GB2566438A - Wireless sensor - Google Patents
Wireless sensor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2566438A GB2566438A GB1712140.1A GB201712140A GB2566438A GB 2566438 A GB2566438 A GB 2566438A GB 201712140 A GB201712140 A GB 201712140A GB 2566438 A GB2566438 A GB 2566438A
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- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- transducer
- ultrasound
- induction coil
- sensor
- wireless sensor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/24—Probes
- G01N29/2412—Probes using the magnetostrictive properties of the material to be examined, e.g. electromagnetic acoustic transducers [EMAT]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/043—Analysing solids in the interior, e.g. by shear waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/24—Probes
- G01N29/2475—Embedded probes, i.e. probes incorporated in objects to be inspected
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/24—Probes
- G01N29/2481—Wireless probes, e.g. with transponders or radio links
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/34—Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
- G01N29/348—Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor with frequency characteristics, e.g. single frequency signals, chirp signals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/023—Solids
- G01N2291/0231—Composite or layered materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
- G01N2291/269—Various geometry objects
- G01N2291/2694—Wings or other aircraft parts
Abstract
A wireless sensor (700) for non-destructive testing of a test object, the sensor comprising: a first ultrasound transducer (702); a second ultrasound transducer (710); and an induction coil (704) electrically coupled to the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer for transmitting electrical energy to the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer such that the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer each outputs an ultrasound signal in response to the induction coil being inductively coupled to a remote excitation device. The wireless sensor is able to use one induction coil to drive multiple transducers simultaneously and can therefore inspect multiple points with a single measurement i.e. one excitation signal leading to a return signal from each transducer. Thus multiple sensors (coil and transducer pairs) are not required for multiple points of inspection.
Description
Wireless Sensor
Background of the Invention
Non-Destructive testing (NDT) is used extensively across a range of industries to evaluate the properties of a test object without causing damage to the test object. Examples of test objects include composite aircraft panels, gas-turbine engine components, pipelines and pressure vessels.
It is known to integrate an NDT sensor into a test object in order to provide, for example, reliable repeatable measurement and/or in situ monitoring while the test object is in service. For example, it is known to integrate an ultrasound sensor in or on a test object.
Furthermore, it is known to provide wireless integrated NDT sensors that can be inductively coupled to a remote device. The inductive coupling enables power and signals to be provided to the integrated sensor from the remote device in a similar manner to known radio-frequency identification (RFID) modules. Thus, the inductive coupling can be used for the transfer of measurement information from the integrated sensor back to the remote device.
Typically, a wireless NDT sensor has a single sensor element to inspect a single area, either directly beneath the transducer or surrounding the transducer. In order to inspect multiple points, multiple complete wireless NDT sensors are used and multiple measurements have to be carried out. As will be appreciated, providing multiple complete sensors has negative implications in terms of the cost of the NDT system, the combined weight of the sensors integrated into the test object and the physical space occupied by the sensors. Also, multiple measurements will increase the inspection time.
Accordingly, a need exists for an NDT sensor that alleviates some or all of these problems.
Summary of the Invention
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a wireless sensor for non-destructive testing of a test object, the sensor comprising:
a first ultrasound transducer;
a second ultrasound transducer; and an induction coil electrically coupled to the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer for transmitting electrical energy to the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer such that the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer each outputs an ultrasound signal in response to the induction coil being inductively coupled to a remote excitation device.
Thus, the wireless sensor of the first aspect of the invention is able to use one induction coil to drive multiple transducers simultaneously and can therefore inspect multiple points with a single measurement i.e. one excitation signal leading to a return signal from each transducer. This can result in a low cost sensor as multiple sensors (coil and transducer pairs) are not required for multiple points of inspection. Additionally, the use of the sensor of the first aspect can increase the speed and efficiency of inspection of a structure, since multiple point measurements may be made simultaneously using a single point of excitation.
The wireless sensor can comprise one or more further ultrasound transducers, each of which is electrically coupled to the first induction coil such that the first induction coil can transmit electrical energy to the further ultrasound transducers along with the first and second ultrasound transducers to cause the first and second ultrasound transducers and the further ultrasound transducers to simultaneously output ultrasound energy when the sensor is excited by the remote device.
The first ultrasound transducer can be arranged to output an ultrasound signal at a first frequency. The second ultrasound transducer and/or one or more of the further ultrasound transducers can each be arranged to output an ultrasound signal at a further frequency which is different than the first frequency.
The second transducer can be connected in series with the first transducer.
Alternatively, the second transducer can be connected in parallel with the first transducer.
The induction coil and one or more, and in some cases all, of the transducers can be mounted on a substrate. The substrate can be planer and/or flexible. The substrate can comprise a
PCT. The substrate and components can be encapsulated in a protective envelope formed from a plastics material.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a non-destructive testing system comprising a sensor according to the first aspect and a wireless excitation device.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, strictly by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:
Figure lisa schematic representation of a known wireless sensor for non-destructive testing and a simplified equivalent circuit of the sensor;
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a further known wireless sensor for non-destructive testing and a simplified equivalent circuit of the sensor;
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of a known wireless sensor for non-destructive testing and a simplified equivalent circuit of the sensor;
Figure 4 is a schematic representation of a known wireless sensor for non-destructive testing and a simplified equivalent circuit of the sensor;
Figure 5 is schematic representation of an embodiment of a wireless sensor with multiple sensing elements;
Figure 6 is a simplified equivalent circuit of the multiple elements wireless sensor shown in Figure 5;
Figure 7 is schematic representation of an alternative embodiment of a wireless sensor with multiple sensing elements; and
Figure 8 is a simplified equivalent circuit of the multiple elements wireless sensor shown in Figure 7.
Specification Description of Embodiments of the Invention
Referring first to Figure 1, a known wireless sensor for non-destructive testing is known generally at 100. The sensor 100 can be attached to or embedded in a structure or object to be tested, and can be excited by a remote device known as an inspection wand (not shown).
The sensor 100 comprises a piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 102 which is electrically coupled to a generally circular induction coil 104. The induction coil 104 enables the sensor 100 to be remotely powered by the inspection wand by inductive coupling. The induction coil 104 is connected to a negative electrode of the transducer 102 by a first connection 106 and to a positive electrode of the transducer 102 by a second connection 108.
The induction coil 104 and the ultrasound transducer 102 together form an inductor-capacitor (LC) circuit with a particular resonant frequency. In use, the inspection wand is brought towards the sensor 100, which induces a current in the LC circuit at the resonant frequency. This causes the transducer 102 to output an ultrasound pulse. The ultrasound pulse can reflect off a surface of the test object and the reflected signal is received by the transducer 102, producing a current in the sensor 100 that can be transmitted to the inspection wand via inductive coupling between the sensor 100 and the inspection wand.
Referring now to Figure 2, a further known wireless sensor for non-destructive testing is shown generally at 200. The wireless sensor 200 is designed to address a problem associated with the sensor 100 of Figure 1, that the distance at which the sensor 100 can be excited by, and can transmit data to the inspection wand, is limited by the small diameter of the induction coil 104, particularly for high frequency applications.
The wireless sensor 200 comprises a piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 202 and a first generally circular induction coil 204. The first induction coil 204 is connected to a negative electrode of the transducer 202 with a first connection 206 and to a positive electrode of the transducer 202 with a second connection 208.
The wireless ultrasound sensor 200 further comprises a second generally circular induction coil 210 which has a larger diameter than the first coil 204. The second induction coil 210 is connected to the negative electrode of the transducer 202 with a third connection 212 and to the positive electrode of the transducer 202 with a fourth connection 214. Thus the first and second induction coils 204, 210 are connected in parallel with the transducer 202.
As can be seen from the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 2, the first and second induction coils 204, 210 and the transducer 202 together form a parallel LC resonant circuit. The arrangement of Figure 2 permits an increase in the operable range of the sensor 200 whilst maintaining the total inductance of the sensor 200 at a level low enough to provide a resonant circuit suitable for use in high frequency applications. However, the sensor 200 of Figure 2 is not capable of transmitting ultrasound pulses at the different frequencies.
Referring now to Figure 3, a further known wireless sensor for non-destructive testing is shown generally at 300. The wireless sensor 300 is designed to generate ultrasound pulses at two different frequencies.
The sensor, shown generally at 300, comprises a piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 302 which is electrically coupled to a first generally circular induction coil 304. A first end of the first induction coil 304 is connected to a negative electrode of the transducer 302 by a first connection 306. A positive electrode of the transducer 304 is electrically connected to a first end of a second generally circular induction coil 308 by a second connection 310. A second end of the second induction coil 308 is electrically connected to a second end of the first induction coil 304 by a third connection 312, such that the first and second induction coils 304, 308 are connected in series with one another, and the series combination of the first and second induction coils 304, 308 is connected in parallel with the transducer 302. A capacitor 314 is connected to the second and third connections 310, 312, in parallel with the second induction coil 308.
As can be seen from the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 3, the first and second induction coils 304, 308, the transducer 302 and capacitor 314 together form a circuit with two resonant frequencies, and can therefore simultaneously generate both bulk waves, which can be used to detect defects in a structure immediately beneath the sensor, and guided waves, which can be used to detect defects in the structure in the vicinity of the sensor.
Referring to Figure 4, an alternative wireless ultrasound sensor arrangement which is capable of generating ultrasound pulses at two different frequencies is shown generally at 500.
The sensor 500 comprises a piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 502 which is electrically coupled to a first generally circular induction coil 504. A first end of the first induction coil 504 is connected to a negative electrode of the transducer 502 by a first connection 506. A positive electrode of the transducer 504 is electrically connected to a second end of the first induction coil 504 by a second connection 508. The sensor 500 further comprises a second generally circular induction coil 510. A capacitor 512 is connected in parallel with the second induction coil 510. The second induction coil 510 is not electrically connected to the first coil 504, but is instead inductively coupled to the first induction coil 504.
Figure 5 is schematic representation of a wireless ultrasound sensor with multiple sensing elements according to an embodiment of the invention.
The sensor, shown generally at 700, comprises a first piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 702 and a second piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 710 which are both electrically coupled to a generally circular induction coil 704. A first end of induction coil 704 is connected to a negative electrode of the first transducer 702 by a first connection 706, and a second end of induction coil 704 is connected to a positive electrode of the first transducer 702 by a connection 708. The negative electrode of the second transducer 710 is also electrically connected the first end of induction coil 704 by the connection 706, and the positive electrode of the second transducer 710 is also connected to the second end of induction coil 704 by the connection 708, such that the first and second transducers 702, 710 and the induction coil 704 are connected in parallel with one another. The induction coil 704 is directly connected to the transducers 702, 710 by non-switched wires.
In the illustrated example, the transducers 702, 710, and induction coil 704 are mounted in a planar arrangement (i.e. they all occupy substantially the same plane) on a substrate, with the transducers 702, 710 being positioned outside the induction coil 704 on opposite sides of it. However, this arrangement need not to be adopted; the transducers 702, 710, and induction coil 704 can be arranged in any configuration that is convenient for the requirements of a particular application of the sensor 700, and may, for example, occupy different planes and/or different positions relative to the coil. Equally, transducers 702, 710 are positioned outside of the induction coil 704, but may be arranged in any configuration that is convenient for the requirements of a particular application of the sensor 700, such as inside of it.
Figure 6 is a schematic diagram showing a simplified equivalent circuit of the sensor 700 of Figure 5. As can be seen from Figure 6, the sensor 700 can be modelled as capacitance Cpzl (representing the capacitance of the first transducer 702), capacitance Cpz2 (representing the capacitance of the second transducer 710) connected in parallel with one another and in parallel with inductance L/representing the first induction coil 704). The capacitances Cpzl, Cpz2 and inductance L± form a resonant circuit having a resonant frequency, which can be estimated using the equation
27T^/Li(CpZi + Cpz2)
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, one or more additional sensing element can be added to the sensor 700 by adding additional transducer in parallel with induction coil 704. The transducers can be arranged any arrangement or configuration that is convenient to the particular application of the sensor 700; for example, at equivalent angular spacings around the coil 704, or in a linear array extending away from the coil 704 or either side of it.
Referring now to Figure 7, an alternative wireless ultrasound sensor which has multiple sensing elements is shown generally at 900.
The sensor, shown generally at 900, comprises a first piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 902 and a second piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 910 which are both electrically coupled to a generally circular induction coil 904. The negative electrode of the first transducer 902 is connected to a first end of induction coil 904 by a connection 906, and the positive electrode of the first transducer 902 is connected to the negative electrode of the second transducer 910. The positive electrode of the second transducer 910 is connected to a second end of induction coil 904, such that the first and second transducers 902, 910 and the induction coil 904 are connected in series with one another. The induction coil 904 is directly connected to the transducers 902, 910 by non-switched wires.
In the illustrated example, the transducers 902, 910, and induction coil 904 are mounted in a planar arrangement (i.e. they all occupy substantially the same plane) on a substrate, with the transducers 902, 910 being positioned outside the induction coil 904 on opposite sides of it. However, this arrangement need not to be adopted; the transducers 902, 910, and induction coil 904 can be arranged in any configuration that is convenient for the requirements of a particular application of the sensor 900, and may, for example, occupy different planes and/or different positions relative to the coil. Equally, transducers 902, 910 are positioned outside of the induction coil 904, but may be arranged in any configuration that is convenient for the requirements of a particular application of the sensor 900, such as inside of it.
Figure 8 is a schematic diagram showing a simplified equivalent circuit of the sensor 900 of Figure 7. As can be seen from Figure 8, the sensor 900 can be modelled as capacitance Cpzl (representing the capacitance of the first transducer 902), capacitance Cpz2 (representing the capacitance of the second transducer 910) connected in series with one another and in series with inductance ^(representing the first induction coil 704). The capacitances Cpzl, Cpz2 and inductance L± form a resonant circuit having a resonant frequency, which can be estimated using the equation
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, one or more additional sensing element can be added to the sensor 900 by connecting additional transducers in series with induction coil 904. The transducers can be arranged in the arrangement described above with reference to Figure 6, or any other arrangement or configuration that is convenient to the particular application of the sensor 900.
In any embodiment, the piezoelectric transducers can have different operating frequencies with respect to one another, e.g. 2MHz and 5MHz. The transducers can be arranged as an array/matt and applied on a structure such as on the elbow of a pipe, or as a linear array which extends around the circumference of pipe.
Thus, a sensor according to embodiments of the invention can comprise: a first ultrasound transducer; a second ultrasound transducer; and an induction coil electrically coupled to the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer for transmitting electrical energy to the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer such that the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer each outputs an ultrasound signal in response to the induction coil being inductively coupled to a remote excitation device.
Claims (11)
1. A wireless sensor for non-destructive testing of a test object, the sensor comprising: a first ultrasound transducer;
a second ultrasound transducer; and an induction coil electrically coupled to the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer for transmitting electrical energy to the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer such that the first ultrasound transducer and the second ultrasound transducer each outputs an ultrasound signal in response to the induction coil being inductively coupled to a remote excitation device.
2. A wireless sensor according to claim 1, comprising one or more further ultrasound transducers, each of which is electrically coupled to the first induction coil such that the first induction coil can transmit electrical energy to the further ultrasound transducers along with the first and second ultrasound transducers to cause the first and second ultrasound transducers and the further ultrasound transducers to simultaneously output ultrasound energy when the sensor is excited by the remote device.
3. A wireless sensor according to any preceding claim, wherein the first ultrasound transducer is arranged to output an ultrasound signal at a first frequency and one or more of the further ultrasound transducers are each arranged to output an ultrasound signal at a further frequency which is different than the first frequency.
4. A wireless sensor according to any preceding claim, wherein the second transducer is connected in series with the first transducer.
5. A wireless sensor according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the second transducer can be connected in parallel with the first transducer.
6. A wireless sensor according to any preceding claim, wherein the induction coil and one or more of the transducers are mounted on a substrate.
7.
A wireless sensor according to claim 6, wherein the substrate is planer.
8 A wireless sensor according to claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the substrate is flexible.
9. A wireless sensor according to any of claim 6 to 8, wherein the substrate comprises a PCB.
10. A wireless sensor according to any of claim 6 to 9, wherein the substrate and components are encapsulated in a protective envelope formed from a plastics material.
11. A non-destructive testing system comprising a sensor according to any of claim 1 to 10 and a wireless excitation device.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1712140.1A GB2566438B (en) | 2017-07-28 | 2017-07-28 | Wireless sensor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1712140.1A GB2566438B (en) | 2017-07-28 | 2017-07-28 | Wireless sensor |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201712140D0 GB201712140D0 (en) | 2017-09-13 |
| GB2566438A true GB2566438A (en) | 2019-03-20 |
| GB2566438B GB2566438B (en) | 2020-01-08 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1712140.1A Active GB2566438B (en) | 2017-07-28 | 2017-07-28 | Wireless sensor |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2566438B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2583507A (en) * | 2019-05-01 | 2020-11-04 | Inductosense Ltd | Non-destructive testing |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2533833A (en) * | 2015-06-22 | 2016-07-06 | Univ Bristol | Wireless sensor |
-
2017
- 2017-07-28 GB GB1712140.1A patent/GB2566438B/en active Active
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2533833A (en) * | 2015-06-22 | 2016-07-06 | Univ Bristol | Wireless sensor |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2583507A (en) * | 2019-05-01 | 2020-11-04 | Inductosense Ltd | Non-destructive testing |
| GB2583507B (en) * | 2019-05-01 | 2021-09-22 | Inductosense Ltd | Calibrating a non-destructive piezoelectric sensor |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB201712140D0 (en) | 2017-09-13 |
| GB2566438B (en) | 2020-01-08 |
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