GB2220501A - Coupling waveguides using transverse cylindrical lenses - Google Patents
Coupling waveguides using transverse cylindrical lenses Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2220501A GB2220501A GB8816064A GB8816064A GB2220501A GB 2220501 A GB2220501 A GB 2220501A GB 8816064 A GB8816064 A GB 8816064A GB 8816064 A GB8816064 A GB 8816064A GB 2220501 A GB2220501 A GB 2220501A
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- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- lens
- optical
- optical system
- lenses
- optical coupler
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
- G02B6/3524—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being refractive
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
- G02B19/0004—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed
- G02B19/0009—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having refractive surfaces only
- G02B19/0014—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having refractive surfaces only at least one surface having optical power
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
- G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
- G02B19/0047—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source
- G02B19/0052—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source the light source comprising a laser diode
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
- G02B27/0938—Using specific optical elements
- G02B27/095—Refractive optical elements
- G02B27/0955—Lenses
- G02B27/0966—Cylindrical lenses
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
- G02B6/3524—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being refractive
- G02B6/3526—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being refractive the optical element being a lens
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
- G02B6/4206—Optical features
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4219—Mechanical fixtures for holding or positioning the elements relative to each other in the couplings; Alignment methods for the elements, e.g. measuring or observing methods especially used therefor
- G02B6/422—Active alignment, i.e. moving the elements in response to the detected degree of coupling or position of the elements
- G02B6/4225—Active alignment, i.e. moving the elements in response to the detected degree of coupling or position of the elements by a direct measurement of the degree of coupling, e.g. the amount of light power coupled to the fibre or the opto-electronic element
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4249—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details comprising arrays of active devices and fibres
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
- G02B6/3544—2D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a plane
- G02B6/3548—1xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
- G02B6/3554—3D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a volume
- G02B6/3558—1xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3598—Switching means directly located between an optoelectronic element and waveguides, including direct displacement of either the element or the waveguide, e.g. optical pulse generation
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
Abstract
An optical system coupling a waveguide such as a laser diode (4) to a waveguide such as an optical fibre (6) must transform the beam ellipticity for efficient coupling. The optical system comprises a combination of lenses (8a, 8b, 10) providing independent coupling in two orthogonal directions. The combination of lenses includes first and second lenses each having a respective index which may be homogeneous or inhomogeneous. This enables the optical coupler to provide efficient, low-loss coupling and has particular advantages when coupling an array of waveguides on a semiconductor to optical fibre ''pigtails''.
Description
AN OPTICAL SYSTEM
The present invention relates to an optical system and in particular, but not exclusively to, an optical system comprising an optical coupler for coupling waveguides such as laser diodes.
Certain waveguides, e.g. conventional lasers, or optical fibres provide a circularly symmetrical beam output. Optical couplers for such waveguides are relatively simple, matching the numerical apertures. However, some waveguides provide an elliptically symetrical beam output.
Gaussian Optics describe the shape of a beam in three dimensions in terms of the diameter of the focussed waist of the beam.
A general gaussian beam has an elliptical profile at the waist.
Laser diodes are examples of waveguides providing a neargaussian elliptical beam output due to the geometry of the output region. Typically the dimensions of the output region of a laser diode are in the order of 3pm wide and 0.5pm deep. Consequently in the far field the beam divergence in the horizontal plane is relatively narrow and in the vertical plane relatively wide.
Laser diodes are usually coupled to optical fibres, which have a circular cross-sectional beam input, but laser diodes may be coupled to any other waveguide having the same or a dissimilar beam ellipticity. An optical coupler in order to match efficiently the numerical apertures of the waveguides must transform the beam ellipticity. This can be achieved by an optical coupler which permits independent magnification of the beam waist in two perpendicular directions (see Figure 1).
Hitherto bulk optical lenses with part-cylindrical surfaces have been used in an anamorphic system e.g. wide screen cinemas to give dissimilar magnification in perpendicular directions (see Figure 2).
In photographing or projection, the subject or screen respectively are both distant and also reflect light diffusely over an extremely wide angle. This large numerical aperture is impossible to match from a distance, so photographic lenses are just made with as large an aperture as possible.
Anamorphic systems have a relatively small numerical aperture and so matching the numerical apertures is not especially important. Whereas the optical system coupling waveguides subject of the present invention, must provide very accurate numerical aperture matching due to the dimensions of the waveguides in combination with having large numerical apertures.
Consequently, applying an anamorphic system on a reduced scale to waveguides such as laser diodes would encounter prohibitive difficulties not only in the accuracy of matching the numerical apertures but also of providing highly polished lenses with minimum aberrations.
Furthermore an anamorphic system would not easily permit extension to closely-packed arrays of waveguides. If a single pair of crossed cylindrical lenses were used to cover an array of waveguides, then it would employ off-axis imaging and eccentric apertures which would require either compound lenses or aspherics to give high numerical aperture matching and wide field of view with low aberrations. Since semiconductor waveguides require very high numerical aperture matching such an optical coupler would be impractical. Also this type of optical coupler would introduce an angular misalignment as shown in Figure 3.
A known optical coupler suitable for waveguides such as laser diodes includes a transverse homogeneous cylindrical lens. The transverse lens is transverse since its axis is orthogonal to the path of the beam. The coupler matches the ellipticity of the laser diode to the optical fibre through focussing in the vertical plane. However increasing focussing in the vertical plane means the beam in the horizontal plane becomes defocussed thereby introducing an astigmatism as shown in Figure 4.
An object of the present invention is to provide an efficient, low-loss, optical system suitable for coupling waveguides such as laser diodes.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical system suitable for coupling an array of waveguides.
According to the present invention there is provided an optical system comprising an optical coupler and at least two waveguides, the optical coupler enabling at least one of the waveguides to be coupled to at least one other of the waveguides and the optical coupler including a combination of transverse cylindrical lenses providing orthogonally independent coupling.
Advantageously the combination of transverse lenses comprises a number of first lenses, the or each first lens having a first axis and a number of second lenses the or each second lens having a second axis whereby each first axis is substantially orthogonal to each second axis.
The present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of elliptical beam conversion in the vertical plane (Figure la) and the horizontal plane (Figure lib); Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of an anamorphic system according to the prior art;
Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a single lens illustrating angular misalignmerit in array imaging;
Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the cross-section of a cylindrical lens illustrating an astigmatism;
Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of the present invention (Figure 5a) and a schematic diagram illustrating a beam propagated by the first embodiment (Figure Sb);
Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of the present invention;;
Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of cross-sections of a homogeneous circular lens 7a, a generalised Luneburg lens 7b, and a
Luneburg lens 7c each propagating a beam;
Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a cross-section of a diffused cylindrical lens array;
Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of five cross-sections of five Dshaped lenses; and
Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of two forms of optical switch.
A first embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figure 5. An optical coupler 2 enables a beam to propagate from one waveguide such as a laser diode 4 to another waveguide such as an optical fibre 6. For the purposes of this description a waveguide is any optical conductor, for propagating electromagnetic radiation, having dimensions no greater than approximately 2cm wide and 10 p m deep. The optical coupler 2 comprises first and second transverse homogeneous cylindrical lenses 8a and 8b respectively and a diffused cylindrical graded index (GRIN) lens array 10. The beam consists of two orthogonal components for convenience termed vertical and horizontal. The horizontal component passes undeviated through both cylindrical lenses 8a, 8b and is focussed by the GRIN lens array 10.The vertical component is focussed by the cylindrical lenses 8a, 8b and passes through the GRIN lens array 10 with little deviation. The horizontal and vertical components of the beam are thus focussed independently at the output aperture. The optical coupler 2 has transformed the beam from an elliptical beam to a
circular beam suitable for propagation by the optical fibre 6.
The optical coupler 2 provides more degrees of design freedom
than available hitherto, since the cylindrical lenses 8 each have an
index and a radius and there are possibly three different media
surrounding the lenses 8, providing a maximum of seven degrees of
freedom. This increase in degrees of design freedom will allow a reduction of spherical aberration without the complexity of graded
index fabrication. Further, a higher focussing power is available
which meets the requirement with laser diodes of high numerical
aperture without needing high-index lenses.
A second embodiment of the present invention is shown in
Figure 6, which consists of the optical coupler 2 positioned on an optical microbench 12, e.g. v-grooves etched in silicon. The cylindrical lens 8b is mounted in a groove 14 in the optical micro bench 12. The other cylindrical lens 8a is permitted to rotate about the axis of the cylindrical lens 8b, thereby allowing "translation" of the lens 8a in an arc about the same axis. This permits a degree of beam-steering freedom in the vertical plane.
Having a degree of beam-steering freedom in the vertical plane is particularly advantageous in coupling semiconductor devices.
Semiconductor devices have vertical mode depths in the order of 111m, as opposed to other waveguides such as Ti: LiNbO3 which have vertical mode depths of approximately 7 to lORm. The optical coupler 2 can steer the beam more accurately in the vertical plane thus increasing the efficiency of the coupler 2.
Furthermore, having a degree of beam-steering freedom will also enable a particularly advantageous assembly technique to be used. This assembly technique is the "flip-chip" technique which employs surface tension in molten solder droplets to pull into alignment similar metal patterns on adjacent surfaces between which the solder is sandwiched. Thus a metal pattern on the surface of an inverted waveguide chip may be self-aligned to a pattern on a silicon v-groove chip holding the fibres and lenses. Variations in groovedepth and solder thickness occur among fabricated chips, limiting the height accuracy to about lem, which is sufficient for LIN603, but not for the sub-micron mode-heights in semiconductor waveguides.
The beam-steering capability of the optical coupler 2 enables many microns of compensation for height errors.
In Figure 7a there is shown a cross-section of an homogeneous circular lens propagating a beam. The lens creates a relatively large spherical aberration of the beam as can be shown by the indistinct focal point A. Using an inhomogenous lens enables such spherical aberration to be minimised. In Figure 7b a cross-section of a generalised Luneberg lens illustrates a diverging beam being propagated and focussed with minimal loss. A Luneberg lens shown in Figure 7c enables a parallel beam to be converged with minimum aberration. Such lenses can be used as the lenses 8 in the optical coupler 2 to minimise spherical aberrations in the vertical components of the beam, thereby optimising the coupling efficiency.
Figure 8 illustrates a cross-section of the diffused cylindrical lens array 10 propagating two beams. The graded index profile provides efficient focussing of the horizontal component of the beam.
An homogenous cylindrical lens can be used to focus the horizontal component but using the GRIN lens array 10 improves coupling efficiency and enables consistent alignment when coupling an array of waveguides. Comparing Figure 8 with Figure 3, the GRIN lens array 10 clearly illustrates the advantages of all on-axis imaging and apertures, symmetrical diffraction effects and minimum aberrations.
Also the GRIN lens array 10 can be cheaply and easily fabricated using existing technologies such as ion-exchange in glass or diffusion in polymers.
Sufficient beam-steering may be available in either lateral or vertical directions or both, not only to optimise coupling of each guide of one array to one guide of a second array, but also to switch coupling to different guides of the second array, or even to a third array of guides displaced slightly from the second array. Lateral displacement may be obtained by translating the lens array 10 (Figure 10a), or vertical displacement by rotating lens 8a about lens 8b (Figure lOb).
The optical coupler 2 could alternatively use cylindrical lenses having a D-shaped cross-section or hollow rod lenses instead of the cylindrical lenses 8 and/or the GRIN lens array 10. Cross-sections of five commonly used D-shaped lenses are shown in Figure 9. The focussing capabilities and potential aberration for each lens is known in the art. Consequently, such lenses can be used in the optical coupler giving another degree of design freedom to optimise the coupling efficiency for each application of the optical coupler 2.
The principle application of the optical coupler 2 is for coupling an array of waveguides on a semiconductor to optical fibre "pigtails".
Present mode ellipticities from such waveguides are in the order of 5 to 10 and previously proposed couplers have given only typically 20% coupling efficiency. The optical coupler 2 of the present invention significantly increases this coupling efficiency to greater than 40%, and ideally close to 100%. Other applications of the optical coupler 2 include laser and laser array coupling and coupling of hi-bi fibres.
The optical coupler 2 may be made in two separable parts which mate to form the aligned coupler, but separate between the orthogonal lens-groups to enable rapid interchange of waveguide devices or fibre-harnesses. The relatively expanded beam between the parts permits increased tolerance of displacement between the mating parts of the optical edge-connector.
The present invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments and it would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that modifications may be made without departing
from the scope of the present invention.
Claims (12)
1. An optical system comprising an optical coupler and at least two waveguides, the optical coupler enabling at least one of the waveguides to be coupled to at least one other of the waveguides and the optical coupler comprising a combination of transverse cylindrical lenses providing orthogonally independent coupling.
2. An optical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the combination of transverse lenses comprises a number of first lenses, the or each first lens having a first axis and a number of second lenses, the or each second lens having a second axis whereby each first axis is substantially orthogonal to each second axis..
3. An optical system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first axis of at least one first lens is able to rotate about the first axis of another first lens to provide beam steering.
4. An optical system as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the second axis of at least one second lens is able to rotate about the second axis of another second lens to provide beam steering.
5. An optical system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims , wherein at least one transverse lens has an inhomogeneous index.
6. An optical system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein each respective waveguide is coupled to another respective waveguide.
7. An optical system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the optical system further comprises means for providing optical switching.
8. An optical system as claimed in claim 7 when dependent on claim 5, wherein the or each transverse lens is mounted for lateral displacement whereby lateral displacement of the transverse lens or lenses provides optical switching between the guides of different fibre optic arrays.
9. An optical coupler substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 5 to 10.
10. An optical coupler comprising a combination of transverse cylindrical lenses for providing orthogonally independent optical coupling within an optical system, the optical coupler being formed of at least two separable parts which mate to form the aligned optical coupler.
11. An optical coupler as claimed in claim 10 wherein the optical coupler is separable into parts each of which comprises a respective orthogonal lens-group whereby there is provided a means for enabling rapid interchange of waveguide devices or fibre-harnesses.
12. An optical system comprising an optical coupler as claimed in any one of claims 9, 10 or 11.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8816064A GB2220501A (en) | 1988-07-06 | 1988-07-06 | Coupling waveguides using transverse cylindrical lenses |
PCT/GB1989/000763 WO1990000752A1 (en) | 1988-07-06 | 1989-07-06 | An optical system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8816064A GB2220501A (en) | 1988-07-06 | 1988-07-06 | Coupling waveguides using transverse cylindrical lenses |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB8816064D0 GB8816064D0 (en) | 1988-08-10 |
GB2220501A true GB2220501A (en) | 1990-01-10 |
Family
ID=10639950
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB8816064A Withdrawn GB2220501A (en) | 1988-07-06 | 1988-07-06 | Coupling waveguides using transverse cylindrical lenses |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB2220501A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1990000752A1 (en) |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1991011740A1 (en) * | 1990-01-23 | 1991-08-08 | British Telecommunications Public Limited Company | Interconnection |
JPH07504049A (en) * | 1992-12-18 | 1995-04-27 | ポラロイド コーポレーシヨン | Optical coupling device and optical fiber laser |
DE19613755A1 (en) * | 1996-04-06 | 1997-10-09 | Sel Alcatel Ag | Optical coupler for light guide structures |
EP0867991A1 (en) * | 1997-03-27 | 1998-09-30 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Semiconductor laser light source and solid-state laser apparatus |
EP0940701A2 (en) * | 1998-03-06 | 1999-09-08 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Optical coupler using anamorphic microlens |
EP1004047A1 (en) * | 1997-07-16 | 2000-05-31 | Q-Vis Limited | Laser scanning apparatus and method |
WO2001004681A1 (en) * | 1999-07-13 | 2001-01-18 | Lissotschenko, Vitalij | Imaging system |
US6370298B2 (en) | 1996-12-06 | 2002-04-09 | Deutsche Telekom Ag | Device for optical coupling of a solid-state laser with an optical wave guide and a process for their production |
WO2002048762A2 (en) * | 2000-12-12 | 2002-06-20 | L-A-Omega, Inc. | Method and system for aligning an optical system via single axis adjustments |
WO2002084344A2 (en) * | 2001-04-11 | 2002-10-24 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Integrated one-dimensional mode-matching between round and elliptical waveguide modes |
WO2002084356A1 (en) * | 2001-04-11 | 2002-10-24 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Hybrid one-dimensional mode-matching method between round and elliptical waveguide modes and device |
EP1435535A2 (en) * | 2002-12-31 | 2004-07-07 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Optical fiber coupling system and manufacturing method thereof |
US7125175B2 (en) | 2003-05-01 | 2006-10-24 | Selex Sensors And Airborne Systems Limited | Optical coupling devices |
EP2261710A1 (en) * | 2001-06-25 | 2010-12-15 | Fujitsu Limited | Optical coupling device with optical waveguide coupled to optical device |
Families Citing this family (12)
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EP0541658B2 (en) * | 1990-08-01 | 2004-01-21 | Diomed Limited | High power light source |
CH682698A5 (en) * | 1990-11-01 | 1993-10-29 | Fisba Optik Ag Bystronic Laser | Method in which several, arranged in one or more rows of radiation sources are imaged and apparatus therefor. |
US5127068A (en) * | 1990-11-16 | 1992-06-30 | Spectra-Physics, Inc. | Apparatus for coupling a multiple emitter laser diode to a multimode optical fiber |
WO1993020468A1 (en) * | 1992-04-06 | 1993-10-14 | The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | Asymmetric lens |
GB9324589D0 (en) * | 1993-11-30 | 1994-01-19 | Univ Southampton | Beam shaping device |
US5619245A (en) * | 1994-07-29 | 1997-04-08 | Eastman Kodak Company | Multi-beam optical system using lenslet arrays in laser multi-beam printers and recorders |
WO1996008740A1 (en) * | 1994-09-15 | 1996-03-21 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Laser connector module |
US5638475A (en) * | 1995-10-06 | 1997-06-10 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Apparatus for minimizing spherical aberration of light beam emitted into an optical fiber |
KR20030087287A (en) * | 2002-05-08 | 2003-11-14 | 강선희 | Do fuel heating chapter diesel engine |
DE202007017386U1 (en) * | 2007-12-13 | 2008-02-28 | CCS Technology, Inc., Wilmington | Coupling device for coupling optical waveguides |
FR2951186B1 (en) | 2009-10-12 | 2012-01-06 | Michelin Soc Tech | RUBBER COMPOSITION BASED ON GLYCEROL AND A FUNCTIONALIZED ELASTOMER AND TIRE TREAD FOR PNEUMATIC |
US20110229077A1 (en) | 2010-03-19 | 2011-09-22 | Davide Domenico Fortusini | Small-form-factor fiber optic interface devices with an internal lens |
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1988
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-
1989
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GB1463744A (en) * | 1973-08-02 | 1977-02-09 | Nippon Selfoc Co Ltd | Light beam coupler for semiconductor lasers |
GB1582532A (en) * | 1976-07-16 | 1981-01-07 | Cselt Centro Studi Lab Telecom | Optical equalizers |
GB1586672A (en) * | 1976-09-24 | 1981-03-25 | Thomson Csf | Positioning device for optical fibres |
GB2005043A (en) * | 1977-09-16 | 1979-04-11 | Thomson Csf | Apparatus for transmission of polarised optical radiation |
EP0006042A1 (en) * | 1978-05-18 | 1979-12-12 | Thomson-Csf | Method of making a semiconductor laser |
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Also Published As
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GB8816064D0 (en) | 1988-08-10 |
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