JP2000348783A - Manufacture of pigment-sensitized type solar cell - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a manufacturing method of a pigment-sensitized type solar cell capable of stably filling an electrolyte in its inside over a long period without degrading a sensitizing pigment and not degrading conversion efficiency. SOLUTION: After the circumference of a space formed by catching a semiconductor electrode 8 and an opposite electrode 9 is sealed by perfectly setting a glass fritt sealant 6 by heat-treating it at 450 deg.C, a sensitizing pigment solution is injected into the space between the semiconductor electrode 8 and the opposite electrode 9 so that the sensitizing pigment is stuck to a semiconductor film 4, and thereafter, an electrolyte 3 is filled in the space and an injection hole is finally sealed.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell which directly converts light energy into electric energy.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art A solar cell is a photoelectric conversion element that absorbs light energy of sunlight, generates electric power, and converts it into electric energy. There are several types of solar cells, and silicon semiconductors represented by silicon single crystal solar cells
Silicon-based solar cells using pn junctions are widely used. However, the dye-sensitized solar cell published by Gretzel et al. In 1991 has been attracting attention because it operates by a mechanism different from that of the silicon-based solar cell, has a high conversion efficiency, and has a low manufacturing cost.

[0003] This dye-sensitized solar cell mainly comprises a counter electrode, a semiconductor electrode, an electrolyte layer sandwiched between these electrodes, and a sealant sealing the electrolyte layer. I have. The counter electrode generally has a surface on a glass substrate.
The one coated with a transparent conductive film is used.
Use a metal substrate because the electrodes do not need to be transparent
Can also. In addition, the semiconductor electrode is coated with a transparent conductive film on a transparent substrate in the same manner as the counter electrode, and a semiconductor film is formed thereon, so that the semiconductor film can efficiently absorb sunlight. What adsorbed the sensitizing dye is used.

When the dye-sensitized solar cell is irradiated with light, the sensitizing dye adsorbed on the semiconductor electrode absorbs the light to excite it to generate electrons. The electrons move through the semiconductor electrode,
Further, it moves to the counter electrode. Electrons, electric moved to the counter electrode
Light energy can be continuously taken out as electric energy by moving through the degrading layer and returning to the semiconductor electrode.

In the conventional method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell, a sensitizing dye is adsorbed on a semiconductor film to form a semiconductor electrode, which is superposed on a counter electrode, and the periphery thereof is sealed with an organic resin or the like. In general, a method is used in which a sealing agent is used to fill the space between the two electrodes by filling the space between the electrodes through a hole provided in the electrode substrate, and finally the inlet is sealed.

[0006]

However, in the above-described general method of manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell, the periphery of the substrate is sealed by using an organic resin as a sealant. For complete curing, a heat-curable resin requires a heat treatment for at least several hours at the resin curing temperature, and an ultraviolet-curable resin requires a strong ultraviolet irradiation treatment. Both heat and ultraviolet rays in the resin curing step cause deterioration of the sensitizing dye adsorbed on the semiconductor film formed on the semiconductor electrode, and lower the conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell. There was such a problem.

Further, since the electrolyte solution of the dye-sensitized solar cell is sealed in the battery for a long period of more than half a year, it cannot be used for a long time with respect to an organic solvent such as acetonitrile which is a solvent of the electrolyte solution. For this reason, a chemically stable resin had to be selected as the sealant. Originally, as a chemically stable sealant, an inorganic material such as glass or ceramic is more suitable than an organic resin, but in order to cure the inorganic sealant, 400 to 600 ° C.
Heat treatment at a high temperature is required, and the sensitizing dye is
Even for a short period of time, it cannot withstand the high temperature, so that it was impossible to use an inorganic sealant such as a glass frit.

Therefore, according to the present invention, the electrolyte solution can be stably encapsulated for a long period of time without deteriorating the sensitizing dye.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell that does not reduce conversion efficiency.

[0009]

Means for Solving the Problems In order to solve the above-mentioned problems and achieve the object, the present inventor has proposed a method of manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell, in which electrodes are overlapped and the periphery thereof is made of organic resin or the like. Focusing on the fact that the sensitizing dye is degraded by heating or irradiation with ultraviolet light in the step of sealing with a sealing agent, a production method that does not deteriorate the adsorbed sensitizing dye was devised.

That is, in the method for manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the first aspect of the present invention, a method for manufacturing a dye having conductivity is described .
An electrode, a transparent conductive film on a transparent substrate, and a semiconductor electrode in which a semiconductor film is formed in this order or a semiconductor film formed on a conductive substrate, a transparent conductive film on the counter electrode and a semiconductor film on the semiconductor electrode. A first step of sealing the periphery of the space formed by sandwiching the two electrodes so that the semiconductor films face each other with a sealant leaving an inlet and an outlet, and increasing the space from the inlet to the space; A second step of injecting the sensitizing dye solution into the semiconductor film formed on the semiconductor electrode by discharging the sensitizing dye solution from the outlet after injecting the sensitizing dye solution; The method is characterized by including a third step of filling the electrolyte from the inlet and a fourth step of sealing the inlet and the outlet.

In the method for manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the second aspect of the present invention, in the first step of the method for manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the first aspect, the sealing with the sealant is performed. Before performing, the injection pipe and the discharge pipe connecting the space and the outside are respectively arranged in a part of the peripheral part of the space, and then the cavity connected to the space-side opening of the injection pipe and the discharge pipe is formed in the space. Is formed between the periphery of the above and the sealing layer made of the sealing agent, and further, the sensitizing dye solution and the electrolytic solution are injected in the subsequent step using the injection tube.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the second aspect, wherein the periphery of the space and the sealant are used. A method of forming a cavity in the middle of the sealing layer is to apply a wax around the space before sealing, apply a sealant thereon, and heat-treat the sealant, thereby curing the sealant. At the same time, it is a lost wax method in which the wax is evaporated to form a cavity.

Further, in the method for manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the present invention, a counter electrode having conductivity is provided .
And, whether a transparent conductive film on a transparent substrate, a semiconductor film is formed in this order, or an inlet and an outlet are provided in one of the semiconductor electrodes on which the semiconductor film is formed on the conductive substrate, Alternatively, an inlet or outlet is provided for each of both the counter electrode and the semiconductor electrode,
A first step of sealing the periphery of a space formed by sandwiching both electrodes such that the transparent conductive film on the counter electrode and the semiconductor film on the semiconductor electrode face each other with a sealant; After injecting the sensitizing dye solution from the inlet, by discharging the sensitizing dye solution from the outlet, a second step of adsorbing the sensitizing dye to the semiconductor film formed on the semiconductor electrode, The method is characterized by including a third step of filling the space with the electrolyte from the inlet, and a fourth step of sealing the inlet and the outlet.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to any one of the first to fourth aspects.
As means for sandwiching the counter electrode and the semiconductor electrode so that the space is formed, an insulating material made of a particulate or thin plate-like inorganic or heat-resistant organic resin is used as a spacer.

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, in the method of manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to any one of the first to fifth aspects,
It is characterized by using a sealant containing glass or ceramics as a main component. In the method for manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the invention according to claim 7, in the first step of the method for manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, the sealant is used. Is characterized in that a counter electrode or a part of a semiconductor electrode is melted at a high temperature and joined by sealing in place of the above.

Further, in the method of manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the invention described in claim 8, in the method of manufacturing the dye-sensitized solar cell described in claim 5, glass is used as a material of the spacer. It is characterized by: In the method for manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the ninth aspect, in the method for manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the fifth aspect, a polyimide resin is used as a material of the spacer. I have.

[0017]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In a method for manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the present invention, a counter electrode and a semiconductor electrode are narrowed so that a transparent conductive film and a semiconductor thin film formed on each electrode face each other. After the periphery of the space formed by the holding is sealed in advance with a sealant, a sensitizing dye solution is injected into the space between the held electrodes to adsorb the sensitizing dye on the semiconductor film.

In the embodiment of the present invention, a transparent glass substrate is used as a substrate material of a counter electrode, and tin oxide or I
To form a transparent conductive film such as TO, and to smoothly transfer electrons between the counter electrode and the electrolyte,
Platinum was thinly coated on the transparent conductive film. Further, as a substrate of the semiconductor electrode, a glass substrate having a surface on which tin oxide or an ITO transparent conductive film is formed, or a metal substrate such as titanium is used, and a semiconductor having a thickness of about 0.1 to 50 μm is further formed thereon. A coating is formed. The semiconductor is not particularly limited as long as it is used as a photoelectric conversion material, but titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, zinc titanate, strontium titanate, sulfide One kind of a known semiconductor material such as cadmium or
Two or more types can be used. Among them, titanium oxide is preferable. Further, the method of forming the semiconductor film includes:
Various known techniques can be used. For example, a sol-gel method in which a suspension containing semiconductor fine particles such as titanium oxide is coated on a substrate to form a film, a PVD method using a solid target containing a desired semiconductor component, a desired semiconductor component, Using raw material gas containing carbon
Method D, anodic acid that electrochemically oxidizes the surface of the metal substrate
A chemical conversion method can be used.

An insulating material is interposed between these electrodes as a spacer so that the counter electrode and the semiconductor electrode do not come into direct contact with each other and become conductive. As the spacer, the diameter used for the production of the liquid crystal substrate is 20 μm or less.
Below, preferably 5-10 μm SiO ₂ spheres,
In 10~1000 μm, preferably 20~200 μm
Inorganic substances such as thin glass plates are preferred. Also, organic matter
Use polyimide film with high heat resistance even for resin
You can also. If the spacer is too thick, the electrolyte layer will be charged.
The conversion efficiency decreases because the distance over which the load moves increases.
If it is too thin, it will be difficult to cut glass etc.
Disadvantages such as increased risk of short-circuiting.

The periphery of the space formed by interposing the spacer as described above is sealed with a thermosetting or photocuring organic resin or an inorganic sealing agent such as a paste of glass frit. I do. At this time, if a wax is applied to the periphery of the space in advance, a sealant is applied from above and heat-cured, whereby the sealant is hardened and the wax evaporates to form a cavity. By using this so-called lost wax method, if a glass tube is previously installed around the space, the space and the outside are connected via the cavity and the glass tube, and a sensitizing dye solution in a subsequent process can be used. The electrolyte is smoothly injected.
Further, in the lost wax method, it is preferable to coat a high melting point ceramic powder or a glass frit sealing agent on the wax, and further apply a low melting point glass frit thereon to form a cavity. because,
When only a low melting point glass frit is applied on a wax and heat-treated, the glass frit softens at a temperature around 600 ° C., and the formed cavity may be crushed. By applying a high melting point sealant made of ceramic powder or glass frit, which does not soften in a very low temperature range, onto the wax, the cavity will not be crushed even when the curing temperature reaches a high temperature. . However, the high melting point sealant is 100 to 60.
Since it does not harden at a temperature of 0 ° C., a low melting point glass frit is further applied thereon and heat-treated, whereby the electrodes can be completely sealed while forming a cavity inside.

In the step of curing the sealant, unlike the conventional method of manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell, the sensitizing dye is not adsorbed on the semiconductor film of the semiconductor electrode. There is no possibility that the sensitizing dye is deteriorated by heat or ultraviolet rays in the curing step of the sealant. Furthermore, when heat treatment is performed in the curing step, the heat treatment can be performed any number of times as long as the heating temperature is equal to or lower than the softening temperature of the glass substrate, and there is no problem even if the entire surface is irradiated with ultraviolet rays many times. In addition, since it has become possible to completely cure the sealant, an inorganic sealant such as a glass frit which is extremely chemically stable and could not be used as a conventional sealant. Can be used. Since the inorganic sealant hardly deteriorates even when used outdoors for a long period of time, the electrolyte can be stably sealed for a long period of time. Further, if the peripheral portion of the glass substrate is sealed by welding, the risk of leakage of the electrolytic solution is further reduced.

After sealing the periphery of the electrode as described above,
The sensitizing dye is adsorbed on the semiconductor film formed on the semiconductor electrode. Here, suitable sensitizing dyes for efficiently absorbing sunlight include ruthenium and osmium metal complexes and organic dyes such as phthalocyanine and cyanide, and among them, ruthenium metal complexes are preferable. Also,
As a liquid for dissolving the sensitizing dye, a suitable one is a known solvent such as water, alcohol, acetone, acetonitrile, toluene, and methylene chloride as long as it dissolves the sensitizing dye to be used. Alternatively, two or more types can be used.

In the adsorption step, it is preferable that the sensitizing dye solution is circulated at room temperature for at least 6 hours to sufficiently adsorb the sensitizing dye to the semiconductor film. After the sensitizing dye is adsorbed on the semiconductor film, the semiconductor film is dried by flowing dry nitrogen or dry air. Further, if necessary, the surface of the dye-sensitized semiconductor film may be treated with 4-tert-butylpyridine or the like.

Next, an electrolyte is injected, and when the electrolyte is filled in the space, the injection port is closed. The electrolytic solution is not particularly limited as long as it is an electrolytic solution generally used for a wet battery, but an electrolytic solution containing iodine as a main component is preferable. For sealing the injection port, an epoxy resin or a glass plate may be used in combination, or a known method such as welding of glass may be used.

Thus, a dye-sensitized solar cell is manufactured. Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. (First Embodiment) FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a dye-sensitized solar cell manufactured in the first embodiment, and FIG.
It is the top view.

In the embodiment of the present invention, the glass substrate 1
A tin oxide transparent conductive film 2 is formed on the surface, and
Platinum thin by the putter method, thickness of about 50nm (not shown)
The counter electrode 9 coated on the
On the tin oxide transparent conductive film 2 formed on the glass substrate 1
And a colloidal solution in which fine particles of titanium oxide are suspended
And heat-treated at 500 ° C for 30 minutes to remove titanium oxide.
A semiconductor electrode 8 on which a semiconductor coating 4 was formed was prepared.
Then, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG.
Pre-drilled two holes with a diameter of 1.2mm,
1.2 mm, 7 mm long short glass tube 7 and glass
Insert the tube 7 'and fix it with a glass frit (not shown).
Specified. Further, as a spacer, a 10 μm diameter S
iO_TwoBall 5 (Tokuyama Co., Ltd.)
(H type) is dispersed in isopropyl alcohol.
Spray the dispersion solution of the above on the surface of the counter electrode evenly and apply S
iO _TwoBall 5 was sprayed.

The counter electrode 9 thus prepared is bonded to the semiconductor electrode 8, a paste of glass frit 6 is applied along the periphery of the space formed between the electrodes, and the paste is cured by heat treatment at 450 ° C. Was. Next, a tube is inserted into the glass tube 7, and one of the glass tubes 7 is used by using a roller pump.
A sensitizing dye (2,2 'bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxyl) ₂ ruthenium (NCS) ₂ in ethanol solution was injected from the flask, and the solution was discharged from the other glass tube 7' and left at room temperature for 15 minutes.
The mixture was circulated for a time to chemically adsorb the sensitizing dye on the surface of the titanium oxide fine particles. Here, the sensitizing dye solution was withdrawn, dry nitrogen was flown from the glass tube 7, and the entire solar cell was depressurized to remove ethanol as a solvent and to adsorb the sensitizing dye onto the titanium oxide semiconductor film. 4 was dried.

Next, the iodine electrolyte 3
And after the space is filled with the electrolyte solution,
Finally, silicon rubber was filled in the tips of the glass tubes 7 and 7 ', and further, an epoxy resin was applied, cured and sealed to produce a dye-sensitized solar cell. This dye-sensitized solar cell was supplied with a solar simulator at 100 mW /
It was measured electromotive force by irradiating the light of cm ^2, 1 cm ²
The short circuit current per unit was about 15 mA, the open circuit voltage was 0.7 V, and the conversion efficiency was 7%. It was confirmed six months after the preparation of the dye-sensitized solar cell. As a result, no leakage of the electrolyte solution was observed at all, and the cell was completely sealed. The conversion efficiency was 7%, and no deterioration was observed. (Second Embodiment) FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of a dye-sensitized solar cell manufactured in the second embodiment, and FIG.
It is the top view. FIG. 5 is a side view of the dye-sensitized solar cell manufactured in the second embodiment.

The counter electrode 9 and the semiconductor electrode 8, which are produced in the same manner as in the first embodiment, are superposed on each other, and a foil having a thickness of 30 μm and a width of 3 mm is formed around a pair of two opposite sides shown in FIG. Glass plate 12 (Schott), or 150 μm thick,
Cover glass 12 (made of Matsunami glass) having a width of 3 mm
A spacer was sandwiched between them. Further, as shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, the injection port has a diameter of 1.2 mm and a length of 1 cm.
A glass tube 7 and a glass tube 7 ′ are mounted along another opening of another pair of opposite sides different from the two sides, and the glass tubes 7 and 7 ′ are left except the glass tubes 7 and 7 ′. A wax is applied along a pair of openings on two opposite sides to which the 'is attached, and a high melting point Si is applied on the wax to prevent the cavity from being collapsed by the heat treatment as described above.
Ceramic sealant 1 containing O ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ as main components 1
0 and dried at 120 ° C. Then, the wax was evaporated and a cavity 11 was formed inside the ceramic sealant 10. On the ceramic sealant 10, a paste sealant 6 of glass frit containing lead oxide as a main component was further applied over the entire periphery of the substrate and heat-treated at 450 ° C. Melted and solidified.

After the periphery of the electrode is sealed with the glass frit 6 as described above, the roller is sealed in the same manner as in the first embodiment.
Using a pump (not shown), the ruthenium sensitizing dye ethanol was injected from the inlet of the glass tube 7 connecting the cavity 11 to the outside.
The sensitizing dye was chemically adsorbed on the surface of the titanium oxide fine particles of the semiconductor coating 4 by pouring the solution into the glass tube 7 ′ and circulating the solution at room temperature for 15 hours. Further, the sensitizing dye solution was withdrawn, and dry nitrogen was flowed from the glass tube 7 to reduce the pressure of the entire solar cell, thereby removing ethanol as a solvent and drying the titanium oxide semiconductor film 4 having the sensitizing dye adsorbed thereon. I let it.

Finally, an iodine electrolyte is filled, and a glass tube 7 serving as an inlet and a glass tube 7 'serving as an outlet are provided.
Was melted with a gas burner to seal the electrolyte. This dye-sensitized solar cell was charged with a solar simulator for 1 hour.
When the electromotive force was measured by irradiating light of 00 mW / cm ² , the short-circuit current per cm ² was about 15 mA, the open voltage was 0.7 V, and the conversion efficiency was 7%. Six months after the preparation of this dye-sensitized solar cell, it was confirmed that no leakage of the electrolytic solution was observed at all, and the cell was completely sealed, and the conversion efficiency was 7%, showing no deterioration. .

[0032]

As described above, according to the present invention, the periphery of the space sandwiched between the counter electrode and the semiconductor electrode is sealed with a sealant in advance, and then the sensitizing dye is adsorbed on the semiconductor film. Therefore, a dye-sensitized solar cell in which the electrolyte was completely sealed without deterioration of the sensitizing dye and stably functioning for a long time was produced.

A dye-sensitized solar cell in which the conversion efficiency did not decrease over a long period of time was produced.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a dye-sensitized solar cell according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of the dye-sensitized solar cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of a dye-sensitized solar cell according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a plan view of the dye-sensitized solar cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a side view of the dye-sensitized solar cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

1 ... glass substrate 2 ... transparent conductive film 3 ... electrolyte layer 4 semiconductor film ... sensitizing dye is adsorbed 5 ... SiO ₂ spheres 6 ... sheet - Le agent (glass frit 7 ... Injection port (glass tube) 7 '... Exhaust port (glass tube) 8 ... Semiconductor electrode 9 ... Counter electrode 10 ... High melting point sealant (ceramic frit) 11. ..Cavity 12 ・ ・ ・ Foil glass plate

Claims (9)

[Claims] 1. A counter electrode having conductivity and a transparent substrate
Whether a transparent conductive film and a semiconductor film are formed in this order
Is a semiconductor electrode with a semiconductor film formed on a conductive substrate
, Said counter electrode and said leaving semiconductor film on the semiconductor electrode and a peripheral inlet and outlet of the space in which to hold the both electrodes so as to face sheet - first sealing with Le agent Process and
After injecting the sensitizing dye solution from the inlet into the space,
Discharging the sensitizing dye solution from the outlet to adsorb the sensitizing dye to the semiconductor film formed on the semiconductor electrode; and filling the space with an electrolyte from the inlet through the inlet. 3. A method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell, comprising: a third step; and a fourth step of sealing the inlet and the outlet. 2. In the first step of the method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 1, before performing sealing with the sealant, an injection pipe and a discharge pipe connecting the space and the outside are formed. A cavity connected to a space-side opening of the injection pipe and the discharge pipe is formed at a part between the periphery of the space and the sealing layer made of the sealing agent. And a sensitizing dye solution and an electrolytic solution are injected in the subsequent step using the injection tube. 3. The method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 2, wherein the method of forming a cavity between the periphery of the space and a sealing layer formed of a sealing agent is performed before sealing. A lost wax method in which a wax is applied to the periphery of the space, a sealant is applied thereon, and the sealant is heat-treated, thereby curing the sealant and evaporating the wax while forming a cavity. A method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell, comprising: 4. A counter electrode having conductivity and a transparent electrode
Whether the transparent conductive film, the semiconductor film is formed in this order, or an inlet and an outlet are provided in one of the semiconductor electrodes in which the semiconductor film is formed on the conductive substrate,
Alternatively, an inlet or an outlet is provided for each of the counter electrode and the semiconductor electrode, and a space formed by sandwiching both electrodes such that the counter electrode and the semiconductor film on the semiconductor electrode face each other. A first step of sealing the periphery of the semiconductor with a sealant, and injecting the sensitizing dye solution into the space from the inlet, and then discharging the sensitizing dye solution from the outlet, thereby forming the semiconductor. A second step of adsorbing the sensitizing dye on the semiconductor film formed on the electrode, a third step of filling the space with the electrolyte from the inlet, and a fourth step of sealing the inlet and the outlet. And a method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell. 5. The method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the means for sandwiching the counter electrode and the semiconductor electrode so as to form the space includes particles. A method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell, comprising using an insulating material made of an inorganic or heat-resistant organic resin in the shape of a plate or a thin plate as a spacer. 6. The method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a sealant containing glass or ceramic as a main component is used. Solar cell manufacturing method. 7. In the first step of the method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6,
A method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell, wherein a part of a counter electrode or a semiconductor electrode is melted at a high temperature and joined by sealing instead of using a sealant. 8. The method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 5, wherein glass is used as a material of the spacer. 9. The method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 5, wherein a polyimide resin is used as a material of the spacer.