GB2371738A

GB2371738A - Slicing machine

Info

Publication number: GB2371738A
Application number: GB0201957A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Colin Michael Burton; Geoffrey Thomas Carruth
Original assignee: AEW Engineering Co Ltd
Current assignee: AEW Engineering Co Ltd
Priority date: 2001-01-30
Filing date: 2002-01-29
Publication date: 2002-08-07
Anticipated expiration: 2022-01-29
Also published as: GB0201957D0; WO2002060657A1; GB2371738B

Abstract

A slicing machine includes a camera (1 fig 2) producing an image of the cut face of a food product 2, a window 8, 9, 10, 11 being superimposed on said image for an image processor to process image signals within said window, a computerised control system controlling the machine in response to the processed image signals, a hold down device 5, 6 and associated position indicating means 7 being used to determine the position of the top line 8 of the window. A guide plate and associated second position indicating means (12, 13 fig 5) may determine the position of the right side line of the window (15 fig 5). The position indicating means may be a light source or LED, a reflective region and illumination source or a low voltage displacement transducer. Perspective correction means may be used to correct image data from the camera before or after processing, eg if the cut face is inclined relative to the camera axis (fig 2). The bottom and left borders of the window 9, 10 may be manually aligned with shear edges 3, 4 against which the food product abuts.

Description

Title : Improvements in Slicing Machines Field of the Invention This invention relates to a slicing machine for cutting slices from a food product, such as cheese or meat, but especially bacon or similar meat products, containing regions of fat and regions of lean meat.

Background to the Invention Typically such a slicing machine includes a rotating blade and means to feed the product forward towards the blade so that successive slices are cut from one face of the product.

The distance through which the product is advanced between successive cuts of the blade determines the thickness of the slices. Where the product is of uniform shape and density then it may be sufficient to use a single predetermined slice thickness to give a slice or group of slices of the required weight. In general however, variations in the shape and density of the product mean that the weight of a slice of a given thickness varies. A previous approach to dealing with this variation is described and claimed in the applicant's granted European Patent EP-B-0, 127,463. This patent describes and claims a process in which an automatic slicing machine is programmed to vary the thickness of the slices in accordance with a typical weight distribution for the product. Although this system achieves good results where the product shape or envelope varies in a predictable manner it still tends to produce a number of slices which are outside the required weight range when the actual weight density distribution departs from the expected distribution.

Prior Art The present applicant's US Patent No. 5267168 describes a method of controlling a slicing machine, more especially to enable slices of equal weight to be cut in spite of shape and density variations in the cut face of the product, in which a camera views the cut face of the product and image data from the camera is processed to determine a parameter characteristic of the cut face, a computer control system controlling operation of the slicing machine accordingly. In practice, the characteristic parameter is computed from image data obtained within a window within the field of view of the camera. This window could, for example, in order to determine the area of the cut face, be set to align at the bottom and left side border with shear edges against which the blade presses when slicing, the window embracing the product at the top and right hand borders. The purpose of setting up the window and processing only image data obtained from within the window is to save data processing time. However, the procedure for setting up the window is a lengthy trial and error process which requires successive rounds of data entry and data saving appertaining to the co-ordinates of the comers of the window or windows, each round followed by inspection of the display, eventually, for example in the case of a window embracing the image of the cut face on the VDU, to align the window with the above mentioned shear edges. Moreover, in the known machine, the top and right-hand sides of the window can only be set to the maximum height and width of the product log, although in practice, in more instances, as in the case of a bacon log, the height and width of the product log will vary along its length.

The Invention According to the invention, there is provided a slicing machine for cutting slices from a product, comprising a camera which views a cut face of the product, a computerised control system including an image processor for defining a window embracing the product within the field of view of the camera, the size and position of the window being input to the image processor to enable the processor to process image signals within the window ; a hold-down device on the slicing machine for holding down the product during use; and a position indicating means associated with the hold-down device and enabling a signal to be generated dynamically, for supply to the image processor, to determine the instantaneous position of the top line of the window during use, the computerised control system controlling the action of the slicing machine responsively to the processed image signals. Typically the camera is a CCD camera. Advantageously, a second position indicating means may be associated with a movable right-hand side guide plate opposite a fixed shear line defining the left-hand border of the window, thereby to enable a position indicating signal to be generated and supplied to the image processor, dynamically, to determine the instantaneous position of the right-hand side line of the window during use.

The position indicating means may comprise a light source on the hold down device and/or side guide, light from the source producing a well defined spot of light in the image presented to the camera which can be detected in the camera output by the image processor.

Alternatively the position indicating means may comprise a reflective region on the hold down device and/or side guide and light from a source of illumination and reflected therefrom causes a well defined reflection to occur for detection by the camera and image processor.

In a further arrangement the position indicating means may comprise a low voltage displacement transducer which generates a position signal for feeding to the image processor.

In a further arrangement a light source illuminates the end face from one side (or above or below) to form a line of light on the face of the product and on machine elements above and below (or to the sides of) the end face of the product, and a protrusion on a machine element illuminated by the line creates a break in the line of light (or a lateral (or up or down) local displacement of the line of light), and the position of the break (or displacement) identifies the position of the machine element concerned in the field of view, and the signal processor is programmed to find the break (or displacement) in the line in the image seen by the camera, and a position signal is computed therefrom indicating the position of its protrusion in the field of view.

The left-hand and bottom sides of the window, coinciding with the fixed left-hand shear plate and bottom of the machine bed against which the product abuts in use, can preferably be set by means of a manual control device, such as a mouse, instead of a protracted data entry and save process.

The mouse can also be used to set up a further smaller window (or windows), for example embracing one or more areas of lean meat, in the case of bacon, in the image of the product on the VDU, so as to enable image signals within the smaller window or windows to be processed. Taking account of the results of processing signals obtained from within the further window or windows enables more accurate grading signals to be generated for the slices.

It will thus be apparent that the operator is able to set the position and shape of the window at one attempt, avoiding the need for repetitive entry and data saving. This not only makes the time required to set up the window much shorter, but also makes it much easier.

In use it may not be appropriate or convenient to position a camera so as to view the end face of a product log on axis, and if the camera is positioned off axis the axis of the product log will be inclined, typically by about 20 degrees, to the axis of the camera.

Therefore in accordance with a preferred feature of the invention perspective correction is applied to correct the signals obtained from the camera before or during their processing, to correct for any off-axis viewing of the product by the camera, which will result in the apparent shape and dimensions of an object varying, depending on where it is situated in the camera field of view.

Thus for example a rectangular area in the plane normally occupied by the end face of the product log will appear trapezoidal in the image formed in the camera. This distortion is sometimes referred to as viewing angle distortion and it is know to apply perspective correction to image data obtained using a camera which views at an off-axis angle, so as to reduce the sizing errors which can otherwise arise by counting pixels. Thus for example if the area of an object is computed by summing the camera signal pixels contained within the edge or boundary of the image of the object as it appears on a camera CCD, an incorrect area measurement for the object can result, if a correction factor is not applied.

Typically the camera image signal is in, or is converted to, a digital format, each digital value numerically representing the charge depletion of a tiny region (pixel) in the CCD, caused by the light incident thereon in the image formed on the CCD. When in this form, the image data obtained by a single read-out of the CCD can be stored in a digital memory device, known as a frame store.

Applying a threshold so as to separate digital values according to numerical value, allows pixel counting to be limited to pixels whose grey level (i. e. position in the scale between black and white) is above (or below) one value (determined by the selection of the detection threshold value). Thus the area of (say) a region whose colour allows its pixels to be separated from its surroundings in the image, can be estimated by counting the pixels whose values satisfy a detection threshold which distinguishes their grey level values from those of its surroundings. This allows an area of darker lean meat to be distinguished relative to surrounding lighter coloured fat.

The perspective correction may be applied to the stored image data in such a way as to produce a modified set of digital values, which if displayed will produce a representation of the image which would have been formed on the camera CCD if the camera had been viewing the object with the latter in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the camera lens system-i. e. on-axis, and the thresholding and area computation is performed on the modified digital values.

Alternatively the unmodified stored digital values may be subjected to the same thresholding so as to separate pixels corresponding to lighter and darker areas, but depending on where any particular pixel lies in relation to the array of pixels determined by the CCD, a weighting (or correction factor) is applied to it (using pre-stored information) so that if its digital value satisfies the grey level threshold, its contribution to the area count of similar adjoining pixels also satisfying the threshold, will be adjusted to compensate for the off-axis viewing angle.

Where perspective correction has been applied to the image data, an accurate estimate of the area of any group of threshold satisfying pixels will be obtained.

In one preferred method perspective correction is performed by modifying the digital image data values using a mathematical algorithm, values for variable components of which are obtained by a calibration process. The latter typically involves the step of placing a rectangular set-up scale of known dimensions in the camera field of view in the same plane and position which will be occupied by the end face of the product log, and inputting the true dimensions of each of the edges of the scale to a computer to which uncorrected image data from the camera which is viewing the scale are also fed. Scaling the inputed dimensions to take account of de-magnification in the camera optics allows numerical values for the edges of the scale to be stored for future comparison.

If the uncorrected image data is used to produce an image in a VDU display of the image presented to the camera CCD, a mouse or other pointing device associated with the computer can be used to identify the end points and therefore lengths of each of the edges of the image of the scale in the VDU display, and by comparing the dimensions of the displayed edge with the stored correct length value for that edge, using the computer, the latter can compute a correction factor to be applied in that region of the camera image to adjust the image data (or size data derived therefrom) to obtain a corrected dimension in that region. Repeating the process for each of the edges of known dimensions enables an algorithm to be formulated which can be used to interpolate for pixels which do not lie on the edges of the scale, so that data from all pixels, at least within the area of the scale, can subsequently be corrected, or a correction factor value can be computed for every one of the pixel locations or for selected pixel positions throughout the CCD arrays, correction factor values for pixel locations between those for which correction factors are stored being computed by interpolation, so that image data obtained during subsequent scans can be corrected using an appropriate correction factor as data relating to each pixel is processed.

In a particularly preferred arrangement the computer may for example use the co-ordinates of the pixels at the comers of the image of the rectangular scale (identified by using a mouse or other pointing device) and the known true size of the edges of the scale, to compute a correction factor for those comer co-ordinates, and by interpolation, for all other pixel co-ordinate positions at least within the area of the scale. The correction factors can be stored in a memory organised as a look-up table which is then addressed according to pixel position to correct the digital values obtained by reading out the camera CCD when the scale has been replaced by the end face of the product log and it is an image of the latter which is formed on the CCD, in place of the scale By using the stored correction factors from the look-up table memory, as required, the digital picture signals stored in the frame store may be modified so as to produce in a VDU a corrected image, corresponding to what would have been focused on the camera CCD if the camera had viewed the cut end face on-axis. By doing so, the shape of regions of darker lean meat and lighter coloured fat in the end face of a side of bacon, will be correctly reproduced in the VDU display. If it is desired to circumscribe one of the regions using a computer generated window using a mouse or other pointing device, the accurate positioning and proportioning of the window is thereby facilitated.

Perspective correction techniques are described in Digital Image Processing 1993 ISBN 0201-600-76-1, Section 25.2, entitled Perspective transformations (Rafael Goncales and Richard E Woods).

According therefore to another aspect of the invention a computer controlled slicing machine for cutting slices from a product includes a camera which views the cut face of the product, with the cut face inclined relative to a plane normal to the axis of the camera, a digital image signal from the camera corresponding to the cut face is stored in a frame store, a computerised control system including means for defining a window for generating image signals, the image signals within the window being input to an image processor to enable the processor to process them, and wherein the computerised control system controls the action of the slicing machine responsively to the processed image signals, and also incorporates perspective correction means for correcting the stored image data to compensate for the viewing angle.

The perspective correction used where the cut face is inclined to a plane normal to the axis of the camera, is employed to correct for the non-rectangularity of the image caused by the inclination.

If the camera is on-axis but merely angled so as to look up or down, the correction is only required in one plane (i. e. in a vertical sense).

If the camera views the product from above (or below) and from one side or the other, the correction is needed in two planes, i. e. both vertical and horizontal.

The perspective correction means typically applies to the image data signals a correction factor determined by pixel counts of dimensions of a known object located in the machine in place of the product during a calibration step as aforesaid. Thus the correction factors for each pixel position may be computed during a calibration step in which the cut face is replaced by a rectangular set-up scale of known dimensions. In the image of the set-up scale, the edges will be distorted due to perspective effects, but the true dimensions of the edges of the scale can be identified to the processor, thereby enabling correction factors for pixel co-ordinates throughout the field of view to be determined, and stored for future reference either in a look-up table memory or in the form of an algorithm whose functionality varies with pixel co-ordinate for adjusting image data values during subsequent scans. Description of embodiment In the accompanying drawings : Fig 1 shows a view on a display monitor of the product in a slicing machine, as seen by a viewing camera; Fig 2 is a view of part of the slicing machine having an LED mounted on a top roll; Fig 3 illustrates use of the LED to set a top roll cut-off line; Fig 4 is a view of part of a slicing machine having a movable side guide and associated LED; Fig 5 illustrates use of the side guide to set a side cut-off line; and Fig 6 shows use of the viewing system to set up windows, embracing features of interest in the product.

In the present invention, the basic slicing machine is generally similar to that described in US Patent No. 5267168. The product is held down by a top roll on the bed of a slicing machine against a vertical side plate. A camera views the end face of the product and the image data is used to calculate characteristic features of the end face, as seen by the camera, which in turn are used to control the thickness of slice to be cut by a slicing knife. The speed with which the calculations can be made affects the overall speed of working of the machine and, for this reason, the US Patent discloses the setting up of a window within the field of view of the camera, which embraces the end face of the product, the calculations being made only on image data derived from within the window.

However, in the known machine, window set up is a lengthy process, and the window is not accurately defined at a top edge and a side edge, having regard to the fact that, during slicing, the height and width of the product can change along its length. In addition, inadequate correction is made for the fact that the camera views the product end face at an angle, typically about 20 degrees.

Easier and more accurate definition of one or more viewing windows would enable better control of the slicing knife and also enable the machine to operate at a higher speed.

Referring to Fig 1, in the machine of the present invention, during window set up, the cutoff lines which define the window along the side of interest are positioned. The lines 8,9, 10 and 11 are superimposed over the camera image, as shown on a display monitor, by the viewing system.

In the known machine, numerical values for the co-ordinates of the quadrilateral, which is non-rectangular owing to the angle of view, are entered, to define the window of interest.

This was a trial and error process which required successive rounds of data entry and solving, followed by inspection of the display, eventually to superimpose the quadrilateral on the shear edges which restrain the product.

In the machine of the present invention, the use of a mouse, or similar manual control device, enables the line 9 to be aligned with the bottom shear edge 4, as seen on the viewing monitor, and likewise enables the line 10 to be aligned with the left-hand shear edge 3. Line 11 can then be set to the maximum width of the product and line 8 is the maximum height of the product. The setting of the lines in this way, by means of a mouse, is much easier and quicker than entering x, y co-ordinates in a table in a trial and error fashion, because the operator has immediate visual feedback and is able to set up the window correctly first time.

In the slicing machine of the present invention, as in the slicing machine of the US Patent, the top roll which bears down on the product is the last section of the drive which imparts a forward motion to the product during slicing. It is conventionally heavily knurled or spiked for this purpose. A side effect is that the knurling or spikes can collect small pieces of product, making it difficult for the viewing system to distinguish between the product on the top roll and the main product body. Although software techniques have been proposed in an endeavour to deal with this problem, this depends on evaluation of changing grey levels and thus subject to jitter, resulting in errors in thickness evaluation. The software techniques also take up processing time and thus slow down overall speed of operation of the machine.

In the machine of the present invention, making reference to Fig 2, the camera 1 views the product 2 located on the machine bed, enabling the slicing knife in the form of a rotating blade (not shown) to slice the product against the vertical shear edge 3 and the horizontal shear edge 4. The top roll 6 which drives the product forwardly is mounted on a tie bar and on this is mounted an LED 7. The top bar assembly is able to move up and down as the height of the product changes during slicing. Referring now to Fig 3, showing the view from the display monitor, the top line 8 of the window is positioned just below the top roll.

The distance between the image of the LED 7 and the line 8 is kept constant by the viewing system. As the top roll 6 lifts and lowers to follow a changing height of the product, the cut-off line 8 follows it dynamically. The use of the LED 7 dynamically to set the top line of the window embracing the product results in a more accurate evaluation of slice thickness and faster processing of the image, enabling machine operation at a higher speed.

In addition, the machine of the present invention preferably includes an LED to set up a dynamic right hand side line to the window area. This is beneficial in reducing wasted material at the end of the product log. Thus, referring to Fig 4, a machine side guide 13 is pressed against the right hand side of the product, typically by an air cylinder 14. The LED 12 is mounted on the side guide. As the guide moves in and out due to variations in product width, the LED 12 moves with it. The setting up of the side guide is illustrated in Fig 5. The product is located on the bottom shear edge 4 against the left hand shear edge 3. The vertical side cut off line 15 is positioned using the mouse to coincide with the lefthand side of the side guide which is in contact with the product. In use, the viewing system tracks the position of the LED 12 dynamically to maintain the position of the cut-off line 15 at a fixed distance to the left of the LED. The advantages obtained are analogous to those obtained by use of a top roll LED as hitherto described, bearing in mind that the side guide is also likely to become coated with pieces of product which the viewing system cannot readily distinguish from the main product.

Thus, in the machine of the present invention, the quadrilateral defining the window of interest embracing the product is in use completely defined by the left hand and bottom shear edges (fixed), the dynamic top line set by the top roll LED and the dynamic right hand side line set by the side guide LED.

The machine in accordance with the present invention is also able, by means of the mouse, to define particular regions of interest for analysis. Two or more particular regions may be defined ; for instance two defined regions may be called the primary region and the secondary region. Thus, in bacon slicing for example, grading of the slices can be set up by using the primary region to define the darker primary lean region of the meat and using the secondary region to define the lighter coloured secondary lean region of the meat. The regions are set up simply by use of the mouse to drag the sides of the defining rectangles, generated by the viewing system superimposed on the overall image of the product.

Immediate feedback to the viewing monitor enables the operator to set the rectangles correctly first time. The image data within the defined regions is analysed for lean meat content during slicing and enables improved grading of the product, for example so that lean meat appears in a particular place in a final sliced pack for shop display purposes.

This added facility is advantageous compared with a machine which only examines the entire slice area for lean/fat content, and affords flexibility and adaptability for the needs of the end-user for grading a wide range of product shapes. Referring to Fig 6, there is shown the viewing operator's monitor display set up for two special lean/fat assessment areas of interest. The two areas of interest are marked 17 and 18, and the first rectangle 19 is set up to enable assessment of the darker primary lean meat 17 and the second rectangle 20 is set up to enable assessment of the lighter secondary lean meat 18 contained within the product 2. The rectangles are quickly and easily set by dragging their sides into position using the mouse control. For different products and/or uses, the rectangles can readily be redefined. Although US Patent No. 5267168 uses an analysis of grey levels over the whole field to determine the lean to background grey level threshold, a process which may be termed autothresholding, the present invention enables autothresholding to be carried out specifically in relation to areas of interest on which the above-described windows 19 and 20 are superimposed.

Overall, the viewing system herein described enables grading taking into account a variety of parameters, including the slice height at the highest point, the percentage of slice width above a given height, the slice width at the widest point, lean meat distribution using statistical variance, and lean meat lengths and positions in the primary and secondary regions of interest.

The machine in accordance with the invention also provides an improved means of perspective correction, which occurs because the cut face of the product is at an angle to the axis of the camera. This means that the pixels representing the near part of the product represent a smaller area than those further away.

The correction parameters are obtained by placing an accurately delineated rectangular scale on the vertical shear edge in place of the product. This is sized to represent the maximum possible height of a product. The number of pixels along each edge of the image of the scale are compared, the edges having been defined to the viewing system using the mouse.

The quadrilateral defining the perspective set up scale is thus :- 1) the fixed left line coinciding with the left hand shear edge; 2) the right hand edge of the scale; 3) the fixed top line coinciding with the top of the scale; and 4) the bottom shear edge.

Using the above described measurements as data, in use the system calculates the area of the product that each pixel represents to obtain a correction factor, and then uses this correction factor to modify all areas and lengths which are taken into account during grading and slicing of the product. This true perspective correction of every pixel is much more accurate than any previously proposed method of perspective correction and is made possible by the use of faster processing techniques now available.

Thus in practice, the improved viewing system enables complete assessment of the determined parameters of the end face of the product being viewed while a single slice is being cut, and enables this assessment to be used for slicing control during cutting of the next slice.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A slicing machine for cutting slices from a product, comprising a camera which views a cut face of the product; a computerised control system including an image processor for defining a window embracing the product within the field of view of the camera, the size and position of the window being input to the image processor to enable the processor to process image signals within the window; a hold-down device on the slicing machine for holding down the product during use; and a position indicating means associated with the hold-down device and enabling a signal to be generated dynamically, for supply to the image processor, to determine the instantaneous position of the top line of the window during use, the computerised control system controlling the action of the slicing machine responsively to the processed image signals.
2. A slicing machine according to claim 1 further comprising a second position indicating means associated with a movable right-hand side guide plate opposite a fixed shear line defining the left-hand border of the window, thereby to enable a position indicating signal to be generated and supplied to the image processor, dynamically, to determine the instantaneous position of the right-hand side line of the window during use.
3. A slicing machine according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the position indicating means comprises a light source on the hold down device and/or side guide, light from the source producing a well defined spot of light in the image presented to the camera which is detected in the camera output by the image processor.
4. A slicing machine according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the position indicating means comprises a reflective region on the hold down device and/or side guide and a source of illumination causes a well defined reflection to occur from the region which is detected in the camera output by the image processor.
5. A slicing machine according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the position indicating means comprises a low voltage displacement transducer which generates a position signal for feeding to the image processor.
6. A slicing machine according to claim 1 or 2 wherein a light source illuminating the end face from one side or above or below forms a line of light on the face of the product and on machine elements above, below and/or to the sides of the end face of the product and a protrusion on a machine element creates a break in (or a lateral, or up or down, local displacement of) the line of light, and the position of the break in or displacement of, the line, identifies the position of the protrusion and therefore the machine element concerned, in the field of view.
7. A slicing machine according to any of claims 1 to 6 further comprising perspective correcting means adapted to correct the image data obtained from the camera before or during processing of the data.
8. A slicing machine according to any of claims 1 to 7 further comprising a VDU for displaying the image data obtained from the camera.
9. A slicing machine according to claim 8 wherein perspective correction is applied to the image data obtained from the camera before is employed to display an image of the end face of the product on the VDU.
10. A slicing machine according to any of claims 1 to 9 wherein the left-hand and bottom sides of the window, coinciding with the fixed left-hand shear plate and bottom of the machine bed against which the product abuts in use, are set by means of a manual control device, such as a computer mouse.
11. A slicing machine according to any of claims 1 to 10 wherein the image data is stored in a frame store and the image processing is performed on the stored data.