GB2165425A - Apparatus for compensating non- linearities in frequency-modulated signal - Google Patents

Abstract

Apparatus (119) for compensating the effects of non-linearities in a frequency ramp (90, 92) includes a delay element (120) coupled to receive the ramp signal; a signal mixer (122) for mixing together the direct and delayed ramp signals to produce their sum and difference frequencies; a filter (124) selecting the difference frequency; and a device (126) responsive to the difference frequency for producing timing pulses having a frequency which is dependent upon the difference frequency. The timing pulses define the instants of time at which the frequency of the ramp has changed by a prescribed amount DELTA f, and can thus be used as a timing reference in a utilisation device receiving the frequency ramp. In a first embodiment (shown), a transponder system has a transceiver wherein the frequency ramp is transmitted (106) and wherein frequencies received from the transponder are analyzed (118). The timing pulses are then used to strobe the receiver sample-and-hold device (114) and A/D converter (116). In a second embodiment (Fig. 5), the ramp is used to deflect a laser beam using an acousto-optic modulator, and the timing pulses are applied to a Q- switch which controls beam intensity. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Apparatus For Compensating Non-Linearities In Frequency-Modulated Signal The present invention relates to a system having a signal source for generating a signal having prescribed, time varying frequency and a signal utilization device, responsive to the aforementioned signal, which carries out a useful process in dependence upon the frequency of the signal.

As an example of such a system, the signal source may comprise a voltage controlled oscillator which is responsive to a time-varying input signal So(t) to generate an output signal having the prescribed, time varying frequency f(t) that is substantially directly proportional upon the input signal. The signal utilization means may be a laser scanner which employs an acoustic optic modulator to deflect the laser beam by an angle which is proportional to the frequency of an applied signal.

As another example, the signal utilization device may comprise an interrogator-transponder system that transmits an interrogation signal having a frequency which is ramped substantially linearly upward andlor downward within a prescribed frequency range.

In systems of the type described above which are responsive to a monotonically increasing or decreasing frequency, non-linearities in this frequency with respect to time, or non-linearities in this frequency with respect to another signsl or voltage introduces errors in the signal utilization device. Prior attempts to compensate for nonlinearities were primarily concerned with methods and means for linearizing the time or voltage versus frequency function itself. Thus, for example, feedback loops have been provided between the output of the signal source and its control input for correcting non-linearities in the output.

It is an object of the present invention to provide apparatus for compensating for non-linearities in the time behavior of the frequency f(t) of a first signal.

This object, as well as other objects will become apparent from the discussion that follows, are achieved, according to the present invention, by providing a delay element, coupled to receive the first signal, for producing a second signal which is a delayed version of the first signal with a prescribed signal delay (T1); a signal mixer for mixing together the first and the second signals to produce a third signal; and a device, responsive to the third signal, for producing a sampling signal having a frequency which is dependent upon the frequency of the third signal. For reasons which will be explained in detail below, this sampling signal defines the instants of time at which the frequency of the first signal has changed by a prescribed amount Af (where Af=1,T1 or a whole fraction or an integer multiple thereof).

Finally, according to the invention, this sampling signal is supplied to the signal utilization device which is responsive to changes in the frequency of the first signal by the prescribed amount as determined by the sampling signal.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the delay element provides a constant signal delayT1. In another embodiment the delay T1 is a known function of the frequency f(t) of the first signal. In the latter case, where the delay T1 is a function of frequency, the prescribed amount of frequency change Af between instants of time defined by the sampling signal will also be frequency dependent.

For a full understanding of the present invention, reference should now be made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention and to the accompanying drawings.

Fig. 1 is a block diagram of the apparatus according to the present invention for compensating non-linearities in a frequency modulated signal.

Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the sub-elements contained in the sampling element in the apparatus of Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 are frequency versus time diagrams which illustrate the operation of the apparatus in Fig. 1.

Fig. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the use ofthe present invention with a laser beam scanner.

Fig. 6 is a block diagram illustrating the use of the present invention with an interrogator-transponder system.

Fig. 7 is a block diagram of a passive transponder which may be used with the system of Fig. 6.

Fig. 8 is a representational diagram showing one preferred implementation of the transponder illustrated in Fig. 7.

Fig. 9 is a representational diagram showing a portion of the device in Fig. Sin detail.

Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 are timing diagrams of voltage and frequency, respectively, illustrating the operation of the system in Fig. 6.

Fig. 12 is a frequency versus time diagram further illustrating the operation of the system of Fig. 6.

The present invention will now be described with reference to Figs. 1-12 of the drawings. Identical elements in the various figures are designated by the same reference numerals.

Fig. 1 shows the general system according to the present invention for providing a signal S1 having a monotonically time-varying frequency f1 as well as a sampling 55, having a particular sampling frequency ~5, to a signal utilization device 10. The signal utilization device may be any device which responds to the signal S1 and takes some action or operates in dependence upon the frequency ~1. Two specific examples of this signal utilization device will be described below in connection with Figs. 5--12.

Suffice it to say, for the purpose of this general description, that the signal utilization device 10 is responsive to the time-varying frequency f1 so that deviations between the actual value and the desired value of this frequency result in unacceptable errors in the operation of the signal utilization device.

The signal S1 may be produced by any suitable source 12. For example, this signal source may be a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) which produces an output signal S1 of frequency ~1 which is linearly related to an input voltage SO. That is: f1(t)=K50(t)+k, where K and k are constants As an example, the input voltage So may be a sawtooth signal which repeatedly ramps linearly upward from a minimum value to a maximum value.Such an input signal would result in an output signal S1 having a frequency f, which ramps upward substantially linearly from an initial value #min to a maximum value fmax. In this configuration, there are two sources of deviation of the frequency f, from an absolutely linear upward ramp (df,/dt=constant): 1. The input voltage So is not exactly linear with respect to time (dfidt=constant); 2. The frequency ft is not exactly linearly related to the input signal (So(f,=KSo+k).

In many cases, this non-linearity of the signal ft does not adversely affect the operation of the signal utijization device 10. However, for certain applications this non-linearity is unacceptable and it is necessary to correct or compensate for deviations from the desired value off,.

Clearly, it is possible to take certain corrective measures such as improving the quality of the source of the voltage So (e.g. a ramp generator) to improve its linearity and similarly, to improve the quality of the signal source 12 to improve the linearity of the relationship between the frequency f, and the signal So.

Furthermore, it is known to provide a phase lock loop between the output and the input of the signal source 12 to maintain the linearity of the signal source. This solution has the disadvantage of increasing the complexity of the system while failing to compensate for non-linearities in the original voltage signal SO.

According to the invention, the system is provided with separate apparatus 14 which produces and supplies the signal utilization device 10 with a sampling signal S5 that defines instants of time in which the frequency f, of the first signal S, has changed by a prescribed amount.

According to the invention this sampling signal S5 is generated in the following manner: The original signal Si, of frequency f, is supplied to a four-quadrant mixer 16 both directly and indirectly via a delay element 18 having a delay period T1. The output signal S2 of the delay element 18 having a frequency ~2 is thus also applied to the mixer 16.

It will be understood that, while the signal S, is applied directly to the mixer 16 and to the delay element 18 in this particular embodiment, it is also possible to pass the signal S, through a frequency multiplier, divider or the like to derive a further signal which is applied to the mixer 16 and the delay element 18. The essential feature, according to the invention, is that the frequency of this signal applied.

to the mixer and the delay element be either the same or derived from, related to and synchronized with the frequency f1.

The mixer 16 produces an output signal S3 having frequencies f3 which equal the sum and the difference of the frequencies f, and f2. This signal S3 is applied to a filter, such as a low pass filter 20, which produces a signal S4 containing only the difference frequency contained in the signal 33. This signal S4 is then applied to a sampling device 22 which produces the sampling signal S5 with the sampling frequency f5.

The sampling device 22 may take the form illustrated in Fig. 2. This device comprises one or more frequency doublers 24 so that the sampling frequency f5 will be a multiple of the frequency f4.

The output of the frequency multipliers (e.g.

doublers) 24 is passed to a zero-crossing detector which produces a sampling pulse at every positive or negative-going zero crossing.

The operation of the apparatus 14 shown in Fig. 1 will now be described with reference to the diagrams of Figs. 3 and 4. These diagrams show the frequency f, as a function of time. As may be seen, the frequency f, ramps upward from a minimum frequency fm,n to a maximum frequency fmax and then drops abruptly again to the minimum frequency fmin It is desired that the frequency f, be a linear function oftime between the two limits; that is, df,/dt=constant. However, it would be extremely expensive to provide a signal source with an output frequency which is exactly linear. Figs. 3 and 4 show the non-linearity in the frequency f, with considerable exaggeration to facilitate understanding.

Fig. 3 shows the frequency f2 of the signal S2 in dashed lines. This frequency is identical to the frequencyfi; however, it is delayed by the period T,.

Examining the diagram, it may be seen that the difference in frequency between f, and f2 at any given instant of time (e.g., to) is f4; that is, the frequency of the signal S4 appearing at the output of the low pass filter 20. Since the signal S2 is merely a delayed version of the signal 51,the slope of the curve f, at time to is approximately: d f1/dt=4,Ti Now, by definition, the slope of the frequency curvef, is d fi/dt=Af,T#, where Af is in the change in the frequency f, during the period T#ri.

Now, if the period TN is set equal to Tf4 (the period of the signal S4 and frequency ~4) then: f4rFi =AITf Since 4=1/of4, Af rr, constant.

Therefore, for every cycle of the signal S4 (frequency f4 and period T4) the frequency f, changes by a fixed amount Af. Thus, the sampling signal which has a frequencyf5=Mf4, where M is an integer, will define those instants in which the frequency f, of the signal S1 has changed by prescribed amount.

Fig. 4 indicates, in exaggerated form, how the sampling pulses appear at successive instants of time t1, t2.. .t7 which specify equal changes Af in the frequency f1. The magnitude of the change in frequency Af is determined by T, and the integer M.

Fig. 5 illustrates a system for scanning a laser beam 40 across a screen or other surface 42. The scanning is accomplished by an acousto optic modulator 44.

A voltage controlled oscillator 46 supplies a signal of frequency f to the plates of the modulator. The angle 6 of deflection of the beam 40 is directly proportional to this frequency.

It will be understood that a linear sweep of the frequency f will result in a constant scanning speed across the surface 42. However, non-linearities, which inevitably result, will distort the image produced by the scanner.

According to the invention, a sampling signal is supplied to a Q-switch 48, which modulates the beam, to define increments in time during which the beam is scanned by equal spacial increments in space AS along the screen 42. These increments in space may be made as small as desired by proper choice of the delay period T, and the frequency multiplier M in the apparatus 50 which generates the sampling signal.

Figs. 612 illustrate the use of the present invention in an interrogator-transponderystem system employing a surface acoustic wave transponder. A system of this general type is disclosed in the U.S. patent No. 3,706,094 to Cole and Vaughn.

The transmitter/receiver and decoder system shown in Fig. 6 comprises a ramp generator 90 which supplies a sawtooth waveform to a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 92. The VCO produces an output signal of frequency f which repeatedly ramps linearly upward from a frequency of 905 MHzto a frequency of 925 MHz. This signal is amplified by the RF amplifiers 94 and supplied to a transmit/receive switch 96. The switch 96 directs the signal either to a transmitter power amplifier 98 or to a decoding mixer 100. The switch 96 is controlled by a 100 KHz square wave signal produced by a clock 102. The output signal S, from the amplifier 98 is supplied to an external circulator or transmit/receive (TR) switch 104 and is transmitted as electromagnetic radiation by an antenna 106.

A block diagram of the transponder associated with the system of Fig. 6 is shown in Fig. 7. The transponder receives the signal S, at an antenna 107 and passes it to a series of delay elements 109 having the indicated delay periods To and AT. After passing each successive delay, a portion of the signal lot 2...1N is tapped off and supplied to a summing element 111. The resulting signal S2, which is the sum of the intermediate signals lo.. .lw, is fed back to the antenna 107 for transmission to the antenna 106 in the system of Fig. 6.

The transponder reply signal S2 is received by the antenna 106 and passed through the circulator or TR switch 104 to a receiver amplifier 108. The output S4 of this amplifier 108 is heterodyned in the mixer with the signal S3 intermittently presented by the switch 96.

The output Ss of the mixer 100 contains the sum and the difference frequencies of the signals S3 and S4. This output is supplied to a band pass filter 110 with a pass band between 1 and 3 KHz. The output of this filter is passed through an anti-aliasing filter 112 to a sample-and-hold circuit 114.

The sample-and-hold device supplies each sample to an analog-to-digital converter 116. The A/D converter, in turn, presents the digital value of this sample to a processor 118 that analyzes the frequencies contained in the signal by means of a Fourier transform. The sample-and-hold device 114 and the A/D converter 116 are strobed by a sampling signal produced by the apparatus 119 according to the present invention. As explained above, this sampling signal serves to compensate for the non-linearity, with respect to time, in the monotonically increasing frequency f of the VCO output signal.

The apparatus 119 receives the signal produced by the VCO 92 via an isolating amplifier 121. The signal is passed through a delay element 120 with a constant signal delay Ts. Both the delayed and the undelayed signals are supplied to a mixer 122 which produces a signal S7 containing both sum and difference frequencies. The signal S7 is supplied to a low pass filter 124 which passes only the portion of this signal containing the difference frequencies.

The output of the low pass filter is supplied to a zero-crossing detector 126 which produces a pulse at each positive (or negative) going zero crossing.

These pulses are used to strobe the sample-and hold device 114 and the A/D converter 116.

Figs.10~12 illustrate the operation of the circuit of Fig. 6. Fig. 10 shows the 100 KHz output of the clock 102; Fig. 11 shows the frequency sweep of the signal produced by the VCO 92. Fig. 12 shows, in solid lines 128, the frequency of the transmitted signal Si and, in dashed lines 130, the frequency of the signal S2 as received from the transponder. As may be seen, the signal 130 is received during the interval between transmissions of the signal 128. These intervals are chosen to equal, approximately, the round trip delay time between the transmission of a signal to the transponder and the receipt of the transponder reply.As indicated by the multiple dashed lines, the transponder reply will contain a number of frequencies at any given instant of time as a result of the combined (i.e., summed) intermediate signals having different delay times (Tot T0+AT, To+2 AT,...T0+NAT).

Figs. 8 and 9 illustrate an embodiment of a transponder which implements the block diagram of Fig. 7. This transponder operates to convert the received signal Si into an acoustic wave and then to reconvert the acoustic energy back into an electrical signal S2 for transmission via a dipole antenna 56.

More particularly, the signal transforming element of the transponder includes a substrate 58 of piezoelectric material such as a lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal. On the surface of this substrate is deposited a layer of metal, such as aluminum, forming a pattern such as that illustrated in Fig. 9.

For example, this pattern may consist of two bus bars 60 and 62 connected to the dipole antenna 56, a "launch" transducer 64 and a plurality of "tap" transducers 66. The bars 60 and 62 thus define a path of travel 68 for an acoustic wave which is generated by the launch transducers and propogates substantially linearly, reaching the tap transducers each in turn. The tap transducers convert the acoustic wave back into electrical energy which is collected and therefore summed by the bus bars 60 and 62. This electrical energy then activates the dipole antenna 56 and is converted into electromagnetic radiation for transmission as the signal S,.

The tap transducers 56 are provided at equally spaced intervals along the acoustic wave path 68 as shown in Fig. 8, and an informational code associated with the transponder is imparted by providing a selected number of "delay pads" 70 between the tap transducers. These delay pads, which are shown in detail in Fig. 9, are preferably made of the same material as, and deposited with, the bus bars 60, 62 and the transducers 64, 66. Each delay pad has a width sufficient to delay the propagation of the acoustic wave from one tap transducer 66 to the next by one quarter cycle or 90 with respect to an undelayed wave at the frequency of operation (circa 915 MHz).By providing locations for three delay pads between successive tap transducers, the phase q) of the acoustic wave received by a tap transducer 66B may be controlled to provide four phase possibilities: 1. No pad between tap transducers 66A and 66B=-90"; 2. One pad between tap transducers 66A and 66B=0"; 3. Two pads between tap transducers 66A and 66B=90 ; and 4. Three pads between tap transducers 66A and 66B=1800.

Referring to Fig. 7 the phase information O (the phase of the signal picked up by the first tap transducer in line), and (P2...#N (the phases) of the signals picked up by the successive tap transducers) is supplied to the combiner (summer) which in the embodiment of Fig. 8 comprises the bus bars 60 and 62. This phase information, which is transmitted as the signal S, by the antenna 56, contains the informational code of the transponder.

There has thus been shown and described a novel apparatus for compensating non-linearities in a frequency-modulated signal which fulfills all the objects and advantages sought therefor. Many changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications of the subject invention will, however, become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification and the accompanying drawings which disclose preferred embodiments thereof. All such changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention which is limited only by the claims which follow.

Claims (17)

1. In a system having (1) signal source means for generating a first signal with a time variable frequency f(t) having a monotonically varying time derivative (df/dt), and (2) signal utilization means, responsive to said first signal, for carrying out a useful process in dependence upon said frequency f(t) of said first signal, the improvement comprising apparatus for compensating for non-linearities in said time derivative (df/dt) including: (a) delay means, coupled to receive as an input signal said first signal, for producing a second signal which is a delayed version of said input signal with a prescribed signal delay (Tl); (b) signal mixing means for mixing together said first signal and said second signal to produce a third signal; and (c) means responsive to said third signal for producing a sampling signal having a frequency which is dependent upon the frequency of said third signal, the sampling times of said sampling signal defining those instants at which the first signal has changed in frequency by a prescribed amount Af(Af=1/T1 or a whole fraction or an integer multiple thereof), wherein said signal utilization means is responsive to said sampling signal for taking desired action when said frequencyf(t) has changed by said prescribed amount Af.

2. The improvement defined in Claim 1, wherein said delay means provides a constant signal delay (to).

3. The improvement defined in Claim 1, wherein said delay means provides a signal delay (T,) which is a function of the frequency f(t) of said first signal.

4. The improvement defined in Claim 1,wherein said mixing means includes (1) heterodyning means, coupled to receive said first and said second signals, for producing an output signal with frequencies equal to the sum and the difference of the frequencies of said first and said second signals, respectively; and (2) a frequency filter, coupled to receive said output signal, for passing only the portion of said output signal containing the difference frequency, thereby forming said third signal.

5. The improvement defined in Claim 4, wherein said frequency filter is low-pass filter.

6. The improvement defined in Claim 1, wherein said signal producing means includes a frequency multiplier.

7. The improvement defined in Claim 6, wherein said frequency multiplier includes a frequency doubler.

8. The improvement defined in Claim 7, wherein said frequency multiplier includes a plurality of frequency doublers connected in series.

9. The improvement defined in Claim 1, wherein said signal producing means includes a frequency divider.

10. The improvement defined in Claim 1, wherein said signal producing means includes zero-crossing detector means for producing a digital sampling signal.

11. The improvement defined in Claim 1, wherein said signal utilization means is a laser beam scanner.

12. The improvement defined in Claim 11, wherein said laser beam scanner includes: (1) a laser for producing a laser beam; (2) a laser beam modulator, arranged in the path of the said laser beam, for controlling the intensity of said beam in response to at least one input signal; (3) a beam deflector, arranged in the path of said laser beam and coupled to receive said first signal, for deflecting said beam in proportion to the frequency f(t) of said first signal; wherein said sampling signal is supplied to said beam modulator as an input signal for determining the beam modulating times in dependence upon said frequency.

13. The improvement defined in Claim 12, wherein said beam modulator is a Q-switch.

14. The improvement defined in Claim 12, wherein said beam deflector is an acousto optic modulator.

15. The improvement defined in Claim 1, wherein said signal utilization means is a system for interrogating a passive transponder carrying encoded information.

16. The improvement defined in Claim 15, wherein said system for interrogating a passive transponder comprises: (1) means for transmitting a fourth signal having a second frequency, related to said first frequency f(t), said second frequency successively assuming a plurality of frequency values within a prescribed frequency range; (2) remote, passive transponder means for receiving said fourth signal and for transmitting a fifth signal in reply thereto, said transponder means including signal transforming means, coupled to receive said fourth signal as an input.

for producing said fifth signal as an output, said signal transforming means including: (a) a plurality of signal conditioning means coupled to receive said fourth signal, each signal conditioning means providing an intermediate signal having a known delay and a known amplitude modification to said fourth signal; and (b) signal combining means coupled to all of said signal conditioning means, for combining said intermediate signals to produce said fifth signal, said signal conditioning means and said signal combining means imparting a known information code in said fifth signal associated with said transponder means; (3) means for receiving said fifth signal from said transponder means; (4) means, arranged to receive said fourth signal and said fifth signal, for mixing together said fourth signal and said fifth signal, thereby to produce a sixth signal; and (5) signal processing means, responsive to said sixth signal, for detecting at least some of the frequencies contained in said sixth signal, thereby to determine said information code associated with said transponder means.

17. Apparatus for compensating for non linearities in frequency modulated signals, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings.