EP4113016A1 - Method and control unit for controlling a heating network - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for controlling a heating network (2) is proposed, the heating network (2) having a number of partial heating networks (21, 22, 23) and providing one or more flow temperatures permissible for operation of each partial heating network (21, 22, 23). become. The method is characterized in that the flow temperatures used for control are set by the following steps: - (S1) determining first heat outputs by minimizing a target function, the first heat outputs being dependent on the permissible flow temperatures; - (S2) determining possible flow temperatures for each sub-heating network (21, 22, 23), the possible flow temperatures of the respective sub-heating network (21, 22, 23) being determined in that a first heat output is to be exchanged within the respective sub-heating network (21, 22, 23); - (S3) Determination of second heat outputs for each combination of possible flow temperatures by minimizing a target function restricted to the respective combination, with exactly one possible flow temperature for each partial heating network (21, 22, 23) being used for the combination; - (S4) Determination of that combination of possible flow temperatures of the sub-heating networks (21, 22, 23) whose associated restricted target function has the smallest value among all restricted target functions; and-(S5) setting the flow temperatures according to the combination determined in the fourth step (S4).The invention also relates to a control unit

Description

The invention relates to a method according to the preamble of patent claim 1 and a control unit according to the preamble of patent claim 10.

In the future, more and more decentralized heat generation systems will be connected to a common heating network. Compared to conventional large-scale systems, these decentralized generation systems often have a low feed-in capacity. By connecting the decentralized generating plants, the associated energy systems, for example industrial plants, office buildings or residential buildings, are not only heat consumers (consumers) but also heat generators (producers), i.e. prosumers. The energy systems mentioned can thus feed out heat from the common heating network, ie consume and feed generated heat into the heating network.

According to the state of the art, the control or regulation of such a heat network comprising consumers, producers and prosumers is unresolved.

Known heating networks are characterized by conventional large-scale systems, such as waste-to-energy plants as heat generators or heat supply systems. On the consumer side, each energy system, meaning in this case each consumer, is typically connected to the heating network via a heat transfer station. This heat transfer station typically includes a heat exchanger and one or more valves, by means of which the mass flow of a heat transfer medium of the heating network can be adjusted or controlled or regulated. As a result, the heat or thermal power transferred to the respective energy system by means of the heat exchanger can be controlled or regulated.

The heat output Q̇ _{hx transferred} to a heat exchanger can be calculated according to Q̇ _hx = ṁ _hx * c _p *(T _q -T _s ) , where ṁ _{hx is} the mass flow of the heat transfer medium, for example water, through the heat exchanger, c _p is its specific heat capacity and T _q denotes the temperature of the heat source and T _s denotes the temperature of the heat sink.

Known controls or regulations of heating networks try to keep the mass flow of the heat transfer medium in the lines of the heating network as constant as possible. This is ensured by central pumps and contractually defined pressure differences between the flow and return of the heating network at the heat transfer stations. The mass flow and the flow temperature of the heat transfer medium within the lines of the heating network are decisive for the thermal energy transported within the heating network. The flow temperature is thus controlled centrally for the entire heating network by the network operator of the heating network. As a result, the flow temperature is determined by the consumer who has the highest temperature requirements. In this way, the other consumers may be supplied with a temperature that is not required to be high.

Furthermore, the connectees, i.e. the energy systems, are statically guaranteed certain minimum flow temperatures. As a result, no significant dynamic adjustments to the flow temperature with corresponding optimization potential are carried out.

Known network control or network regulation are therefore not suitable for controlling or regulating heating networks with a large number of decentralized generation systems that are comprised of different energy systems. This is the case, for example, because there is no central control of the systems and the heating network based on information from the participants.

The object of the present invention is to provide improved control for a heating network, in particular with regard to a large number of decentralized generators.

The object is achieved by a method having the features of independent patent claim 1 and by a control unit having the features of independent patent claim 10 . Advantageous refinements and developments of the invention are specified in the dependent patent claims.

• Ermitteln von ersten Wärmeleistungen durch ein Minimieren einer Zielfunktion, wobei die ersten Wärmeleistungen von den zulässigen Vorlauftemperaturen abhängig sind;
• Ermitteln von möglichen Vorlauftemperaturen für jedes Teilwärmenetz, wobei die möglichen Vorlauftemperaturen des jeweiligen Teilwärmenetzes dadurch bestimmt werden, dass innerhalb des jeweiligen Teilwärmenetzes eine erste Wärmeleistung ausgetauscht werden soll;
• Ermitteln von zweiten Wärmeleistungen für jede Kombination der möglichen Vorlauftemperaturen durch ein Minimieren einer auf die jeweilige Kombination eingeschränkten Zielfunktion, wobei für die Kombination genau eine mögliche Vorlauftemperatur für jedes Teilwärmenetz verwendet wird;
• Ermitteln derjenigen Kombination von möglichen Vorlauftemperaturen der Teilwärmenetze, dessen zugehörige eingeschränkte Zielfunktion unter allen eingeschränkten Zielfunktionen den kleinsten Wert aufweist; und
• Einstellen der Vorlauftemperaturen gemäß der im vierten Schritt ermittelten Kombination.

The method according to the invention for controlling or regulating a heating network, the heating network having several partial heating networks, and one or more flow temperatures permissible for its operation being provided for each partial heating network, is characterized in that the flow temperatures used for control are set by the following steps:

• Determining first heat outputs by minimizing a target function, the first heat outputs being dependent on the permissible flow temperatures;
• Determining possible flow temperatures for each sub-heating network, the possible flow temperatures of the respective sub-heating network being determined in that a first heat output is to be exchanged within the respective sub-heating network;
• Determination of second heat outputs for each combination of possible flow temperatures by minimizing a target function restricted to the respective combination, with exactly one possible flow temperature for each partial heating network being used for the combination;
• Determining that combination of possible flow temperatures of the sub-heating networks whose associated restricted target function has the smallest value among all restricted target functions; and
• Set the flow temperatures according to the combination determined in the fourth step.

The method according to the invention and/or one or more functions, features and/or steps of the method according to the invention and/or one of its configurations can be computer-aided. In particular, the minimization of the target function or the target functions is carried out by means of an arithmetic unit of a control unit according to the present invention.

According to the present invention, the heating network includes several sub-heating networks. Each of the sub-heating networks has permissible flow temperatures or a permissible range of the flow temperatures within which the sub-heating network can be technically operated. The controller is basically designed to set the flow temperature of each sub-heating network within its specified permissible range, for example by means of a correspondingly designed control unit. An essential aspect of the method according to the invention is to determine flow temperatures that are as efficient as possible for the respective sub-heating networks. After these efficient flow temperatures have been determined according to the invention, they are set accordingly and the partial heating networks are operated in accordance with the determined flow temperatures.

The flow temperatures are typically determined according to regular time steps t, for example every hour or every 15 minutes, so that the method according to the invention can be repeated at each time step. In other words, the heat outputs and flow temperatures are time-dependent and are determined and set again for each time step t.

The flow temperatures and the associated heat output, which the participants connected to the heating network exchange with one another or feed into and/or feed out of the heating network, are determined using an optimization process. In other words, the objective function, which depends on the heat outputs and these included as variables minimized. Equivalent to this - depending on the definition of the sign - the target function can be maximized. However, since the target function typically refers to technical variables such as the total heat conversion or total carbon dioxide emissions or models them, these are minimized in the present case. By minimizing the objective function, the values of its variables, in this case the first and second heat outputs, are determined. For example, the heat outputs generated and fed in as well as consumed and thus fed out are determined in such a way that the total carbon dioxide emissions associated with all heat exchanges via the heat network are minimized as far as possible within the framework of numerical accuracy. This is comparable to a model predictive control.

In the first step of the method according to the invention, the first heat outputs are thus determined by minimizing the target function. Initially, there are no further restrictions on the permissible flow temperatures. In other words, the heat outputs are dependent on the permissible flow temperatures, ie the associated heat outputs are determined for each permissible flow temperature within a sub-heating network. A rough initial technical selection of the flow temperatures is only made based on the previously specified permissible flow temperatures. The permissible flow temperatures are determined by the technical parameters of the equipment connected to the heating network. In summary, in the first step of the method, for each permissible flow temperature ϑ = ϑ _1x , ...,ϑ _Nx of a sub-heating network x , an associated set of heat outputs P _k,ϑ,t at the network node k of the heating network or sub-heating network is determined for the time step t . However, technically only one of the permissible flow temperatures can be set for a sub-heating network, since each sub-heating network can technically only be operated with exactly one flow temperature. Determining the flow temperature, which finally is used and set for the control is the subject of the further steps of the method according to the invention.

In the second step of the method according to the invention, the possible flow temperatures are determined. The possible flow temperatures are a subset of the (technically) permissible flow temperatures. In other words, according to the second step of the method, the flow temperatures are preselected. This flow temperature is only considered as a possible flow temperature if a non-zero heat output is to be exchanged within the associated partial heating network for a flow temperature (according to the heat outputs determined in the first step). In other words, only the permissible flow temperatures are taken into account as possible flow temperatures for which a heat exchange, that is to say, for example, a first heat output different from zero, is to take place within the associated partial heating network. This restricts the set of allowable flow temperatures to the typically smaller set of possible or potential flow temperatures. This is advantageous because it saves computing time in the subsequent steps of the method. However, the set of permissible flow temperatures can also correspond to the set of possible flow temperatures, so that no restriction is possible in advance.

According to the third step of the method according to the invention, thermal outputs (second thermal outputs) are again determined by an optimization process. This is done for each combination of possible flow temperatures determined in the second step, with exactly one possible flow temperature for each partial heating network being used for the combination. An associated set of heat outputs (second heat outputs) is then available for each combination of possible flow temperatures. The target function used in the first step is used to determine the second heat outputs for a combination of possible flow temperatures limited to the above combination. In other words, the target function used only includes the terms and variables associated with the combination. For n combinations of possible flow temperatures, there are n partial optimization problems. For each of these sub-problems, exactly one flow temperature from the possibly restricted set of possible flow temperatures is used in each sub-heating network. Each sub-problem represents a new combination of possible flow temperatures of the sub-heating network. These several sub-problems are then solved independently of one another, in particular in parallel. In other words, associated (second) heat outputs are determined for each sub-problem, ie for each combination of possible flow temperatures.

In the fourth step of the method according to the invention, a combination on which the control is based is determined from the multiple combinations of possible flow temperatures. This is technically necessary because each sub-heating network can only be operated with exactly one flow temperature. In this case, the combination that is ultimately used for control is determined or ascertained by the fact that the associated restricted target function has the smallest value among all restricted target functions for this combination and associated (second) heat outputs. In the case of a maximization, the restricted objective function with the largest value is relevant. In other words, a target function value and associated heat output are determined for each combination. Thus, there are n target function values Z _n and associated heat output ( P _k,ϑ,t ) _k∈K , _{ϑ∈ϑn,t∈τ} with associated possible flow temperatures ϑ _n . The heat outputs ( P _k,ϑ,t ) _{k∈K,ϑ∈ϑm,t∈τ} and the flow temperatures ϑ _n with Z _m = min Z _n are then specified for the control. The combination that has the smallest target function value is therefore used to set the flow temperatures. Accordingly, the actual heat outputs are set or controlled according to the heat outputs associated with and determined for the combination.

In the fifth step of the process, the flow temperatures determined in this way are set for the partial heating networks.

Despite the division into n sub-problems, the method according to the invention ensures that the technical goal, for example minimizing the total carbon dioxide emissions and/or an optimal balance between consumption and generation, is achieved for the set flow temperatures. In other words, the heating network can be operated as efficiently as possible with regard to the total carbon dioxide emissions and/or the total energy requirement and/or external heat requirement.

Furthermore, the solving of the n sub-problems can be parallelized, so that the computing time can be reduced as a result.

Furthermore, the total heat loss of the heating network, which depends on the flow temperatures, could be used as a target function. As a result, the heating network is operated with the lowest possible heat losses.

According to the present invention, a type of sequential optimization or control thus takes place, which makes it possible, in particular for a heating network with a large number of connectees, to operate them as efficiently as possible in terms of energy. This is the case in particular because the best possible flow temperatures for the partial heating networks are determined and set. This leads to lower heat losses, since it is possible to react dynamically to the connectees and their technical requirements.

Furthermore, the mass flow is almost constant, so that the primary control variable - as with conventional network control - is the temperature of the heat transfer medium.

Furthermore, only a small exchange of information between the energy systems (connector or participants) and the central control unit, which controls the heating network according to the present invention with regard to the energy systems centrally.

The flow temperatures of the partial heating networks are determined via the sequential solution of purely linear problems, so that the computing time only scales linearly with the number of participants, energy systems or connectees. This can further reduce the computing time.

The method according to the invention can be repeated for several time steps t . As a result, the flow temperatures and associated heat outputs are determined again for each time step t .

The control unit according to the invention for controlling a heating network with several partial heating networks is characterized in that the control unit is designed to determine the flow temperatures of the partial heating networks according to a method according to the present invention and/or one of its configurations and to set the determined flow temperatures of the partial heating networks.

Similar and equivalent advantages and/or configurations result for the method according to the invention.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, total carbon dioxide emissions are used as the target function.

ermöglicht, wobei $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S$

die Wärmeleistung einer Erzeugung und $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B$

die Wärmeleistung eines Verbrauchs am Netzknoten k mit der Vorlauftemperatur ϑ zum Zeitpunkt t ist. Die Konstanten der genannten Linearkombination $c_{\max ,k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S,$

$c_{\min ,k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B$

sind maximale oder minimale spezifische Kohlenstoffdioxidmengen oder analog maximale oder minimale spezifische Kohlenstoffdioxidpreise. Alternativ können die Konstanten $c_{\max ,k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S,$

$c_{\min ,k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B$

jede weitere mit den Wärmeleistungen assoziierte spezifische Größe sein, beispielsweise spezifische Wärmeverluste. Dadurch wird vorteilhafterweise eine in den Wärmeleistungen lineare Zielfunktion verwendet.Carbon dioxide emissions are typically associated with heat generation and/or heat consumption. The technical goal is to minimize this as much as possible. Thus, an objective function that models the total carbon dioxide emissions associated with the heat outputs exchanged is advantageous. As a result, the flow temperatures and the associated heat output are determined in such a way that the overall carbon dioxide emissions are as low as possible are connected. For example, this is represented by the following objective function $${\displaystyle \sum _{t,k,\mathit{\vartheta }}}{P}_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^s\cdot c_{\mathrm{Max},k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^s-P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B\cdot c_{\mathrm{at\; least},k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B$$

allows where $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S$

the heat output of a generation and $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B$

is the heat output of a consumption at grid node k with flow temperature ϑ at time t . The constants of the named linear combination $c_{\mathrm{Max},k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S,$

$c_{\mathrm{at\; least},k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B$

are maximum or minimum specific carbon dioxide quantities or, analogously, maximum or minimum specific carbon dioxide prices. Alternatively, the constants $c_{\mathrm{Max},k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S,$

$c_{\mathrm{at\; least},k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B$

any other specific variable associated with the heat outputs, for example specific heat losses. As a result, a target function that is linear in the heat outputs is advantageously used.

In an advantageous development of the invention, the target function is therefore a linear combination formed by the heat outputs to be determined.

Advantageously, the computing time can be reduced by using a linear combination.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the heating network is controlled in such a way that the determined second heat outputs associated with the set flow temperatures are exchanged within the heating network.

In other words, the control unit transmits the heat output determined to the participating energy systems or heating systems, which then feed a corresponding heat output into or out of the heating network at time t or within the time interval marked t in accordance with the second heat output determined. The central control unit with regard to the energy systems thus controls the flow temperatures of the partial heating networks and the associated time-dependent heat exchanges. The flow temperatures are - like the (second) heat outputs - are determined as a function of time and can therefore be reset for each time step or for each time range.

In an advantageous development of the invention, several energy systems are connected to the heating network for heat exchange, technical boundary conditions of the respective energy systems being taken into account as a secondary condition when minimizing the target function.

beziehungsweise $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B\cdot {\mathrm{\Delta }\mathit{t}}_t\le E_{\max }^B$

beachtet werden. Weiterhin sind für den Zeitschritt t beziehungsweise den mit t gekennzeichneten Zeitraum die maximal möglichen Wärmeleistungen zu beachten, das heißt es muss $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S\le P_{\max ,t}^S$

beziehungsweise $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B\le P_{\max ,t}^B$

sein. Diese technischen Randbedingungen werden bei Minimieren der Zielfunktion, das heißt beim Optimierungsverfahren berücksichtigt. Das numerische Minimieren der Zielfunktionen kann mit bekannten Lösern (englisch: Solvern) erfolgen.In principle, the objective function and/or the restricted objective functions are minimized under secondary conditions. In other words, the heat outputs and/or flow temperatures determined must meet technical boundary conditions that must be taken into account when minimizing (or maximizing). For example, generation plants and consumption plants can each provide or consume a maximum heat output or amount of heat. For a period of time T = Δt _t must therefore $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S\cdot {\mathrm{\Delta }\mathit{t}}_t\le E_{\mathrm{Max}}^S$

respectively $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B\cdot {\mathrm{\Delta }\mathit{t}}_t\le E_{\mathrm{Max}}^B$

get noticed. Furthermore, for the time step t or the period marked with t , the maximum possible heat output must be observed, i.e. it must $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S\le P_{\mathrm{Max},t}^S$

respectively $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B\le P_{\mathrm{Max},t}^B$

be. These technical boundary conditions are taken into account when minimizing the target function, ie in the optimization process. The numerical minimization of the target functions can be done with known solvers.

als Nebenbedingung bei den Optimierungsverfahren als physikalische Randbedingung zu berücksichtigen.Furthermore, physically for a power transfer between two nodes ( i,j ) of the heating network and for the associated heat output P _{( i,j ) ,ϑ,t} , the temperature of the fed-in heat output of the generating plants ϑ _in and the lines ϑ _{( i, j )} is higher than the temperature of the power drawn ϑ _out . In other words is ${\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{Max},t}^S\ge {\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{in}}\ge {\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\left(i,j\right)}\ge {\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{out}}\ge {\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{at\; least},t}^B$

to be considered as a secondary condition in the optimization process as a physical boundary condition.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, maximum and/or minimum temperatures of thermotechnical installations of the energy systems are taken into account as a secondary condition.

Other technical boundary conditions can be taken into account as secondary conditions in the optimization process. In principle, plant-specific and/or energy-system-specific technical boundary conditions can be transmitted to the control unit in order to carry out the optimization.

In an advantageous development of the invention, the control takes place by means of a central control unit with regard to the energy systems.

As a result, the heating network is advantageously controlled in a centralized manner. In addition, the various heat inputs and heat outputs can be better coordinated by the central control unit. This means that the best possible match between consumption and generation can be achieved. This is comparable to a local energy market for electrical energy. In this sense, the control unit forms a local energy market platform with regard to heat or thermal energy. Thus, a sequential optimization method based on a local energy market for thermal energy is used to determine the optimal flow temperatures of the partial heating networks.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, a permissible temperature range, which is determined by thermotechnical systems within the associated partial heating network, is discretized for the provision of the permissible flow temperatures for one of the partial heating networks.

For example, the installations of one of the energy systems can only be operated in the temperature range from 60 degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius. However, since it is not practicable for uncountable flow temperatures combinations and to solve the associated sub-problems, it is advantageous to discretize the permissible temperature range, for example in steps of 10 Kelvin. Due to the discretization, the determination of the flow temperatures remains practicable. Furthermore, it makes sense from a technical point of view, since heating systems are typically insensitive to small fluctuations in the flow temperature. Thus, only the essential flow temperatures are taken into account through the discretization, which can save further computing time.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the heating network is designed as a local heating network or district heating network.

As a result, the controller according to the invention or a controller according to an embodiment of the present invention can advantageously be used for existing and known heating networks.

Further advantages, features and details of the invention result from the exemplary embodiments described below and from the drawing. The single figure shows a heating network with several partial heating networks, the flow temperatures of which are determined and set according to one embodiment of the present invention.

Identical, equivalent or equivalent elements can be provided with the same reference symbols in the figure.

The figure shows a schematic heating network 2, the heating network being divided into several sub-heating networks 21, 22, 23.

Several thermal engineering systems 41, 42, 43 are connected to the heat network 2 for heat exchange. Here, the systems 41, 42, 43 can feed heat output into the heating network 2 and/or feed it out of the heating network 2. By way of example, sub-heating network 21 has two consumer systems 43 and a generating system 41, sub-heating network 22 has a consumer system 43, a generating system 41 and a prosumer system 42, and sub-heating network 22 has a consumer system 43 and two prosumer systems 42. A prosumer system is a thermotechnical system that both generate and consume heat.

The energy systems or the plants 41, 42, 43 are each coupled via a heat exchanger to the respective sub-heating network 21, 22, 23 and thus to the heating network 2 for heat exchange.

Each of the sub-heating networks 21, 22, 23 can in principle be operated with a different flow temperature. In this case, a central control unit 1 controls or regulates the flow temperatures of the partial heating networks 21, 22, 23. Furthermore, the control unit 1 controls or regulates the heat outputs that are fed in and/or fed out by the heating systems 41, 42, 43 within a time step.

For the time-dependent setting of the flow temperatures of the partial heating networks 21, 22, 23, its flow temperature or a target value of its flow temperature must be determined or determined for each partial heating network and for each time step. In the present case, the control unit 1 determines the flow temperatures according to the present invention and/or one of its configurations. The flow temperatures advantageously determined in this way are set by the control unit 1 and the heating network 2 is thus controlled or regulated accordingly.

Here, the heat losses of the heating network 2 depend crucially on the flow temperatures. The thermal losses (heat losses) of a district heating network in Germany amount to an average of 13 percent and accordingly lead to avoidable additional costs when operating a district heating network. With a reduction of typical flow temperatures by 20 degrees Celsius, heat losses can be reduced by 9 percent. Furthermore, a reduction in the operating temperatures has a positive effect on the aging of the plastic-jacketed composite pipes used in the heating network 2, so that any repairs or even replacements are avoided. Therefore, the lowest possible flow temperatures should always be aimed for. This is also made possible by the present invention and its configurations.

The heating network 2 can be symbolized by a graph G _DHN = ( K,E ) with nodes K and lines E. Furthermore, the heating network 2 can be divided into the sub-networks x or sub-heating networks 21, 22, 23, ie G _{sub , x} ⊆ G _DHN . The sub-heating networks 21, 22, 23 are hydraulically and thermally decoupled from one another by means of heat exchangers at nodes in the heating network. The mass flow in the lines is not considered in detail here and is considered to be optimally adjusted. This is comparable to known network control with constant mass flow.

für das Teilwärmenetz x. To determine the flow temperatures of the partial heating networks 21, 22, 23, a respective permissible temperature range with which the partial heating networks 21, 22, 23 may in principle be operated is first discretized. The technical boundary conditions of the lines used and the connected generation or consumer systems restrict the permissible temperatures in a partial heating network 21, 22, 23. If the temperature range in a partial heating network 21, 22, 23 is limited in the range from 60° C. to 100° C., the increment of the discretization can in principle be chosen arbitrarily. An advantageous increment of 10 Kelvin results in the exemplary permissible flow temperatures ${\mathrm{\theta }}_x^{\mathit{SUB}}\in \left\{60\mathrm{°C},70\mathrm{°C},80\mathrm{°C},90\mathrm{°C},100\mathrm{°C}\right\}$

for the partial heating network x .

sowie die Summe aller aus Verbraucheranlagen 43 und/oder Prosumeranlagen 42 entnommenen (ausgespeisten) Leistungen $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}$

sowie über die Leitungen des Wärmenetzes 2 zugeführte Leistungen P _(i,j),ϑ,t ergibt den Wert Null. Mit anderen Worten muss $$P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}=P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}}+{\displaystyle \sum _{\begin{array}{c}\left(i,j\right)\in E\\ \mathit{\vartheta }\in {\mathrm{\Theta }}_x^{\mathrm{SUB}}\end{array}}}{P}_{\left(i,j\right),\mathit{\vartheta },t}\forall \mathit{iϵN},\forall \mathit{tϵ\tau }$$

als physikalische Nebenbedingungen berücksichtigt werden. Die eingespeisten beziehungsweise entnommenen Leistungen an dem Knoten i werden im Beispiel eines lokalen Wärmemarktes über Angebote des angebundenen Teilnehmers k bestimmt. Die eingespeisten Leistungen $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}}$

entsprechen der Summe der Variablen $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S\mathrm{.}$

Die entnommenen Leistungen $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}$

entsprechen der Summe der Variablen $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B,$

das heißt es ist $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}=\sum _{k\in K}{P}_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S$

beziehungsweise $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}}=\sum _{k\in K}{P}_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B\mathrm{.}$

Furthermore, the power balance for a node i and a time step t must be taken into account as constraints in the optimization, i.e. when minimizing the objective function will. The sum of all powers fed in via generator systems 41 and/or prosumer systems 42 $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}}$

as well as the sum of all powers drawn (fed) from consumer systems 43 and/or prosumer systems 42 $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}$

as well as the power P _{( i,j ),ϑ,t} supplied via the lines of the heating network 2 results in the value zero. In other words must $$P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}=P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}}+{\displaystyle \sum _{\begin{array}{c}\left(i,j\right)\in E\\ \mathit{\vartheta }\in {\mathrm{\theta }}_x^{\mathrm{SUB}}\end{array}}}{P}_{\left(i,j\right),\mathit{\vartheta },t}\forall \mathit{iϵN},\forall \mathit{tϵ\tau }$$

be taken into account as physical constraints. In the example of a local heating market, the power that is fed in or drawn off at node i is determined via offers from the connected subscriber k . The services fed in $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}}$

correspond to the sum of the variables $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S\mathrm{.}$

The services taken $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}$

correspond to the sum of the variables $P_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B,$

that means it is $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}=\sum _{k\in K}{P}_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^S$

respectively $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}}=\sum _{k\in K}{P}_{k,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^B\mathrm{.}$

Auf Erzeugerseite können die eingespeisten Temperaturen direkt über die Erzeugeranlagen geregelt werden. Die technisch zu beachtende Maximaltemperatur ${\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathit{max},t}^S$

können wie die Mindesttemperatur ${\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\min ,t}^B$

an die Steuereinheit 1 übermittelt werden und beim Ermitteln der Vorlauftemperaturen innerhalb der jeweiligen Optimierungen als Nebenbedingungen berücksichtigt werden. So ist es möglich, dass eine Erzeugeranlage mit einer höheren Maximaltemperatur eine Verbraucheranlage mit einer niedrigeren Mindesttemperatur bezüglich der ermittelten Wärmeleistung zugeordnet wird.Crucial to the determination of the flow temperatures of the partial heating networks 21, 22, 23 is the basic flexibility that is present within the heating network 2 with several generating plants and consumption plants. Consumer systems can typically regulate their power consumption by varying the mass flow. However, their reference temperature has a minimum temperature ${\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{at\; least},t}^B\mathrm{.}$

On the generator side, the temperatures fed in can be regulated directly via the generator systems. The technically observed maximum temperature ${\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathit{Max},t}^S$

can like the minimum temperature ${\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{at\; least},t}^B$

are transmitted to the control unit 1 and are taken into account as secondary conditions when determining the flow temperatures within the respective optimizations. It is thus possible for a generator system with a higher maximum temperature to be assigned to a consumer system with a lower minimum temperature with regard to the heat output determined.

${\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\left(i,j\right)}\ge {\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{out}}\ge {\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\min ,t}^B$

gefordert.Finally, the power transfer between the nodes is determined by the variable P _{( i,j ),ϑ, t} . Due to the second law of thermodynamics, the temperature of the fed-in power of the generator systems ϑ _in and the lines ϑ _{( i,j )} is higher than the temperature of the power drawn ϑ _out . Thus, as a constraint ${\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{Max},t}^S\ge {\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{in}}\ge$

${\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\left(i,j\right)}\ge {\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{out}}\ge {\mathit{\vartheta }}_{\mathrm{at\; least},t}^B$

required.

To determine the flow temperatures of the partial heating networks 21, 22, 23 over time, the method according to the invention is used repeatedly over time.

die zulässigen Vorlauftemperaturen des Teilwärmenetzes x lediglich durch die technischen Parameter der angebundenen Betriebsmittel beschränkt. Das Optimierungsverfahren beziehungsweise der Solver ermittelt mögliche Lösungen für die Variablen der Wärmeleistungen $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}},$

$P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}$

und P _{(i,j) ,ϑ,t} . Typischerweise werden die Wärmeleistungen beziehungsweise ihre beim Minimieren der Zielfunktion verwendeten Variablen für mehr als eine Vorlauftemperatur gesetzt. Dies korrespondiert zum ersten Schritt des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens. Technisch ist diese Lösung nicht umzusetzen, da ein Teilwärmenetz 21, 22, 23 nur mit einer Vorlauftemperatur betrieben werden kann. Es gilt somit für jedes Teilwärmenetz 21, 22, 23 genau eine Vorlauftemperatur zu ermitteln. Dies erfolgt nach den folgenden Schritten.Initial will be the crowd $\mathit{\vartheta }\in {\mathrm{\theta }}_x^{\mathrm{SUB}}$

the permissible flow temperatures of the partial heating network x are only limited by the technical parameters of the connected equipment. The optimization process or the solver determines possible solutions for the variables of the heat output $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}},$

$P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}$

and P _{( i,j ) ,ϑ,t} . Typically, the heat outputs or their variables used when minimizing the target function are set for more than one flow temperature. This corresponds to the first step of the method according to the invention. This solution cannot be implemented technically, since a partial heating network 21, 22, 23 can only be operated with one flow temperature. It is therefore for each sub-heating network 21, 22, 23 to determine exactly one flow temperature. This is done according to the following steps.

für die Teilwärmenetze 21, 22, 23 werden zunächst weiter auf mögliche Vorlauftemperaturen eingeschränkt. Sind in einem Teilwärmenetz 21, 22, 23 die Variablen $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}}>0,$

$P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}>0,$

P _(i,j),ϑ,t > 0 für lediglich eine einzige Vorlauftemperatur größer als Null, wird die Menge $\mathit{\vartheta }\in {\mathrm{\Theta }}_x^{\mathrm{SUB}}$

für das Teilwärmenetz x auf diese eine Vorlauftemperatur eingeschränkt. Sind in einem Teilwärmenetz 21, 22, 23 die Wärmeleistungen beziehungsweise ihre Variablen für mehrere Vorlauf temperaturen gesetzt, wird die Menge $\mathit{\vartheta }\in {\mathrm{\Theta }}_x^{\mathrm{SUB}}$

entsprechend auf die in diesem Sinn verwendeten Vorlauftemperaturen eingeschränkt. Dieses weitere Einschränken entspricht dem zweiten Schritt des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens.The permissible flow temperatures $\mathit{\vartheta }\in {\mathrm{\theta }}_x^{\mathrm{SUB}}$

for the partial heating networks 21, 22, 23 are initially further restricted to possible flow temperatures. Are in a sub-heating network 21, 22, 23 the variables $P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{in}}>0,$

$P_{i,\mathit{\vartheta },t}^{\mathrm{out}}>0,$

P _{( i,j ),ϑ ,t} > 0 for only a single flow temperature greater than zero, the amount $\mathit{\vartheta }\in {\mathrm{\theta }}_x^{\mathrm{SUB}}$

restricted to this one flow temperature for partial heating network x . Are in a partial heating network 21, 22, 23, the heat outputs or their variables set for several flow temperatures, the amount $\mathit{\vartheta }\in {\mathrm{\theta }}_x^{\mathrm{SUB}}$

correspondingly limited to the flow temperatures used in this sense. This further restriction corresponds to the second step of the method according to the invention.

der möglichen Vorlauftemperaturen verwendet, wobei jedes Teilproblem eine neue Kombination an möglichen Vorlauftemperaturen in den Teilwärmenetzen 21, 22, 23 darstellt. Die Teilprobleme werden unabhängig voneinander gelöst. Anschließend legt die Kombination mit dem höchsten Zielfunktionswert die tatsächlichen Vorlauftemperaturen der Teilwärmenetze 21, 22, 23 fest. Dies korrespondiert zum dritten und vierten Schritt des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens.The optimization problem is then divided into n sub-problems. For a sub-problem, in each of the sub-heating networks 21, 22, 23 there is exactly one flow temperature from the limited amount $\mathit{\vartheta }\in {\mathrm{\theta }}_x^{\mathrm{SUB}}$

the possible flow temperatures used, each sub-problem represents a new combination of possible flow temperatures in the partial heating networks 21, 22, 23. The sub-problems are solved independently of each other. The combination with the highest target function value then determines the actual flow temperatures of the partial heating networks 21, 22, 23. This corresponds to the third and fourth step of the method according to the invention.

In the fifth step of the method according to the invention, the flow temperatures of the partial heating networks 21, 22, 23 are set according to the determined flow temperatures and the heating network 2 is thus operated according to the determined advantageous flow temperatures.

Furthermore, the present invention is advantageous with regard to local heat markets, since these typically have a large number of decentralized generation plants. This is explained in more detail in the following non-limiting exemplary embodiment, which describes a use of the present invention for such a heating market.

A local heat market can be realized as a day-ahead auction, which at a specified time of the day, for example 12:00 p.m. for 24 hours of the following day, matches offers for the heat exchanges via an algorithm in the time steps t . For this purpose, the participating energy systems transmit at least an intended heat consumption and/or an intended heat generation to the control unit 1. Furthermore, a minimum reference temperature and/or maximum reference power as well as a maximum feed temperature and/or a maximum feed power can be transmitted to the control unit. This technical transmitted data/information can then be used as secondary conditions in the process for determining the flow temperatures are taken into account. In this case, the same target function is preferably used for market matching and for determining the flow temperatures. The control unit 1 can thus be designed as a local heat market platform.

Although the invention has been illustrated and described in detail by the preferred embodiments, the invention is not limited by the disclosed examples and other variations can be derived therefrom by a person skilled in the art without departing from the protective scope of the invention.

Reference List

1

control unit

2

heat network

21

partial heat network

22

partial heat network

23

partial heat network

41

production plant

42

prosumer plant

43

consumer plant

Claims (10)

Method for controlling a heating network (2), the heating network (2) having a plurality of partial heating networks (21, 22, 23), and one or more flow temperatures permissible for its operation being provided for each partial heating network (21, 22, 23), characterized in that that the flow temperatures used for control are set using the following steps: - (S1) determining first heat outputs by minimizing a target function, the first heat outputs being dependent on the permissible flow temperatures; - (S2) Determination of possible flow temperatures for each sub-heating network (21, 22, 23), the possible flow temperatures of the respective sub-heating network (21, 22, 23) being determined in that within the respective sub-heating network (21, 22, 23) a first heat output to be exchanged; - (S3) determining second heat outputs for each combination of possible flow temperatures by minimizing a target function restricted to the respective combination, with exactly one possible flow temperature for each partial heating network (21, 22, 23) being used for the combination; - (S4) determining that combination of possible flow temperatures of the partial heating networks (21, 22, 23) whose associated restricted target function has the smallest value among all restricted target functions; and - (S5) Setting the flow temperatures according to the combination determined in the fourth step (S4). Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that total carbon dioxide emissions are used as the target function. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a linear combination formed by the heat outputs to be determined is used as the target function. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heating network (2) is controlled in such a way that the determined second heat outputs associated with the set flow temperatures are exchanged within the heating network (2). Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that several energy systems (41, 42, 43) are connected to the heating network (2) for heat exchange, with technical boundary conditions of the respective energy systems (41, 42, 43) being considered as a secondary condition when minimizing the target function are taken into account. Method according to Claim 5, characterized in that maximum and/or minimum temperatures of thermotechnical installations of the energy systems (41, 42, 43) are taken into account as a secondary condition. Method according to one of Claims 5 or 6, characterized in that the control takes place by means of a central control unit (1) with regard to the energy systems (41, 42, 43). Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that to provide the permissible flow temperatures for one of the sub-heating networks (21, 22, 23), a permissible temperature range, which is determined by thermotechnical systems within the associated sub-heating network (21, 22, 23), discretized will. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heating network (2) is designed as a local heating network or district heating network. Control unit (1) for controlling a heating network (2) with a plurality of partial heating networks (21, 22, 23), characterized in that the control unit (1) is designed to To determine flow temperatures of the partial heating networks (21, 22, 23) according to one of claims 1 to 8 and to set the determined flow temperatures of the partial heating networks (21, 22, 23).

Images