EP3999312A1 - Method for producing 3d moulded parts with variable target properties of the printed image dots - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for producing 3D moulded parts, wherein one or more building materials in the form of particles are applied in a defined layer to a building area by means of a coater (101), one or more absorbers or one or more liquids comprising one or more absorbers are selectively applied as printed image dots by means of a printhead (100), an energy input is performed by means of an energy source (108, 109), wherein the regions with selectively applied absorber are selectively solidified, the building area is lowered by the thickness of a layer or the coater is raised by the thickness of a layer, these steps are repeated until the desired 3D moulded part (103) is created, wherein the amount of absorber within a layer (301) per printed image dot is set to a predetermined value and wherein predetermined values that are different in two or more image dots can be set within a layer.

Description

PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING 3D MOLDED PARTS WITH VARIABLE TARGET PROPERTIES OF THE PRINTED IMAGE POINTS

The invention relates to a method for producing three-dimensional models with variable target properties by means of layer construction technology.

The European patent specification EP 0 431 924 B1 describes a method for producing three-dimensional objects from computer data. A particulate material is applied in a thin layer to a platform and this is selectively printed with a binder material by means of a print head. The particle area printed with the binder adheres and solidifies under the influence of the binder and possibly an additional hardener. The platform is then lowered by one layer into a building cylinder and provided with a new layer of particulate material, which is also printed as described above. These steps are repeated until a certain, desired height of the object is reached. A three-dimensional object is created from the printed and consolidated areas.

This object made of solidified particulate material is embedded in loose particulate material after its completion and is then freed from it. This is done for example by means of a suction device. What remains are the desired objects, which are then freed from the residual powder, for example by brushing off. Other powder-based rapid prototyping processes (also known as layer-by-layer building of models or methods known as layering technology) work in a similar way, such as selective laser sintering or electron beam sintering, in which a loose particle material is also applied in layers and is selectively solidified with the aid of a controlled physical radiation source.

In the following, all of these methods are understood by the term “three-dimensional printing method” or 3D printing method.

3D printing on the basis of powdered materials and the introduction of liquid binders is the fastest process among the layered construction techniques.

With this method, various particle materials, including polymer materials, can be processed. The disadvantage here, however, is that the bed of particulate material cannot exceed a certain bulk density, which is usually 60% of the solids density. The strength of the desired components, however, depends largely on the density achieved. In this respect, it would be necessary to add 40% or more of the particulate material volume in the form of the liquid binder for the components to be very strong. This is not only a relatively time-consuming process due to the individual drop input, but also causes many process problems, e.g. due to the inevitable shrinkage of the amount of liquid when solidifying.

In another embodiment, which is known in the specialist field under the term "high-speed sintering" (HIGH SPEED SINTERING), the solidification of the particulate material takes place via the introduction of infrared radiation. The particulate material is physically bonded via a melting process comparatively poor absorption of thermal radiation in colorless plastics is exploited. This can be increased many times over by adding an IR acceptor (absorber) to the plastic. The IR radiation can be achieved through various options such as a rod-shaped IR lamp be introduced, which is moved evenly over the construction field. The selectivity is achieved through the targeted printing of the respective layer with an IR acceptor.

In the areas that have been printed, the IR radiation is coupled much better into the particle material than in the unprinted areas. This leads to selective heating in the layer above the melting point and thus to selective solidification. This process is described e.g. in EP1740367B1 and EP1648686B1.

The mechanical characteristics achieved for the molded bodies thus produced are not only dependent on the type of underlying particle material used, but also on the energy introduced during melting and thus the melting temperature reached. In the high-speed sintering process, similar to the laser sintering process, it is therefore initially advantageous to minimize or compensate for fluctuations in the heating which lead to undesired changes in the component properties of the molded bodies produced. This not only ensures process stability, but also reproduces consistent quality isotropically with repeat accuracy.

The connection between the change in the mechanical parameters and the amount of energy introduced during sintering has been investigated many times and is part of numerous scientific publications, see e.g. dissertation by Andreas Wegner "Theory on the continuation of melting processes as a basic requirement for robust process control during laser-sintering of thermoplastics", 2015.

One of the reasons for the variations in the mechanical characteristics of the molded bodies produced is the dependence of the residual porosity on the amount of energy introduced. With regard to polyamide 12, which is established in additive manufacturing processes after the sintering process, a low residual porosity is desirable for the highest possible mechanical parameters. However, this is not the case with all types of material. The demand for softer thermoplastic elastomers cannot be neglected. A certain degree of residual porosity can be desirable in order to leave space for the body produced to change its shape when an external force is applied.

It is therefore advantageous not only to vary the amount of energy introduced during the sintering process in order to achieve consistent material quality, but also to use this to specifically adjust the material properties of the shaped body produced in the process.

The energy selectively introduced into a layer can be influenced via various parameters. When coupling the sintering energy point-by-point according to an existing sectional image by means of a laser mirror system, as is customary in the laser sintering process, the so-called Andrew number A _{z is} an established quantity for estimating this energy in joules per mm ² [ Selective Laser Sintering Part Strength as a Function of Andrew Number, Scan Rate and Spot Size, John Williams, David Miller and Carl Deckard, 1996]:

A _z : Andrew number

Here, öis denotes the laser track spacing, P _LS the laser power, V _LS the track speed.

For the process using the HIGH SPEED SINTERING method, a similar estimate can be made, for example according to the simple scheme

A _z : Andrew number for HIGH SPEED SINTERING

Analogous to the laser sintering process, the movement of the sinter emitter v _Sin over the construction field represents a counterpart to the track speed of the laser v _L s, the effective radiant power of the sintering unit p _sin corresponds to the laser power p _L s instead of the track spacing ds, which in the case of the laser makes a reciprocal contribution to the amount of energy , in the HIGH SPEED SINTERING process, the dot density d _dot corresponding to the print resolution and the degree of absorption GL of the printed areas can be assumed as a proportional contribution to a coupling constant. If the traces that the laser draws in the particle material during the production of a layer of the shaped body to be produced are closer together, this leads to an increase in the coupled-in energy density. The same applies to the increase in the degree of wetting of the powder surface with the IR acceptor. By increasing the amount of absorber GL per area, the degree of absorption of the IR radiation improves and thus leads to an increase in the efficiency of the energy coupling during the sintering process.

By varying this, the melting temperature can now be influenced directly, as with the other variables.

The known processes according to the high-speed sintering process make use of the variation in the amount of absorber applied to stabilize the printing process, see e.g. WO2016169615A1.

As the IR acceptor is applied in the HIGH SPEED SINTERING process using inkjet printing modules, the density of the absorber per area can be adjusted by varying the dot density. This is possible because the inkjet technology is usually controlled via a so-called bitmap pattern, which is created after a two-dimensional raster image processes are constructed. Various established calculation methods can be used to calculate the point density. For the sake of simplicity, the term halftone process or dithering will be used below to mention these processes. An illustration can be found in FIG. 2.

However, this type of control of the absorber density has several disadvantages, including:

1) Reduction of the achieved accuracy in the shape of the created body

In order to provide space for both increasing and decreasing energy, work should be carried out in an absorber density range that is to be located between the maximum dosage and the minimum dosage. Since the fluid density can only be reduced by omitting the image points to be printed, a checkerboard-like pattern is created, which leads to inaccuracies, especially at the edge areas between the molded body and loose particle material. These not only reduce the sharpness of the edges, but also lead to temperature gradients at the edges of the body. This leads to the adhesion of loose particulate material to the shaped body created and thus to deterioration in the dimensional accuracy.

2) Limited adjustable range

A further reduction in the point density leads to areas wetted with absorber being so far apart that sintering these no longer results in a coherent area, see comparison in FIG. 2.

3) Poor surface quality

The grid emerges on the surfaces of the shaped bodies created and creates a pattern which is annoying to the eye Overall impression regardless of the other properties of the component negatively influenced.

4) Second pressure fluid is required

According to the prior art, a point-by-point variation of the effective energy density is also conceivable through the use of a second pressure fluid, which has the function of removing excess energy, as explained in detail in WO2016171724, "DETAILING AGENT FOR TH REE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) PRINTING" This also leads to the above-mentioned phenomena and, above all, the reduced surface quality is already known in the specialist industry.

5) Speed disadvantage

Multiple wetting steps with each directly connected exposure of a single area and thus a variation of the distribution of the absorber within a point to be applied without dithering, and thus achieving different amounts of energy without loss of detail, are conceivable, but this reduces the printing speed considerably with each additional gray level leads to rapidly increasing costs in the commercial operation of such a device.

It was therefore an object of the application to provide a 3D printing method using an absorber which at least partially reduces or essentially or completely avoids the disadvantages of the prior art.

Another problem underlying the application was to provide a 3D printing method using an absorber with which improved edge sharpness can be achieved. Another object of the application was to provide a 3D printing process using an absorber, whereby a differentiated selection and setting of the amount of absorber per pixel and of different amounts of absorber in different pixels within a print layer is possible and / or the amount of absorber and the pixels can be varied in various parameters, such as the area of the image points, volume of the image points, absorber concentration in the image points, and these parameters can also be different in different image points in a print layer and can be set individually in each parameter.

The various aspects of the disclosure are suitable for reducing or completely avoiding the various or all of the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art.

Brief summary of the disclosure

In a further aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for producing 3-D molded parts, one or more particulate building materials being applied to a construction field in a defined layer by means of a coater, selectively one or more absorbers or one or more liquids comprising one or more absorbers by means of Print head are applied as printed pixels, an energy input takes place by means of an energy source, whereby the areas with selectively applied absorber are selectively solidified, the construction area is lowered by one layer thickness or the coater is raised by one layer thickness, these steps are repeated until the desired 3D molded part is produced , characterized in that the amount of absorber within a layer per printed image point is set to a predetermined value. In a further aspect, the disclosure relates to a component manufactured using a 3D method with advantageous properties of the edge regions and the definition.

Brief description of the figures

Fig. 1: An apparatus for the production of shaped bodies according to the high speed sintering process with elementary components is sketched as an example.

Fig. 2: Comparison of two methods of variable fluid metering per area, 201 shows the dithering method according to the prior art compared to adapting the absorber volume per pixel. In the method according to the prior art, gaps arise in the wetting 203, in contrast to 204, which can lead to a reduction in the component quality. Even with small amounts of absorber per area, a closed area 206 without a disruptive pattern with flaws 205 is created.

3: Detailed view of the surface to be wetted in comparison with conventional 303 and new dispensing technology 304 (view X-Y plane). The reduction in edge sharpness in the method according to the prior art can be clearly seen in the left half of the image at 305. The reason for this are so-called aliasing effects that occur when the area to be wetted in the software representation does not exactly match the physical structure of the Fluid doser corresponds. In the new method, this can be taken into account by varying the fluid volume at the edge regions 306, which significantly increases the sharpness of the edges of the shaped body to be produced.

4: Side detailed view of a corner of the molded body 402 to be produced in a comparison of the two metering methods 403 and 404 in a method of additive manufacturing technology based on the principle of the powder-based layer structure (view XZ plane). As can already be seen in the area in Fig. 3, the procedure leads in all three g Room dimensions for an improved surface quality of the object to be created, which can be seen from the gapless structure 406 in contrast to 405.

5: The conventional method according to the prior art leads to disruptive patterns 503 on the lateral surfaces 502 of the molded body 501 produced. These can be minimized, but not eliminated, by complex algorithms such as are described in patent specifications already published. In additive manufacturing, the aliasing effect has a particularly drastic effect on the surface quality due to the layer-wise build-up of a molding: Due to the principle-related offset of the dosing unit in the Y-direction, a groove effect occurs on the sides of the molding, which results in a considerably coarser surface: Another disadvantage of the layer structure technique known to those skilled in the art. As illustrated in FIG. 3, this can also be counteracted by means of variable fluid metering, which leads to smooth surfaces and gives the molded body an isotropic geometry and surface rendering.

6: The variable drop dosage can be used to define regimes within a coherent molded body in three dimensions, which then result in specific material properties of the molded body produced. As an example, the variation in rigidity in the direction of the layer application (X direction) is shown 603. In this special case, an increase in the

Amount of absorber in regime (I) in 601 leads to increased rigidity at the corresponding point in the shaped body 602. Intermediate stages are possible (III). Regime (II) would have a lower stiffness in this illustration, since less energy is absorbed there due to the lower absorber density per area during exposure by means of the sintering unit, see Fig. 1, which results in lower temperatures and thus a lower degree of melting of the powder granulate Has. In this example, a lower degree of melting means lower strength and lower hardness of the area, since elements of the Allow powder material to move against each other to a greater extent, in contrast to more strongly melted areas. By means of variable dosing per pixel, this is possible to a more finely graded extent than in the prior art, which results in a wider range of materials and strengths. Furthermore, here, too, the variation in the mechanical properties does not lead to a reduction in the resolution due to gaps in the print image, see FIG. 2

7: By means of suitable software, different properties can be defined 704, 705 and 706 within a coherent virtual molded body 701, regime, which with the help of gray scale representations in the layer data 702 and the corresponding interpretation in variations of the drop volume 708 of the print head 707 dispensed liquid 709 manifest in the created shaped body. It is shown by way of example how control data for the so-called gray-scale printing of the fluid metering unit take place from a virtual three-dimensional representation with integrated strength definition, shown in the figure by variations in the shading by means of a further dimension, in a method called "slicing" via a software step can.

8: A mixture of two materials with different melting temperature ranges 804 and 805 is applied as one layer, so that a softer polymer 804 is melted when temperature TI is reached and polymer 803, which has a higher degree of hardness, and 802 when temperature T2 is exceeded, achieved by varying the amount of absorber per pixel 806. A higher amount of absorber leads to better energy coupling and thus to a higher temperature in this area 807 and vice versa 808. When using material mixtures, regions with different properties can be defined in three dimensions, e.g. one area higher hardness 811 and lower hardness 810. The two powders can be mixed in a wide ratio, e.g. 10% to 90%. Here, too, the variations in the amount of fluid per pixel do not result in any quality disadvantages or problems. The amount of fluid can be applied in a continuous course within the shaped body in all three spatial dimensions, which would result in a continuous hardness gradient along this course. It is thus possible to continuously adjust the degree of hardness in all room dimensions.

Fig. 9: A second temperature sensor (913), e.g. a pyrometer, measures the temperature on the sintered surfaces 903 and, depending on the measured temperature, controls the mass of the absorber fluid droplets introduced by the print head (900) in the next layer to be applied. A lower drop mass results in a lower temperature and vice versa. As a result, the process stability is improved without a reduction in quality and / or the involuntary generation of disruptive patterns on the shaped bodies, which is a known disadvantage of the prior art.

Fig. 10: With bidirectional printing, i.e. when printing in forward and reverse direction, the number and the absolute amount of the amount of drops used per pixel can be doubled. With the increase in the number of gradations of the possible absorption factors, e.g. a finer gradation of temperature levels is achieved during sintering. While in normal cases e.g. 7 gray levels can be displayed, the number of gray levels can be doubled, whereby the amount of the dosed fluid can also be doubled.

The various aspects of the disclosure are described in more detail below, without these being interpreted as restrictive.

In one aspect, the object on which the application is based is achieved by a method for producing 3-D molded parts or several particulate building materials are applied in a defined layer to a construction field by means of a coater, selectively one or more absorbers or one or more liquids comprising one or more absorbers are applied as printed pixels by means of a print head, an energy input takes place by means of an energy source, the areas with selectively selectively solidify the applied absorber, the construction field is lowered by one layer thickness or the coater is raised by one layer thickness, these steps are repeated until the desired 3D molded parts are produced, characterized in that the amount of absorber within a layer per printed pixel is set to a predetermined value becomes.

This is achieved, for example, by varying the mass or droplet size of the absorber fluid applied to each pixel to be introduced instead of or in addition to the dithering process mentioned.

This creates a coherent area of areas with different absorption constants and consequently also resulting varied mechanical characteristics. (Fig. 6)

In one aspect of the disclosure, it is advantageously achieved that a better and more homogeneous distribution of the absorber can be achieved even at low densities without reducing the resolution, as a result of which the use of a reflector liquid can be dispensed with. Since the application of a second fluid not only doubles the costs for the printing system, but also in terms of space requirements and the

Consumables is a very complex process, there are advantages when considering the process control alone, which extend to the operating costs for the end customer. On the one hand, consumables need to be updated less often, and wear parts on the device need to be replaced less frequently, in particular the relatively expensive printing technology achieves a longer service life and thus a significant one

Cost reduction. Furthermore, an increase in the accuracy of the temperature distribution within a layer can be achieved and this allows a much finer control of the process and thus access to a greater variety of processable particulate materials, ie the use of building materials that were previously difficult or difficult to process.

Due to the fine and / or variable stages of variation in the dosage of droplets, it is also possible to obtain seamless variations in the mechanical characteristics of the molded bodies. For example, an improved surface quality can be achieved and, for example, a reduction in roughness and smoother surfaces can be achieved.

With a low dosage setting, the adherence of white powder to the shaped bodies can be controlled in a targeted manner, so that these can be colored more effectively after creation.

The use of a material mixture as the underlying particle material is also conceivable, consisting of materials with, for example, different melting temperatures. The materials can be modified in such a way that exactly one melting temperature of a particulate material in the mixture can be assigned to each absorber level.

This means that multi-material moldings can be created without having to accept any loss of quality or speed in the manufacturing process. There is also no need to use one or more additional material application systems.

With the method according to the disclosure, it becomes possible to improve the process control of the printing process, such as, for example, to achieve an improved control of the energy input and thereby to expand the range of materials accessible for such 3D printing processes, e.g. to use thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).

Furthermore, a method according to the disclosure opens up the construction of multi-material systems. It can therefore be different materials, such as For example, a mixture of different TPU types with different Shore hardnesses can be printed in a component and thus, under certain circumstances, the material properties within a component can be varied. Advantageously, changing the particulate material does not require changing the printed binder. It can also advantageously be designed differentiated control over the shape body strength in three dimensions.

Furthermore, the printing process can be stabilized without any loss of quality. With a method according to the disclosure, it is also possible to achieve a targeted control of the temperature input and material mixtures with different melting temperatures can be printed.

Another advantage of a method according to the disclosure can be an improved skin core, as a result of which, for example, the coreability is improved.

Detailed description of the invention

Some terms of the invention are explained in more detail below.

“Shaped body” or “component” or “shaped part” or 3D shaped body “or 3D component” or 3D shaped part within the meaning of the invention are all three-dimensional objects produced by means of the method according to the invention and / or the device according to the invention which have dimensional stability.

"Construction space" is the geometric location in which the bulk of particulate material grows during the construction process through repeated coating with particulate material or through which the bulk runs in continuous principles. In general, the construction space is made up of a floor, the construction platform, walls and an open top surface, the Building level, limited. With continuous principles, there is usually a conveyor belt and limiting side walls.

A "building level" or building platform in the sense of the disclosure is the area of a device suitable for 3D printing processes on which layers of particulate material (fluid) are repeatedly applied, which leads to the build-up of a molded body through selective solidification.

The "heating phase" characterizes the heating of the device at the beginning of the process. The heating phase is completed when the target temperature of the device becomes stationary.

The "cooling phase" in the sense of the disclosure lasts at least until the temperature is so low that the components do not experience any noticeable plastic deformations when they are removed from the installation space.

As “particle materials” or “fluids” in the sense of the disclosure, all materials known for powder-based 3D printing processes can be used, in particular polymers, ceramics and metals. The particulate material is preferably a dry, free-flowing powder, but a cohesive cut-resistant powder or a particle-laden liquid can also be used. In this document, particle material and powder are used synonymously.

The "particle material application" in the sense of the disclosure is the process in which a defined layer of powder is produced. This can be done either on the construction platform or on an inclined plane relative to a conveyor belt with continuous principles. The particle material application is also referred to in this document as "coating "or" Recoaten ".

"Selective application of liquid" in the sense of the invention can take place after each application of particulate material or, depending on the requirements of the molding and to optimize molding production, also irregularly, for example several times based on one Particulate material application, take place. A sectional view is printed through the desired body.

Any known 3D printing device that contains the required components can be used as the "device" for carrying out the method in the sense of the disclosure. Usual components include coater, construction field, means for moving the construction field or other components in continuous processes, metering devices and heat and irradiation means and other components known to the person skilled in the art, which are therefore not detailed here.

In the sense of the disclosure, the “absorber” is a medium that can be processed with an inkjet print head or with another device operating in a matrix-like manner, which promotes the absorption of radiation for local heating of the powder.

"Reflector liquid" in the sense of the disclosure is called the antagonist of the absorber, which is used according to the prior art to prevent particulate materials from sintering.

The "absorption" in the sense of the disclosure denotes the absorption of the thermal energy of radiation by the powder. The absorption depends on the type of powder and the wavelength of the radiation.

The "carrier" in the sense of the disclosure denotes the medium in which the actual absorber is present. It can be an oil, a solvent or, in general, a liquid.

"Radiation" in the sense of the disclosure is, for example, thermal radiation, IR radiation, microwave radiation and / or radiation in the visible range or UV range. In one embodiment, thermal radiation is used, for example generated by an IR radiator.

"Radiation-induced heating" means, in the sense of the disclosure, irradiation of the construction area with fixed or movable radiation sources. The absorber must be optimized for the type of radiation. This should result in different degrees of heating of "activated" and non-"activated" powder. "IR heating" in the sense of the disclosure specifically means irradiating the construction field with an IR radiator. The radiator can also be static or it can be moved over the construction field with a moving unit. The use of the absorber leads to IR heating in the construction field to different degrees of temperature rises.

“Radiant heating” in the sense of the disclosure generalizes the term IR heating. A solid or a liquid can heat up through the absorption of radiation of any wavelength.

“Area type” in the sense of the disclosure expresses the differentiation between areas unprinted with absorber and areas printed.

An "IR radiator" in the sense of the disclosure is a source of infrared radiation. Most of the time, glowing wires in quartz or ceramic housings are used to generate the radiation. Depending on the materials used, there are different wavelengths of the radiation. The wavelength is additional with this type of radiator depending on the performance.

A “radiation source” within the meaning of the disclosure generally emits radiation with a specific wavelength or a specific wavelength range. A radiation source with almost monochromatic radiation is referred to as a “monochromatic radiator”. A radiation source is also referred to as an "emitter".

An "overhead radiator" in the sense of the disclosure is a radiation source that is attached above the construction field. It is stationary but its radiation output can be regulated. It essentially provides for surface, non-selective heating.

The "sinter emitter" in the sense of the disclosure is a radiation source which heats the printed process powder above its sintering temperature. It can be stationary. In preferred embodiments, however, it is moved over the construction field. In the context of this invention, the sinter emitter is designed as a monochromatic emitter. "Secondary radiator" in the sense of the disclosure is a radiator that itself becomes an active emitter of radiation through a passive heating process.

“Sintering” in the sense of the disclosure is the term for the partial coalescence of the particles in the powder. In this system, sintering is associated with the build-up of strength.

The term “sintering window” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the difference between the temperature of the melting point that occurs when the powder is first heated and the solidification point that occurs when the powder is subsequently cooled.

The "sintering temperature" in the sense of the disclosure is the temperature from which the powder first melts and combines.

Below the “recrystallization temperature” in the sense of the disclosure, powder that has once melted solidifies again and clearly shrinks.

The "packing density" in the sense of the disclosure describes the filling of the geometric space with solids. It depends on the nature of the particulate material and the application device and is an important output variable for the sintering process.

The term "shrinkage" in the sense of the disclosure denotes the process of geometrically shortening a dimension of a geometric body as a result of a physical process. For example, the sintering of powders that are not ideally packed is a process that causes shrinkage relative to the initial volume a direction can be assigned.

“Deformation” in the sense of the disclosure occurs when the body experiences uneven shrinkage during a physical process. This deformation can be reversible or irreversible. The deformation is often related to the global geometry of the component.

In this document, “curling” in the sense of the disclosure denotes an effect that differs from the layered procedure in the case of the described Invention is coming. Layers produced in quick succession are exposed to different shrinkage. Due to physical effects, the composite is then deformed in a direction that does not coincide with the direction of the shrinkage.

The "gray value", "gray level" or "gray level" in the sense of the disclosure denotes the amount of an absorber introduced into the powder per surface element. According to the invention, different gray values can be generated on the particle material surface within a wetting step in order to be based on the radiation heating by means of the sintered emitter the changed energy coupling to achieve areas of different temperatures. For each "gray level", a defined dose of droplets from the total selection available can be imprinted into the particle material.

“Printed image point” in the sense of the disclosure is the point imprinted into the particle material by means of a print head or a comparable means. The “printed image point” can vary in various parameters. For example, a "printed pixel" can be set to a predetermined gray level, preferably the gray levels can be set continuously. This is in contrast to a stair step function as is known from the prior art; only the pixel points / number of pixels per area are varied The properties of the printed image point as such are essentially not modified. Each “printed image point” can also be adjusted in terms of its diameter in the X and Y axes or in terms of its volume in the X, Y and Z directions . A black area can also be set to between 1% and 100% in relation to the proportion of absorber per area or per volume in each “printed image point”.

A “black area” in the sense of the disclosure is to be understood as the amount of particulate material per unit area or per unit volume; the "black area" thus indicates a value or a measure of the amount of absorber.

An "edge area" in the sense of the disclosure denotes the area of a 3-D printed structural or molded part which, among other things, forms the surface. The structure of the "edge area" is therefore also responsible for how smooth or uneven the surface of the 3D molded part is . In the prior art, the degree of smoothness of the surface is determined by the pixel size and how the pixels are arranged on a surface, i.e. in the edge area, and to what extent they form steps in a curved area and how these steps are pronounced. An “edge area” in the sense of the disclosure can be designed by means of printed image points in such a way that essentially no steps are present or steps are only minimally pronounced. As a result, a very smooth surface and a very smooth edge area can be achieved in a positive manner.

A "post-processing step" or "post-processing step" in the sense of the disclosure is the further treatment of the 3D molded part obtained in the 3D printing process, e.g. by means of anti-aliasing or in a finishing cabin.

"Anti-aliasing" in the sense of the disclosure is a term borrowed from the field of computer graphics and essentially describes a synonymic anti-aliasing there. As a result of the rasterization of a graphic, stepping effects in the resulting graphic are eliminated by using a special algorithm to eliminate intermediate values between two neighboring pixels are calculated.

A “finishing cabin” in the sense of the disclosure is an apparatus which is applied to the molding in the process step after it has been produced in order to free it from residual material and adhesions. According to the prior art, a blasting agent, for example made of fine glass spheres, is often used This step can be carried out manually or automatically with given parameters. “Filter” or “filter” in the sense of the disclosure is a masking of partial areas of an electromagnetic radiation spectrum, the desired electromagnetic radiation spectrum impinging on a target area, for example a construction field surface.

“Temperature window” or “temperature range” in the sense of the disclosure is a defined temperature range which is below or in the sintering range of the particulate material used.

“Base temperature” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the temperature to which the particulate material is heated and which is lower than the melting temperature and / or the sintering temperature.

In the context of the disclosure, "dithering" denotes a possible type of algorithm used in imaging methods for rastering with reduced color depth. Targeted arrangement of pixels means that a higher color depth is reproduced at the expense of the level of detail. Dithering is synonymous in the description of the invention and the description of the prior art used for halftone screening.

“Absorber density” in the sense of the disclosure is a defined degree of wetting of the surface of the particulate material with absorber.

In the context of the disclosure, “absorber density” denotes the amount of absorber applied to the particulate material per area.

“Absorber density range” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the range of minimum and maximum degree of surface wetting by an absorber in the X and Y axes.

“Amount of absorber” in the sense of the disclosure means the amount of absorber deposited by the metering device per printed image point.

“Coupling of energy” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the effectiveness of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed as a percentage in relation to the reflected radiation.

Further details of the disclosure are described below. In one aspect, the object on which the application is based is achieved by a method for producing 3D molded parts, one or more particulate building materials being applied to a construction field in a defined layer by means of a coater, selectively comprising one or more absorbers or one or more liquids one or more absorbers are applied as printed pixels by means of a print head, an energy input takes place by means of an energy source, whereby the areas with selectively applied absorber are selectively solidified, the construction field is lowered by one layer thickness or the coater is raised by one layer thickness, these steps are repeated until the desired 3-D molded parts is produced, characterized in that the amount of absorber within a layer per printed image point is set to a predetermined value and wherein different predetermined values are set in two or more image points within a layer can be provided.

A method in accordance with the disclosure achieves multiple advantages over known methods of the prior art. In contrast to known methods, different parameters can be varied for each printed image point and thus the quality of the molded part produced can be improved on the one hand. On the other hand, the method according to the disclosure enables the method to be used in areas that were previously not possible. For example, the image sharpness of the manufactured components is improved by the fact that the edge areas can be mapped more precisely with regard to the data and the edge or edge sharpness can be increased. On the other hand, different material properties can now be varied in a component at different points or areas in the component with regard to e.g. elasticity, which was not possible according to the prior art. Furthermore, combinations of materials can now be used that previously could not be combined in this way.

In a further aspect of the disclosure, a method as described above, wherein the volume of absorber or one or more Liquids comprising one or more absorbers per printed image point and / or the concentration of absorber or one or more liquids comprising one or more absorbers per printed image point and / or the size of the printed image points are set to a predetermined value and wherein in two or more image points different predetermined values can be set within a layer.

Thus, the absorber can be adapted very specifically for each printed image point to the respective printing needs and the desired material properties in the printed component and can be set very differentially. In particular, in a method as described herein, the amount of imprinted absorber per surface element of the printed image points and / or per volume element of the printed image points can be set to a predetermined value, preferably wherein the surface element has 0.0001 to 0.08 mm ² or 1- 5 mm ² to 4000 cm ² or 50 mm ² to 40 cm ² , and / or where the volume element has 0.000001 to 0.04 mm ³ or 5 mm ³ to 10 cm ³ or the surface element and / or volume element corresponds to the 3D Molded part, for example in a sectional view, and / or the amount of absorber printed in per printed image point is between 1 ng and 2 g, preferably 3 ng to 500 ng, more preferably 5 ng to 300 ng.

This advantageously makes it possible to vary the gray level in a printed image point and thus also to vary it over the entire component in different areas or different printed image points. Each printed image point is set to a predetermined gray level; the gray levels can preferably be set continuously.

In this way, the black area can also be set differently for each printed image point in the disclosed method and, at the same time, a control in the component to be printed with regard to the properties to be achieved in the component can be determined in a three-dimensional manner. For example, you can set the black area in each Set the printed pixel to a black area between 1% and 100%.

The various parameters that can be set differently with the method disclosed here can be related to different reference values. For example, in the disclosed method, the printed image points can be related to a surface element and / or volume element or related to the printed 3D molded part and have a proportion of 10% to 95%.

In a method according to the disclosure, advantageous results can be achieved in particular in the edge regions of the components. For this purpose, the method can be set so that the printed image points in the edge area of the 3D molded part to be produced have a smaller diameter and / or a smaller volume compared to the other printed image points, preferably anti-aliasing is also carried out and / or an additional Post-processing step, preferably in a finishing cabin, particularly preferably in an automated finishing cabin, is carried out. This achieves particularly advantageous results with regard to the definition of the component.

Furthermore, with a method according to the disclosure, the number of printed pixels per area or unit area can be increased or decreased, or the number of printed pixels per area or unit area cannot be changed during the method.

In a method according to the disclosure, a print head can be used in which the outlet volume is set to a predetermined changeable value. Any print head compatible with the other process parameters and process components can be used here. For example, a piezoelectric print head can be used as the print head.

It is conceivable to use any particulate materials that are also compatible with the other process components and materials. In the method according to the disclosure, for example, polyamides, preferably PA12, PA11, PA613, PA6.6, polyether block amides, polypropylenes, thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyethylenes, polycarbonates, polyaryletherketones, polyoxymethylenes or polymethyl methacrylates, a mixture of two particle materials with different melting temperatures or melting temperature ranges, e.g. between 90 ° C and 350 ° C, more preferably 110 ° C to 220 ° C, a mixture of thermoplastic polyurethanes with different hardness, for example between Shore A 60 and Shore D 90, polybutylene terephthalates, mixtures of polybutylene terephthalates, for example with a flexural strength between 40-250 MPa , or mixtures of one or more of the above materials can be used.

In the method according to the disclosure, customary absorbers known to the person skilled in the art are used, it being possible to use carbon particles as absorbers. Examples are the products Black Oil-based Ink IK82104 from the manufacturer Xaar plc and HiRes Oil Black LMOPI11AKK from the manufacturer Nazdar Ltd. mentioned.

In a method according to the disclosure, any source of energy or radiation can be used for solidification, which is set and adapted according to the further method parameters. A radiator, e.g. an emitter of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared range, e.g. in the near infrared range, or in the visible range can be used as an energy source.

The layer thickness of the applied particle material can be chosen to be constant or variable and the layer thickness can be set to 5 to 500 micrometers. A layer thickness of 10 to 300 or 5 to 30 micrometers is in the range of the usual and advantageous layer thickness.

It has proven to be advantageous that in a method according to the disclosure the printed image points can be varied in terms of their characteristics and thus achieve desired and / or advantageous properties the printed components can be achieved. A printed image point can be set to a diameter of between 10 and 140 micrometers, for example, or a resolution of 90 or 1200 dpi can be selected.

A printed image point and the printed image points next to one another and those which form an edge region can also be adjusted in terms of its volume to a predetermined volume value in a method according to the disclosure. For example, in a method according to the disclosure, a printed pixel can be adjusted to a volume of between 1.5 and 100 picoliters.

Likewise, the absorber concentration in a printed pixel can be chosen as desired. In a method according to the disclosure, the absorber concentration can be adjusted to between 1% and 20%.

Furthermore, the time interval between the printed image points can have an influence on the characteristics of the area of the solidified printed image points. The time interval between different printed image points to one another can also influence the characteristics of the area in which different and / or several printed image points are located. In a method according to the disclosure, the time interval between printing an image point and energy input can be set to between 10 and 1000 milliseconds.

The parameters described above - 2 or 3-dimensional dimensions such as diameter etc. of the printed image point, volume entry in a printed image point, distance between the printed image points, the distance between the printed image points in the Z and / or X axis and / or in Y - Axis, time interval between the printing of printed pixels can be individually combined with one another. The characteristics of the printed component itself and in any desired area of the component in terms of elasticity, dimensional stability, Shore hardness, material composition, edge properties,

Properties in the edge area of the component can be selected.

Further aspects of the disclosure are presented below.

The object on which the application is based is also achieved in various aspects according to the disclosure by a method for producing 3-D molded parts, one or more particulate building materials being applied to a construction field in a defined layer by means of a coater, selectively one or more liquids or a or several particle materials of one or more absorbers are applied, an energy input takes place by means of a radiator, whereby the areas with selectively applied absorber are selectively solidified, the construction area is lowered by one layer thickness or the coater is raised by one layer thickness, these steps are repeated until the desired 3D- Molded parts is produced, characterized in that the method determines the absorber density within a layer per printed image point by means of the metered volume of image liquid and / or absorber, the metered concentration of absorber, the printed image points per area - Or volume unit, the distance between the printed pixels varies.

The disclosure provides a method in which the temperature windows of the recurring method steps can advantageously also be set more precisely. This is associated with further significant improvements in process management, product quality, the recycling rate of materials, ecological advantages and cost advantages.

Furthermore, the process management in a process according to the disclosure is gentler on the machines used and the components present therein. The heat development can also be partially lower and it can also be controlled more precisely. This also makes the process more energy efficient. In addition, a method according to the disclosure provides a solution for influencing material properties of the molded body produced in a targeted manner in three dimensions. In a method according to the disclosure, the production of the molded bodies is thus not only given their three-dimensional shape, three-dimensional properties of a mechanical nature are also added to them. This can be the mechanical strength and / or elasticity, as well as material density and thus weight and / or center of gravity. These properties, which cannot be seen from the outside in terms of appearance and / or surface or shape of the body, can be used specifically for weight reduction or for the creation of centrifugal masses with a shifted center of gravity.

In a method according to the disclosure, one or more print heads can be used which, according to the prior art, are gray-scale capable and in which the dosed drops in volume can thus be controlled.

Furthermore, in a method according to the disclosure, the changes in the drop volume can be used specifically to optimize the energy absorption of the radiation for the heating phase and / or the sintering phase and thus to achieve improved temperature windows on the material layer itself on the construction field.

Any material compatible with the process parameters can be employed and used in a method according to the disclosure. For example, a polyamide powder, a thermoplastic elastomer based on polyamide or a thermoplastic elastomer based on urethane can be used as the powder material. Materials based on polypropylene and polyethylene as well as polymers with ester functions are also possible. The range of the dosed amount of absorber and temperature window can be adjusted accordingly in order to achieve an advantageous process management and advantages for, among other things, the product parameters and recycling rate. Furthermore, any absorber fluid compatible with a method according to the disclosure can be used. This includes not only oil but also, for example, water- and solvent-based fluid systems, as well as various color pigments contained therein. In particular, colorations of the fluid can be used which have coordinated absorption maxima in the infrared and / or in the visible or ultraviolet range.

For example, a method according to the disclosure is characterized in that the applied powder layer is heated by a first heating step to a base temperature of the powder without absorber, which is located within the sintering window of the powder material, and a second sintering step is heated by supplying heat to selectively solidify the with absorber printed areas at a sintering temperature above the melting temperature of the powder, the areas with selectively applied absorber being heated more in the first step than the areas without absorber and thus a temperature difference between areas with and without absorber is set.

Furthermore, the object on which the application is based is achieved according to the disclosure by a device suitable for producing 3D molded parts, comprising all components required for a powder-based printing process, characterized in that it has at least one print head that is capable of to vary the dosed volume of material within one pass per pixel.

A device which is suitable for a method according to the disclosure advantageously achieves that disadvantages of known devices and methods are reduced or can essentially be avoided.

With a device according to the disclosure, it becomes possible to shift the temperature window into more defined ranges and thus more optimal temperature ranges with regard to the materials used to reach. Associated with this are further advantages with regard to the quality of the intermediate products and products. Furthermore, the recycling rate of the powder material can thus be increased, with which, among other things, a cost reduction and thus lower production costs can be achieved.

In addition, both the edge sharpness and the surface quality of the molded bodies produced by means of the method or the device according to the disclosure can be improved considerably.

For example, a print head can be used for drop metering of an absorber, which is able to vary the fluid volume per individual metering.

A device according to the disclosure is characterized, for example, in that a grayscale-capable print head has at least one print module which is capable of depositing drop volumes of variable size per pixel.

It is also possible to use all metering devices which are suitable for varying the fluid metering per deposited image point as desired. For example, the print head is gray-scale capable.

In one aspect of the disclosure, it is possible for the selected drop volume range to be between 6 and 30 picoliters per printed image point at a point density of 360 dpi.

In an apparatus according to the disclosure, one or more fluid metering devices can be arranged in any suitable manner. It can be advantageous if at least two gray-scale print modules are arranged essentially in a staggered manner, preferably there is an overlap between the modules. This allows the drop volume per printed pixel to be controlled more specifically. This allows the standard seven-fold gradation to be almost doubled.

A device according to the disclosure has all of the known components that are necessary and known for a high-speed sintering process, which therefore do not have to be described in detail here. For a procedure According to the disclosure, suitable components are components selected from the construction platform, side walls, job box, coater, print head, ceramic film, energy input means, preferably at least one emitter, preferably an overhead emitter and / or a sinter emitter unit.

As stated above, an essential aspect of the present disclosure is to control the amount of absorber or the temperature window of the method and to carry out the method according to the disclosure in defined areas. The aim can also be to control component properties by means of absorber metering with pinpoint accuracy for each printed pixel. Differences and variations in three-dimensional strength zones can thus be represented essentially without any loss of quality.

It is therefore advantageous to use a piezoelectric printhead in which the absorber fluid volume per printed image point is controlled via the gray value of a digital bitmap. Light areas of the image correspond to the dosage, e.g. of small drop volumes, dark areas of the image with a higher drop volume.

An example of products available on the market is the Xaar 1003 GS6 print head, which can cover a drop mass range of 6 - 42 pl per printed pixel with a print density of 360 dpi with a maximum of 7 gray levels. Another possibility is the product RC1536-M or RC1536-L from the manufacturer Seiko Instruments GmbH, which can achieve a drop mass of 13 - 100 pl with a gradation of up to 14 gray levels with otherwise the same specification.

It can also be advantageous to combine the variable droplet dosing with a grid, e.g. dithering. Thus, the degree of absorption, the coupling of energy and thus the effective temperature of the particulate material to be solidified can be adjusted even more finely.

Furthermore, a larger range of drop volumes can thus be covered. For example, a checkerboard pattern of printed Pixels of the lowest possible intensity are generated, whereby the effective absorber density can be further reduced on average over the area. For example, in the case of particulate materials consisting of partially crystalline, non-polar polyolefins, it can be advantageous to lower the absorber density to 3 picoliters per point, since this enables higher mechanical parameters to be achieved for the molded bodies produced.

Furthermore, in a method according to the disclosure, the ratio of the area or volume imprinted with printed image points to the unprinted area can be set in relation to an area or a volume. The area or volume printed with the printed image points is thus set in relation to the unprinted area or volume. As a result, the material properties in the molded part produced can be set very precisely.

Setting the parameters in the printed image points not only allows certain parameters to be selected in the manufactured component within a molded part, but the distance and, for example, the selectivity between the components can be advantageously set using the method according to the disclosure.

In order to maximize the material properties of every material that can be processed in the HIGH SPEED SINTERING printing process, the degree of absorption must be optimized for the surface to be sintered. This is done by varying the drop mass of the amount of absorber fluid applied to the powder surface. According to the state of the art, changing the printing material in a high speed sintering machine therefore requires adjustments to the hardware. With the possibility of direct manipulation of the absorber quantity by setting GreyLevel information, this is now possible via software, e.g. via job data information when the process program is called. Examples of such adaptations are the software-side setting of 24 pl per printed pixel for polyamide 12 materials, 6 pl for polypropylene, or 3 pl for thermoplastic polyurethane.

The various features of the various aspects described above can each be combined with one another even if this was not explicitly stated for each feature.

List of reference symbols

Printhead

Coater with powder reservoir

Bottom of the building container

Moldings

Heating on the walls and bottom of the construction container

Lateral insulation of the building container

Isolation of the bottom of the building container

Particulate matter cake

Emitter of electromagnetic radiation directed at the

Construction site surface, controlled and / or regulated

Emitter of electromagnetic radiation one of 108

different wavelength ensembles aimed at the

Construction field surface, movable over the construction field surface, controlled and / or regulated

Construction platform for creating the molded body

Powder reservoir on the coater

Pyrometer on unprinted powder

Pyrometer on sintered powder

Variation of the amount of fluid applied per area according to the screening or dithering process

Variation of the amount of fluid applied per area using the real gray scale method: Variation of the volume of each individual drop

Gap pattern by fading out pixels in order to achieve a lower absorber volume averaged over the area

No gap pattern when reducing the aborber volume per area, as the drop volume is adjusted directly. presentation symbolic.

Low absorber volumes per area lead to the

conventional method to large gaps between areas with absorber and areas without.

Even with small amounts of absorber per area, there are no large gaps.

Top view on layer of particulate material

Area wetted with absorber fluid

Transition from wetted to non-wetted area, enlarged to show the rasterization process

In comparison, enlarged representation when using the

Method of varying the dosage of individual droplet volumes Gap caused by rasterization at a corner of wetted and unwetted area

If the dosage is varied, the selectivity of wetted and unwetted areas at the corner is retained

Exemplary device for creating the molded body

Molded body that has already been created, embedded in loose particle material, detailed view of the corner of the molded body, created by means of dosing using conventional grid methods

Detailed view of the corner of the shaped body, created by means of dosing according to the process of adjusting the volume of each individual drop

Gaps in the edges of the molding

Seamless, straight structure

Molded body produced according to the device in FIG. 1 Lateral detailed view of the created molding

Disturbing pattern on one side of the molded body produced by a conventional method

Definition of different regimes within one

coherent molded body in the input data the layer data made available to the device.

Regions of different dosing quantities defined by regimes when wetting the surfaces of the particulate material

Creating the molding in layers.

Solidification during sintering creates areas of different elasticity as a result of the change in the

Absorbency of the particle material surface at

Creating the molding in layers

Virtual representation of the molding. Different regimes with different virtual properties can be defined in three dimensions.

Using a suitable image processor, the assigned virtual properties are accordingly created layer data of the virtual molded body, the cutting planes being through regimes of different properties with a variation in the

The gray levels of the shift data correspond.

The different gray levels of the individual layer data of the shaped body to be created are used in printhead control technology as variations in the data set off by the printhead

Interpreted drop volumes.

Virtual representation of the molding to be created

Exemplary definition of any regime within the molding

Exemplary definition of any second regime within the first of the molded body

Printhead Dosing an amount of liquid per pixel

Variation in the dosage corresponding to the defined regime in 706

Schematic representation of the melting curves of two

different polymers

Melting curve of the first polymer

Melting curve of the second polymer

Melting peak of the second polymer, ended with temperature TI. Melting peak of the first polymer, ended with temperature T2. Range of different absorber entry in the particle material. Increased amount of absorber

Lower amount of absorber

Variation in the amount of absorber per pixel leads to

Carrying out the solidification process at different temperatures. Areas of temperature T2 correspond with the higher absorber density and those with TI with the

lower.

The area in which only polymer 2 was melted is softer. The area in which both polymers were melted is harder

Printhead

Molded body with a sintered surface

Emitter of electromagnetic radiation directed at the

Construction site surface, controlled and / or regulated

Pyrometer on unprinted powder

Pyrometer on sintered powder 1000 printhead

1003 Surface of the molding to be created

1020 surface of the particulate material

1021 Drop applied in the first step with variable mass per image point

1022 In the second, the first in the opposite direction

running step with again variable mass of the drops per pixel

1023 Result of overlaps: Double drop mass per pixel possible in combinations

Claims

Claims

1. A method for producing 3D molded parts, whereby one or more particulate building materials are applied in a defined layer by means of a coater on a construction field, selectively one or more absorbers or one or more liquids comprising one or more absorbers are applied as printed pixels using a print head , an energy input takes place by means of an energy source, whereby the areas with selectively applied absorber are selectively solidified, the construction field is lowered by one layer thickness or the coater is raised by one layer thickness, these steps are repeated until the desired 3D molded part is produced, characterized in that the Amount of absorber is set to a predetermined value within a layer per printed pixel, and different predetermined values are set within a layer in two or more pixels.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the volume of absorber or one or more liquids comprising one or more absorbers per printed image point and / and the concentration of absorber or one or more liquids comprising one or more absorbers per printed image point and / or the size of the printed image points can be set to a predetermined value.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of imprinted absorber and / or the amount of imprinted absorber per surface element of the printed image points and / or per volume element of the printed image points is set to a predetermined value, preferably wherein the surface element has 0, 0001 to 0.08 mm2 or 1-5 mm2 to 4000 cm2 or 50 mm2 to 40 cm2, or / and where the volume element has 0.000001 to 0.04 mm3 or 5 mm3 to 10 cm3 or the surface element and / or volume element corresponds the 3D molded part, for example in the sectional image and / or the amount of imprinted absorber per printed image point is between 1 ng and 2 g, preferably 3 ng to 500 ng, more preferably 5 ng to 300 ng.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein each printed pixel is set to a predetermined gray level, preferably the gray levels can be set continuously, preferably

wherein each printed pixel is set to a black area between 1% and 100% and / or

wherein the printed image points in a surface element and / or volume element or in relation to the printed 3-D molded part have a proportion of 10% to 95%.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the printed pixels in the edge area of the 3D to be produced The molding has a smaller diameter and / or a smaller volume compared to the other printed pixels, preferably anti-aliasing is also carried out and / or a post-processing step, preferably in a finishing cabin, particularly preferably in an automated finishing cabin, is carried out.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the number of printed pixels per area is increased or decreased, or wherein the number of printed pixels per area is not changed during the process and / or

wherein a printhead is used in which the discharge volume is set to a predetermined changeable value, preferably

a piezoelectric printhead is used as the printhead.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein as

Particle material polyamides, preferably PA12, PA11, PA613, PA6.6, polyether block amide, polypropylene, thermoplastic polyurethane, a mixture of two particle materials with different melting temperatures or

Melting temperature ranges preferably between 90 ° C and 350 ° C, more preferably 110 ° C to 220 ° C, a mixture of thermoplastic polyurethanes with different hardness, preferably between Shore A 60 and Shore D 90, polybutylene terephthalate, mixture of

Polybutylene terephthalates with a flexural strength between 40

250 MPa, polyethylene or polycarbonate or Polyaryletherketones or polyoxymethylenes or polymethyl methacrylates or mixtures of one or more of the above-mentioned materials is used.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein carbon particles are used as absorber and / or

a radiator, preferably electromagnetic radiation in the infrared or visible range, being used as the energy source.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the layer thickness is set to 10 to 300 micrometers and / or

wherein a printed pixel is set to a diameter of between 10 and 140.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein a printed pixel is set to a volume of between 1.5 and 100 picoliters and / or

the absorber concentration being set to between 1% and 20% and / or

the time interval between the printing of a pixel and the input of energy is set to between 10 and 1000 milliseconds.