GB2077373A

GB2077373A - Shift Control Mechanism in an Automatic Transmission for Vehicles

Info

Publication number: GB2077373A
Application number: GB8109186A
Authority: GB
Original assignee: Aisin AW Co Ltd
Current assignee: Aisin AW Co Ltd
Priority date: 1980-03-24
Filing date: 1981-03-24
Publication date: 1981-12-16
Also published as: FR2512404A1; DE3111529C2; GB2077373B; GB2076483B; FR2512404B1; GB2076483A; DE3111529A1

Abstract

A planetary gear transmission providing forward and reverse drives for vehicles comprises one wet-type brake, one wet-type clutch and a planetary gear set, and is controlled by manual selector valve 62 and one shift control valve 70 itself controlled by one solenoid valve 74 operated by an electric control circuit. Hydraulic pressure supplied to the wet-type brake and the wet-type clutch is regulated in independent oil chambers 701, 703 respectively, with restricted feedback connections to chambers 705, 717, resulting in effects of accurate hydraulic pressure regulation and simple structure without wrong operation. The planetary reversing gear is used in conjunction with a continuously variable expanding pulley gear controlled automatically by engine speed, vehicle speed, and throttle opening. <IMAGE>

Description

1 GB 2 077 373 A 1

SPECIFICATION

Shift Control Mechanism in an Automatic Transmission for Vehicles The present invention relates to a manual shift control device in an automatic transmission for vehicles, and more particularly to a shift control mechanism having means for retarding shock during.5 shift operation.

An object of the present invention is to provide a shift control mechanism in an automatic transmission for vehicles wherein hydraulic pressure can be regulated accurately in order to prevent shock during N-D or N-R shift.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a shift control mechanism wherein supplied or discharged hydraulic pressure is restricted securely within the upper limit.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a shift control mechanism wherein hydraulic pressure supplied to hydraulic servo systems to operate a multi-plate clutch and a multi-plate brake may be controlled by one shift control valve and one solenoid valve independently.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a shift control mechanism wherein hydraulic pressure level applied to the shift control valve is varied continuously by ON-OFF signals supplied in 15 regular intervals from an electric control circuit to the solenoid valve and hydraulic pressure supplied to hydraulic servo systems to operate the multi-plate clutch and multi-plate brake is also varied continuously so as to retard shock on engagement of the clutch or brake. Another object of the present invention is to provide a shift control mechanism wherein hydraulic pressure supplied to hydraulic servo systems to operate the multi-plate clutch and multi-plate brake is 20 restricted within the upper limit thereby unrequired load is not added to the hydraulic servo systems and long life is improved.

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a continuously variable transmission for vehicles; Figure 2 is a diagram of a hydraulic control circuit of a continuously variable transmission; Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating operation of a manual valve; Figure 4A, B is a diagram illustrating operation of a detent valve and a throttle valve; Figure 5A, B, C is a diagram illustrating operation of the torque ratio valve; Figure 6 is a block diadram of an electric control circuit; Figure 7 is a graph showing line pressure as a characteristic of the hydraulic control circuit; Figure 8 is a graph showing line pressure as a characteristic of throttle pressure; Figure 9-11 are graphs showing line pressure as a characteristic of a hydraulic regulator according to the present invention; Figure 12 is a graph showfng an optimum-fuel-cost power curve for an engine; Figure 13 is a graph showing characteristics of engine output; Figur 14 is a graph showing the performance curve of a fluid delivery mechanism; Figure 15 is a graph showing constant fuel cost curves; Figure 16 is a graph showing the optimum-fuel-cost fluid coupling output curve; Figure 17 is a graph showing the optimum-fuel-cost fluid coupling as a characteristic of output revolution speed; Figures 18, 19, 22, 23, 24 and 25 are program flowcharts illustrating operation of an electric 40 control circuit; Figure 20 is a wave form chart illustrating duty control; Figure 21 is a diagram illustrating operation of an electromagnetic solenoid valve of a shift control mechanism; Figure 26 is a graph showing prescribed acceleration as a function of velocity; Figure 27 is a graph showing prescribed torque ratio as a function of velocity; Figure 28 is a diagram illustrating operation of the shift control mechanism; Figure 29 is a graph showing characteristics of hydraulic pressure supplied to the hydraulic servo systems of the input and output pulleys; Figure 30 is a graph showing characteristics of solenoid pressure Ps; Figure 31 is a graph showing characteristics of output hydraulic pressure of the shift'control valve; Figure 32 is a diagram illustrating operation of a torque ratio control device; Figure 33 is a graph showing the relation between the torque ratio T of input and output shafts in 56 a V-belt type continuously variable transmission and the pressure ratio of the input and output 55 hydraulic servo systems; and Figure 34 is a diagram showing another embodiment of the shift control mechanism.

A torque ratio control device in a V-belt type continuously variable transmission for vehicles according to the present invention, comprises input and output pulleys mounted respectively on input and output shafts and having variable effective diameters, and a driving band drivingly connected between the input and output pulleys, the effective diameter of each pulley being adjusted by hydraulic pressure supplied to hydraulic servo systems associated with each pulley for the continuously variable control of the reduction ratio between the input and output shafts, wherein the torque ratio control device comprises an electric control circuit receiving input signals of vehicle running conditions such as 2 GB 2 077 373 A 2.

the throttle opening, the vehicle speed or the input pulley revolution speed and generating output signals to control the effective diameter of the input pulley, two solenoid valves controlled by the output signals from said control circuit, and a torque ratio control valve controlled by said solenoid valves and regulating the hydraulic pressure supplied to the hydraulic servo system of the input pulley, wherein the hydraulic servo system of the output pulley is normally supplied with the line pressure and the hydraulic pressure supplied to the servo system of the input pulley is regulated depending on the vehicle running conditions, thereby controlling the torque ratio continuously.

The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to preferred embodiments thereof shown in the accompanying drawings.

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a stepless transmission apparatus for vehicles using a 10 V-belt type continuously variable transmission. In the figure, numeral 100 designates an engine, 102 a carbureter, and 20 a transmission disposed between the engine 100 and the driving axle. The transmission 20 comprises a fluid coupling 21 connected to an engine output shaft 10 1, a reduction gear mechanism 23 connected to a differential gear 22, and a continuously variable transmission unit comprising a Wbelt type continuously variable transmission 30 and a planetary gear set 40 for 15 changing forward and reverse drives.

The fluid coupling 21 is that of a known type comprising a pump impeller 211 and a turbine runner 212 connected to a torque converter output shaft 214. In place of the fluid coupling, other fluid type torque converter or a mechanical clutch may be used.

The V-belt type continuously variable transmission 30 is that of a known type comprising an 20 input pulley 31 comprising a stationary flange 311 connected to the fluid coupling output shaft 214 as the input shaft of the continuously variable transmission 30, a movable flange 312 opposite to the stationary flange 311, said shafts forming a V-shaped space, and a hydraulic servo system 313 driving the movable flange 312; an output pulley 32 comprising a stationary flange 321 connected to an intermediate shaft 26 as the output shaft of the continuously variable transmission 30, a movable flange 322 opposite to the stationary flange 32 1, said shafts forming a V-shaped space, and a hydraulic servo system 323 driving the movable flange 322; and a Wbelt 33 connecting the input pulley 31 with the output pulley 32. The amount of displacement L of the movable flanges 312 and 322 at the input and output shafts 31 and 32 determines the torque ratio between input and output shafts L varies over the range 0-1 f_1 3-14 (0< 1 2< 1 3< 14) so that the torque ratio T between the 30 input shaft 214 and the output shaft 26 of the continuously variable transmission 30 is continuously varied in the range of t1_t!_tT__t4 (ti <VVtd. Since the pressure receiving area of the input hydraulic servo system 313 is about twice as large as that of the output hydraulic servo system 323 in this embodiment, the input movable flange 312 is subjected to a larger driving force than the output movable flange 322 even when the hydraulic pressure in the servo system 313 is less than or equal to 35 that in the servo system 323. The enlarged pressure receiving area of the hydraulic servo system 313 may be attained by enlarging the diameter of the servo system or by using a piston having twice the receiving area in the servo system.

The planetary gear set 40 changing the forward and reverse Orives comprises a sun gear 41 connected to the intermediate shaft 26 as the output shaft of the continuously variable transmission 40 30, a ring gear 43 engaged to a case 400 of the transmission unit through a multi-plate brake 42, a double planetary gear 44 rotatably meshed between the sun gear 41 and the ring gear 43, a planetary carrier 46 supporting the double planetary gear 44 rotatably connected to the intermediate shaft 26 through a multi-plate clutch 45 and to a second intermediate shaft 47 as the output shaft of the planetary gear set 40, a hydraulic servo system 48 operating the multi- plate brake 42, and a hydraulic servo system 49 operating the multi-plate clutch 45. The planetary gear set 40 changing the forward and reverse drive provides a forward gear when the multi-plate clutch 45 is engaged and the multi plate brake 42 is released, and provides a reverse gear with a reduction ratio of 1.02 when the clutch is released and the brake 42 is engaged. The reduction ratio of 1.02 in the reverse drive is small in comparison to that in the usual transmission unit. In this embodiment, however, the reduction ratio 50 obtained at the Wbelt type continuously variable transmission, e.g. 2.4, and the reduction performance of the reduction gear mechanism 23, as hereinafter described, render a suitable reduction ratio.

The reduction gear mechanism 23 compensates for the low reduction ratio in the Wbelt type continuously variable transmission 30 in comparison to the usual transmission unit, and provides a reduction ratio of 1.45 between input and output shafts to increase the torque.

The differential gear 22 is connected to the axle (not shown) and provides a final reduction ratio of 3.72 7: 1.

Figure 2 shows a hydraulic control circuit which controls the continuously variable transmission unit in the transmission of Figure 1.

According to the present embodiment, the hydraulic control circuit comprises a hydraulic 60 pressure source 50, a hydraulic regulator 60, a shift control mechanism 70 controlling the timing of engagement of the muffiplate brake and multi-plate clutch in the planetary gear set 40 and retarding the shock of the N-D and N-R shift, and a torque ratio control device 80.

The hydraulic regulator 60 comprises a manual valve 62 operated manually by a shift lever (not k shown), a detent valve 64 and a throttle valve 65 providing respectively detent pressure and throttle 65 1 3 GB 2 077 373 A 3 pressure depending on the throttle opening 0 of the carburetor 102, a torque ratio valve 66 interlocked with the movable flange 321 of the output pulley 32, said torque ratio valve 66 supplying the detent valve 64 with the line pressure and decreasing the pressure in an output hydraulic feedback passage 9 to the throttle valve 65 corresponding to the amount of displacement of the movable flange 32 1, and a regulator valve 61 regulating the hydraulic pressure supplied from the hydraulic pressure source 50 and supplying the line pressure to portions of the hydraulic regulator 60.

The hydraulic pressure source 50 supplies hydraulic oil pumped from an oil strainer 51 to the regulator valve 61 through passage 11. The hydraulic pressure source 50 uses a pump 52 driven by the engine and has a relief valve 53.

Referring to Figure 3 showing manual valve 62, a spool 621 is set to positions P, R, N, D and L 10 corresponding to the shift positions P, R, N, D and L of the shift lever manually selected by the driver. Thereby the manual valve 62 communicates the line pressure from passage 1 to output passages 3-5 as shown in Table 1.

Table 1

P R N D L is passage 3 X X passage 4 X 0 passage 5 X 0 X 0 0 X X X X X 0 In Table 1, 0 designates communication of pressure from passage 1, and X designates no communication of pressure from passage 1 to passages 3-5.

Referring to Figure 2, the regulator valve 61 is provided with a spool 611, and a regulator valve plunger 612 responsive to detent pressure and throttle pressure to control the spool 611. The area of the gap opening to output port 614 varies according to the displacement of the spool 611. The line pressure is supplied from an output port 616 to the passage 1. Hydraulic oil is supplied from the output port 614 through the passage 12 to a fluid coupling oil cooler and to other units which require 25 lubrication.

The detent valve 64 is provided with a spool 641 linked to the throttle opening 0 of the throttle valve of the carburetor 102 as shown in Figures 2 and 4. When 0:50:501, the passage 5 communicates with the detent pressure output passage 7 leading to input port 616, in the regulator valve 61 as shown in Figures 2 and 4A; when 01<0<'100%, the passage 7 communicates with the passage 6 30 connecting the detent valve 64 to the torque ratio valve 66.

The throttle valve 65 is provided with a spool 65 1, one end of said spool being disposed in series with the spool 641 of the detent valve through a spring 645 and the other end thereof being connected to a spring 652. The spool 651 moves corresponding to variations of the throttle opening 0 as transmitted through the spool 641 and the spring 645. The opening area of the port 653 leading to the 35 passage 1 is thereby regulated and the throttle pressure is transmitted to the passage 8 leading to the input port 618 in the regulator valve 6 1. Passages 9 and 10 perform output hydraulic pressure feedback control and are branched from the passage 8 and provided with orifices 654 and 655 respectively. The spool 651 receives the feedback of output hydraulic pressure through the passages 9 and 10 at a land 656 and another land 657 with the pressure receiving area of land 657 larger than 40 that of land 656.

The torque ratio valve 66 shown in Figures 2 and 5 is provided with a spool 662 linked to the movable flange 322 of the output pulley 32 through a connecting rod 667. When the displacement amount L of the movable flange 322 is in the range 1,:5L<1 44 (torque ratio T is in the range t25T..5t1), the spool 662 is positioned to the left as shown in Figure 5A, thereby an input port 664 leading to the 45 output hydraulic pressure feedback passage 9 in the throttle valve 65 is closed and pressure in the detent valve 64 is reduced by communicating the output passage 6 of the torque ratio valve 66 with a drain passage 665. When the displacement amount L of the movable flange 322 is in the range 12:!L< 13(t3:T,.,t2), the spool 662 is positioned in intermediate portion as shown in Figure 50, thereby the port 664 leading to the passage 9 communicates with a drain port 666 so as to reduce the pressure in the passage 9. When the displacement amount L is in the range 051-<1 2(t4tT>t3), the spool 662 is positioned to the right as shown in Figure 5C, thereby a port 66:3-ieading to the passage 1 communicates with the passage 6 which is supplied with the line pressure.

The spool 662 is slidably linked to the movable flange 322 of the output pulley 32, said pulley being in a rotating state. Since movement of the spool 662 in the valve shaft direction is not obstructed 55 by a spring, hydraulic pressure or the like as shown in Figure 5, transferring the displacement amount of the movable flange is not obstructed, and abrasion is prevented.

Referring to Figure 2, the shift control mechanism 70 comprises a shift control valve 71 having a spring 711 at one end and a spool 712 receiving the line pressure from a first oil chamber 711 at the other end, a second oil chamber 701 supplying hydraulic pressure to the hydraulic servo system 48 to 60 operate the multi-plate brake 42 through the oil passage 14, a third oil chamber 703 supplying 4 GB 2 077 373 A 4.

hydraulic pressure to the hydraulic servo system 49 to operate the multiplate clutch 45 through the oil passage 13, a fourth oil chamber 705 effecting feedback of hydraulic pressure fed by the second oil chamber 70 1, and a fifth oil chamber 717 effecting feedback of hydraulic pressure fed by the third oil chamber 703; an orifice 72 disposed in the oil passage 1 supplying the line pressure to the oil chamber 713; a pressure limiting valve 73 mounted between the orifice 72 and the oil chamber 713; 5 and a solenoid valve 74 controlled by an electric control circuit as hereinafter described and regulating the hydraulic pressure in the oil chamber 713.

When the solenoid valve 74 is operated to open a drain port 741 and pressure in the oil chamber 713 is exhausted, the spool 712 of the shift control valve 71 is moved to the right in the figure under the action of the spring 711. Thereby the passage 13, leading to the hydraulic servo system 49 acting 10 on the multi-plate clutch 45 of the planetary gear set 40, and the passage 14, leading to the hydraulic servo system 48 acting on the multi-plate brake 42, communicate respectively with the drain ports 714 and 715 and the pressure thereof is exhausted so as to release the multi-plate clutch 45 or the multi-plate brake 42. When the solenoid valve 74 is not operated, the drain port 741 is closed and the spool 712 is positioned at the left in the figure under the line pressure supplied to the oil chamber 713. 15 Thereby the passages 3 and 4 communicate respectively with the passages 13 and 14 for engagement of the multi-plate brake 42 or the multi-plate clutch 45. In this embodiment, the shift control valve 71 is provided with oil chambers 717 and 716, to feedback the output hydraulic pressure in the passages 13 and 14, so that a rise in the output pressure is retarded and the multi-plate clutch 45 and the multi- plate brake 42 are prevented from shock upon engagement.

The torque ratio control unit 80 comprises a torque ratio control valve 81, orifices 82 and 83, a downshift solenoid 84, and an upshift solenoid 85. The torque ratio control valve 81 is provided with oil chambers 815 and 816 on both ends to which the line pressure is supplied from the passage 1 through the orifices 82 and 83 respectively, an oil chamber 819 including an input port 817 leading to the passage 1 and varying the opening area according to the amount of displacement of the spool 812, 25 and an output port 818 leading to the hydraulic servo system 313 of the input pulley 31 of the Wbelt type stepless shifter 30 through the passage 2, a drain port 814 exhausting the oil chamber 819 according to the amount of displacement of the spool 8 12, and a drain port 813 exhausting the oil chamber 815 according to the amount of displacement of the spool 812. The downshifting solenoid 84 and the upshifting solenoid 85 are connected to the oil chambers 815 and 816 of the torque ratio 30 control valve 81 respectively. Both solenoids 84 and 85 are operated by the output of the electric control circuit as hereinafter described and exhaust the oilchambers 815 and 816 respectively.

Figure 6 shows the design of the electric control circuit for controlling the solenoid valve 74 of the shift control mechanism 70, the downshift solenoid valve 84 and the upshift solenoid valve 85 of the torque ratio control device 80 in the hydraulic control circuit shown in Figure 2.

The electric control circuit comprises a shift lever switch 901 detecting the shift lever positions P, R, N, D, or L, a revolution speed sensor 902 detecting the revolution speed of the input pulley 3 1, a vehicle speed sensor 903, a throttle sensor 904 detecting the throttle opening of the carburetor, a speed detecting and processing circuit 905 converting the output of the revolution speed sensor 902 into a voltage signal, a vehicle speed detecting circuit 906 converting the output of the vehicle speed 40 sensor 903 into a voltage signal, a throttle opening detecting and processing circuit 907 converting the output of the throttle sensor 904 into a voltage signal, input interfaces 908-911 for the sensors 901, 902, 903 and 904, a central processing unit (CPU) 912, a read only memory (ROM) 913 storing the control program for the solenoid valves 74, 84, 85 and data required for their control, a random access memory (RAM) 914 temporarily storing the input data and parameters required for control, a clock 45 915, an output interface 916, and a solenoid output driver 917 converting the output of the output interface 916 into the operating output for the upshift solenoid 85, the downshift solenoid 84 and the shift control solenoid 74. The input interfaces 908-911, the CPU 912, the ROM 913, the RAM 914 and the output interface 916 communicate with each other through a data path 918 and an address path 919.

The function of the hydraulic regulator 60, comprising in this embodiment the torque ratio valve 66, the detent valve 64, the throttle valve 65, the manual valve 62 and the regulator valve 61 will be now described.

Working fluid in the hydraulic control circuit is supplied from the pump 52 driven by the engine.

The high line pressure involves large losses in power from the pump 52. In order to drive a vehicle at 55 low fuel cost, the line pressure supplied to the hydraulic control circuit must be at the minimum value needed. In the case of the continuously variable transmission, the line pressure must be sufficient so that the hydraulic servo systems of the input pulley 31 and the output pulley 32 can deliver the torque without slippage of the V belt 33. Referring to Figure 7, solid lines show the minimum values necessary for the line pressure corresponding to variation of the reduction ratio T between the input and output 60 shafts for various throttle openings so that the engine is driven at optimum fuel cost. Upon starting, it is preferable to use the line pressure shown in as dashed lines. The dashed lines correspond to a line pressure that is greater than that of the solid lines by approximately 20%, since the engine cannot be driven at optimum fuel cost upon starting. When braking, the line pressure shown as a dash-and-dot line is preferred even when the throttle opening is 0=0.

i f GB 2 077 373 A 5 In this embodiment, the line pressure as the output of the regulator valve 61 is regulated by the hydraulic regulator 60 depending on the shift positions L, D, N, R, or P of the manual valve 62, the variation of the throttle opening 0 and the reduction ratio between both pulleys, i.e. the reduction ratio between the input and output shafts, as follows:

-5 D Position In the manual valve 62, only the passage 1 has line pressure and pressure in the passages 4 and 5 is exhausted. If the shift control solenoid 74 in the shift control mechanism 70 turns OFF and the line pressure is supplied to the oil chamber 713, the rightward movement of the spool 712 causes the passages 3 and 13 to communicate with each other. Thus, the line pressure supplied to the passage 3 J 0 acts on the hydraulic servo system 49 of the forward multi-plate clutch 45 through the passage 13 and 10 the vehicle is ready for forward drive.

(1) The Torque Ratio T is in the Range tl:!T:!t2 Referring to Figure 5A, the torque ratio valve 66 closes a port 663 leading to the passage 1, and the passage 6 communicates with a drain port 665 and is exhausted. Thus, the passage 7 is not supplied with the detent pressure (equal to the line pressure) irrespective of the throttle opening 0. 15 Since a port 664 leading to the passage 9 is closed and the spool 651 of the throttle valve 65 receives the feedback pressure not only at the land 656 but also at the land 657, the throttle valve 65 provides throttle pressure corresponding to the throttle opening 0 as shown in characteristic curve (c) in Figure 8 to the regulator valve plunger 613 of the regulator valve 61 through the passage 8. Then the line pressure provided from the regulator valve 61 is shown in region (f) of Figure 9 and curve (e) of Figure 20 10.

(2) The Torque Ratio T is in the Range t2<T<t3 Referring to Figure 5B, the torque ratio valve 66 closes a port 663, and the passage 9 communicates with a drain port 666. Pressure in the passage 6 is exhausted through a port 665. Thus, the detent pressure is not produced in passage 7. Since the passage 9 is exhausted and the feedback 25 pressure is not applied to the land 657 of the spool 651, the throttle pressure increases as shown in characteristic curve (d) of Figure 8. The line pressure is shown in region (k) of Figure 9 and curve (g) of Figure 10.

(3) The Torque Ratio T is in the Range t 3<T:5t4 Referring to Figure 5C, the passage 9 is exhausted through a drain port 666 and the throttle 30 pressure is shown in curve (d) of Figure 8 as in the case (2) above. The port 663 is opened and the passages 1 and 6 communicate with each other. When the throttle opening 0 is in the range 0<0:01% and the spool 641 of the detent valve 64 is disposed to the left as shown in Figure 4A, the passage 6 is closed by the spool 641 and the passage 7 is exhausted through the passage 5 by the manual valve 62. When the throttle opening 0 is in the range 0,%<0<1 00%, the spool 641 is disposed as shown in 35 Figure 413 and the passages 6 and 7 communicate with each other. The detent pressure is thereby produced in the passage 7. The line pressure is shown in region (1) of Figure 9 and curve (i) of Figure and varies stepwise at 0=01%.

L Position In the manual valve 62, the passages 5 and 1 communicate with each other. The passages 3 and 40 4 are arranged in a manner similar to the D position.

(1) The Torque Ratio T is in the Range tl..5T:5t.

When the throttle opening is in the range 0:50:501%, the passages 5 and 7 communicate with each other in the detent valve 64, as shown in Figure 4A. The detent pressure is produced in passage 7 to elevate the throttle plunger and the line pressure becomes high. When 01%<0:5100%, the passage 7 45 is exhausted through the passage 6 and the drain port 665 of the torque ratio valve 66. The detent pressure is not produced, and the throttle pressure is equal to that in D position. Then the line pressure is as shown in curve (k) of Figure 11.

(2) The Torque Ratio T is in the Range t2<T:!t,, so This case is different from (1) immediately above in that the passage 9 communicates with the 50 drain port 666 and is exhausted in the torque ratio valve 66. The throttle pressure provided from the throttle valve 65 through the passage 8 to the regulator valve 61 is increased. The line pressure is shown in curve (j) of Figure 11.

(3) The Torque Ratio T is in the Range VT:5t4 The passages 6 and 1 communicate with each other in the torque ratio valve 66, and the passage 55 9 is exhausted through the drain port 666. Since the line pressure is supplied to both passages 6 and 5, the detent pressure is provided from the detent valve 64 irrespective of the throttle opening. The 6 GB 2 077 373 A 6 regulator valve 61 receives the detent pressure and the-throttle pressure in a manner similar to that in (2) immediately above and provides the line pressure as shown in curve (h) of Figure 11.

R Position As shown in Table 1, the passages 4 and 5 communicate with the passage 1 in the manual valve 62, and the passage 3 is exhausted. If the shift control solenoid 74 in the shift control mechanism 70 turns OFF and the line pressure is supplied to the oil chamber 713, the leftward movement of the spool 712 causes the passages 4 and 14 to communicate with each other. The line pressure supplied to the passage 4 is supplied through the passage 14 to the hydraulic servo system 48 of the reverse multiplate brake 42, and the vehicle is thereby ready for reverse drive. The line pressure is introduced to the passage 5 and functions in the same way as in the L position. In the R position, the torque ratio T in the 10 V-belt type continuously variable transmission 30 is set at the maximumtorque ratio T=t4. Therefore, a high reduction ratio need not be achieved in the planetary gear set 40. In this embodiment, control of the line pressure, as in the case of the L position is possible even when the torque ratio T is varied in the R position.

P Position and N Position The passages 3, 4 and 5 are exhausted in the manual valve 62. Since the passage 5 is exhausted, the line pressure provided by the regulator valve 61 is the same as that in the D position.

When the manual valve 62 is shifted to D, N or P position, the line pressure in the torque ratio range of t3<T:5t4 is set to lower values at the throttle openings less than 01% as shown in characteristic curve (i) of Figure 10. If the line pressure were set to higher levels during running, maintaining the line 20 pressure would become difficult since much oil leakage occurs at various portions in the hydraulic circuit at high oil temperature. Moreover, a decrease in the amount of oil supplied to the oil cooler would further raise the oil temperature and could cause problems.

When the manual valve 62 is shifted to L or R position, the line pressure in the range of t1:5-T!t2'S set to higher values at the throttle openings less than 01% as shown in curves N and N of Figure 11, 25 since relatively high hydraulic pressure is required during engine braking even at the low throttle openings. The hydraulic pressure required in this condition is shown in the dash-and-dot line of Figure 7. Referring to Figure 9, if the line pressure is close to the required value shown in Figure 7, the power loss in the pump 52 is reduced and efficiency is improved in fuel cost and rate of fuel dissipation.

The operation of the electric control circuit 90, the shift control mechanism 70 controlled by the 30 circuit 90 and the torque ratio control device 80 of the present invention will now be described by referring to the program flowcharts shown in Figures 18-24.

In this embodiment, revolution speed N' of the input pulley is controlled by the electric control circuit 90 so that fuel cost is optimized in all degrees of the throttle opening.

In general, a vehicle engine is driven according to the optimum-fuel-cost power curve shown as a 35 dashed line in Figure 12. In Figure 12, the abscissa represents the engine revolution speed (rpm) and the ordinate represents the output shaft torque (kg.m). The rate of fuel consumption Q (gram/pferde starke - hour) and the power P (pferde starke) at any point A are given by the constant fuel consumption curve in sold line and the constant horsepower curve in dash- and-dot line respectively.

The fuel consumption per hour at the point A is given by:

S=Q x P (g/h) The fuel consumption amount S per hour is calculated for each point along constant horsepower curves to determine the point with minimum value of S in each constant horsepower curve. By connecting the points with minimum S on each constant horsepower curve, the optimum-fuel-cost power curve is obtained which shows the engine driving condition with optimum fuel consumption for 45 every horsepower. In this embodiment where the engine 100 is associated with the fluid coupling 21, the fluid coupling output curve with optimum-fuel-cost shown in Figure 16 is obtained in a manner similar to the above described procedure from the engine output characteristic curve with respect to the throttle opening shown in Figure 13, from the fluid coupling characteristic curve shown in Figure 14 and from the constant fuel consumption rate of engine in Figure 15. Figure 17 shows the correlation between the throttle opening and the fluid coupling output revolution speed obtained from thefluid coupling output curve with optimum-fuei-cost in Figure 16. The fluid coupling output revolution speed in this figure is used as the input pulley revolution speed in this embodiment.

In the continuously variable transmission of this embodiment, the reduction ratio between the input pulley 31 and the output pulley 32 is determined by the input pulley revolution speed with 55 optimum-fuel-cost given by the above procedure and the actual input pulley revolution speed following reduction.

The torque ratio control device 80 is controlled by comparing the input pulley revolution speed with optimum-fuel-cost given in Figure 17 with the actual input pulley revolution speed and regulating the reduction ratio between the input and output pulleys using both solenoid valves 84 and 85 in the 60 so 7 GB 2 077 373 A 7 control device 80, so that the actual revolution speed coincides with the revolution speed for optimumfuel-cost.

Figure 18 shows a flowchart of the entire control system for the input pulley revolution speed. The throttle sensor 904 reads out the throttle opening 0 at unit 92 1, and the shift lever switch 901 determines the shift [ever position at unit 922. When the shift lever is verified to be in P or N position, subroutine 930 for processing the P or N position shown in Figure 19 acts. The subroutine 930 turns OFF both solenoid valves 84 and 85 at unit 931 and the RAM stores the state of the shift lever in P or N position at unit 932. The input pulley 31 is thereby in a neutral state. When the shift lever is changed from P or N position to R position, or N position-is changed to D position, shock control processing is carried out at units 940 and 950 in order to retard the shock involved in P, N-R shift and N-D shift 10 respectively. The shock control processing is effected by applying and decreasing gradually a pulse train as shown in Figure 20, a pulse width in each period K being represented by L-nM (n=1,2, 3,...), to the shift control solenoid valve 74 of the shift control mechanism 70 shown in Figure 21 (hereinafter referred to as "duty control"). When the shift control solenoid 74 is subjected to duty control as above described, the oil chamber 713 of the shift control valve 71 is supplied with hydraulic15 pressure Ps regulated in accordance with the duty control.

The shift control mechanism 70 regulates the timing of intake and exhaust of hydraulic pressure to the hydraulic servo systems 48 and 49 of the planetary gear set 40 by operation of the solenoid valve 74 in response to the output of the electric control circuit 90 so as to eliminate shock during the shift. The control mechanism 70 also holds the upper limit of the hydraulic pressure supplied to the 20 hydraulic servo systems 48 and 49 below a prescribed value so as to limit the engaging pressure of the clutch and brake.

Referring to Figure 28, assuming that pressure receiving areas of the lands on a spool 712 of the shift control valve 71 are represented by SI, S1, S11 S2 in sequence from the left, the force of spring 711 is represented by Fs1, and the hydraulic pressure in oil chamber 713 is represented by Ps, the hydraulic 25 servo system 49 of the multi-plate clutch 45 engaged in forward drive and the hydraulic servo system 48 of the multi-plate brake 42 engaged in reverse drive are supplied respectively with hydraulic pressure Pc and Pb calculated from the hydraulic balance equations (1) and (2) as follows:

Forward: PSXS,=PeXS2+Fs, (1) S1 Fs, PC=-xpsS2 S2 Reverse: PsxS,=Pb X(S,_S2)+FS, SI Fs, Pb=- Ps- S1-S2 S1-S2 (2) Assuming that the pressure receiving area of the valve body 731 inserted in the pressure limiting valve 73 is represented by S3, and the force of a spring 732 behind the valve body 731 is represented by FS2, the pressure limiting valve 73 is operated by P limit, the maximum value of Ps, calculated from 35 the hydraulic balance equation (3) as follows:

P 1'rn'tXS3=FS2 P limit (3) FS2 S3 Pc and Pb are restricted to the maximum values Pc limit and Pb limit respective according to equations 4D (4) and (5) as follows:

S1 Fs, Forward:Pc limitx P limit- - (4) S2 S2 SI Reverse: Pb limit=-xP limit- SI-S2 S1-S2 Fs, (5) 8 GB 2 077 373 A 8, Figure 22 shows a program flowchart in the case of duty control by parameters C, L, M shown in the wave form chart of Figure 20. FLUG decision whether shock control is processed or not is determined at unit 941. If the shock control is to be processed, the processing continues. If not processed, any change in the shift lever switch 901 is determined at units 942 and 943. A change from P or N position to R position is determined at 942; a change from N position to D position is determined at 943. If a change is detected, corresponding parameters C, L, M are set at unit 944 or 945, and FLUG designating the ready state for shock control processing is set to ON at unit 955. If no change is detected, process is returned and the shift shock control is not effected. Parameter K verifying the end of one period K of the shock control processing is determined at unit 946. If the value of K is notpositive, K issetto C, Lto L-M, and Lto L at unit 947. WhetherL:O ornot in 10 determined at unit 948. If L50, FLUG is set to OFF at unit 949. The state that L:O and FCUG set to OFF means the end of shock control processing. If parameter K verifying the end of one period K is determined positive at unit 946, k-1 is set to k at unit 950. When k is set at unit 950 and L:O is determined---NO-at unit 948, parameter L verifying the end of ON time duration in one period K is determined at unit 951. If L=:-0, the solenoid valve 76 generates an OFF command at unit 952. If L is 15 not zero, the solenoid valve 74 generates an ON command at unit 953 and L- 1 is set to L at unit 954 thereby process is returned. Similar shock control may be processed using the programmable timer 920 shown in figure 6.

Referring to Figure 18, following the N-D shock control processing at unit 950, the input pulley revolution speed sensor 902 detects the actual input pulley revolution speed N' at unit 923. Whether 20 the throttle opening 0 is zero or not is determined at unit 924. If 00, data for the input pulley revolution speed N at optimum-fuel-cost corresponding to the throttle opening 0 in Figure 17, having previously, been stored in the ROM 9 13, is then set at unit 960. Referring to the subroutine shown in Figure 23, the store address of data for N is set at unit 96 1, and data for N is read out from the set address at unit 962, and then the data storing RAM 914 temporarily stores the read data of N at unit 25 963.

The actual input pulley revolution speed N' is compared with the optimumfuel-cost input pulley revolution speed N at unit 927. If N<N, the operating command for the downshift solenoid valve 84 is generated at unit 928; if N'>N, the operating command for the upshift solenoid valve 85 is generated at 929; and if N'=N, and OFF command for both solenoid valves 84 and 85 is generated at 920.

When 0=0, that is, the throttle is fully closed, the decision of whether the shift lever is set to D position or L position is made at unit 926 in order to determine the necessity for engine braking operation. If necessary, the engine brake control is effected at unit 970 or 980.

Referring to Figure 24 showing a program for engine brake control of D position effected at unit 970, the vehicle speed sensor 903 detects the vehicle speed V at unit 971 and the acceleration a is 35 calculated at unit 972. Whether the acceleration a is equal to the acceleration A adapted for the vehicle speed is determined at unit 973. If a>A, N is set to a value larger than that of NI so as to effect DOWNSHIFT control at unit 974 and then process is returned. If a:5A, the optimum-fuel-cost input pulley revolution speed N corresponding to the throttle opening 0 is set at unit 975 and then process is returned. The relation between the vehicle speed and the adapted acceleration A is determined by 40 experiment or calculation for different vehicles and is illustrated in Figure 26.

Referring to Figure 25 showing the engine brake control of the L position effected at unit 980, the vehicle speed V is detected at unit 981 and then the torque ratio T is calculated from the vehicle speed V and the input pulley revolution speed N according to the following equation at unit 982:

N T=-xk, 45 V wherein k is a constant defined by the reduction ratio of the gear mechanism 23 within the transmission, the final reduction ratio of the vehicle, the radius of the tires and the like. The decision of whether the torque ratio is larger than the torque ratio T adapted for secure and proper engine braking corresponding to vehicle speed V is effected at unit 983. If T<T, N is set to a value larger than that of N' at unit 984 so as to effect DOWN-SHIFT control and then process is returned. If T;:T, N is set to a 50 value equal to that of N' and then process is returned. The torque ratio T adapted for secure and proper engine brake corresponding to the vehicle speed is determined by experiment or calculation for different vehicles and is illustrated in Figure 27.

In order to retard the shock involved in engagement during N-D shift or NR shift, fluid pressure Pb or Pc supplied to the hydraulic servo system 48 or 49 is controlled in accordance with the 55 fluid pressure characteristic curve shown in Figure 29, so that the engagement of the multi-plate clutch or the multi-plate brake 42 is completed in the time interval between A and C in the figure. Figure shows the relation between the duty (%) of the solenoid valve 74 to control fluid pressure supplied to the hydraulic servo system 48 or 49 and the solenoid pressure Ps produced in the oil chamber 713 by working the solenoid valve 74. The duty (%) is given by the following equation: 60 9 GB 2 077 373 A 9 solenoid ON duration in one period duty M= X 100 (%) solenoid working period 1 The solenoid pressure Ps in Figure 30 is amplified by the shift control valve 7 1, thereby providing the fluid pressure Pb or Pc supplied to the hydraulic servo system 48 or 49 shown in Figure 3 1.

Operation of the torque ratio control unit 80 according to the present invention will now be described by referring to Figure 32.

Constant Speed Drive The solenoid valves 84 and 85 which are controlled by the electric control circuit 90 are turned OFF as shown in Figure 32A and the spool 812 assumes an intermediate position.

The fluid pressure P, in the oil chamber 816 becomes the line pressure, and, if the spool 812 is to the right in the figure, the fluid pressure P2 in the oil chamber 815 also becomes the line pressure. 10 However, the spool 812 is urged to the left by pushing force P 3 of the spring 811. When the spool 812 is moved to the left and the oil chamber 8 15 communicates with the drain port 813, P2 is exhausted and the spool 812 is urged to the right byfluid pressure P, in the oil chamber 816. If the spool 812 is moved to the right, the drain port 813 is closed. If a flat surface 812b with a beveled edge is arranged at the land edge between the drain port 813 and the spool 812 as shown in Figure 32, the spool 812 15 can be stabilized at the intermediate balance point as shown in Figure 32A. Since the passage 2 then is closed, fluid pressure in the hydraulic servo system 313 of the input pulley 31 is pushed by the line pressure in the hydraluic servo system 323 of the output pulley 32 through the V belt 323, thereby fluid pressure in the hydraulic servo systems 313 and 323 is balanced. In reality, however, oil leakage exists at the passage 2 and the input pulley 31 gradually expands and increases the torque ratio T. In 20 order to compensate for the oil leakage at the passage 2, the drain port 814 is closed in the balanced state of the spool 812 as shown in Figure 32A and a flat surface 812a with a beveled edge is provided at the land edge of the spool 812. Referring to Figure 34, in place of the surface 812a the passages I and 2 may be communicated by a passage 822 having an orifice 821 in order to attain a similar result.

Up-shift The solenoid valve 85 is turned ON by the electric control circuit 90 as shown in Figure 3213. The oil chamber 816 is exhausted and the spool 812 moves to the left in the figure. As the spool 812 moves, the oil chamber 815 is also exhausted through the drain port 813. However, the spool 812 is urged to the left end by the spring 811.

Since the line pressure in the passage 1 is supplied to the passage 2 through the port 818, fluid 30 pressure in the hydraulic servo system 313 rises and the input pulley 31 contracts so as to decrease the torque ratio T. By controlling the ON time duration of the solenoid valve 85 for an appropriate duration of time, the torque ratio is reduced by the required amount and UP-SHIFT is effected, Down-shift The solenoid valve 84 is turned ON by the electric control circuit 90 as shown in Figure 32C, 35 thereby exhausting the oil chamber 815. The spool 812 is moved to the right in the figure by the line pressure in the oil chamber 816, and the passage 2 is exhausted through the drain port 814. The input pulley 31 expands so as to increase the torque ratio T. By controlling the ON time duration of the solenoid valve 84 in this manner, the torque ratio is increased and Down- shift is effected.

The hydraulic servo system 313 of the input (driving) pulley 31 is supplied with the output fluid 40 pressure in the torque ratio control valve 81, while the hydraulic servo system 323 of the output (driven) pulley 32 is supplied with the line pressure. If Pi is the fluid pressure in the input hydraulic servo system 313, and Po is the fluid pressure in the output hydraulic servo system 323, the relation between the pressure ratio Po/Pi and the torque ratio T is shown in the graph of Figure 33. For example, assume the state represented by point a (throttle opening 0=50%, torque ratio T=1.5) is 45 changed to the state where 0=30% by releasing the acceleration. If the pressure ratio Po/Pi is not changed, the working point is transferred to the point b with the torque ratio T=0.87. On the other hand, if the torque ratio T=1.5 is not changed, the value of Po/Pi is increased by the torque ratio control mechanism 80 controlling the input pulley and the working point is transferred to the point c.

Thus, any value of the torque ratio can be set corresponding to the load condition by controlling the so value of Po/Pi as required.

In a shift control mechanism as above described, hydraulic pressure supplied to hydraulic servo systems is controlled accurately by the solenoid valve and shift control valve thereby shock is prevented during N-D or N-R shift. Hydraulic pressure is controlled during N-D or N-R shift in independent oil chambers thereby wrong operation is prevented. The pressure limiting valve restricts 55 hydraulic pressure securely within the upper limit. Hydraulic pressure is supplied to the shift control valve through the orifice therefore unrequired load is not added to the solenoid valve to control the supplied hydraulic pressure and long life is improved. Further the invention has effects as follows:

(a) Hydraulic pressure supplied to hydraulic servo systems to operate the multi-plate clutch and GB 2 077 373 A 10 brake may be controlled by one shift control valve and one solenoid valve independently.

(b) Hydraulic pressure level applied to the shift control valve is varied continuously by ON-OFF signals supplied in regular intervals from the electric control circuit to the solenoid valve and hydraulic pressure supplied to servo systems to operate the multi-plate clutch and brake is also varied 5 continuously so as to retard shock on engagement of the clutch or brake.

(c) Hydraulic pressure supplied to servo systems to operate the multiplate clutch and brake is restricted within the upper limit thereby unrequired load is not added to the hydraulic servo systems and long life is improved.

Claims

1. A shift control mechanism in an automatic transmission for vehicles, wherein a planetary gear 10 transmission comprising a planetary gear set consisting of a sun gear, a ring gear, a planetary gear and a planetary carrier, one wet-type multi-plate clutch and one wet-type multi-plate brake is changed into forward and reverse drives by controlling the hydraluic operation fluid supplied or discharged to hydraulic servo systems of the multi-plate clutch and the multi-plate brake, characterized in that said shift control mechanism comprises a shift control valve connecting the hydraulic servo systems with a 15 hydraulic pressure source or a drain port selectively, and a solenoid valve controlling operation of the shift control valve in response to an electric control circuit, said shift control valve having a first oil chamber supplied with hydraulic pressure from the hydraulic pressure source through a fixed orifice; a spool with a spring connected to one end opposite to the first oil chamber; a second oil chamber connecting the hydraulic servo system to operate the multi-plate brake with the hydraulic pressure 20 source or the drain port and supplying or discharging hydraulic pressure to said servo system; a third oil chamber connecting the hydraulic servo system to operate the multi-plate clutch with the hydraulic pressure source or the drain port and supplying or discharging hydraulic pressure to said servo system; a fourth oil chamber effecting feedback of hydrau!ic pressure fed by the second oil chamber to the spool; and a fifth oil chamber effecting feedback of hydraulic pressure fed by the third oil chamber to 25 the spool, wherein the pressure receiving area of the spool in the first oil chamber is larger than that in the fourth or fifth oil chamber, and the solenoid valve urges the spool of the shift control valve by controlling hydraulic pressure in the first oil chamber, thereby the communicating surface area of the hydraulic servo systems with the hydraulic pressure source or the drain port can be regulated.

2. A shift control mechanism in an automatic transmission for vehicles, said control mechanism 30 being used in a planetary gear transmission for changing forward and reverse drives of a continuously variable transmission unit composed in combination of a fluid coupling, a continuously variable transmission and the planetary gear transmission, wherein the planetary gear transmission comprising a planetary gear set consisting of a sun gear, a ring gear, a planetary gear and a planetary carrier, one wet-type multi-plate clutch and one wet-type muti-plate brake is changed into forward and reverse 35 drives by controlling the hydraulic operation fluid supplied or discharged to hydraluic servo systems of the multi-plate clutch and the multi-plate brake, characterized in that said shift control mechanism comprises a shift control valve connecting the hydraulic servo systems with a hydraulic pressure source or a drain port selectively, and a solenoid valve controlling operation of the shift control valve in response to an electric control circuit, said shift control valve having a first oil chamber supplied with 40 hydraulic pressure from the hydraulic pressure source through a fixed orifice; a spool with a spring connected to one end opposite to the first oil chamber; a second oil chamber connecting the hydraulic servo system to operate the multi-plate brake with the hydraulic pressure source or the drain port and supplying or discharging hydraulic pressure to said servo system; a third oil chamber connecting the hydraulic servo system to operate the multi-plate clutch with the hydraulic pressure source or the drain 45 port and supplying or discharging hydraulic pressure to said servo system; a fourth oil chamber effecting feedback of hydraulic pressure fed by the second oil chamber to the spool; and a fifth oil chamber effecting feedback of hydraulic pressure fed by the third oil chamber to the spool, wherein the pressure receiving area of the spool in the first oil chamber is larger than that in the fourth or fifth oil chamber, and the solenoid valve urges the spool of the shift control valve by controlling hydraulic pressure in the first oil chamber, thereby the communicating surface area of the hydraulic servo systems with the hydraulic pressure source orthe drain port can be regulated.

3. A shift control mechanism in an automatic transmission for vehicles according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the solenoid valve is continuously controlled in ON-OFF state repeated in short regular intervals and the length of ON-time in one cycle is varied so as to vary the amount of hydraulic pressure 55 discharged by the solenoid valve, thereby hydraulic pressure in the first oil chamber is controlled and, in turn, hydraulic pressure in the second or third chamber is regulated.

4. A shift control mechanism in an automatic transmission for vehicles according to claims 2 and 3, wherein the hydraulic servo system of the multi-plate clutch or the multi-plate brake is supplied with hydraulic pressure in such a manner that the solenoid valve in ON-state is controlled by ON-OFF signals 60 repeated in regular intervals with the ON-time decreased gradually until the OFF-state, thereby hydraulic pressure supplied to the hydraulic servo system rises gradually and shock on engagement of the multi-plate brake or multi-plate clutch can be retarded.

5. A shift control mechanism in an automatic transmission for vehicles according to claim 3, 11 GB 2 077 373 A 11 wherein a pressure limiting valve for restricting the upper limit of hydraulic pressure in the first oil chamber is provided in the oil passage connecting the fixed orifice with the first oil chamber, thereby the upper limit of hydraulic pressure supplied to the hydraulic servo system is restricted.

6. A shift control mechanism in an automatic transmission for vehicles, said control mechanism being used in a continuously variable transmission unit composed in combination of a fluid coupling, a 5 continuously variable transmission and planetary gear transmission for changing forward and reverse drives, said continuously variable transmission unit being controlled by a hydraulic control unit comprising a hydraulic pressure source, a hydraulic regulator regulating hydraulic pressure supplied from the hydraulic pressure depending on throttle opening and reduction ratio of the continuously variable transmisson, a manual valve, a torque ratio control unit controlling the reduction ratio of the 10 continuously variable transmission in response to output signals of an electric control circuit, and a shift control device controlling the planetary gear transmission, wherein the planetary gear transmission comprising a planetary gear set consisting of a sun gear, a ring gear, a planetary gear and a planetary carrier, one wet-type multi-plate clutch and one wet-type multi-plate brake is changed into forward and reverse drives by controlling the hydraulic operation fluid supplied or discharged to 15 hydraulic servo systems of the multi-plate clutch and the multi-plate brake, characterized in that said shift control mechanism comprises a shift control valve connecting the hydraulic servo systems with the hydraulic pressure source or a drain port selectively, and a solenoid valve controlling operation of the shift control valve in response to the electric control circuit, said shift control valve having a first oil chamber supplied with hydraulic pressure from the hydraulic pressure source through a fixed orifice; a 20 spool with a spring connected to one end opposite to the first oil chamber; a second oil chamber connecting the hydraulic servo system to operate the multi-plate brake with the hydraulic pressure source or the drain port and supplying or discharging hydraulic pressure to said servo system; a third oil chamber connecting the hydraulic servo system to operate the multi-plate clutch with the hydraulic pressure source or the drain port and supplying or discharging hydraulic pressure to said servo system; 25 a fourth oil chamber effecting feedback of hydraulic pressure fed by the second oil chamber to the spool; and a fifth oil chamber effecting feedback of hydraulic pressure fed by the third oil chamber to the spool, wherein the pressure receiving area of the spool in the first oil chamber is larger than that in the fourth or fifth oil chamber, and the solenoid valve urges the spool of the shift control valve by controlling hydraulic pressure in the first oil chamber, thereby the communicating surface area of the 30 hydraulic servo systems with the hydraulic pressure source or the drain port can be regulated.

7. A shift control mechanism in an automatic transmission for vehicles substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Office by the Courier Press, Leamington Spa, 1981. Published by the Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings. London, WC2A 1 AY, from which copies may be obtained.