,
Iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, N
b, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os,
Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, H
o, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers. This internal surface 240
Has one or more sources of energy holes, including:
Copper, tellurium, arsenic, cesium, platinum or palladium, and _{CuO x, PtO x, PdO x} , MnO x, AlO x, oxides such as SiO _x,. In other embodiments, the source of energy holes can be an inelastic scattering reaction of a single photon or particle. In the preferred embodiment, the photon source 205 provides an energy hole, which corresponds to stimulated emission by a photon. In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, photon source 205 dissociates hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms. At least one approximately mx 27.21 eV,
A photon source that generates photons with an energy of m / 2 × 27.21 eV, or 40.8 eV is, when a hydrogen atom undergoes a contraction reaction,
Causes stimulated release of energy. In another preferred embodiment, at least one approximately m × 48.6 eV, 95.7e
A photon source that produces photons with an energy of V, or m × 31.94 eV, causes stimulated emission of energy as the hydrogen molecule undergoes a contraction reaction.

Desirable inner and outer surfaces 240 and 245, including the nickel surface of the pressurized gas energy reactor, are high surface areas, pressure hardened surfaces such as cold drawn surfaces, and many grain boundaries and the like. With the characteristics of.

Implementation of One Pressurized Gas Energy Reactor
Examples include cold working the surface material of the source of energy holes.
The surface of the source of energy holes, mechanically as well
Thermally, by a method involving melting into a substance (fusion),
The source of the rugie hole is trapped on the inner surface 240 and the outer surface 245.
It Further incorporation methods include dry impregnation and surface substances
Vapor deposition of a solution of the source of energy holes in contact with (precipitation),
On impact, vacuum deposition, impregnation, leaching, and electrolytic deposition
Including static electricity including electroplating. Nicke
Desirable inner surface 240 and outer surface 245 cleaning methods including
Is about 0.57MK₂CO₃(X is K⁺Electrolyte containing
Basic electrolysis solution containing hydrogen cation and H ₂O₂Dilute solution of
Then, there is a method of filling the inner container and the outer container. Then within
Thoroughly rinse each of the outer container and the outer container with distilled water. 1
In one embodiment, then at least one of container 200 or container 220
About 0.57MK₂CO₃Dissolution of energy holes containing solution
It can also be filled with liquid.

In a further embodiment, constitutive and / or structural cocatalysts are thrown into the source of the energy pores in order to increase the shrinkage reaction rate. In one embodiment of the pressurized gas energy reactor operating mode, hydrogen is introduced into the first vessel from the source 221 under pressure controlled by the pressure control method 222. In the case of a reactor that shrinks hydrogen atoms, a photon source 205
Molecular hydrogen is dissociated into atomic hydrogen by a dissociative material containing UV light or electromagnetic radiation supplied by. The dissociated hydrogen atoms come into contact with the source of melt, liquid, gas, or solid energy holes. Atomic (molecular) hydrogen releases energy as its electrons are induced by the energy holes to transition to lower energy levels. Instead, the hydrogen dissociates at the inner surface 240 and the wall 250 of the first container 200
Diffuse through and contact the source of energy holes on the outer surface 245, or as a hydrogen atom or recombined hydrogen molecule, to the source of melt, liquid, gas, or solid energy holes. Atomic (molecular) hydrogen releases energy as its electrons are induced by the energy holes to transition to lower energy levels. Automatically heating method 230
Electrocatalytic ions or couples can be regenerated by regeneration methods that include a current source 225 and a current source 225. The (molecular) lower energy hydrogen can be removed from the container 200 and / or the container 220 by a method of removing the (molecular) lower energy hydrogen. For example, there is a selective vent valve method 201 that prevents the exothermic contractile response from equilibrating. Current source 2
A reaction rate (output) can be controlled by passing an electric current through a substance having an energy hole source equal to the resonance contraction energy having 25. And / or, the first reaction container 200 and the second reaction container 220 are heated by the heating method 230. At least first
The output can be monitored with thermocouples present in vessel 200, second vessel 220, and heat exchanger 60 (FIG. 5). The output can be controlled by a computerized monitoring and control system that monitors the thermistor and controls the output modification method. Method 201 removes the (molecular) lower energy hydrogen and prevents the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating.

Process for the Preparation of Catalytic Agents of the Invention, Relating to a Catalytic System Relying on the Transfer of Electrons from One Cation to Another, Which Can Generate Energy Holes for Contracting Hydrogen Atoms : ● Mix cation oxide and hydrogen dissociator. ● Mix thoroughly by repeated sintering and grinding. (Example of ceramic catalyst material: Ni powder of strontium niobium oxide (SrNb ₂ O ₆ ) :) Preparation method of ceramic catalyst material: Ni
Powder strontium niobium oxide (SrNb ₂ 0 _6), of 2.5kg
Add SrNb ₂ 0 ₆ -300 mesh Ni powder 1.5 kg. The materials are mixed to form a homogenous mixture. In an oven at 1600 ° C,
Sinter or calcine the powder in air for 24 hours. The material is cooled and ground to remove lumps. Resinter the material in air at 160 ° C for another 24 hours. The material is cooled to room temperature and powdered.

Methods for the preparation of the catalytic agents of this invention for catalytic systems that rely on the transfer of electrons from one cation to another capable of producing energy holes due to the contraction of hydrogen atoms: ● Dissolve the ionic salt of the cation in the solvent. In the preferred embodiment, the ionic salt is dissolved in deionized demineralized water to a concentration of 0.3 to 0.5 molar. ● Evenly dissociate the dissociated material with the dissolved salt solution. ● Drain excess solution. ● Dry the wet dissociation material, open and preferably at a temperature of 220 ° C. ● Grind the dried catalytic material into powder.

(Example of Ion Catalytic Material: Ni Powdered Potassium Carbonate (K ₂ CO ₃ )) Preparation Method of Ion Catalytic Substance: Ni Powdered Potassium Carbonate (K ₂ CO ₃ ), 500 g of -300 mesh Ni
Powder, pour 0.5 mK ₂ CO ₃ aqueous solution 1 liter. Stir the material to remove the air pockets around the Ni particles. Drain excess solution. Dry the powder at 200 ° C open. If necessary, grind the material to remove lumps.

Hydrogen Overflow Catalyst In a preferred embodiment, the source of hydrogen atoms for the catalytic contraction reaction comprises a hydrogen overflow catalyst. A hydrogen spilling catalyst according to the present invention comprises: ● a hydrogen dissociation material or means that forms a free hydrogen atom or a proton; ● a hydrogen atom or a proton that supports a mobile free hydrogen atom. Conduit material that provides a flow path or conduit for
Then, free hydrogen atoms overflow into it; ● The source of energy holes that catalyze the contraction reaction (sour
ce of energy holes) and optionally ● a support material in which the previous material is embedded as a mixture, compound or solution. Such hydrogen dissociating materials include surfaces or materials that dissociate hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium. Hydrogen dissociative materials also include: elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of transition elements and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn,
Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, H
f, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm,
Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers. Conduit materials that support mobile free hydrogen atoms and provide a path or conduit for hydrogen atom flow into which free hydrogen atoms spill include: nickel, platinum, carbon, tin, iron, aluminum, and copper. And their compounds, mixtures, or alloys. In examples, auxiliary substances in which the previous substances are embedded as a mixture, compound or solution include:

Carbon, silica, nickel, copper, titania, zinc oxide, Chromia, magnesia, zirconia, alumina, silica, alumina, and zeolites. In one embodiment, one or more of the other ingredients are deposited on the auxiliary material by electroplating. The source of the energy hole that causes the "contraction" of atomic hydrogen is preferably about mx27.21eV, and / or the source of the "contraction" of molecular hydrogen is about mx48.6.
eV (m is an integer). This includes the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my earlier US patent application and is referenced here: Title "Energy / Matter Conversion Methods and Structures.
Structures) ”, serial number 08 / 467,051, submitted June 6, 1995, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, April 3, 1995
Date submission, partial continuation application, serial number 08 / 107,357, 1993 8
Submitted on March 16, Partially continuing application, serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dkt.9
9437), submitted June 11, 1993, partly continued application, serial number 07
/ 626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 345,628, filed April 28, 1989, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989. Counterion ions in the energy holes of the overflow catalyst include: "Handbook of Chemistry and Ph
ysics) ”, Robert C. Weast, Editor, 58th Edition,
CRC Press, West Palm Beach, Florida, (1974) pp. B
61-B178, organic ions including: benzoic acid, phthalates, salicylates, aryl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, and alkyl carboxylic acids, and acids including Anion of an acid forming an anhydride: sulfite, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, potassium nitrite, potassium nitrate, perchlorate, phosphite, hydrogen phosphite, dihydrogen phosphite, Phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, and dihydrogen phosphates. In other embodiments, the anion can be in equilibrium with the acid and anhydride.

The functional groups of the hydrogen spillover catalyst may be as separate species, or as a mixture, solution, with one or more functional groups.
It is combined with another functional group as a compound or a compound including an alloy. For example, in one embodiment, the sources of hydrogen dissociative material and energy holes each comprise a homogeneous crystal.
Each crystal contains one component and these functional groups are mixed with the conduit material without auxiliary substances. However, in other embodiments, the source of the hydrogen dissociating material and the energy holes include foreign crystals. Each crystal contains both components and the extraneous crystals are mixed with the conduit material coating the auxiliary material. In a third exemplary embodiment, the source of energy holes is embedded in the conduit material and the bound species are mixed with the hydrogen dissociative material. This hydrogen dissociative material is embedded in the same or different conduit material without auxiliary material.

Method for Preparing Hydrogen Overflow Catalytic Substance of the Present Invention ● The components of the overflow catalyst are mixed by the initial wet impregnation method. ● Mix components well by sintering. Further Preparation Method of the Hydrogen Leakage Catalytic Material of the Invention: Decompose / disperse the ingredients and dry the solution or mixture for mixing in a suitable solvent such as water. ● Dry and remove the solvent. Otherwise, moist mixtures, suspensions, solutions will freeze and solvents will sublime. ● Mix components well by sintering.

Initial Wet Preparation Method of Hydrogen Overflow Catalytic Substances of this Invention Comprising a Source of Energy Holes for the Contraction of Hydrogen Atoms that Relies on the Transfer of Electrons from One Cation to Another : ● Dissolve an appropriate weight of cation ionic salt in an appropriate amount of solvent. In the preferred embodiment, the ionic salt is dissolved in deionized demineralized water. -Prepare the initial wet conduit hydrogen dissociating material by uniformly wetting the conduit hydrogen dissociating material with the dissolved salt solution so that the pores of the material are just filled. The total amount of solvent required can be any suitable amount. The weight percentage of the cation ionic salt of the final material is determined by the appropriate weight of the cation ionic salt dissolved in the appropriate amount of solvent. ● Mechanically mix wet materials to ensure constant wetting. ● Dry the initially wet conduit hydrogen dissociation material as open as possible at 150 ° C. In an embodiment, the material is heated until the counterions of the cations chemically decompose, preferably into oxides. ● Consist of energy hole substance conduit-source of hydrogen dissociation,
Crush dry material into powder. -Optionally mechanically mix the dry powdery material with additional hydrogen dissociation material, including a powder in which the conduit material and the persimmon material are mixed. (Example of ionic hydrogen spilling catalytic substance: 1% -Pd-on-graphite carbon powder 40% by weight potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ )) Preparation of 1 kg of ionic hydrogen spilling catalytic substance: 1%- 40% by weight of Pd-On monographitic carbon powder potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ ), 0.40 kg of KNO ₃ is dissolved in 1 liter of H ₂ 0. The initial wetness, -300 are required H ₂ 0 per gram 1ml mesh graphite powder, and in order to achieve a final KNO ₃ content by weight of 40% in material, graphite carbon powder grams per 0.67 Grams of KNO ₃ are required. When the suspension is mixed, 0.6 kg of 1% Pd-on-1% KNO ₃ solution in water is added.
Add slowly to 0-mesh graphite carbon powder. The suspension is then placed on a vaporization dish and placed in an oven at 150 ° C for 1 hour.
Upon heating, water evaporates from the suspension. KNO ₃ coating 1%
One Pd-on one graphitic carbon can be ground until it becomes powdery.

Another initial wetting of the hydrogen spillover catalyzer of this invention consisting of a source of energy holes for the contraction of hydrogen atoms that relies on the transfer of electrons from one cation to another. Preparation: Dissolve an appropriate weight of ionic salt of the cation in an appropriate amount of solvent. In the preferred embodiment, the ionic salt is dissolved in deionized demineralized water. -Prepare the initial wet conduit material by uniformly wetting the conduit material with the dissolved salt solution so that the pores of the material are just filled. The total amount of solvent required can be any suitable amount. The weight percent of the cation ionic salt of the final material is determined by the appropriate weight of the cation ionic salt dissolved in the appropriate amount of solvent. The wet substance is mechanically mixed in order to ensure a constant wetness. ● Dry the initial wet conduit material in an oven, preferably at 150 ° C. In an embodiment, the material can be heated until the counterions of the cations are chemically decomposed, preferably into oxides.

● consisting of conduit material and a source of energy holes,
Crush dry material into powder. • Mechanically mix dry, powdery materials with hydrogen dissociation materials, including powders that mix conduit materials and auxiliary materials. (Example of ionic hydrogen overflow catalyst: 5% by weight, 1% -P
D-on-graphite carbon powder with 40% weight ratio of graphite carbon powder potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ )) 1 kg of ionic hydrogen spillover Preparation of catalytic substance: 5% weight ratio of 1% -Pd-On 40% by weight of graphite carbon powder with graphite carbon powder potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ ), 0.67 kg
Dissolve KNO ₃ in 1 liter of H ₂ 0. Initial wetness is 1
00 requires H ₂ 0 per gram 1ml mesh graphite powder,
Also, 0.40 grams of KNO ₃ are needed per gram of graphite powder to achieve a KNO ₃ content of 40% by weight of the final material. When mixing the suspension, 0.55 kg of KNO ₃ solution in water
Slowly add to graphite powder. The suspension is then placed on a vaporization dish and placed in an oven at 150 ° C for 1 hour. Upon heating, water evaporates from the suspension. KNO ₃ mono-coated graphite is ground until it becomes powdery. The weight of the powder can be measured. About 50 grams (5% by weight of KNO ₃ coated graphite) 1% -Pd-On--300
One mesh graphite carbon powder can be mixed with KNO ₃ coated graphite carbon powder.

Example of Use of Exemplary Catalytic Substance The catalytic substance is placed in a pressurizable container 200. The container can be flushed with an inert gas such as He, Ar, or Ne to remove air pollutants in the container. The vessel and its contents are heated at the operating temperature, generally 100 ° C. to 400 ° C., until the vessel is pressurized with 20 to 140 PSIG hydrogen. In the examples, the source of the energy hole is potassium ion (K ⁺ / K ⁺ ) or rubidium ion (Rb ⁺ ) inserted between carbon layers. In another embodiment, the source of energy holes are electrocatalytic ions or couples and their reduced metal form of amalgam. For example, rubidium ion (Rb ⁺ ) and rubidium metal or potassium ion (K ⁺ / K ⁺ )
And potassium metal.

In the examples, the source of hydrogen atoms is a hydrogen dissociation process that involves blowing a stream of hydrogen gas over a hot filament or grid. This filament or lattice is a hot refractory metal containing filaments or lattices of Ti, Ni, Fe, W, Au, Pt, Pd, etc. at high temperatures such as 1800 ° C. This separation method supplies hydrogen ions and hydrogen atoms, which come into contact with the source of energy holes by the momentum of the atoms. Alternatively, hydrogen atoms and ions overflow and sputter on the catalyst. In one preferred embodiment of the pressurized gas reactor, a pressure regulator
A low pressure is maintained by 222 and pumping method 223, which minimizes hydrogen atom recombination into molecular hydrogen and removes (molecular) lower energy hydrogen.

In the examples, the source of hydrogen atoms is water that dissociates a water dissociator into hydrogen atoms and oxygen, including: elements, compounds, alloys, or transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, T
c, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au,
Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, T
Mixtures of m, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers. In a further embodiment,
The heat source and temperature control method 230 allows the water dissociation material to be maintained at high temperatures. In embodiments that include hydrogen spill catalysts, the source of hydrogen can be from hydrocarbons, including natural gas that can be reconstituted on reforming materials such as nickel, cobalt, iron, or platinum group metals, to hydrogen atoms and carbon dioxide. In a further embodiment, the heat source and temperature control method 230 allows the modifier to be maintained at an elevated temperature. In another embodiment, the source of hydrogen atoms comes from the decomposition of metal hydrides. This decomposition can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the metal hydride with a heat source and temperature control method 230. In other embodiments, the hydride can be coated by, for example, electroplating with another material such as a hydrogen dissociating material.

In a preferred embodiment, the product of the shrinkage reaction, the lower energy (molecular) hydrogen, can be removed to prevent product inhibition. Thus, the forward energy generation reaction rate is increased. Lower energy (molecule)
One method of removing hydrogen is to supply a lower energy scavenger of hydrogen to the reaction mixture. The scavenger absorbs / reacts with the product and lower energy, hydrogen, and resulting species are removed from the reaction mixture. In another embodiment, the lower energy hydrogen absorbed on the catalyst is removed by displacement with an inert molecule or atom, such as helium, flowing through the vessel 200.

Other objects, features, characteristics of catalysis technology, and methods of preparing related elements as described by Satterfield,
The actions and functions have been applied to this invention, and are referred to here [Charles N. Satterfield, “Heterogeneous Catalysis in Industrial Pract
ice) ”, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. ， New
York, (1991) applied catalytic technology to this invention relating to a pressurized gas energy reactor for releasing energy by utilizing a catalytic reaction in which electrons of hydrogen atoms transit to a lower energy state. This is an adiabatic curve reactor, fluidized bed reactor, transport line reactor, "multi-
"Tube" reactors, reverse "multi-tube" reactors with a heat exchange process involving the fluid within the tube or the catalytic agent surrounding the tubes, "multi-tube" reactors or reverse "consisting of a fluidized bed of the catalytic agent" It covers the use of multi-tube reactors and the like. Furthermore, the solvent combination of energy holes (solv
In an embodiment containing suspended hydrogen dissociating substances, such as a hydrogenated gas source, a hydrogen spill catalyst and hydrogen gas, the reactor comprises a trickle bed reactor, a bubble column reactor, and a suspension reactor.

For example, in the preferred embodiment, the fluidized bed reactor 200 includes a hydrogen spill catalyst: 5% by weight of graphite carbon powder with 1% -Pd-On monographitic carbon powder. 40% potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ ). The reactive hydrogen gas rises through a layer of finely divided solid catalytic material, preferably with a particle size in the range of about 20 to 100 mm. It is highly agitated and has many properties of fluids. Cyclone separator 275 returns fines to the layer.
The pressure and flow rate of hydrogen is controlled by the pressure and flow rate control method 222. At atmospheric pressure or at slightly higher pressure, the corresponding maximum linear velocity may be less than 60 cm / s.

(Source of Energy Hole Gas) In the preferred hydrogen gas energy reactor for electrocatalysis and / or energy release by disproportionation reactions, the electrons of the hydrogen atoms are of lower energy in the gas phase. Transition to the state. The reactor consists of the following: a container 200 (FIG. 7) that can have a vacuum or a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure;
Hydrogen source 221; Method 2 of controlling pressure and flow of hydrogen to the container
22; Source of atomic hydrogen in the vapor phase, and source of energy holes in the vapor phase.

The reaction vessel 200 is a vacuum or pressure vessel made of a temperature resistant material such as ceramic, stainless steel, tungsten, alumina, Incoloy or Inconel (heat resistant alloy). In an embodiment, the source of gas phase hydrogen atoms is hydrogen dissociation. This is a hot filament or grid of hot refractory metal, including filaments or grids of Ti, Ni, Fb, W, Au, Pt, Pd, etc. Including the method of spraying. The dissociation method supplies not only hydrogen ions but also hydrogen atoms, the momentum of which makes them contact with the source of energy holes. In an example of a gas reactor with one source of gas, one of the energy holes, pressure regulator 22
2. The low pressure is maintained by the pressure measurement / pump method 223, which minimizes the recombination of hydrogen atoms into molecular hydrogen. Servo loop
Pressure can be measured by measuring the power dissipated in a hot filament or grid driven by a constant resistance by the 285. The servo loop 285 is comprised of a voltage / current measuring device, a power supply, and a running resistance, a voltage / current controller in which the filament or grid power dissipation for hydrogen pressure is configured. In another embodiment, the atomic hydrogen source comprises one or more hydrogen dissociating materials that provide hydrogen atoms by dissociation of molecular hydrogen. The hydrogen dissociative material includes a surface or material for dissociating hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium. This includes hydrogen spills such as:
Carbon, palladium and platinum and elements, compounds, alloys, mixtures of transition elements and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr,
Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, L
a, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm,
Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa,
Includes U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) intercalated between layers. In one embodiment, the non-equilibrium state of hydrogen and hydride is maintained by controlling temperature and hydrogen pressure to provide atomic hydrogen in the vapor phase. In another embodiment, the atomic hydrogen source consists of a tungsten capillary heated by electron bombardment to 1800-2000 K at the outlet. For example, there is a source of atomic hydrogen described by Bischler, which is referenced here [Bischler, U .; Bertel, B., J. Vac Sci. Techno.
l., A. (1993), 11 (2) 458-60]. In a further embodiment, the energy released in the hydrogen shrink reaction can heat the tungsten capillaries. In another embodiment, the atomic hydrogen source comprises a recursively coupled plasma flow tube. For example, there is one written by Gardner, which is referred to here [Gardner, W. L. , J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A.
(1995), 13 (3, Pt. 1), 763-6]. Gardner's sensor can measure hydrogen dissociation fragments.

The source of energy holes can be contained in an open chemically resistant vessel, such as the ceramic boat 290 in the reaction vessel. Alternatively, the source of gas for the energy holes can be contained in a vessel that is coupled for transfer to the reaction vessel. Sources of gas in the energy holes include those that sublime, boil, and / or volatilize at the elevated operating temperatures of the gas energy reactor. In this reactor,
The contraction reaction occurs in the gas phase. For example, RbNO ₃ a and KNO _3, respectively, much volatilize at a lower temperature than the decomposing temperature [C.
J. Hardy, B. O. Field, J. Chem. Soc. , (1963), p
p. 5130-5134]. Ion hydrogen spillover catalyst of one embodiment: 40% by weight potassium or rubidium nitrate of graphite carbon powder with 5% by weight 1% -Pd-on monographite carbon powder, potassium or rubidium nitrate Are operated at temperatures that are volatile. Further product disproportionation reactions, lower energy hydrogen atoms, release additional thermal energy.

In the preferred embodiment, the source of energy holes is
RbF, RbCl, RbBr, RbI, Rb ₂ S ₂ , RbOH, Rb ₂ SO ₄ , Rb ₂ CO ₃ ,
Rb ₃ PO ₄ , and KF, KCl, KBr, KI, K ₂ S ₂ , KOH, K ₂ SO ₄ , K ₂ C
It is a thermally stable salt of rubidium or potassium such as O ₃ , K ₃ PO ₄ , and K ₂ GeF ₄ . Furthermore, about m × 7.21 eV (m is an integer) that causes “contraction” of atomic hydrogen, and / or about m × 48.6 eV that causes “contraction” of molecular hydrogen.
The preferred sources of energy holes (where m is training) include electrocatalytic ions and couples. This includes the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my earlier US patent application and is referenced here: Title "Energy / Matter Conversion Method and Structure.
Structures) ”, serial number 08 / 467,051, submitted June 6, 1995, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, April 3, 1995
Date submission, partial continuation application, serial number 08 / 107,357, 1993 8
Submitted on March 16th, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dk
t. 99437), filed June 11, 1993, partly continued application, serial number 07/626, 496, filed December 12, 1990, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 345,628, filed April 28, 1989, one Division continuation application, serial number 07 / 341,733, submitted on April 21, 1989. Counterions, including those listed in the following books, are referenced here [[Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Handbook of C
hemistry and Physics) ”, Robert C. Weast, Edito
r, 58th Edition, CRC Press, West Palm Beach, Flori
da, (1974) pp. B61-B178]. The desired anion is stable to hydrogen reduction and pyrolysis and may be volatile at the operating temperature of the energy reactor.

The following compounds are the desired source of gases for the energy holes in the gas energy reactor. Higher temperatures result in a higher vapor pressure of the source of energy holes, increasing the reaction rate; however, increasing total pressure increases the recombination rate of hydrogen atoms to molecular hydrogen. In each of the exemplary cases described below, the operating temperature of the energy reactor can be the temperature that provides the optimum reaction rate. In the examples, the cell temperature is about 50 ° C. above the melting point of the source of the (highest) energy hole (in the case of energy holes, which consists of electron transfer between two cation-electrocatalytic couples). The hydrogen pressure can be maintained at about 200 mTorr and the molecular hydrogen can be dissociated with a hot filament or lattice 280 (Figure 7).

(Single Ion Catalyst (Electrocatalytic Ion) :) A single ion catalyst (electrocatalytic ion) can generate energy holes for the contraction of hydrogen atoms. The number (n) following the element symbol indicates the nth ionization energy of the atom. For example, Rb ⁺ + 27.28eV = Rb ^{2 +}
Ten e ⁻ (melting point = (MP); boiling point = (BP)). Catalytic ion nnth ionization energy Mo ^{2 +} 3 27.16 Mol ₂ Ti ² + 3 27.49 TiCl ₂ (MP = subl H ₂ , BP = d475 ℃ vac) (TiCl ₄ / Ti _metal ) Rb ^l + 2 27.28 RbNO ₃ (MP = 310 ℃, BP = subl)) Rb ₂ S ₂ (MP = 420 ℃, BP = volat> 850) RbI (MP = 647 ℃, BP = 1300 ℃)

(Two-ion catalyst (electrocatalytic couple) :) A two-ion catalyst (electrocatalytic couple) can generate energy holes for the contraction of hydrogen atoms. The number (n) in the line following the ion indicates the nth energy of the atom. For example, K ⁺ + 31.63eV = K ^{2 +} + e ⁻ and
K ⁺ + e ⁻ = K + 4.34 eV (melting point = (MP); boiling point = (B
P)).

[0122]

[Table 1]

[Table 2]

[Table 3]

[Table 4]

[Table 5]

[Table 6]

In an embodiment where the anion can be reduced with hydrogen,
The anion is chemically stable. For example, the product of the reduction is added to the gas cell to stabilize the anions. In a further embodiment, the anion can be replaced continuously or intermittently. In the case of nitrate ions, the product ammonia can be removed from the container and the nitrate can be oxidized and returned to the cell. In one embodiment, the product ammonia can be removed by collecting it from a container into a condenser or can be oxidized to nitrate on a platinum or iridium screen at elevated temperatures such as 912 ° C. In a further embodiment, when optimizing the gas phase catalyzed hydrogen shrinkage reaction, the hydrogen pressure can be reduced to minimize nitrate ions to the ammonia reaction. In the example, hydrogen atoms develop a low pressure due to the dissociation of molecular hydrogen on a hot filament or lattice 280 (FIG. 7). The low pressure of molecular hydrogen is the hydrogen supply 22
1, maintained by hydrogen flow control method 222, hydrogen pressure measurement / vacuum method 223. The pressure measurement / pumping method 223 allows the hydrogen pressure to be maintained at a low pressure by adjusting in the controller 222 the feed through the inlet for the amount pumped at the outlet. The pressure can be adjusted to maximize output while minimizing nitrate decomposition. The optimum hydrogen pressure may be less than about 1 Torr. The source of gas phase hydrogen atoms in the examples is
It may be a hydrogen dissociation method involving a flow of hydrogen gas. This stream of hydrogen gas is sprayed onto a hot filament or grid 280, such as a hot refractory metal, containing filaments or grids of Ti, Ni, Fe, W, Au, n, Pd, etc. at a high temperature such as 1800 ° C. To be A source of molecular hydrogen can be directed onto the filament or lattice or to the source of gas in the energy holes. The pressure and flow of hydrogen atoms prevent the collision of counterions from the source of the energy hole (such as nitrate ions) from contacting the hot filament or lattice. In this way, the thermal decomposition and reduction of anions on the filament or lattice is prevented. In another embodiment, the grid electrode 287 surrounds the filament or grid to maintain the negative potential. At the lattice electrode, hydrogen atoms can migrate from the filament or lattice and anions cannot contact the hot filament or lattice. In this way, thermal / chemical destruction of anions (counterions) is prevented.

In the examples, the source of the energy holes is an electrocatalytic ion or electrocatalytic couple containing a pair of cations-anions in the gas phase. In the gas phase, the paired cations-anions are dissociated by the external source method 75 (FIG. 5).
This external source method 75 may be, for example, a particle source 75b and / or a photon source 75a and / or a heat source, sound energy,
Includes electric or magnetic fields. In the preferred embodiment, the cation-anion pair is thermally dissociated by heat source 230 or photodissociated by photon source 205 (FIG. 7).

In another embodiment of the gas energy reactor having a source of gas for the energy holes, the source of energy holes is subdivided by a subdivision device 295 to provide a source of gas for the energy holes. In a preferred embodiment of the fragmentation device, a heating method, such as the boat heating method 299, causes the atoms to boil, sublime, or vaporize, and the gaseous atoms to ionize to form the source of energy holes. Sources of this energy hole include the electrocatalytic ions or electrocatalytic couples described in my earlier patent application referenced herein. In one embodiment, the atoms are thermally ionized by a heating method 230, a hydrogen atom source 280 including a hot filament or lattice, or a recursively coupled plasma flow tube. For example, the gas energy cell (FIG. 7) contains rubidium or potassium metal within the boat 290. In boat shape 290, heating method 230 and / or 29
By controlling the temperature of the boat by 9 the vapor pressure is controlled. Hydrogen molecule is a hot filament or lattice 28
Dissociated into atoms on 0. The rubidium (potassium) metal in the vapor phase can be the same or different hot filaments or grids.
Is ionized to Rb ⁺ (K ⁺ ). Rb ⁺ (K ⁺ /
The K ⁺ ) electrocatalytic ions (couples) act as a source of energy holes that contract the hydrogen atoms. In another embodiment, the hot filament or grid 280 is made of metal. Alternatively, the metal can be electroplated with a metal that boils as cations that are the source of energy holes. For example, Mo ^{2
The +} ions (Mo ^{2 +} electrocatalytic ions) enter the gas phase of the energy cell 200 from a hot molybdenum filament or lattice 280. Also, hot molybdenum filament or grid 28
0 dissociates hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms. As a further example, Ni ^{2 +} and Cu ⁺ ions (Ni ^{2 +} / Cu ⁺ electrocatalytic couple) may be added to the gas phase of energy cell 200 from hot nickel, hot copper, hot nickel-copper alloy filaments, or lattice 280. to go into. In another embodiment, the photon source 75a of FIG.
The particle source 75b, including the electron beam, ionizes species such as atoms in the gas phase to form a source of energy holes. Sources of energy holes include the electrocatalytic ions and electrocatalytic couples described in my earlier patent application referenced herein. In another embodiment, atoms or ions are chemically ionized by the volatilized reactants.
For example, ionic species form the source of energy holes by oxidizing or reducing atoms or ions.

By controlling the amount of source of gas phase energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) and / or the concentration of atomic or lower energy hydrogen, the output of the gas energy reactor can be controlled. Energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) present in the reactor
Initial amount of volatile source of, and / or temperature control method 23
By controlling the temperature of the reactor at zero, the concentration of the gas source in the energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) can be controlled. The temperature control method 230 determines the vapor pressure of the volatile source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples). In addition, reactor temperature controls power output by varying the rate of catalytic hydrogen shrinkage reactions. By controlling the amount of atomic hydrogen supplied by the atomic hydrogen source 280, the concentration of atomic hydrogen can be controlled. For example,
In order to control the amount of hydrogen atoms in the gas phase, one can control: a hot filament or lattice, a tungsten capillary tube heated by electron bombardment, or an inductively coupled plasma flow tube. Flow of hydrogen through;
Power dissipated in a recursively coupled plasma flow tube; hot filament or lattice heated by electron bombardment, or tungsten capillary temperature; hydride temperature maintained non-equilibrium with hydrogen pressure, and pump Law
The rate at which the "recombined" hydrogen is removed from the cell at 223. Another way to control the contraction reaction rate is to use a non-reactive gas source.
Controlling the pressure of the non-reactive gas with 299, the non-reactive gas flow control method 232, and the pressure measurement and pump method 223. Non-reactive gases, such as inert gases, compete with collisions between the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) and hydrogen atoms, as well as collisions that result in lower energy hydrogen differential reactions. He, Ne, and
Ar is included. Such reactive non-reactive "reaction quenching" gases further include carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

The partial pressure of hydrogen can be further controlled by shutting out hydrogen in the cell by the hydrogen value control method 222 while monitoring the pressure by the pressure measurement methods 222 and 223. In a preferred embodiment, the gas energy reactor heating method 230 comprises:
The hydrogen pressure can be controlled by controlling the temperature. The gas energy reactor further includes hydrogen storage methods such as metal hydrides and other hydrides such as: brine hydride, titanium hydride, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum hydride, zirconium and hafnium hydrogen. , Rare earth hydrides, yttrium and scandium hydrides, transition element hydrides, intermetallic hydrides, and their alloys. This is described in the technical book by Mueller, Blackledge, Libowitz et al., Which is referred to here [W.
M. Mueller, J. P. Blackledge, and G. G-Libowitz,
"Metal Hydrides", Academic Pres
s, New York, (1968), "Hydrogen I of intermetallic compounds (Hydr
ogenin Inter-metalic Compounds I), Edited by L ・
Schlapbach, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, and “Hydrogen in Intermetalic Compound
s II) ”, Edited by L. Schlapbach, Springer-Verla
g, Berlin ”. The temperature of the cell is controlled by temperature control and measurement method 230, and the vapor pressure of hydrogen in equilibrium with the hydrogen storage material is
This can be the desired pressure. In one embodiment, the nonequilibrium state of hydrogen and hydride is maintained by controlling temperature and hydrogen pressure to supply atomic hydrogen. In some embodiments, there are hydrogen storage methods such as: operating temperatures of about 800 ° C. for rare earth hydrides; about 700 ° C. for lanthanum hydrides.
Operating temperature: about 750 ° C for gadolinium hydride; about 750 ° C for neodymium hydride; about 800 ° C for yttrium hydride; about 800 ° C for scandium hydride Temperature; about 800-900 ° C operating temperature for ytterbium hydride; about 450 ° C operating temperature for titanium hydride; about 950 ° C operating temperature for cerium hydride; about 700 ° C operating for praseodymium hydride Temperature; approx. For zirconium titanium (50% / 50%) hydrides
Operating temperature of 600 ℃; alkali metal such as Rb / RbH and K / KH /
Alkali metal hydride mixture has an operating temperature of about 450 ° C,
And an operating temperature of about 900-1000 ° C for alkaline earth metal / alkaline earth hydride mixtures such as Ba / BaH ₂ .

At least the container 200 and the heat exchanger 60 (FIG. 5)
Inside, you can monitor the heat output with a thermocouple. The contraction kinetics can be monitored by the following methods: UV and electron spectroscopy of electrons and photons emitted through lower energy hydrogen transitions, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of lower energy hydrogen,
And mass spectroscopy, Raman or infrared spectroscopy, and molecular lower energy dihydrino gas chromatography. From the XPS point of view, lower energy hydrogen atoms and molecules are identified as higher binding energy species than standard hydrogen. From the point of view of mass spectroscopy, dihydrino is identified as a species with a mass-to-charge ratio of 2 (m / e = 2). It has a higher ionization potential than normal hydrogen by recording the ion current as a function of electron gun energy. dihydrin
o is confirmed at low temperature by gas chromatography with the following columns: Activated carbon (charcoal) at liquid nitrogen temperature
Column, a column that separates para from orthohydrogen, such as an Rt-alumina column, or standard hydrogen at liquid nitrogen temperatures.
A HayeSep column that retains a higher degree than dihydrino. From the perspective of Raman or infrared spectroscopy, dihydrino is identified as a molecule with higher vibrational / rotational energy levels compared to standard hydrogen. The output can be controlled by a computerized monitoring and control system. It monitors the thermistors, spectrometers, gas chromatographs and controls how the power is changed. Method 201 removes the (molecular) lower energy hydrogen and prevents the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating.

In another embodiment of a gas energy reactor with a source of gas in the energy holes, hydrogen atoms are produced by a pyrolysis reaction such as combustion of hydrocarbons. At this time, the source of the catalytic action of the energy holes may be present in the gas phase together with hydrogen atoms. In the preferred method, the pyrolysis reaction occurs in an internal combustion engine. The hydrocarbon or hydrogen with fuel consists of a source of energy holes that evaporate (vaporize) during combustion.
In the preferred method, the source of the energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) is a thermally stable rubidium or potassium salt such as:

RbF, RbCl, RbBr, RbI, Rb ₂ S ₂ , RbOH, Rb ₂
SO ₄ and Kf, KCl, KBr, KI, K ₂ S ₂ , KOH, K ₂ SO ₄ , K
₂ CO ₃ , K ₃ PO ₄ , K ₂ CeF ₄ . Electrocatalytic ions or additional counterions of the couple include organic anions including wetting / emulsifying agents. In other embodiments, the fuel-bearing hydrocarbon or hydrogen further comprises water as a source of a mixture or solvated energy holes containing emulsified electrocatalytic ions or couples. During the pyrolysis reaction, water acts as a source of additional hydrogen atoms. The source of hydrogen atoms undergoes a contraction reaction catalyzed by the source of energy holes. Within the energy holes, water is thermally / catalytically dissociated into hydrogen atoms at a surface such as a cylinder or piston head made of a substance that dissociates water into hydrogen and oxygen. Water dissociatives include: elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures or transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Z.
n, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, R
e, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb,
Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers.

(Power Density of Gas Energy Reactor (Gas-Phase Hydrogen Shrinkage Reaction)) The numbers in the following equations are those by Mills [Mi11s, R. et al. , "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Me
chanics) ”, (1995), Technological Publishing Compan
y, Lancaster, PA]. Resonance contraction, equation (5.22-5.3
0), the rate of the disproportionation reaction that causes r _m.m2.p depends on the collision rate between the reactants and the efficiency of resonant energy transfer. It is the rate constant, K _m.m2.p , (Equation (5.47))
The product of hydrogen, the total number of hydrogen or hydrino atoms, _NH , and the acceptor hydrino atoms supplied by the hydrino donor
The efficiency of the transfer of resonant contraction energy from the atom to the energy hole, E (equation (6.33)), is given by:

[Formula 38]

Where r is the distance between the donor and the acceptor, J is the integral of the resonance contraction energy distribution of the donor hydrino atom and the energy hole distribution provided by the acceptor hydrino atom, and η is the dielectric constant. , And K ²
Is a function of the mutual orientation of the donor and acceptor transition moments. Electronic transitions of lower-energy hydrogen atoms occur only by non-radiative energy transfer; thus, the quantum yield of donor fluorescence, ψ _D , equation (6.37) is equal to 1. Rate of disproportionation reaction causing resonance contraction, r _m.m2.p
Is

[Formula 39]

Factor 1/2 of equation (6.38) modifies the double calculation of collisions [Levine, I., "Physical C
hemistry) ”, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
(1978), PP. 420-421]. The output P _m.m2p is given by the product of the transition rate, equation (6.38), and the energy of the disproportionation reaction (equation (.27)).

[Formula 40]

At this time, V is the volume. The energy transfer efficiency is 1 for the gas phase disproportionation reaction. The output given by the substitution of E = 1, P = 2, m = 1, m = 1, m = 2, V = 1m ³ N = 3 × 10 ²¹ , T = 675K (6.40) into equation (6.39) is Pm, m ', P = 1GW (1kW / cm ³ ) (6.41) The reaction of hydrogen to a lower energy state is hydrogen or hydrin.
When caused by the reaction of a source of catalysis of energy holes with o atoms, the reaction rate depends on the collision rate between the reactants and the efficiency of resonant energy transfer. For a gas containing n _H hydrogen or hydrino atoms per unit volume, hydrogen or hyd
rino atom / electrocatalytic ion collision velocity per unit volume, Z _{H [ α H / p]} Catalyst unit radius per radius, α _H / p and velocity, V _H and n _C “electrocatalytic” ions Have a radius, r _catalyst and velocity, and V _C respectively are given by Levine [Levine, I. , "Physical Chemistry", McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, (1978), PP. 420-421].

[0135]

[Formula 41] Average velocity, V _avg , can be calculated from temperature, T [Bueche, F
・ J., “Introductio for physics for scientists and engineers
n to Physics for Scientists and Engineers) ”, McG
raw-Hi11 Book Company, New York, (1986), pp. 26
1-265].

[Formula 42]

At this time, K is a Boltzmann constant. Method
By replacing equation (5.44) with equation (5.42),
The collision velocity per unit volume with respect to temperature, T, is Z_{H [ α
H / p]} Become Catalyst.

[Formula 43] The rate of catalytic reaction that causes resonance contraction, r _mp, is the product of collision velocity per volume, Z _{H [ α H / p]} Catalyst, volume,
V, and the efficiency of resonant energy transfer given by equation (6.37), given by E.

[Formula 44] The output, P _mp, is given by the product of the transition rate, equation (6.45), and the transition energy, equation (5.8).

[0137]

[Formula 45] In a gas-phase catalyzed contraction reaction, the energy transfer efficiency is 1 when the source of the energy holes therein is a single cation with an ionization energy of 27.21 eV, together with hydrogen or a hydrino atom. Rubidium (Rb ⁺ ) is the second of 27.28 eV.
It is an electrocatalytic ion having two ionization energies. To equation (6.46)

[Equation 46] The output for the reaction given by equations (5.9), (5.10), and (5.8) with replacement of is

P _mp . = 55 MW (55 W / cm ³ ) (6.48) When the catalytic reaction of hydrogen to the lower energy state occurs on the surface, the absorbed hydrogen or hydrino atom and the differential surface interaction of the electrocatalytic ion Due to the action, the energy transfer efficiency is less than 1. At the following time, E = 0.001 (6.49) The output given by equations (6.46) and (6.47) is P _mp = 55MW (55W / cm ³ ) (6.50) ³ less efficient catalytic systems Depends on the coupling of the resonator cavities. For example, electron transfer occurs between two cations, which consist of hydrogen or an energy hole for a hydrino atom. The reaction rate depends on the cation of the catalytic action and hydrogen or hydr
It depends on the collision velocity between ino atoms or the efficiency of resonance energy transfer, with electron transfer associated with each contraction reaction. The rate of catalytic reaction that causes resonance contraction, r _mp, is
Collision velocity product per unit volume, Z _{H [ α H / p]} Cataly
st, volume, V, and the efficiency of resonant energy transfer given by equation (6.37), given by E _e . At this time, r is given by the average distance between the cations in the reaction vessel.

[0139]

[Formula 47] The output, P _mp, is given by the product of the transition rate, equation (6.51), and the transition energy, equation (5.8)

[Formula 48] A catalyst system that relies on a coupler of three resonator cavities is
Related to For example, the second ionization energy of potassium
Rugey is 31.63 eV. This energy hole is clear
It is too high for crab resonance absorption. But K⁺Is reduced to K
Releases 4.34 eV. K⁺To K²⁺And K⁺To K compound
Has a net energy change of 27.28 eV as a result. Mosquito
Gas-phase catalysis of hydrogen or hydrino atoms by lithium ions
In the case of contraction reaction of action, it has an energy hole of 27.28 eV.
Think of it as one electrocatalytic couple. energy
The transfer efficiency is given by equation (6.37). At this time, r
Is given by the average distance between the cations in the reaction vessel.
K⁺Concentration is 3 × 10^{twenty two}(K⁺/ m³), R is about 5 × 10^-9m and
Become. J = 1, ψ_D= 1, K²= 1, T_D= 10^{− 13}sec (KH⁺Shaking
Based on the dynamic frequency), and in equation (5.8) for m = 1
Time, energy transfer efficiency, E _cIs about 0.001.
To the equation (6.52)         E = 0.001, P = 1, m = 1, V = 1m³, N_H= 3 x 10^{twenty two}, Nc = 3 × 10^{twenty one},         m_c= 6.5 × 10^-26Kg,_rC= 1.38 × 10^-Tenm, T = 675K (6.53) Equations (5.13), (5.14), with replacement of
The output for the reaction given in (5.8) is
It P_mp= 300MW (300W / cm³) (6.54)

(Gas Discharge Energy Reactor) The gas discharge energy reactor comprises a glow discharge vacuum chamber 300 (FIG. 8) filled with hydrogen isotope gas. This includes an ozone generator type condenser, a hydrogen source 322 that supplies hydrogen to the chamber 300 by pressing a control valve 325, and a cathode 30.
Includes a voltage and current source 330 for passing current between 5 and the anode 320.
In one embodiment involving an ozone generator type condenser gas discharge cell, one of the electrodes can be shielded by a dielectric barrier such as a glass or ceramic moiety. In the preferred embodiment,
The cathode is also about m, which causes the atomic hydrogen to "shrink".
Source of energy holes of × 21eV (m is an integer), and / or about mx48.6eV causing “contraction” in molecular hydrogen
(M is an integer) consisting of a source of energy holes (including electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my earlier US patent application, referred to herein as "Energy / Matter Conversion Method and Structure"). Conversion Methods
and Structures) ”, serial number 08/467, 051, 1995 6
Submitted on June 6th, Partial continuation application, Serial number 08 / 416,040, 1995
Submitted on April 3, 2014, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, 1
Submitted on August 16, 993, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 075,10
2 (Dkt.99437), submitted June 11, 1993, partly continued application,
Serial number 07 / 626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 345,628 Filed April 28, 1989, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989.
The preferred cathode 305 for the contraction of hydrogen atoms is a palladium cathode, which provides a resonance energy hole by electron ionization from the palladium to the emission current. A preferred second cathode 305 for the contraction of hydrogen atoms consists of: at least 1
A source of energy holes by electron transfer to the emission current, including a number of beryllium, copper, platinum, zinc, and tellurium,
And hydrogen dissociation methods such as a source of electromagnetic radiation, including UV light provided by a photon source 350, or hydrogen dissociating materials including: transition elements and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium,
Zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, C
r, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd,
La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg Ce, Pr, Nd, P
m, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, P
a, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) intercalated between layers. The reactor further includes a method of controlling the energy dissipated in the emission current as electrons are transferred from the electron donor species and providing energy holes to hydrogen atoms (molecules). For example, there is a pressure controller 325 and a current (voltage) source 330. The gas discharge energy reactor is also (molecular)
Includes a method 301 of removing lower energy hydrogen and preventing the exothermic shrinkage reaction from equilibrating. For example, there is a selective vent valve.

In another embodiment of the gas discharge energy reactor, the source of energy holes can be one of inelastic photon or particle scattering reactions. In the preferred embodiment, photon source 350 provides an energy hole, where the energy hole corresponds to stimulated emission of photons. In the case of a reactor that shrinks hydrogen atoms, photon source 350 dissociates hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms. A photon source producing photons of at least one energy of approximately m × 27.21 eV, m / 2 × 27.21 eV, or 48 eV causes stimulated emission of energy as the hydrogen atom undergoes a contraction reaction. In another preferred embodiment, the photon source 350, which produces at least one photon with an energy of approximately m × 48.6 eV, 95.7 eV, or m × 31.94 eV, is a stimulated emission of energy as the molecular hydrogen undergoes a contraction reaction. cause.

In another embodiment, the magnetic field generator 75 (see FIG.
In 5) a magnetic field can be applied to generate a magnetized plasma of gas ions, which can be a nonlinear medium. The nonlinearity of the medium enhances the coupling of the resonator cavities and the energy transfer between them. In this way, by supplying and adjusting the applied magnetic field strength, the reaction rate (energy hole, transfer of resonance contraction energy of hydrogen atom to electrocatalyst ion or couple) can be enhanced or controlled.

One method of operating gas discharge energy reactor
In one embodiment, hydrogen from source 322 is directed into chamber 300 by imposing control valve 325. A current flows from the current source 330 between the cathode 305 and the anode 320. This cathode has a source of energy holes of about m × 27.21 eV (m is an integer) that causes “contraction” of atomic hydrogen, and about m that causes “contraction” of molecular hydrogen.
It consists of a source of energy holes of × 48.6 eV (m is an integer). Hydrogen contacts this. In the preferred embodiment, electrons are transferred from the electron donor species at cathode 305 to the emission current, providing energy holes for the hydrogen atoms (molecules). In the case of a reactor that shrinks hydrogen atoms, molecular hydrogen can be dissociated into atomic hydrogen by the dissociation material of cathode 305 or a source of electromagnetic radiation, including UV light provided by photon source 350. The hydrogen atoms dissociated here contact the source of energy holes in the molten, liquid, gas, or solid state. Atomic (molecular) hydrogen releases energy as electrons are induced by the energy holes to transition to lower energy levels. When an electron is transferred from an electron donor species, the energy dissipated in the emission current is controlled to provide an energy hole equal to the resonant contraction energy of the hydrogen atom (molecule).
To this end, the gas pressure of the source 322 is controlled by the pressure controller 325 and the voltage is controlled by the current (voltage) source 330. At least cathode 305, anode 320, and heat exchanger 60
The thermocouple present in (Fig. 5) can monitor the heat output.
Output power can be controlled by computerized monitoring and control system. It monitors the thermistor and controls how the output is modified. Method 301 removes lower (molecular) energy hydrogen and prevents the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating.

In another embodiment of the gas discharge energy reactor, the preferred cathode 305 comprises a catalytic material containing an overflow catalyst. This is explained in the section "Pressurized Gas Energy Reactor". In another embodiment, the gas discharge energy reactor comprises a source of gas in the energy holes. Here the contraction reaction takes place in the gas phase and gaseous hydrogen atoms are supplied by the release of molecular hydrogen gas. In a further embodiment, the source of gas in the energy holes can be supplied by an emission current that produces a source of gas in the energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples). This release may be in potassium metal forming K ⁺ / K ⁺ , rubidium metal forming Rb ⁺ , or titanium metal forming Ti ^{2 +} . Examples were filled with hydrogen isotope gas,
A glow discharge chamber 3 is included. The source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) sublimates into the gas phase, boils,
Alternatively, the glow discharge cell can be operated at such a high temperature that it volatilizes. In the examples, the counterions of the source of the energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) are rubidium hydride (Rb ⁺ electrocatalytic ions) and / or potassium hydride (K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple). Can be a hydride anion (H ⁻ ).

In an embodiment, the source of the energy holes can be electrocatalytic ions or electrocatalytic couples consisting of gas phase pair cation-anions. External source methods 75 including, for example, a particle source 75b and / or a photon source 75a and / or a heat source, acoustic energy T, an electric field, or a magnetic field.
The pair of cations and anions are dissociated by (Fig. 5). In the preferred embodiment, the cation-anion pair is thermally dissociated by a heat source 75 (FIG. 5) or a photon source 350.
(Fig. 8) photodissociates.

(Cooling Method) In a further embodiment of the present invention,
The electrolytic cell of the present invention (Fig. 6), pressurized hydrogen gas battery (Fig. 7),
And a hydrogen gas discharge cell (Fig. 8). Here, a hydrogen source of lower energy atoms (molecules) is supplied instead of the standard hydrogen source. Lower energy hydrogen atoms react to higher energy states. At this time, the absorption of heat energy is accompanied by the inverse of the catalytic contraction reaction as given by the following equation: (4-6);
(7-9); (10-12); (13-15); (16-18); (48
-50); (51-53); (54-56); (57-59); (60-
(62); (63-65); (66-68); (69-71); (72-7
4) and (75-77). The lower energy hydrogen molecules are
Reacts to higher energy states. At this time, depending on the reverse of the catalytic contraction reaction as given by the following equation,
With absorption of thermal energy: (78-80); (81-83);
(84-86); (88-90) and (91-93). In this example, methods 101 (FIG. 6), 201 (FIG. 7) and 301 (FIG. 8)
It acts to remove standard hydrogen, such as a selective vent valve, and prevents the endothermic reaction from equilibrating.

(Synthesis of substance containing at least lower energy hydrogen atom and / or lower energy hydrogen)
The invention further comprises molecules containing lower energy hydrogen atoms. Lower energy hydrogens are organic / containing lower energy hydrogen atoms or molecules by reacting with any atom in the periodic table or known organic / inorganic molecules, compounds, metals, non-metals, or semiconductors. Inorganic molecules, compounds, metals, non-metals, or semiconductors can be formed. Reactants with lower energy hydrogen are neutral atoms,
Includes negative / positively charged atomic and molecular ions, and free radicals. For example, lower energy hydrogen can be reacted with water or oxygen to form molecules containing lower energy hydrogen and oxygen, or can be reacted with helium ionized alone to form molecules containing helium and lower energy hydrogen. Also, lower energy hydrogen can be reacted with the metal. In one embodiment of the electrolyzer energy reactor, the lower energy hydrogen produced during operation at the cathode can be incorporated into it by reacting with the cathode; thus producing a lower energy hydrogen material of the metal. To be done. In all such reactions, the reaction rate and product yield are increased by adapting heat and / or pressure.

Lower energy hydrogen molecules (dihydrino)
Is purified from hydrogen gas by burning standard hydrogen. Oxygen can be mixed with the sample to purify and ignite the sample. In a second embodiment of the dihydrino purification method, the sample flows over a hydrogen recombiner and reacts with standard hydrogen in a gas stream to form water. In the third embodiment,
The lower energy dihydrinos are collected at the cathode of the electrolyte energy reactor of this invention. For example, the cathode can be a metal cathode including a nickel cathode or a carbon cathode. The cathode can be heated in the vessel to the first temperature at which standard hydrogen preferentially evolves gas by external heating or by passing an electric current through the cathode. You can pump standard hydrogen and then heat the cathode to the next highest temperature at which dihydrino gas is released and collected. In the fourth embodiment,
Cryofiltration including gas chromatography (cryofiltrati
on) to purify the gas sample at low temperature. Gas chromatography can be performed, for example, on activated carbon (charcoal) columns at liquid nitrogen temperature, columns that separate para from ortho hydrogen such as Rt-Alumina columns, or standard hydrogen dihydrin.
o It has a liquid nitrogen temperature HayeSep column that keeps more than that. In the fifth example, the gas sample is clarified by cryodistillation. Here, standard hydrogen is the lower energy hydrogen (di
hydrino). Dihydrino can be concentrated by liquefaction in liquid helium.

(Experimental Verification of This Theory) (Example 1) Article by Mills and Good [Mills, R. et al. Good,
W. , “Fractional quantum energy level of hydrogen (Fractional Qu
antum Energy Levels of Hydrogen) ”, Fusion Techno
logy. Vol. 28, No. 4, November, (1995), PP. 1697−
1719] describes the following: accurate and reliable calorimetry, measurement of excess heat released during electrolysis of potassium carbonate in water by flow calorimetry; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XP
S) in the fractional quantum energy level-hydrinol,
Experimental identification of hydrogen atoms; Experimental identification of hydrogen atoms in the fractional quantum energy level hydrino 1 by soft line emission from dark matter; High-precision magnetic sector mass fraction with ionization energy measurement performance Fractional quantum energy levels by optics-Experimental identification and overview of hydrogen molecules within a single dihydrino molecule.

(Summary :) There are other complete theories that predict the fractional quantum energy levels of hydrogen and the exothermic reactions that produce lower energy hydrogen [Mills, R. et al. , “The Grand Unified Theory o
f Classical Quantum Mechanics), (1995), Technom
ic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA Provided from right:
Hydro Catalysis Power Corporation, Great Valley Co
rporate Center, 41 Great Va11eyParkway, Malvern, P
A 19355, R.A. Mills; "The Unification of Spacetime, the Force
s, Matter, and Energy), (Technomic Publishing Co
mpany, Lancaster, PA, 1992) ".

Excessive power and heat were observed during the electrolysis of potassium carbonate in water. Flow calorimetry of pulsed current electrolysis of potassium carbonate in water at a nickel cathode was performed in a single cell dewar. Average output from 24.6 watts is 4.73
The average human power of watts (voltage x current) was exceeded by a factor greater than 5. The total input energy (voltage x current integral) was 5.72 MJ over the entire duration of the experiment; however, the total output energy was 29.8 MJ. No excess heat was observed when changing the electrolyte from potassium carbonate to sodium carbonate. The heat source is assigned to the electrocatalytic exothermic reaction, which induces the electrons of the hydrogen atom to transition to the quantized energy levels below the conventional "ground state". These lower energy states correspond to fractional quantum numbers: n = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, ... a pair of potassium ions (K ⁺ / K) that supply an energy sink of 27.2 eV.
⁺ Electrocatalytic couple), the transition to these lower energy states is induced.

When n = 1/2 hydrogen atom is identified, H (n = 1/2)
Is reported. Samples of nickel cathodes in a water potassium carbonate cell and a water sodium carbonate cell were analyzed by XPS. A broad peak with a center point of 54.6 eV was present only in the potassium carbonate cell. The binding energy (in vacuum) of H (n = 1/2) is 54.6 eV. Therefore,
This is in good agreement with what was measured as the theoretical H (n = 1/2) binding energy. Hydr lowered to H (n = 1/8)
Further experimental identification of ino can be found in another description by Mills et al. This is Labov and Bowyer [S. Labov and S. Bow
yer, “Astrophysical Journal
l) ”, 371 (1991) 810 of the ExtremeUV Center of t
he University of California, Berkeley]
It concerns soft X-ray emission of dark interstellar medium. The experimental spectra and the predicted energy values of the proposed transitions are in good agreement.

Reaction product of two H (n = 1/2) atoms, dih
ydrino molecules can be analyzed by mass spectroscopy (Shrader Analytical & Con
sulting Laboratories). According to the mass spectrum of cryofiltered gas released during electrolysis of light water K ₂ CO ₃ electrolyte at nickel cathode, dihydrino molecule, H 2 (n = 1/2) is the standard molecular hydrogen,
Ionization energy higher than 15.46 eV of H2 (n = 1), about 63 eV
Proved to have. Post-combustion gas analysis with a high precision (0.001 AMU) magnetic sector mass spectrometer suggested the presence of two peaks with a nominal mass of 2 at 70 eV and one peak at 25 eV. The same analysis of molecular hydrogen suggests only one peak at 25 eV and one peak at 70 ev. In the case of the sample after burning at 70 eV, as the peak of hydrogen molecular ion, 1
One _{^{peak, H + 2 (n = 1}} ) is assigned, and as the peak of the dihydrino molecule having a slightly larger magnetic moment, one _{^{peak, H + 2 (n = 1}} /2) is assigned.

(Example 2) "Fusion Technolog"
y) ”[Mills, R., Good, W. , Shaubach, R. , "Dihydr
ino Molecule Identification ”, 25, 103
(1994)] in a January 1994 edition, Mills et al. Reviewed and presented data for three sets of heat production and "ash" identification. This includes Hydro Catalysis Power Corporation (Experiment # 1-
# 3) and Thermacore, Inc. Studies of (Experiments # 4- # 14) are included.

Summary: Mills et al. Report experimental evidence supporting the Mills theory. According to this theory, the energy hole that induces this transition so that the electrons of the hydrogen and deuterium atoms relax to quantized potential energy levels below the "ground state" when a radiative reaction occurs. Of redox energy that resonates with K ⁺ and K ⁺ , Pd ^{2 +} and L
It is said to be induced by electrochemical reactants such as i ⁺ or Pd and O ₂ . Calorimetry of pulsed currents and continuous electrolysis of potassium carbonate in water (K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple) were carried out at the nickel cathode. The excess output from 41 watts exceeded the total input power provided by the products of electrolysis voltage and current by a factor greater than 8. The "ash" of the exothermic reaction is an atom with energetic electrons below the "ground state" and is predicted to form a molecule. The predicted molecule has a lack of reactivity with oxygen, cryofiltration.
It was confirmed by separation from molecular weight hydrogen by ration) and analysis by mass spectroscopy.

Combustion of the gas and nickel cathode released during the electrolysis of a light water K ₂ CO ₃ electrolyte (K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple) was incomplete. Mass spectrometric analysis of non-combustible gas (Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.) changes species from m / e = 1 to m / e = 1, which is different from hydrogen, mainly causing m / e = 2 peaks It has been proved that it must have the production efficiency of. In addition, m / e = 2 for non-combustible gas
By further mass spectrometric analysis at the peak, dihydrin
It has been demonstrated that the molecule, H ₂ (n = 1/2), has a higher ionization energy than H ₂ .

According to an analysis of the raw data by Mills et al., The China Lake Navy Air Force War Center Weapons Department (China Lake
Mile of Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division)
We observed the dideutrino molecule as a species with a mass-to-charge ratio of 4 and a higher ionization potential than standard molecular weight hydrogen. Miles uses mass spectroscopy, excessive output generating electrolyser (palladium cathode and LiOD / D ₂ 0 electrolytes; 27.
54eV electrocatalytic couple) released gas,
The cryofiltered material was analyzed [B.
F. BUSH, J. J. LAGOWSKI, M. H. MILES, and G. S. OS
TROM, “Helium production in D ₂ O electrolysis in low temperature fusion experiments (Hel
ium Production During the Electrolysis of D ₂₀ in C
old Fusion Experiments) ", J. Electroanal. Chem 3
04, 271 (1991); H. MILES, B. F. BUSH, G. S. OS
TROM, and J. J. LAGOWSKI, “Heat and Helium Production in Cold Fus
ion Experiments) ”, Proc. Conf. The Science of Co
ld Fusion, Como, Italy, June 29-July 4, 1991, p.
363, T. BRESSANI, E.DELGIUDICE, and G. PREPARATA,
Eds. SIF (1991); H. MILES, R. A. HOLLINS,
B. F. BUSH, J. J. LAGOWSKI, and R. E. J. MILES,
"Correlation of Excess Heat and Helium Production in D ₂ O and H ₂ O Electrolysis Using Palladium Cathode
and Helium Production During D ₂₀ and H ₂₀ Electroly
sis Using Pa11adium Cathodes) ”, J. Electroanal.
mem. , 346, 99 (1993); H. MILES and B. F. BUS
H, “Investigating the anomalous effect of excess heat and helium formation in D ₂ O electrolysis using a palladium cathode (Search for Anomalous Eff
ects Involving Excess Power and Helium During D ₂ O
Electrolysis Using Palladium Cathodes) ”, Proc. 3
rd Int. Conf. Cold Fusion, Nagoya, Japan, October
21-25, 1992, p. 189].

Palladium sheets with hydrogen impervious metal scraps on one side and oxide coatings (MnOx, AlOx, SiOx) on the other side were deuterium or hydrogen loaded in NTT laboratories. . Heat was observed from light / deuterium only when a mixed oxide coat (Pd / O ₂ electrocatalytic couple) was present. The gas released when an electric current was applied to deuterium (99.9%) loaded MnOx coated palladium sheets had a high accuracy (.
001AMU) quadrapole mass spectrograph suggests the presence of a large shoulder in the D2 peak, assigned to the dideutrino molecule, D2 (n = 1/2) by Mills et al.
[E. YAMAGUCHI and T. MSHIOKA "Direct Evidence for Nuclear F
usion Reactions in Deuterated Palladium) ”, Pro
c. 3rd Int. Conf. CoId Fusion, Nagoya, Japan, Octo
ber21-25, 1992, p. 179; E. YAMAGUCHI and T. NISHI
OKA, “Helium-4 production from deuterated palladium at low energy (Helium-4 Production from Deuterat
ed Palladium at Low Energies) ”, NTT Basic Resear
ch Laboratories and IMRA Europe S. A. ， PersonalCo
mmunication (1992)].

Example 3 In Pennsylvania State University, excessive heat release from flowing hydrogen in the presence of nickel oxide powder containing strontium niobium oxide (Nb ^{3 +} / Sr ^{2 +} electrocatalytic couple) Measured by accurate and reliable calorimetry. This method is the thermoelectric conversion of heat into an electrical output signal [Phillips, J. "Hydrogen and sample P
Calorimetric Study of SU # 1A Reaction (Calorimetric Investi
gation of the Reaction of Hydrogen with Sample PSU
# 1) ”, September 11, 1994, confidential report submitted on the right and provided by the right: Hydro Catalysis Power Corporatio
n, Great valley Corporate Center, 41 Great Valley
Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355]. Excessive power and heat were observed with hydrogen flowing over the catalyst and increasing at an increasing flow rate. However, no excess power was observed with either helium flowing over the catalyst / nickel oxide mixture or hydrogen flowing over the nickel oxide alone. As shown in Figure 9, the nickel oxide powder containing strontium niobium oxide of about 10cc produced a steady state output power of 0.55W immediately 523 ^○ K. When the gas was switched from hydrogen to helium, the output dropped immediately. When switching to hydrogen again, the excess output power was recovered and continued to increase until the hydrogen source cylinder became empty at about 40,000 seconds. When there was no hydrogen flow, the output power dropped to zero.

The heat source is assigned to electrocatalysis, an exothermic reaction, which induces the electrons of the hydrogen atom to transition to quantized energy levels below the conventional "ground state". These lower energy states correspond to fractional quantum numbers: n = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 ... In the presence of a pair of niobium and strontium ions (Nb ^{3 +} / Sr ^{2 +} electrocatalytic couple), which supply a 27.2 eV energy sink, the transition to these lower energy states is induced.

(Example 4) "Hydrinos from dark interstellar medium"
Spectral Data of Hydrinos from
the Dark Interstellar Medium), and Mills, "The Sun's Section [Mills, R.," Summary of the Orthodox Quantum Mechanics (T
he Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechan
ics) ”(1995), Technological Pblishing Company, Lanc
aster, PA] article, Fractional quantum energy level-hydrin
In 1 the experimental identification of hydrogen atoms by the emission of soft X-rays from dark matter and the sun is described; and it provides clarification to the following problems: the solar neutrino problem, the sun Corona temperature problem, hydrogen 911.8 na widening problem,
Transition from "emission zone" to "convection zone" Temperature issue, low temperature carbon monoxide cloud issue, star age issue, sun rotation issue, solar flare issue, and hydrogen ionization energy source issue. Also, the fractional quantum energy level −hy
It describes the experimental identification of hydrogen atoms in the drino-. This is due to the spin / nuclear hyperfine transition energies obtained by COBE, and there is no other satisfactory assignment.

(Outline) Mills Table 1 [Mills, R. et al. , "The Grand Unified Theory of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics"
Classical Quantum Mechanics) "(1995), Technomic
[Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA], hydrogen transitions to electron energy levels below the "ground" state, which corresponds to the fractional quantum number, predicted from Mills' theory, lead to interstellar space poles. Balances the spectral lines in the ultraviolet background. The hydrogen disproportionation reaction also produces ionized hydrogen, energetic electrons, and hydrogen ionizing radiation. This attribution unravels the paradox of dark matter identity and explains many astronomical observations, such as: diffuse Hα emission is ubiquitous in the galaxy, requiring a widespread source of light shorter than 912Å [Labov, S. ， Bowye
r, S. , "Spectral Observations of the extreme Ultraviolet
background) ”,“ Astrophysics Journal (Astrophys
ical Journal) ”, 371, (1991), PP. 810-819].

Further experimental identification of hydrino-H (n = 1/8) reduction-is found in another explanation by Mills regarding soft X-ray emission of dark interstellar media. This soft x-ray emission was reported by Labov and Bowyer [S.L.] of the Extreme UV Center at the California State University of Berkeley. La
bov and S. Bowyer, “Astronomy Journal (Astroph
ysical Journal) ”, 371 (1991) 810]. The experimental spectra and the predicted energy values at the proposed transition are in good agreement.

The paradox of the lack of solar neutral particles to explain the solar energy output by the pp-chain is solved by assigning most of the solar heat output to the transition to lower energy hydrogen. The photosphere of the sun is 6000K; however, based on the allocation of emitted X-rays to highly ionized heavy elements, the corona temperature is
10 ⁶ K or more. No known power transfer mechanism is satisfactory to explain the corona excess temperature relative to the photosphere temperature. The paradox is solved by the presence of a power source associated with corona. The energy that keeps the corona above 10 ⁶ K is the energy released by the disproportionation reaction of the lower energy hydrogens given by equation (13-15). In Mills Table 2, from the hydrino atom with an initial lower energy state quantum number p and a radius α _H / p, the initial lower energy state quantum number m, the initial radius α _H / m, and the final radius , The energy released by the transition to the lower energy state quantum number, (p + m) and radius, α _H / (p + m), catalyzed by the hydrino atom with α _H , is 1 → 1 / Energy is given in a continuous order from the 2H transition to the 1/9 → 1 / 10H transition. The calculated values and the experimental ones are in good agreement. Furthermore, many of the lines in Table 2 were either unattributed or unsatisfactory [Thomas, R. et al. J. , Neupert, W. , M. , "Astrophysical Journal Supple
ment Series) ”, Vol. 91, (1994), PP. 46-482 ； Ma
linovsky, M. , Heroux, L. , "Astrophysical Journal", Vol. 181, (1973), P
P. 1009-1030; Noyes, R .; ， “Sun, our star (The S
un, Our Star) ”, Harvard University Press, Cambri
dge, MA (1982), P.172; Phillips, J .; H. , "Guide to the Sun", Cambridge Universit
y Press, Cambridge, Great Britain, (1992), pp. 1
18-119; 120-121; 144-145]. Calculated output, 4x
10 ²⁶ W balances with the observed output power, 4 × 10 ²⁶ W.

HI 911.8Å line spread of the sun (911.8Å to
= 600Å) is the surface of the photosphere generated by the HI911.8Å continuum (T
= 6,000K) based on thermoelectron energy, and helium continuum, HeI504.3Å (HeI504.3Å to = 530Å)
And 6 times that predicted based on the relative width of HeII227.9Å (HeII227.9Åto = 225Å) [Thomas, R.
J., Neupert, W. , M. , "Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series", V
ol. 91, (1994), PP. 461-482; Stix, M., " Sun (T
he Sun) ”, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1991), P
P. 351-356; Malinovsky, M .; , Heroux, L. , "Astrophysical Journal", Vol.
181, (1973), PP. 1009-1 1030; Noyes, R .; ， 「 Thick
Sun, our star (The Sun, Our Star) ", Harvard Unive
rsity Press, Cambridge, MA, (1982), P. 172; Phil
lips, J. H. , " Sun to guide (Guide to the Su
n) ”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Gr
eat Britain, (1992), PP. 118-119; 120-121; 144
−145]. The latter line is proportionally much narrower; but
Since the transition is more energetic, the corresponding origin temperature is higher. Moreover, the continuum of the H911.8 na red flame spectrum is about 1/2 the width of the same line of the quiet solar spectrum. However, the temperature is higher than 10,000K with red flame. The excessive extension of the continuum of hydrogen to higher energies,
The characteristic problem of the anomalous spectrum can be solved by the assignment of the spreading mechanism to the energetic disproportionation reaction, which is related to the hydrogen atom as a reactant.

The reaction product, lower energy hydrogen, is "reionized" as it diffuses toward the center of the sun. Velocity of sound at a temperature of 2 × 10 ⁶ K and radius 0.7 sun radius, 0.7 R _s
The abrupt change in the transition rate from the "emission layer" to the "convection layer" at 50 is balanced by the ionization temperature of lower energy hydrogen. Another spectroscopic mystery involves the infrared absorption band of the chromosphere at a wavelength of 4.7 μm. This wavelength was previously assigned to carbon monoxide. However, its existence was hard to believe in the observation region above the temperature at which carbon monoxide splits into the constituent carbon and oxygen atoms. This problem can be solved by assigning a broad 4.7 μm feature to the temperature broadened by the rotational transitions of the lower energy hydrogen molecular ions.
Assignment of the 4.7 μm absorption line to the rotational transition of J = 0 to J = 1 H ^x ₂ [2C −3α ₀ ] ⁺ provides a solution to the problem of cold carbon monoxide clouds.

By modeling the evolution of stars, some stars are estimated to be older than the age of the universe. Mills' theory predicts that some stars will be older than the current elapsed time for expansion, such as the evolution of stars during systole. General relativity is based on the current solar model and helioseismolog
y (Study to obtain information on the inside of the sun from the vibration of the sun surface)
Provides a solution to the problem of loss of nuclear angular momentum, which is consistent with the data in. The transfer of photon momentum to an expanding spatiotemporal mechanism provides a solution to the sun rotation problem of the slowly rotating solar nucleus. Evidence of further star disproportionation is the emission of extreme ultraviolet radiation by a young star called A. Even though it is believed by astronomers that such stars lack the ability to heat these regions, they are believed to have an energetic, ultraviolet-emitting upper atmosphere, or corona. Be done.

Many late-type stars (especially dM stars) are visible X
It is known to produce occasional flares at line wavelengths. Extr
Extremely prominent flares were observed on star AU Microscopii by the eme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) Deep Survey telescope, with a total 20 times larger than when inactive [Bowye
r, S., "Science", Vol. 263, (1994), p
p. 55-59]. Extreme ultraviolet emission lines were observed with no satisfactory attribution. These spectral lines balance hydrogen transitions to electron energy levels below the "ground" state, corresponding to the fractional quantum numbers shown in Mills's Table 3. The line assigned to the lower energy hydrogen transitions significantly increased the intensity of flare activity. This data is consistent with the disproportionation of lower-energy hydrogen as the mechanism of action that causes the solar flare.

Evidence of planetary disproportionation is the emission of energy by Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus in excess of that absorbed by the Sun. Jupiter is a huge sphere of gaseous hydrogen. Saturn and Uranus also contain large amounts of hydrogen. H
⁺ ₃ is detected from all three planets by infrared emission spectroscopy [J. Tennyson, “The World of Physics (Physics-Wor
ld) ”, July, (1995), PP.33-36]. The disproportionation reaction of hydrogen results in ionizing electrons, energy, and ionized hydrogen atoms. Both ionizing electrons and protons can react with molecular hydrogen to produce H ⁺ ₃ . The lower energy spin / nuclear hyperfine structure transition energies of hydrogen are closely balanced with certain spectral lines obtained by COBE [E,
L. Wright, et. al., “Astronomy Journal (Astroph
ysical Journal) ”, 381, (1991), PP. 200-209;
J. C. Mather, et. al. , “Astronomical Physics Journal (As
Trophyical Journal) ", 420, (1994), PP. 439-4
44]. There is no other satisfactory attribution to this.

Example 5 At Pennsylvania State University, excess heat release from flowing hydrogen in the presence of ionic hydrogen spillover catalyst was measured: 5% by weight.
1% -Pd-on-graphite carbon powder (K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple) with 40% potassium nitrate (KN
O ₃ ) accurate and reliable thermometry for thermoelectric conversion of heat into electrical output signals [Phillips, J. et al. , Shim, H. , "K / C
Additional Calorimetric Examples of A Anomalous Heat from Physical Mixtures of Arbon and Pd / Carbon
nomalous Heat from Physical Mixtures of K / Carbon a
nd Pd / Carbon) ”, January l, 1996, Confidential report submitted on the right, provided by the right: Hydro Catalysis Power Co
rporation, Great Valley Corporate Center, 41 Great
Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355]. Excess power and heat were observed with hydrogen flowing over the catalyst. But,
No excess power was observed with helium flowing over the catalyst mixture. The heat production rate was reproducibly observed and higher than predicted from the conversion of all hydrogen entering the cell to water. Also, the total energy observed is
From "known" chemistries, all catalytic agents in the cell were converted to the lowest energy state, more than four times greater than expected. In this way, "abnormal" heats that cannot be explained by conventional chemistry, ie heats with magnitude and duration, were reproducibly observed.

Example 6 Excessive heat from a pressurized gas energy cell with a source of energy hole gas is
Observed by sis Power Corporation [manuscript in progress]. At that time, low-pressure hydrogen was present in molybdenum iodide (MoI ₂ ) (Mo ^{2 +} electrocatalytic ions), and volatilized at a cell operating temperature of 210 ° C. The calorimeter was placed in a large convection oven that maintained the ambient temperature of the cell at the operating temperature. The cell consists of a 40cc stainless steel pressure vessel surrounded by a 2 inch thick molded ceramic insulation. The cell is
Sealed with a vacuum tight flange with a two-hole Buffalo gland. This Buffalo gland is a 1/16 inch stainless steel tube connected to a Type K thermocouple hole and a 1/4 inch stainless steel tube connected to a hydrogen source because the tungsten wire dissociates molecular hydrogen. Supply the population. The flange is sealed with a copper gasket. At the bottom of the vessel is a 1/4 inch vacuum port connected to a stainless tube, which has a valve between the cell, vacuum pump, and vacuum gauge. One gram or less of MoI ₂ catalyst was placed in a ceramic boat in a container. The vapor pressure of the catalyst is 210
It was estimated to be about 50 millitorr at ℃. Hydrogen pressures of about 200 to 250 millitorr were controlled manually by adjusting the feed through the inlet versus the amount pumped at the outlet. At the outlet, the pressure in the outlet tube is monitored with a vacuum gauge. In each test, the total pressure (experimentally MoI ₂ pressure) was exactly 250 mTorr.

The output power is determined by measuring the difference between the cell temperature and the ambient temperature of the oven and comparing the result to a calibration curve generated by applying the output in the cell with a tungsten filament. When hydrogen was flowed over a hot tungsten wire (= 2000 ° C), an overpower of 0.3 watt was observed from a 40 cc stainless steel reaction vessel containing less than 1 g MoI ₂ . However, in the absence of any MoI ₂ in the cell, no excess power was observed when flowing helium over the hot tungsten wire or hydrogen over the hot tungsten wire. The rate of heat production was reproducibly observed, which was higher than that expected from the conversion of total hydrogen in the cell to water. Also, the total energy observed was more than 30 times greater than would be expected from a "known" chemical reaction, assuming that all catalyzer in the cell was converted to the lowest energy state. In this way, an "abnormal" heat that cannot be explained by conventional chemistry, that is, heat with magnitude and duration, was reproducibly observed.

The gas content of the reactor was monitored by mass spectrometry. Two higher ionization masses could be observed when excess energy was produced when hydrogen was flowed over the hot filament; however, when no MoI ₂ was present in the cell, hydrogen was found on the hot tungsten wire. Two higher ionizing masses were not observed in the shed control test. Two higher ionization masses have been assigned to the dihydrino molecule;

[Formula 49]

[0174]

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a total energy source of hydrogen atoms.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of electron orbital sphere size as a function of potential energy.

FIG. 3 shows hydrogen molecules, H ₂ [2C ′ = √2a ₀ ], hydrogen molecule ions, H ₂ [2C ′ = √2a ₀ ] ⁺ , dihydrino molecules, H ^* ₂ [2
C '= a ₀ / √2] and dihydrino molecular ion, H ₂ [2C' = a ₀ ]
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of ⁺ total energy sources.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the size of a hydrogen-type molecule, H ₂ [2C = v2a ₀ / p], as a function of total energy.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an energy reactor according to the invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an electrolytic cell energy reactor according to the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a pressurized gas energy reactor according to the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a gas discharge energy reactor according to the invention.

FIG. 9 shows strontium niobium oxide (Nb ³⁺
/ Sr ²⁺ electrocatalytic couple) is a streak of excess heat release from the hydrogen stream in the presence of nickel oxide powder. This is due to an accurate and reliable method of thermometry, thermoelectric conversion of heat into an electrical output signal.

   ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continued front page    (72) Inventor Gutt, William Earl             United States Pennsylvania             19087 Wayne Laforge Court             twenty one (72) Inventor Popov, Arthur Ai             United States Pennsylvania             19104 Philadelphia Powellton               Avenue 3420 Apartment 1A (72) Inventor Phillips, Jonathan             United States Pennsylvania             16801 State College Locust               Lane 613 F-term (reference) 4G140 AB03

Claims (51)

[Claims] 1. A first container capable of having a vacuum or a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure; hydrogen atom, n = 1 (where n is an energy state of an electron in the free hydrogen atom).
An effective amount of a substance for forming a gaseous transition catalyst for catalyzing the transition to a lower energy state; a source of gas phase hydrogen atoms; means for forming said gaseous transition catalyst from said substance And means for contacting the gaseous transition catalyst with the hydrogen atoms in the vessel under conditions in which the hydrogen atoms transition to an energy state lower than n = 1 and release energy. A cell characterized by that. 2. The gaseous transition catalyst is adapted to absorb multiples of about 27 eV from the hydrogen atoms when the hydrogen atoms transition to a lower energy state. Item 1 cell. 3. The gaseous transition catalyst is adapted to resonate and absorb the energy released by the hydrogen atoms as the hydrogen atoms transition to a lower energy state. The cell according to claim 1. 4. The source of hydrogen atoms is a hydrogen-containing gas,
The cell of claim 1 including means for dissociating the hydrogen containing gas. 5. The hydrogen atom source is a hot filament and a hydrogen-containing gas stream, a hot grid and a hydrogen-containing gas stream, a tungsten capillary and a hydrogen-containing gas stream heated to 1800 to 2000 K by electron impact, under non-equilibrium conditions. The cell of claim 4 including at least one of a plasma flow tube and a hydrogen-containing gas stream that are inductively coupled to each other and a plasma flow tube that is recursively coupled. 6. The cell of claim 1, wherein the source of hydrogen atoms comprises a hydrogen-containing gas stream and a second catalyst for dissociating the hydrogen-containing gas stream into free hydrogen atoms. 7. The cell according to claim 6, wherein the hydrogen dissociation catalyst contains at least one element selected from the group of transition elements, a lanthanide, and activated carbon. 8. The cell of claim 1, further comprising means for absorbing energy from the hydrogen atoms that make up the transition. 9. The cell of claim 1 further comprising means for removing molecular hydrogen having energy states lower than n = 1. 10. A boat or second container for containing the substance, and means for connecting the boat or second container to the first container. The cell according to claim 1. 11. The cell of claim 10, wherein the boat or second container further comprises means for heating the substance contained therein. 12. The cell of claim 1, wherein the gaseous transition catalyst is an ionic compound that resists hydrogen reduction. 13. The cell of claim 1, wherein the material is adapted to sublime, boil, or volatilize when heated. 14. The cell of claim 1, wherein the substance comprises a salt of rubidium or potassium. 15. The substance is RbF, RbCl, RbBr, Rbl,
The cell of claim 1 comprising a salt of rubidium selected from the group consisting of Rb ₂ S ₂ , RbOH, Rb ₂ SO ₄ , Rb ₂ CO ₃ , and Rb ₃ P0 ₄ . 16. The material is KF, KCl, KBr. KI, K ₂ S
The cell of claim 1 comprising a potassium salt selected from the group consisting of ₂ , KOH, K ₂ S0 ₄ , K ₂ CO ₃ , K ₂ PO ₄ and K ₂ GeF ₄ . 17. The substance has a vapor pressure greater than 0 of a cation selected from the group consisting of (Rb ⁺ ), (M0 ²⁺ ), and (Ti ²⁺ ) when the substance is heated. The cell of claim 1, wherein the cell is adapted to provide. 18. The material is when the material is heated.
To provide a pair of cations with a vapor pressure greater than 0.
Is adapted to The pair of cations is (Sn⁴⁺， Si⁴⁺), (Pr³⁺, C
a²⁺⁾, (Sr²⁺, Cr²⁺), (Cr ³⁺, Tb³⁺), (Sb³⁺, Co²⁺),
(Bi³⁺, Ni²⁺), (Pd²⁺, In⁺), (La^3+,Dy³⁺), (La³⁺, Ho
³⁺), (K⁺, K⁺), (V³⁺, Pd²⁺), (Lu³⁺, Zn²⁺), (As³⁺,
  Ho³⁺), (Mo⁵⁺, Sn^{Four +}), (Sb³⁺, Cd²⁺), (Ag²⁺, Ag
+), (La³⁺, Er³⁺), (V^4+,B³⁺), (Fe³⁺, Ti³⁺), (C
o²⁺, Ti⁺), (Bi³⁺, Zn²⁺), (As³⁺, Dy³⁺), (Ho³⁺, M
g²⁺), (K⁺, Rb⁺), (Cr³⁺, Pr³⁺), (Sr^2+,Fe²⁺), (Ni²⁺, Cu
⁺), (Sr^2+,Mo²⁺), (Y³⁺, Zr⁴⁺), (Cd²⁺, Ba²⁺), (Ho ³⁺, Pb
²⁺), (Pd²⁺, Li⁺), (EU³⁺, Mg²⁺), (Er^3+,Mg²⁺), (Bi⁴⁺,
Al³⁺), (Ca²⁺, Sm³⁺), (V³⁺, La³⁺), (Gd³⁺, Cr²⁺), (M
n²⁺, Ti⁺), (Yb³⁺, Fe²⁺), (Ni²⁺, Ag⁺), (Zn²⁺, Yb²⁺),
(Se⁴⁺, Sn⁴⁺), (Sb³⁺, Bi²⁺), And (Eu³⁺, Pb²⁺Group consisting of
The cell of claim 1 selected from: 19. The cell of claim 1, wherein the substance comprises a salt that can be evaporated or volatilized into ions. 20. The salt comprises one or more cations and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of halides, sulfates, phosphates, carbonates, hydroxides, and sulfides. 20. The cell of claim 19 including. 21. The means for forming a transition catalyst for the gas from the material comprises heat, electron beam energy,
The cell of claim 1, comprising at least one of photon energy, sound energy, electric field, or magnetic field. 22. The material is adapted to provide atoms of a gas, and the means for forming the transition catalyst further comprises ionizing atoms of the gas to form the gas transition catalyst. The cell of claim 1 having the means of: 23. Further comprising means for heating said substance, said substance being adapted to provide atoms of a gas when said substance is heated, and for forming said transition catalyst. The cell of claim 1 wherein the means comprises means for ionizing atoms of the gas. 24. The cell of claim 1, wherein the material comprises a filament that forms a transition catalyst for the gas when activated. 25. The cell of claim 1, wherein the means for forming the gaseous transition catalyst comprises a filament and the material is coated on the filament. 26. The material is adapted to provide atoms of a gas when heated, and the means for forming the transition catalyst comprises means for ionizing the atoms of the gas. The cell of claim 11 characterized. 27. The cell of claim 10, wherein the substance includes a salt that can be evaporated or volatilized into ions. 28. The cell of claim 1, further comprising a non-reactive gas, the output of which is controlled by controlling the amount of the non-reactive gas. 29. The cell of claim 1, wherein the source of hydrogen atoms comprises means for pyrolyzing hydrocarbons or water. 30. The cell of claim 29, wherein the cell comprises an internal combustion engine cylinder. 31. Further, it has means for controlling the output of the cell, and the output control means has means for controlling the transition catalyst of the gas or the amount of the hydrogen atoms. The cell according to claim 1. 32. The means for controlling the amount of transition catalyst in the gas comprises means for controlling the temperature of the cell, and the substance has a vapor pressure dependent on the temperature of the cell. 32. Adapted as
Cells. 33. Further, it has a handy means for controlling the output of the cell, and the output control means is the boat shape or the second.
11. The cell of claim 10 including means for controlling the temperature within the vessel of said vessel, said substance being adapted to have a vapor pressure dependent on the temperature of said boat or second vessel. . 34. The cell of claim 31, wherein the amount of hydrogen atoms is controlled by controlling the flow of hydrogen atoms from the source of hydrogen atoms. 35. Further comprising means for controlling the output of said cell, said output control means being said hot filament, said tungsten capillary tube heated by electron bombardment or said inductively coupled. Means for controlling the flow of said hydrogen containing gas through at least one of said plasma flow tubes, or means for controlling the power dissipated in said inductively coupled plasma flow tubes, said hot A filament or means for controlling the temperature of a tungsten capillary tube heated by electron impact,
Alternatively, the cell according to claim 5, comprising means for controlling the pressure of hydrogen and the temperature of the hydride maintained under non-equilibrium conditions. 36. The method of claim 1, further comprising means for controlling the output of the cell, the output control means having means for monitoring the amount of energy released. Cells. 37. A computerized monitoring and control system further comprising means for controlling the output of the cell, the output control means monitoring at least one of a thermistor, a spectrometer or a gas chromatograph. The cell of claim 1 having: 38. A method of extracting energy from hydrogen atoms, the method comprising: volatilizing a substance to form a gaseous transition catalyst; providing a hydrogen atom; and providing the gaseous transition catalyst with the hydrogen atom. contacting the hydrogen atom under conditions where the energy transitions to a lower energy state than n = 1 and energy is released from the hydrogen atom, where n is the energy state of the electron in the free hydrogen atom And the gas transition catalyst is a catalyst for catalyzing the transition of hydrogen to an energy state lower than n = 1. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the step of providing hydrogen atoms comprises the step of dissociating a hydrogen-containing gas into hydrogen atoms. 40. The step of providing hydrogen atoms comprises passing over a hot filament to flow a hydrogen-containing gas, passing through a hot grid to flow a hydrogen-containing gas, or 1800-2000 K by electron impact. Flow the hydrogen-containing gas through a heated tungsten capillary or keep the hydride in a non-equilibrium state, or flow the hydrogen-containing gas through an inductively coupled plasma flow tube. 39. The method of claim 38, comprising performing at least one of freezing. 41. The step of providing hydrogen atoms comprises contacting a hydrogen-containing gas with a second catalyst for dissociating the hydrogen-containing gas stream into free hydrogen atoms.
8 ways. 42. The method of claim 38, wherein the gaseous transition catalyst absorbs multiples of about 27 eV from the hydrogen when the hydrogen atoms transition to a lower energy state. 43. The gas transition catalyst is characterized in that it is resonantly absorbed with respect to the energy released by the hydrogen atoms when the hydrogen atoms transition to a lower energy state. 39. The method of claim 38. 44. The method of claim 38, further comprising the steps of performing the method in a cell with a container capable of having a vacuum or a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. 45. The method of claim 338, further comprising controlling the output of the cell. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the step of controlling the output of the cell comprises controlling the flow of hydrogen atoms into the cell. 47. The method of claim 38, further comprising the step of absorbing the released energy. 48. The method of claim 38, further comprising removing molecular hydrogen having an energy state lower than n = 1. 49. The step of volatilizing a substance to form a gaseous transition catalyst comprises the steps of volatilizing the substance and ionizing the gaseous atoms to form gaseous atoms. 39. The method of claim 38. 50. Fractional quantum energy level hydrogen atom (hy
a step of volatilizing a substance to form a gas transition catalyst; forming a hydrogen atom; and bringing the gas transition catalyst into an energy state in which the hydrogen atom is lower than n = 1. And contacting the hydrogen atom under conditions that energy is released from the hydrogen atom, thereby forming the fractional quantum energy level hydrogen atom, where n
Is the energy state of an electron in a free hydrogen atom, and the gas transition catalyst is a catalyst for catalyzing the transition of hydrogen to an energy state lower than n = 1; A method for producing a hydrogen atom having a fractional quantum energy level, which is characterized by the above. 51. The method of claim 50, further comprising the step of collecting and purifying the fractional quantum energy level hydrogen atoms.