EP3641491B1 - Additively manufactured heaters for water system components - Google Patents
Additively manufactured heaters for water system components Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3641491B1 EP3641491B1 EP19203375.1A EP19203375A EP3641491B1 EP 3641491 B1 EP3641491 B1 EP 3641491B1 EP 19203375 A EP19203375 A EP 19203375A EP 3641491 B1 EP3641491 B1 EP 3641491B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heater
- conductive ink
- additively manufactured
- substrate
- assembly
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 claims description 130
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000052 poly(p-xylylene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 conformal coatings Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021392 nanocarbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 32
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 24
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004820 Pressure-sensitive adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102100022191 Hemogen Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101001045553 Homo sapiens Hemogen Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 235000012206 bottled water Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003223 poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000784 Nomex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUPQTSLXMOCDHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,4-diol;bis(4-fluorophenyl)methanone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.C1=CC(F)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 JUPQTSLXMOCDHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004763 nomex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012811 non-conductive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003225 polyurethane elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/78—Heating arrangements specially adapted for immersion heating
- H05B3/82—Fixedly-mounted immersion heaters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
- F24H1/12—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium
- F24H1/14—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium by tubes, e.g. bent in serpentine form
- F24H1/142—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium by tubes, e.g. bent in serpentine form using electric energy supply
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H9/00—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/16—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor the conductor being mounted on an insulating base
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
- H05B3/46—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
- H05B3/58—Heating hoses; Heating collars
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D11/00—Passenger or crew accommodation; Flight-deck installations not otherwise provided for
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/18—Water-storage heaters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H9/00—Details
- F24H9/06—Arrangement of mountings or supports for heaters, e.g. boilers, other than space heating radiators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/021—Heaters specially adapted for heating liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
- H05B2214/04—Heating means manufactured by using nanotechnology
Definitions
- This application relates generally to water system component heaters, and specifically to additively manufactured heaters.
- additively manufactured heaters designed and printed for aircraft components needing heating, for example, water system components such as tubes and tanks.
- These additively manufactured heaters can be printed onto stretchable (or fabric) substrates, which can conform to the geometric shape of the surface of the component to which it is applied.
- additively manufactured heaters can be applied to conduits such as rigid tubes or flexible hoses, valves, water tanks, or components with complex surface shapes.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of additively manufactured heater 10, which generates heat because of an electric current passed through it.
- Heater 10 includes conductive ink 12 on substrate 14 cover by closeout material 16.
- Conductive ink 12 is electrically connected by leads 18 to controller 19.
- Heater 10 is a three-dimensionally additively manufactured device made of conductive ink 12 with a resistance range of 16 to 50 W per meter ( 5 to 15 W per foot) for conduit (hose or tube) applications, or a resistance range between 0.06 to 6 W per square cm ( 0.4 to 40 W per square inch) for applications on flat or variable 3-D components, depending on the size and specific application of heater 10.
- Conductive ink 12 can have a thickness between approximately 2.5 to 254 microns ( 0.0001 inches and 0.010 inches).
- Conductive ink 12 makes up the additively manufactured, heating portion of heater 10.
- Conductive ink 12 can be a carbon loaded, nano-carbon loaded, silver-loaded, or nano-silver loaded ink and can be up to 70% loaded with carbon (or silver) particles. In other embodiments, conductive ink 12 can be up to 60% loaded, or at least up to 50% loaded.
- Conductive ink 12 can be, for example, commercially available inks such as Loctite ® CT 5030, Loctite ® Ablestik ® 8008MD, Loctite ® EDAG 6017SS, or Loctite ® EDAG 725A from Loctite, Bonderite ® S-FN 109 available from Henkel, DuPont ® PE671, DuPont ® PE873, or DuPont ® PE410 from DuPont USA.
- inks such as Loctite ® CT 5030, Loctite ® Ablestik ® 8008MD, Loctite ® EDAG 6017SS, or Loctite ® EDAG 725A from Loctite, Bonderite ® S-FN 109 available from Henkel, DuPont ® PE671, DuPont ® PE873, or DuPont ® PE410 from DuPont USA.
- conductive ink 12 can be a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) ink.
- PTC heaters are self-regulating heaters that run open-loop without any external diagnostic controls. Positive temperature coefficient heaters come to full power and heat up quickly to optimum temperature, but as heat increases, power consumption drops. This dynamic type of heater is effective and time and energy efficient. Thus, heater 10 made with PTC conductive ink 12 does not require an outside temperature control. Examples of PTC inks include DuPont ® 7292 available from DuPont or Loctite ECI 8001 from Henkel.
- the conductive ink 12 of heater 10 is formulated to allow highly detailed precision printing, and maintain a high resistance without bleeding between adjacent additively manufactured lines.
- Conductive ink 12 is additively manufactured onto heater 10 through a printing process such as screen printing, ink-jet, aerosol-jet printing, or other processes known to provide similar printing capabilities.
- Conductive ink 12 can be in a ribbon, grid, or other shape appropriate for a heating element.
- Substrate 14 can be, for example, a flexible or stretchable substrate on which conductive ink 12 is additively manufactured.
- Appropriate materials include neoprene, nylon fabric, glass fabric, pre-impregnated fabric (containing a resin), urethane, or other similar materials.
- Conductive ink 12 is sealed to substrate 14 by closeout material 16, which protects heater 10 from external contaminants and electrical contact with other components or objects.
- Closeout materials can include neoprene, nylon fabric, glass fabric, pre-impregnated fabrics, urethane, or other materials that will electrically isolate conductive ink 12 from the external environment.
- closeout material 16 can be a coating instead of a protective layer. In the case of a coating, painted on layers, conformal coatings, polyurethane, nitrile, PVC, neoprene, epoxies, parylene, or other dipped coatings can be used.
- leads 18 create an electrical connection between conductive ink 12 and controller 19, which can act as an electrical source to heater 10.
- Leads 18 can be conventional wires, or can be additively manufactured along with conductive ink 12. Leads 18 allow for passage of electricity through heater 10, which generates heat via resistive heating due to the electric current.
- Controller 19 is in communication with heater 10 via electrical leads (distinct from the leads that provide power to heater 10). Controller 19 can turn heater 10 ON or OFF. Optionally, controller 19 can collect temperature data through a thermocouple or other temperature sensor applied to the substrate, or another location within the assembly.
- heater 10 converts electrical input to thermal output on the surface of substrate 14 to heat the component on which heater 10 rests.
- Additively manufactured heater 10 can also be applied to geometrically complex surfaces.
- Heater 10 can be applied to, but is not limited to, hoses, tubes, panels, tanks, valves, or other composite or metallic components for use in aircraft water systems including components that are heated in use.
- Heater 10 can be manufactured, for example, on a stretchable substrate such as substrate 14.
- Stretchable substrate 14 must be able to conform to the curvature of the component surface to which heater 10 will be applied.
- the materials for substrate 14 are discussed above. In some instances, the substrate must be cleaned or cured before printing using conventional curing methods.
- Substrate 14 must be compatible with both the component and conductive ink 12 used to make the heater and can be a non-conductive substrate material. For instance, stretchable substrate 14 must be able to withstand heating occurring with the component, and maintain adhesion to the component. Additionally, stretchable substrate 14 should be erosion resistant (particularly for applications where wear and incidental contact are plausible) and/or have elastic properties so that heater 10 on stretchable substrate 14 stays on the component for the component lifetime. This is highly dependent on the specific component and conductive ink 12 chosen.
- conductive ink 12 is additively manufactured onto substrate 14 to form or make layers of heater 10. Examples of commercially available conductive inks are discussed above. Typically, ink-jet, aerosol-jet, or screen printing can be used depending on the type of ink conduit, desired layer thickness, and dimensions of heater 10. For two-dimensional printing on a substrate using screen-printing, the screen specifications such as mesh count, size, and material are selected based on conductive ink 12 being used, the desired thicknesses of conductive ink 12 required to be additive manufactured, and the substrate to be additive manufactured on. In some instances, multiple applications of conductive ink 12 are needed to reach the desired thickness.
- the print head should be moveable at least on (x, y, z) axes and programmable with the geometric pattern specific to the component on which heater 10 will be applied.
- the specific print heat and additively manufacturing method will be dependent on the exact ink formulations and requirements set forth by the manufacturer of the ink.
- Ink-jet and aerosol-jet printers and printing heads can be utilized for two dimensional applications, such as printing on a substrate, but ideally can be adapted to enable three dimensional (three dimensional) printing capabilities by attaching the printing heads onto a numerically controlled robotic arm.
- the component on which the conductive ink is being additively manufactured can be moved as the robotic arm is applying the ink.
- three dimensional ink-jet and aerosol-jet printing equipment developed by Ultimaker (three-dimensional ink-jet equipment) or Optomec (three dimensional aerosol-jet equipment) can be used.
- the printing head temperatures, flow rates, nozzle sizes are also selected based on the conductive ink being additive manufactured, required conductive ink thickness, and substrate to be additive manufactured on.
- substrate 14 can be a rigid substrate already shaped so that it conforms to the geometric surface of the component to which it will be applied. In this case, the additive manufacturing of conductive ink 12 must follow a three-dimensional print pattern.
- Conductive ink 12 of additively manufactured heater 10 may have a thickness of approximately between 2.54 to 254 microns (0.0001" - 0.010"). . Multiple passes are done by the print head when applying the conductive ink. Each layer deposited through individual passes of the print head should have a thickness of approximately 1-100 microns. Multiple passes allows for slow buildup of conductive ink 12 to the correct resistance and geometric pattern. Additionally, multiple passes allows for tailoring of conductive ink 12 on certain portions of the component surface. For instance, conductive ink 12 with a lower resistance (e.g., with a higher number of layers) and a greater thickness may be additively manufactured on a first portion of the component compared to a second portion of the component. A person skilled in the art of designing heaters will know how to select appropriate dimensions and geometries for the heater 10 based on the thermal properties of the materials used to construct the heater 10 and the requirements of the application for which heater 10 will be used.
- conductive ink 12 is cured, and leads 18 are connected to conductive ink 12.
- the curing process of additively manufactured heater 10 depends on the type of conductive ink 12 used. In some instances, conductive ink 12 will air dry. In other instances, heat, infrared exposure, UV exposure, or other methods can be used to cure conductive ink 12.
- heater 10 After heater 10 is additively manufactured onto substrate 14, it may be closed out with a dielectric material, such as acrylic, neoprene, polyurethane, polyimide, silicone, or an epoxy-fiberglass matrix, to prevent erosion and electrical shorting.
- a dielectric material such as acrylic, neoprene, polyurethane, polyimide, silicone, or an epoxy-fiberglass matrix
- closeout materials with high dielectric strength such as polyimide (DuPont Kapton ® )
- heater 10 may be applied to the component surface with an adhesive such as a cement adhesive, a pressure sensitive adhesive, or other adhesive means, depending on the component and environment requirements.
- the stretchable substrate 14 allows for conforming of heater 10 to curvature of the component surface without creating unnecessary stresses within heater 10.
- the use of a stretchable substrate 14 allows heater 10 to form to the shape of the surface of the component to which it is applied.
- conductive ink 12 is additively manufactured directly onto the component surface.
- the printing method used must allow for a print head that can move in three dimensions and navigate the geometry of the component surface while printing. Like the first method, the print head will make multiple passes until the resistance and thickness of heater 10 is correct. Methods such as screen printing, ink-jet or aerosol-jet printing can be used, the method would be selected based on the complexity of the shape on which heater 10 is being additive manufactured. In some instances, the component surface must be primed or prepared prior to printing of conductive ink 12. The printing process is similar to that described in reference to the first embodiment, but the print head in this embodiment follows a predetermined three-dimensional program to print on the surface of the component. Once additive manufactured, heater 10 must be electrically connected, closed out, and cured as discussed above.
- the assembly surface is electrically conductive (metallic)
- this necessitates the use of an intermediary dielectric layer between the assembly and additively manufactured heater 10, such as a non-conductive ink like DuPont ® BQ10 or ME777 available from DuPont USA, or an integrally bonded layer such as polyimide (Kapton ® available from DuPont) or an epoxy-fiberglass.
- the dielectric layer is not necessary for certain types of composite surfaces. This dielectric layer is thin, and acts as an insulator and adhesive between the component surface and the additively manufactured heater 10.
- the dialectic layer like the stretchable substrate in the first embodiment, must be able to withstand temperatures, light, and other environmental factors so that additively manufactured heater 10 maintains its adhesion to the component.
- heater 10 adheres to and matches the geometry of the surface of the component to which it is applied. This allows for greater fatigue resistance over the lifespan of the component and heater 10. Fatigue benefits result from heater 10 moving with the component on which it is printed; generally, additively manufactured heater 10 can attach directly to a component which results in a larger bend radius compared to prior art heaters. Moreover, multiple applications of heater 10 conductive ink allows for varying thickness and resistance of heater 10 as needed on the component. Printed ink heaters such as heater 10 have demonstrated themselves to be more fatigue resistant than metal foil heaters even in identical applications.
- FIGS. 2-12 depict varying embodiments of the additively manufactured heater described with reference to FIG. 1 .
- FIGS. 2-5 depict varying heaters applied to conduits (hoses or tubes), while FIGS. 6-12 depict aircraft components that are flat or have varying 3-D surface geometry.
- the components of FIGS. 6-12 can be water system components, such as tanks, valves, and panels, or other aircraft components requiring to be heated.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of conduit 220 with additively manufactured heater 210 in the form of an overwrap.
- Overwrap heater 210 encircles conduit 220, and contains conductive ink 212, substrate 214, non-conductive closeout layer 216, and adhesive 217.
- Overwrap heater 210 is made of conductive ink 212 on substrate 214.
- Conductive ink 212 is additively manufactured on flexible/stretchable substrate 214, and protected by closeout layer 216 attached by adhesive 217.
- Conductive ink 212 can be conductive with suitable resistance properties to act as a heater, and in some applications is self-regulating.
- conductive ink 212 can be a carbon loaded, nano-carbon loaded, or nano-silver loaded ink as described in reference to FIG. 1 .
- Heater 210 should have a power range of between 5 and 15 watts per foot.
- Substrate 214 can be neoprene, nylon fabric, glass fabric, pre-impregnated fabric (containing a resin), urethane, or other similar materials that conform to the geometric surface of conduit 220.
- Substrate 214 can be a continuous sheet or strips that are made of a flexible or stretchable material capable of being wrapped around conduit 220 and that meets flammability requirements outlined by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
- FAA Federal Aviation Administration
- substrate 214 can be tightly wrapped around conduit 220.
- the individual strips can be spaced out along conduit 220 or overlapping.
- substrate 214 can be a continuous sheet that is spiral wound around conduit 220, leaving space or overlapping as needed.
- Closeout layer 216 is a layer that electrically isolates conductive ink 212 on substrate 214 from the external environment, and can be attached to heater 210 with adhesive 217. Materials for closeout layer 216 are discussed with reference to FIG. 1 .
- Adhesive 217 can be, for example, a pressure sensitive adhesive or a chemical adhesive such as epoxy.
- Conduit 220 has center channel 222, through which fluid flows, and wall 224, around which heater 210 is wrapped.
- Conduit 220 can be, for example, a flexible hose made of a non-conductive material such as rubber, composite, or plastic material such as Teflon ® , Nomex ® , silicone, rubber, Kapton ® , or PEEK.
- conductive ink 212 should be non-brittle, pliable, and stretchable. Conductive ink 212, then, should be able to adapt as flexible hose conduit 220 changes shape or fluid runs through conduit 220.
- substrate 214 should be thin, flexible, and stretchable so that it moves with the hose.
- conduit 220 can be a rigid tube made of either a conductive (metallic) material or a non-conductive (non-metallic) material.
- conductive ink 212 does need to be non-brittle and pliable, but does not require as much stretch as an ink on a hose.
- substrate 214 should be thin, flexible, capable of being wrapped around conduit 220, and meet flammability requirements for aircraft, but does not necessarily need to be stretchable.
- conductive ink 212 In the case of a conductive rigid tube, conductive ink 212 must be insulated from the conductive rigid tube by a coating, dielectric layer, or substrate 214.
- conduit 220 can be a thin walled rigid tube.
- the thin walled rigid tube can be either metallic or non-metallic.
- conducive ink 212 should be pliable and non-brittle.
- substrate 214 can be a thin, flexible, structurally reinforcing fabric.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of conduit 320 with additively manufactured heater 310 in the form of an overwrap.
- Overwrap heater 310 encircles conduit 320, and contains conductive ink 312, substrate 314, and closeout coating 316.
- Conduit 320 has center channel 322, through which fluid flows, and wall 324, around which heater 310 is wrapped.
- Heater 310, conductive ink 312, and substrate 314 are the same as the corresponding elements described in reference to FIG. 2 .
- Closeout coating 316 replaces the closeout layers in the embodiments described with reference to FIG. 2 .
- Closeout coating 316 is non-conductive, protects conductive ink 312 from electrically shorting, and physically protects conductive ink 312 from mechanical forces.
- Closeout coating 316 can be, for example, conformal coatings, parylene, conathane, colysulfide, epoxies, or other suitable coatings.
- conduit 320 can be a non-conductive hose, a rigid tube that is conductive or non-conductive, or a thin-walled tube that is conductive or non-conductive.
- Substrate 314 and conductive ink 312 can vary accordingly.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of conduit 420 with direct printed additively manufactured heater 410.
- Additively manufactured heater 410 contains conductive ink 412 and over-wrapped closeout layer 416 with adhesive 417.
- Conduit 420 has center channel 422, through which fluid flows, and wall 424, on which additively manufactured heater 410 is printed.
- Heater 410 does not contain a substrate. Instead, conductive ink 412 can be printed directly onto conduit 420.
- conduit 420 can be, for example, a non-metallic hose, non-metallic rigid tube, or non-metallic thin-walled tube. Importantly, conduit 420 is non-conductive to prevent electrical shorting.
- Closeout layer 416 is a layer that electrically isolates conductive ink 412 on conduit 420 from the external environment, and can be attached to conduit 420 with adhesive 417. Closeout layer 416 acts as an overwrap layer, and wraps around conduit 420. Materials for closeout layer 416 are discussed with reference to FIG. 1 .
- Adhesive 417 can be, for example, a pressure sensitive adhesive or a chemical adhesive such as epoxy.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of conduit 520 with direct printed additively manufactured heater 510.
- Additively manufactured heater 510 contains conductive ink 512 and closeout coating 516.
- Conduit 520 has center channel 522, through which fluid flows, and wall 524, on which additively manufactured heater 510 is printed.
- heater 510 contains conductive ink 512 that is directly additively manufactured onto the surface of conduit 520. For this reason, heater 510 does not contain a substrate.
- conduit 520 can be, for example, a non-metallic hose, non-metallic rigid tube, or non-metallic thin-walled tube. Importantly, conduit 520 is non-conductive to prevent electrical shorting.
- Closeout coating 516 replaces the closeout layers in the embodiments described with reference to FIG. 4 .
- Closeout coating 516 is non-conductive, protects conductive ink 512 from electrically shorting, and physically protects conductive ink 512 from mechanical forces.
- Closeout coating 516 can be, for example, conformal coating, parylene, conathane, polysulfide, epoxies, or other appropriate coatings.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of interior aircraft panel 620 having complex geometry with direct printed additively manufactured heater 610.
- Heater 610 includes conductive ink 612.
- Aircraft panel 620 has exterior side 626 and interior surface 628.
- Aircraft panel 620 is of a variable, complex surface geometry that is difficult to apply a flat heater to.
- aircraft panel 620 can be a cylindrical tank, conformal tank, vessel, blade, vane, inlet, radome, or other aircraft interior part.
- exterior side 626 would face the passengers or cabin of the aircraft.
- conductive ink 612 is directly additively manufactured onto interior surface 628 with a print head capable of moving in three dimensions and applying the ink in the desired thickness and resistance range to interior surface 628. This process is described in detail with reference to FIG. 1 .
- Conductive ink 612 can be, as described with reference to FIG. 1 , a conductive silver-filled or carbon-filled ink suitable for heating aircraft panel 620.
- Conductive ink 612 may have a power range of approximately 0.4 - 40 Watts per square inch.
- Conductive ink 612 is directly additively manufactured onto interior surface 628 of aircraft panel 620.
- conductive ink 612 is non-brittle and pliable so that it can conform to the shape of aircraft panel 620 when applied through additive manufacturing.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of flat aircraft panel 720 with additively manufactured heater 710.
- Heater 710 includes conductive ink 712 and closeout layer 716.
- Flat aircraft panel 720 had a flat surface on which conductive ink 712 is directly additively manufactured.
- conductive ink 712 can be additively manufactured onto a substrate (not shown), and the substrate can be applied to the flat surface of aircraft panel 720.
- the substrate should be thin, flexible, and meet flammability requirements.
- Closeout layer 712 is a layer that electrically isolates conductive ink 712 from the external environment, and can be attached to heater 710 with an adhesive (not shown). Materials for closeout layer 716 are discussed with reference to FIG. 1 .
- the adhesive can be, for example, a pressure sensitive adhesive or a chemical adhesive such as epoxy.
- conductive ink 712 can be protected by a closeout coating such as coating 616 described in reference to FIG. 6 .
- conductive ink 712 has a power range of 0.4 - 1.5 Watts per square inch. Conductive ink 712 acts as a heater and in some applications is self-regulating. Conductive ink 712 is non-brittle and pliable to allow additive manufacturing application to panel 720.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of curved aircraft component 820 with direct printed additively manufactured heater 810 containing conductive ink 812.
- Aircraft component 820 can be, for example, a water tank or engine inlet. Conductive ink 812 can be directly additively manufactured onto interior or exterior surfaces of component 820. If component 820 is a water tank, conductive ink 812 can be printed on an exterior surface to provide heating. In other embodiments, a thin, flexible substrate (not shown) can be used. The substrate would need to be adaptable to tight corners, such as edges or curves in component 820.
- conductive ink 812 can be printed on an interior surface of component 820.
- the conductive ink 812 can be used as a water level sensor on the interior surface.
- conductive ink 812 and a substrate, closeout material, or other adhesives, would need to be able to survive such an environment. Additionally, these materials should be compatible with drinking water if used in a potable water tank application.
- Conductive ink 812 may have a power range of 0.4 - 40 Watts per square inch, and is conductive with suitable resistive property to act as a heater. In some cases, conductive ink 812 is self-regulating. Conductive ink 812 is both non-brittle and pliable to allow for additive manufacturing application to component 820 as described in reference to FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of narrow aircraft component 920 with direct printed additively manufactured heater 910 containing conductive ink 912.
- Aircraft component 920 is a metal composite or other durable material suitable for an erosion shield or abrasion shield. Aircraft component 920 has a narrow finished cross-section. Conductive ink 912 can be printed directly onto the surface of component 920 either before or after processing and forming of component 920. Alternatively, conductive ink 912 can be printed onto a thin substrate (not shown), which is then applied to component 920.
- Conductive ink 912 can have a power range between 0.4 - 40 Watts per square inch.
- Conductive ink 912 is a pliable, non-brittle ink that can be applied to the surface of component 920 through additive manufacturing methods described in reference to FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of aircraft component 1020 with sharp edges with additively manufactured heater 1010 on a substrate with conductive ink 1012 on substrate 1014.
- Aircraft component 1020 can be, for example, a valve body having sharp edges.
- conductive ink 1012 is additively manufactured onto substrate 1014.
- Substrate 1014 is adhered to component 1020, around the sharp corners.
- Substrate 1014 is a conformable substrate with low “spring back” which allows it to follow the corners of component 1020.
- Substrate 1014 is thin, flexible, and meets flammability requirements.
- Conductive ink 1012 on substrate 1014 may have a power range between 0.4 - 40 Watts per square inch.
- Conductive ink 1012 is a pliable, non-brittle ink that can be applied to the surface of component 1020 through additive manufacturing methods described in reference to FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of aircraft component 1120 with sharp edges with a direct printed additively manufactured heater 1110 with conductive ink 1112.
- Aircraft component 1120 can be, for example, a valve body having sharp edges.
- conductive ink 1112 is additively manufactured onto the surface of component 1120 as described with reference to FIG. 1 .
- Conductive ink 1112 may have a power range between 0.4 - 40 Watts per square inch, and is a pliable, non-brittle ink.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of assembly 1220 with additively manufactured heater 1210 with conductive ink 1212 on fabric substrate 1214.
- Conductive ink 1212 is additively manufactured onto fabric substrate 1214, which can be, for example, seat upholstery or cloth covering for other surfaces in an aircraft.
- fabric substrate 1214 can be, for example, seat upholstery or cloth covering for other surfaces in an aircraft.
- conductive ink 1212 can be printed onto thinner fabric (not shown) which is subsequently attached to the inside of more rugged upholstery material such as thick woven fabric, leather, or similar fabrics.
- Conductive ink 1212 has a power range of 0.4 - 1 Watts per square inch, and is a conductive material with suitable resistive properties to act as a heater. Conductive ink 1212 is non-brittle, pliable, and stretchable so that it moves with fabric substrate 1214 as the fabric moves.
- Additively manufactured heaters perform well in high stress environments. Additively manufacturing heaters onto flexible or stretchable substrates, followed by wrapping the substrate around a conduit allows for reduced weight and costs for heaters. Direct additively manufacturing onto the surfaces of components limits the amount of materials on the component surface, reducing weight and cost. Moreover, these types of additively manufactured heaters conform well to varying component surface geometries.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Electronic Switches (AREA)
Description
- This application relates generally to water system component heaters, and specifically to additively manufactured heaters.
- A variety of water system components require heating to prevent freezing of water in the system, in addition to temperature regulation. Current water system component heater elements are made of either metal wire or etched metal. Metal wire based heaters are generally fixed in geometry, and etched metal heaters require extensive processing. Additionally, incorporation of wires for electrical connection into these types of heaters requires additional processing.
US 2017/0181226 relates to a heating device. - The inventive assembly is defined by the appended claims.
-
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an additively manufactured heater. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a conduit with an overwrap containing an additively manufactured heater and a non-conductive outer layer. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a conduit with an overwrap containing an additively manufactured heater and a non-conductive outer coating. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a conduit with a direct printed additively manufactured heater and an over-wrapped non-conductive layer. -
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a conduit with a direct printed additively manufactured heater and a non-conductive coating. -
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an interior aircraft panel having complex geometry with a direct printed additively manufactured heater. -
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a flat aircraft panel with an additively manufactured heater. -
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a curved aircraft component with a direct printed additively manufactured heater. -
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a narrow aircraft component with a direct printed additively manufactured heater. -
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an aircraft component with sharp edges with an additively manufactured heater on a substrate. -
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an aircraft component with sharp edges with a direct printed additively manufactured heater. -
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an additively manufactured heater on a fabric substrate. - Disclosed herein are additively manufactured heaters designed and printed for aircraft components needing heating, for example, water system components such as tubes and tanks. These additively manufactured heaters can be printed onto stretchable (or fabric) substrates, which can conform to the geometric shape of the surface of the component to which it is applied. For example, additively manufactured heaters can be applied to conduits such as rigid tubes or flexible hoses, valves, water tanks, or components with complex surface shapes.
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of additively manufacturedheater 10, which generates heat because of an electric current passed through it.Heater 10 includesconductive ink 12 onsubstrate 14 cover bycloseout material 16.Conductive ink 12 is electrically connected byleads 18 tocontroller 19. -
Heater 10 is a three-dimensionally additively manufactured device made ofconductive ink 12 with a resistance range of 16 to 50 W per meter ( 5 to 15 W per foot) for conduit (hose or tube) applications, or a resistance range between 0.06 to 6 W per square cm ( 0.4 to 40 W per square inch) for applications on flat or variable 3-D components, depending on the size and specific application ofheater 10.Conductive ink 12 can have a thickness between approximately 2.5 to 254 microns ( 0.0001 inches and 0.010 inches). -
Conductive ink 12 makes up the additively manufactured, heating portion ofheater 10.Conductive ink 12 can be a carbon loaded, nano-carbon loaded, silver-loaded, or nano-silver loaded ink and can be up to 70% loaded with carbon (or silver) particles. In other embodiments,conductive ink 12 can be up to 60% loaded, or at least up to 50% loaded.Conductive ink 12 can be, for example, commercially available inks such as Loctite® CT 5030, Loctite® Ablestik® 8008MD, Loctite® EDAG 6017SS, or Loctite® EDAG 725A from Loctite, Bonderite® S-FN 109 available from Henkel, DuPont® PE671, DuPont® PE873, or DuPont® PE410 from DuPont USA. - Alternatively,
conductive ink 12 can be a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) ink. PTC heaters are self-regulating heaters that run open-loop without any external diagnostic controls. Positive temperature coefficient heaters come to full power and heat up quickly to optimum temperature, but as heat increases, power consumption drops. This dynamic type of heater is effective and time and energy efficient. Thus,heater 10 made with PTCconductive ink 12 does not require an outside temperature control. Examples of PTC inks include DuPont® 7292 available from DuPont or Loctite ECI 8001 from Henkel. - The
conductive ink 12 ofheater 10 is formulated to allow highly detailed precision printing, and maintain a high resistance without bleeding between adjacent additively manufactured lines.Conductive ink 12 is additively manufactured ontoheater 10 through a printing process such as screen printing, ink-jet, aerosol-jet printing, or other processes known to provide similar printing capabilities.Conductive ink 12 can be in a ribbon, grid, or other shape appropriate for a heating element. -
Substrate 14 can be, for example, a flexible or stretchable substrate on whichconductive ink 12 is additively manufactured. Appropriate materials include neoprene, nylon fabric, glass fabric, pre-impregnated fabric (containing a resin), urethane, or other similar materials. -
Conductive ink 12 is sealed tosubstrate 14 bycloseout material 16, which protectsheater 10 from external contaminants and electrical contact with other components or objects. Closeout materials can include neoprene, nylon fabric, glass fabric, pre-impregnated fabrics, urethane, or other materials that will electrically isolateconductive ink 12 from the external environment. Alternatively,closeout material 16 can be a coating instead of a protective layer. In the case of a coating, painted on layers, conformal coatings, polyurethane, nitrile, PVC, neoprene, epoxies, parylene, or other dipped coatings can be used. - In either case, leads 18 create an electrical connection between
conductive ink 12 andcontroller 19, which can act as an electrical source toheater 10.Leads 18 can be conventional wires, or can be additively manufactured along withconductive ink 12.Leads 18 allow for passage of electricity throughheater 10, which generates heat via resistive heating due to the electric current. -
Controller 19 is in communication withheater 10 via electrical leads (distinct from the leads that provide power to heater 10).Controller 19 can turnheater 10 ON or OFF. Optionally,controller 19 can collect temperature data through a thermocouple or other temperature sensor applied to the substrate, or another location within the assembly. - In operation,
heater 10 converts electrical input to thermal output on the surface ofsubstrate 14 to heat the component on which heater 10 rests. Additively manufacturedheater 10 can also be applied to geometrically complex surfaces.Heater 10 can be applied to, but is not limited to, hoses, tubes, panels, tanks, valves, or other composite or metallic components for use in aircraft water systems including components that are heated in use. -
Heater 10 can be manufactured, for example, on a stretchable substrate such assubstrate 14.Stretchable substrate 14 must be able to conform to the curvature of the component surface to whichheater 10 will be applied. The materials forsubstrate 14 are discussed above. In some instances, the substrate must be cleaned or cured before printing using conventional curing methods. -
Substrate 14 must be compatible with both the component andconductive ink 12 used to make the heater and can be a non-conductive substrate material. For instance,stretchable substrate 14 must be able to withstand heating occurring with the component, and maintain adhesion to the component. Additionally,stretchable substrate 14 should be erosion resistant (particularly for applications where wear and incidental contact are plausible) and/or have elastic properties so thatheater 10 onstretchable substrate 14 stays on the component for the component lifetime. This is highly dependent on the specific component andconductive ink 12 chosen. - Next,
conductive ink 12 is additively manufactured ontosubstrate 14 to form or make layers ofheater 10. Examples of commercially available conductive inks are discussed above. Typically, ink-jet, aerosol-jet, or screen printing can be used depending on the type of ink conduit, desired layer thickness, and dimensions ofheater 10. For two-dimensional printing on a substrate using screen-printing, the screen specifications such as mesh count, size, and material are selected based onconductive ink 12 being used, the desired thicknesses ofconductive ink 12 required to be additive manufactured, and the substrate to be additive manufactured on. In some instances, multiple applications ofconductive ink 12 are needed to reach the desired thickness. - For ink-jet and aerosol-jet methods, the print head should be moveable at least on (x, y, z) axes and programmable with the geometric pattern specific to the component on which
heater 10 will be applied. The specific print heat and additively manufacturing method will be dependent on the exact ink formulations and requirements set forth by the manufacturer of the ink. Ink-jet and aerosol-jet printers and printing heads can be utilized for two dimensional applications, such as printing on a substrate, but ideally can be adapted to enable three dimensional (three dimensional) printing capabilities by attaching the printing heads onto a numerically controlled robotic arm. In some cases, the component on which the conductive ink is being additively manufactured can be moved as the robotic arm is applying the ink. For example, three dimensional ink-jet and aerosol-jet printing equipment developed by Ultimaker (three-dimensional ink-jet equipment) or Optomec (three dimensional aerosol-jet equipment) can be used. For ink-jet or aerosol-jet methods, the printing head temperatures, flow rates, nozzle sizes are also selected based on the conductive ink being additive manufactured, required conductive ink thickness, and substrate to be additive manufactured on. - The printing is accomplished in an additive manner, meaning the print head takes one or more passes before a desired element resistance is reached in the desired geometric pattern and desired dimensions, which matches the curvature of the component. Alternatively,
substrate 14 can be a rigid substrate already shaped so that it conforms to the geometric surface of the component to which it will be applied. In this case, the additive manufacturing ofconductive ink 12 must follow a three-dimensional print pattern. -
Conductive ink 12 of additively manufacturedheater 10 may have a thickness of approximately between 2.54 to 254 microns (0.0001" - 0.010"). . Multiple passes are done by the print head when applying the conductive ink. Each layer deposited through individual passes of the print head should have a thickness of approximately 1-100 microns. Multiple passes allows for slow buildup ofconductive ink 12 to the correct resistance and geometric pattern. Additionally, multiple passes allows for tailoring ofconductive ink 12 on certain portions of the component surface. For instance,conductive ink 12 with a lower resistance (e.g., with a higher number of layers) and a greater thickness may be additively manufactured on a first portion of the component compared to a second portion of the component. A person skilled in the art of designing heaters will know how to select appropriate dimensions and geometries for theheater 10 based on the thermal properties of the materials used to construct theheater 10 and the requirements of the application for whichheater 10 will be used. - After additively manufacturing the heater,
conductive ink 12 is cured, and leads 18 are connected toconductive ink 12. The curing process of additively manufacturedheater 10 depends on the type ofconductive ink 12 used. In some instances,conductive ink 12 will air dry. In other instances, heat, infrared exposure, UV exposure, or other methods can be used to cureconductive ink 12. - After
heater 10 is additively manufactured ontosubstrate 14, it may be closed out with a dielectric material, such as acrylic, neoprene, polyurethane, polyimide, silicone, or an epoxy-fiberglass matrix, to prevent erosion and electrical shorting. For example, closeout materials with high dielectric strength, such as polyimide (DuPont Kapton ®), may only be required to be 0.001" thick while materials with lower dielectric strength, such as polyurethane or neoprene rubber, may be as thick as 0.015-0.030".Closeout material 16 can then be cured through conventional methods. (0.01 inch = 254 microns). - Finally,
heater 10 may be applied to the component surface with an adhesive such as a cement adhesive, a pressure sensitive adhesive, or other adhesive means, depending on the component and environment requirements. Thestretchable substrate 14 allows for conforming ofheater 10 to curvature of the component surface without creating unnecessary stresses withinheater 10. The use of astretchable substrate 14 allowsheater 10 to form to the shape of the surface of the component to which it is applied. - Alternatively,
conductive ink 12 is additively manufactured directly onto the component surface. Ifconductive ink 12 is additive manufactured directly onto the component surface, the printing method used must allow for a print head that can move in three dimensions and navigate the geometry of the component surface while printing. Like the first method, the print head will make multiple passes until the resistance and thickness ofheater 10 is correct. Methods such as screen printing, ink-jet or aerosol-jet printing can be used, the method would be selected based on the complexity of the shape on whichheater 10 is being additive manufactured. In some instances, the component surface must be primed or prepared prior to printing ofconductive ink 12. The printing process is similar to that described in reference to the first embodiment, but the print head in this embodiment follows a predetermined three-dimensional program to print on the surface of the component. Once additive manufactured,heater 10 must be electrically connected, closed out, and cured as discussed above. - In some instances, where the assembly surface is electrically conductive (metallic), this necessitates the use of an intermediary dielectric layer between the assembly and additively manufactured
heater 10, such as a non-conductive ink like DuPont® BQ10 or ME777 available from DuPont USA, or an integrally bonded layer such as polyimide (Kapton® available from DuPont) or an epoxy-fiberglass. The typical thickness of a dielectric layer depends on the dielectric strength of the material and as a result may vary, typically between 0.0005" and 0.010" thick. (0.01 inch = 254 microns). The dielectric layer is not necessary for certain types of composite surfaces. This dielectric layer is thin, and acts as an insulator and adhesive between the component surface and the additively manufacturedheater 10. The dialectic layer, like the stretchable substrate in the first embodiment, must be able to withstand temperatures, light, and other environmental factors so that additively manufacturedheater 10 maintains its adhesion to the component. - In any method of additively manufacturing
heater 10,heater 10 adheres to and matches the geometry of the surface of the component to which it is applied. This allows for greater fatigue resistance over the lifespan of the component andheater 10. Fatigue benefits result fromheater 10 moving with the component on which it is printed; generally, additively manufacturedheater 10 can attach directly to a component which results in a larger bend radius compared to prior art heaters. Moreover, multiple applications ofheater 10 conductive ink allows for varying thickness and resistance ofheater 10 as needed on the component. Printed ink heaters such asheater 10 have demonstrated themselves to be more fatigue resistant than metal foil heaters even in identical applications. -
FIGS. 2-12 depict varying embodiments of the additively manufactured heater described with reference toFIG. 1 .FIGS. 2-5 depict varying heaters applied to conduits (hoses or tubes), whileFIGS. 6-12 depict aircraft components that are flat or have varying 3-D surface geometry. The components ofFIGS. 6-12 can be water system components, such as tanks, valves, and panels, or other aircraft components requiring to be heated. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram ofconduit 220 with additively manufacturedheater 210 in the form of an overwrap.Overwrap heater 210 encirclesconduit 220, and containsconductive ink 212,substrate 214,non-conductive closeout layer 216, and adhesive 217. -
Overwrap heater 210 is made ofconductive ink 212 onsubstrate 214.Conductive ink 212 is additively manufactured on flexible/stretchable substrate 214, and protected bycloseout layer 216 attached byadhesive 217.Conductive ink 212 can be conductive with suitable resistance properties to act as a heater, and in some applications is self-regulating. For example,conductive ink 212 can be a carbon loaded, nano-carbon loaded, or nano-silver loaded ink as described in reference toFIG. 1 .Heater 210 should have a power range of between 5 and 15 watts per foot. -
Substrate 214 can be neoprene, nylon fabric, glass fabric, pre-impregnated fabric (containing a resin), urethane, or other similar materials that conform to the geometric surface ofconduit 220.Substrate 214 can be a continuous sheet or strips that are made of a flexible or stretchable material capable of being wrapped aroundconduit 220 and that meets flammability requirements outlined by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In the case of a continuous sheet,substrate 214 can be tightly wrapped aroundconduit 220. In the case of multiple strips ofsubstrate 214, the individual strips can be spaced out alongconduit 220 or overlapping. Alternatively,substrate 214 can be a continuous sheet that is spiral wound aroundconduit 220, leaving space or overlapping as needed. -
Closeout layer 216 is a layer that electrically isolatesconductive ink 212 onsubstrate 214 from the external environment, and can be attached toheater 210 with adhesive 217. Materials forcloseout layer 216 are discussed with reference toFIG. 1 . Adhesive 217 can be, for example, a pressure sensitive adhesive or a chemical adhesive such as epoxy. -
Conduit 220 hascenter channel 222, through which fluid flows, andwall 224, around whichheater 210 is wrapped.Conduit 220 can be, for example, a flexible hose made of a non-conductive material such as rubber, composite, or plastic material such as Teflon®, Nomex®, silicone, rubber, Kapton®, or PEEK. In this case,conductive ink 212 should be non-brittle, pliable, and stretchable.Conductive ink 212, then, should be able to adapt asflexible hose conduit 220 changes shape or fluid runs throughconduit 220. In this case,substrate 214 should be thin, flexible, and stretchable so that it moves with the hose. - In a different embodiment,
conduit 220 can be a rigid tube made of either a conductive (metallic) material or a non-conductive (non-metallic) material. In this case,conductive ink 212 does need to be non-brittle and pliable, but does not require as much stretch as an ink on a hose. Similarly,substrate 214 should be thin, flexible, capable of being wrapped aroundconduit 220, and meet flammability requirements for aircraft, but does not necessarily need to be stretchable. In the case of a conductive rigid tube,conductive ink 212 must be insulated from the conductive rigid tube by a coating, dielectric layer, orsubstrate 214. - In another embodiment,
conduit 220 can be a thin walled rigid tube. The thin walled rigid tube can be either metallic or non-metallic. In this case,conducive ink 212 should be pliable and non-brittle. For thin walled rigid tubes,substrate 214 can be a thin, flexible, structurally reinforcing fabric. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram ofconduit 320 with additively manufactured heater 310 in the form of an overwrap. Overwrap heater 310 encirclesconduit 320, and containsconductive ink 312,substrate 314, andcloseout coating 316.Conduit 320 hascenter channel 322, through which fluid flows, andwall 324, around which heater 310 is wrapped. Heater 310,conductive ink 312, andsubstrate 314 are the same as the corresponding elements described in reference toFIG. 2 . -
Closeout coating 316 replaces the closeout layers in the embodiments described with reference toFIG. 2 .Closeout coating 316 is non-conductive, protectsconductive ink 312 from electrically shorting, and physically protectsconductive ink 312 from mechanical forces.Closeout coating 316 can be, for example, conformal coatings, parylene, conathane, colysulfide, epoxies, or other suitable coatings. - Similar to the embodiments described in reference to
FIG. 2 ,conduit 320 can be a non-conductive hose, a rigid tube that is conductive or non-conductive, or a thin-walled tube that is conductive or non-conductive.Substrate 314 andconductive ink 312 can vary accordingly. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram ofconduit 420 with direct printed additively manufacturedheater 410. Additivelymanufactured heater 410 containsconductive ink 412 andover-wrapped closeout layer 416 with adhesive 417.Conduit 420 hascenter channel 422, through which fluid flows, andwall 424, on which additively manufacturedheater 410 is printed. -
Heater 410 does not contain a substrate. Instead,conductive ink 412 can be printed directly ontoconduit 420. In this embodiment,conduit 420 can be, for example, a non-metallic hose, non-metallic rigid tube, or non-metallic thin-walled tube. Importantly,conduit 420 is non-conductive to prevent electrical shorting. -
Closeout layer 416 is a layer that electrically isolatesconductive ink 412 onconduit 420 from the external environment, and can be attached toconduit 420 with adhesive 417.Closeout layer 416 acts as an overwrap layer, and wraps aroundconduit 420. Materials forcloseout layer 416 are discussed with reference toFIG. 1 . Adhesive 417 can be, for example, a pressure sensitive adhesive or a chemical adhesive such as epoxy. -
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram ofconduit 520 with direct printed additively manufacturedheater 510. Additivelymanufactured heater 510 containsconductive ink 512 andcloseout coating 516.Conduit 520 hascenter channel 522, through which fluid flows, andwall 524, on which additively manufacturedheater 510 is printed. - Like the embodiment in
FIG. 4 ,heater 510 containsconductive ink 512 that is directly additively manufactured onto the surface ofconduit 520. For this reason,heater 510 does not contain a substrate. In this embodiment,conduit 520 can be, for example, a non-metallic hose, non-metallic rigid tube, or non-metallic thin-walled tube. Importantly,conduit 520 is non-conductive to prevent electrical shorting. -
Closeout coating 516 replaces the closeout layers in the embodiments described with reference toFIG. 4 .Closeout coating 516 is non-conductive, protectsconductive ink 512 from electrically shorting, and physically protectsconductive ink 512 from mechanical forces.Closeout coating 516 can be, for example, conformal coating, parylene, conathane, polysulfide, epoxies, or other appropriate coatings. -
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram ofinterior aircraft panel 620 having complex geometry with direct printed additively manufacturedheater 610.Heater 610 includesconductive ink 612. -
Aircraft panel 620 hasexterior side 626 andinterior surface 628.Aircraft panel 620 is of a variable, complex surface geometry that is difficult to apply a flat heater to. For example,aircraft panel 620 can be a cylindrical tank, conformal tank, vessel, blade, vane, inlet, radome, or other aircraft interior part. In the case of an aircraft interior part,exterior side 626 would face the passengers or cabin of the aircraft. - Due to the complex shape of
interior surface 628,conductive ink 612 is directly additively manufactured ontointerior surface 628 with a print head capable of moving in three dimensions and applying the ink in the desired thickness and resistance range tointerior surface 628. This process is described in detail with reference toFIG. 1 . -
Conductive ink 612 can be, as described with reference toFIG. 1 , a conductive silver-filled or carbon-filled ink suitable forheating aircraft panel 620.Conductive ink 612 may have a power range of approximately 0.4 - 40 Watts per square inch.Conductive ink 612 is directly additively manufactured ontointerior surface 628 ofaircraft panel 620. Preferably,conductive ink 612 is non-brittle and pliable so that it can conform to the shape ofaircraft panel 620 when applied through additive manufacturing. -
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram offlat aircraft panel 720 with additively manufacturedheater 710.Heater 710 includesconductive ink 712 andcloseout layer 716. -
Flat aircraft panel 720 had a flat surface on whichconductive ink 712 is directly additively manufactured. Alternatively,conductive ink 712 can be additively manufactured onto a substrate (not shown), and the substrate can be applied to the flat surface ofaircraft panel 720. In this case, the substrate should be thin, flexible, and meet flammability requirements. -
Closeout layer 712, similar tocloseout layer 216 inFIG. 2 , is a layer that electrically isolatesconductive ink 712 from the external environment, and can be attached toheater 710 with an adhesive (not shown). Materials forcloseout layer 716 are discussed with reference toFIG. 1 . The adhesive can be, for example, a pressure sensitive adhesive or a chemical adhesive such as epoxy. Alternatively,conductive ink 712 can be protected by a closeout coating such as coating 616 described in reference toFIG. 6 . - In
heater 710,conductive ink 712 has a power range of 0.4 - 1.5 Watts per square inch.Conductive ink 712 acts as a heater and in some applications is self-regulating.Conductive ink 712 is non-brittle and pliable to allow additive manufacturing application topanel 720. -
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram ofcurved aircraft component 820 with direct printed additively manufacturedheater 810 containingconductive ink 812. -
Aircraft component 820 can be, for example, a water tank or engine inlet.Conductive ink 812 can be directly additively manufactured onto interior or exterior surfaces ofcomponent 820. Ifcomponent 820 is a water tank,conductive ink 812 can be printed on an exterior surface to provide heating. In other embodiments, a thin, flexible substrate (not shown) can be used. The substrate would need to be adaptable to tight corners, such as edges or curves incomponent 820. - Alternatively,
conductive ink 812 can be printed on an interior surface ofcomponent 820. In the case of a potable water tank, theconductive ink 812 can be used as a water level sensor on the interior surface. In this case,conductive ink 812 and a substrate, closeout material, or other adhesives, would need to be able to survive such an environment. Additionally, these materials should be compatible with drinking water if used in a potable water tank application. -
Conductive ink 812 may have a power range of 0.4 - 40 Watts per square inch, and is conductive with suitable resistive property to act as a heater. In some cases,conductive ink 812 is self-regulating.Conductive ink 812 is both non-brittle and pliable to allow for additive manufacturing application tocomponent 820 as described in reference toFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram ofnarrow aircraft component 920 with direct printed additively manufacturedheater 910 containingconductive ink 912. -
Aircraft component 920 is a metal composite or other durable material suitable for an erosion shield or abrasion shield.Aircraft component 920 has a narrow finished cross-section.Conductive ink 912 can be printed directly onto the surface ofcomponent 920 either before or after processing and forming ofcomponent 920. Alternatively,conductive ink 912 can be printed onto a thin substrate (not shown), which is then applied tocomponent 920. -
Conductive ink 912 can have a power range between 0.4 - 40 Watts per square inch.Conductive ink 912 is a pliable, non-brittle ink that can be applied to the surface ofcomponent 920 through additive manufacturing methods described in reference toFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram ofaircraft component 1020 with sharp edges with additively manufacturedheater 1010 on a substrate withconductive ink 1012 onsubstrate 1014. -
Aircraft component 1020 can be, for example, a valve body having sharp edges. To allow for even heating ofcomponent 1020 around its sharp edges,conductive ink 1012 is additively manufactured ontosubstrate 1014.Substrate 1014 is adhered tocomponent 1020, around the sharp corners. -
Substrate 1014 is a conformable substrate with low "spring back" which allows it to follow the corners ofcomponent 1020.Substrate 1014 is thin, flexible, and meets flammability requirements. -
Conductive ink 1012 onsubstrate 1014 may have a power range between 0.4 - 40 Watts per square inch.Conductive ink 1012 is a pliable, non-brittle ink that can be applied to the surface ofcomponent 1020 through additive manufacturing methods described in reference toFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram ofaircraft component 1120 with sharp edges with a direct printed additively manufacturedheater 1110 withconductive ink 1112. -
Aircraft component 1120 can be, for example, a valve body having sharp edges. In this embodiment, there is no substrate, andconductive ink 1112 is additively manufactured onto the surface ofcomponent 1120 as described with reference toFIG. 1 .Conductive ink 1112 may have a power range between 0.4 - 40 Watts per square inch, and is a pliable, non-brittle ink. -
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram ofassembly 1220 with additively manufacturedheater 1210 withconductive ink 1212 onfabric substrate 1214. -
Conductive ink 1212 is additively manufactured ontofabric substrate 1214, which can be, for example, seat upholstery or cloth covering for other surfaces in an aircraft. Alternatively,conductive ink 1212 can be printed onto thinner fabric (not shown) which is subsequently attached to the inside of more rugged upholstery material such as thick woven fabric, leather, or similar fabrics. -
Conductive ink 1212 has a power range of 0.4 - 1 Watts per square inch, and is a conductive material with suitable resistive properties to act as a heater.Conductive ink 1212 is non-brittle, pliable, and stretchable so that it moves withfabric substrate 1214 as the fabric moves. - Additively manufactured heaters perform well in high stress environments. Additively manufacturing heaters onto flexible or stretchable substrates, followed by wrapping the substrate around a conduit allows for reduced weight and costs for heaters. Direct additively manufacturing onto the surfaces of components limits the amount of materials on the component surface, reducing weight and cost. Moreover, these types of additively manufactured heaters conform well to varying component surface geometries.
- While the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment(s), it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (10)
- An assembly comprises:a water system component;an additively manufactured heater (10) on the water system component comprising a plurality of layers of a conductive ink (12);one or more connectors from the heater to an electrical source; anda controller configured to regulate the additively manufactured heater;wherein the water system component is a tube and the tube comprises a material selected from the group consisting of metallic, composites, and plastics, the additively manufactured heater (10) comprises an overwrap (210) configured to fit around the tube, andsaid overwrap (210) further comprises a substrate (214) on which the plurality of layers of the conductive ink resides, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of neoprene, nylon fabric, glass fabric, pre-impregnated fabric, urethane, or combinations thereof
- The assembly of claim 1, wherein the additively manufactured heater (10) has a resistance between 16.4 -49.2 watts per meter.
- The assembly of any preceding claim, wherein the additively manufactured heater (10) has a thickness between 0.00254 mm and 0.254 mm.
- The assembly of any preceding claim, wherein each of the plurality of layers of the conductive ink has a thickness between 1-100 microns.
- The assembly of any preceding claim, wherein the conductive ink (12) is selected from the group consisting of nano-carbon loaded inks, carbon-loaded inks, and silver-loaded inks.
- The assembly of any preceding claim, wherein the substrate (214) comprises individual strips that are spaced out along the tube or are overlapping.
- The assembly of any of claims 1-5, wherein the substrate (214) is a continuous sheet that is spiral wound around the tube such that the continuous sheet does not overlap itself.
- The assembly of any of claims 1-5, wherein the substrate (214) is a continuous sheet that is spiral wound around the tube such that the continuous sheet overlaps itself.
- The assembly of any preceding claim, further comprising a closeout layer (216) on the additively manufactured heater, wherein the closeout layer (216) is selected from the group consisting of neoprene, nylon fabric, glass fabric, pre-impregnated fabrics, urethane, and combinations thereof.
- The assembly of claims 1-8, further comprising a closeout coating (316) on the additively manufactured heater, wherein the closeout coating (316) is selected from the group consisting of paint, conformal coatings, polyurethane, nitrile, PVC, neoprene, epoxies, parylene, dipped coatings, and combinations thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US16/160,417 US11274853B2 (en) | 2018-10-15 | 2018-10-15 | Additively manufactured heaters for water system components |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3641491A1 EP3641491A1 (en) | 2020-04-22 |
EP3641491B1 true EP3641491B1 (en) | 2023-03-22 |
Family
ID=68281082
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19203375.1A Active EP3641491B1 (en) | 2018-10-15 | 2019-10-15 | Additively manufactured heaters for water system components |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US11274853B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3641491B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2020064853A (en) |
CN (1) | CN111050431B (en) |
BR (1) | BR102019021590B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2019149966A1 (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2019-08-08 | Ecovolt Ltd | A radiant heater and method of manufacture |
CN113910598B (en) * | 2021-11-26 | 2024-03-08 | 天津中德应用技术大学 | Method for 3D printing of carbon fiber composite material of electronic equipment case |
EP4280815A1 (en) * | 2022-05-18 | 2023-11-22 | Goodrich Corporation | High-efficient silicone heater |
WO2024050334A1 (en) * | 2022-08-29 | 2024-03-07 | Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company | 3d printed heater system |
JP7488017B1 (en) | 2023-03-06 | 2024-05-21 | 三恵技研工業株式会社 | Snow-melting radome for vehicle-mounted radar device and vehicle-mounted radar structure |
Family Cites Families (32)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS62165688U (en) * | 1986-03-14 | 1987-10-21 | ||
JPH01134891A (en) * | 1987-11-20 | 1989-05-26 | Shohachi Hoshisawa | Manufacture of conductive exothermic sheet |
JP2517811B2 (en) * | 1991-11-06 | 1996-07-24 | ミサワホーム株式会社 | Insulation pipe |
JPH1060959A (en) * | 1996-08-23 | 1998-03-03 | Sekisui Plastics Co Ltd | Piping with heater |
JPH10134947A (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 1998-05-22 | Sakaguchi Dennetsu Kk | Heater for piping and manufacture thereof |
JPH11144843A (en) * | 1997-11-05 | 1999-05-28 | Ushio Inc | Heater |
IT1306477B1 (en) * | 1998-10-13 | 2001-06-11 | Hydor Srl | THERMOSTATIC HEATER DEVICE FOR LIQUIDS, IN PARTICULAR FOR AQUARIUM WATER. |
US20030210902A1 (en) | 2002-05-10 | 2003-11-13 | Giamati Michael J. | Heater for aircraft potable water tank |
WO2004049761A1 (en) | 2002-11-22 | 2004-06-10 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Sol-gel based heating element |
JP2004303580A (en) * | 2003-03-31 | 2004-10-28 | Nichias Corp | Tape heater |
JP4051038B2 (en) * | 2004-02-10 | 2008-02-20 | エスペック株式会社 | Pipe heater manufacturing method and pipe heater |
US7617592B2 (en) | 2005-07-08 | 2009-11-17 | Total Electronics, Llc | Method for manufacturing thin film heaters |
US9161393B2 (en) | 2006-10-04 | 2015-10-13 | T+Ink, Inc. | Heated textiles and methods of making the same |
DE102008034748A1 (en) | 2008-07-24 | 2010-01-28 | Tesa Se | Flexible heated surface element |
CA2735664A1 (en) * | 2008-09-16 | 2010-03-25 | United States Gypsum Company | Heating system |
US20220111560A9 (en) * | 2014-04-08 | 2022-04-14 | Applied Cavitation, Inc. | Systems and methods for producing materials suitable for additive manufacturing using a hydrodynamic cavitation apparatus |
US10373745B2 (en) | 2014-06-12 | 2019-08-06 | LMS Consulting Group | Electrically conductive PTC ink with double switching temperatures and applications thereof in flexible double-switching heaters |
EP3086011B1 (en) * | 2015-04-21 | 2019-07-31 | Airbus Operations GmbH | Double-walled pipe with integrated heating capability for an aircraft or spacecraft |
EP3106762B1 (en) | 2015-06-16 | 2018-04-11 | Henkel AG & Co. KGaA | Printed heater elements integrated in construction materials |
WO2017005662A1 (en) | 2015-07-03 | 2017-01-12 | Kautex Textron Gmbh & Co. Kg | Thawing device for operating fluid containers |
PL3323272T3 (en) | 2015-07-16 | 2020-03-31 | Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. | Disposable cup for heating food products |
DE102016209012A1 (en) * | 2015-12-18 | 2017-06-22 | E.G.O. Elektro-Gerätebau GmbH | heater |
US10215317B2 (en) * | 2016-01-15 | 2019-02-26 | Lam Research Corporation | Additively manufactured gas distribution manifold |
US10368394B2 (en) | 2016-09-01 | 2019-07-30 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | PTC heater with autonomous control |
US10494107B2 (en) * | 2017-01-03 | 2019-12-03 | Goodrich Corporation | Additive manufacturing of conformal deicing and boundary layer control surface for aircraft |
US10634631B2 (en) * | 2017-02-14 | 2020-04-28 | Itt Manufacturing Enterprises Llc | Methods and systems for detecting defects in layered devices and other materials |
US20190060583A1 (en) * | 2017-08-22 | 2019-02-28 | Jabil Circuit, Inc. | Apparatus, system and method of providing a conformable heater system |
US10703500B2 (en) * | 2018-07-10 | 2020-07-07 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Heated pipe for liquid flows |
US10767789B2 (en) * | 2018-07-16 | 2020-09-08 | Asm Ip Holding B.V. | Diaphragm valves, valve components, and methods for forming valve components |
US11426818B2 (en) * | 2018-08-10 | 2022-08-30 | The Research Foundation for the State University | Additive manufacturing processes and additively manufactured products |
US11280685B2 (en) * | 2018-10-01 | 2022-03-22 | Goodrich Corporation | Additive manufactured resistance temperature detector |
US11044789B2 (en) * | 2018-10-11 | 2021-06-22 | Goodrich Corporation | Three dimensionally printed heated positive temperature coefficient tubes |
-
2018
- 2018-10-15 US US16/160,417 patent/US11274853B2/en active Active
-
2019
- 2019-10-07 JP JP2019184209A patent/JP2020064853A/en active Pending
- 2019-10-14 BR BR102019021590-9A patent/BR102019021590B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2019-10-14 CN CN201910973417.9A patent/CN111050431B/en active Active
- 2019-10-15 EP EP19203375.1A patent/EP3641491B1/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2020064853A (en) | 2020-04-23 |
BR102019021590A2 (en) | 2020-04-28 |
CN111050431A (en) | 2020-04-21 |
CN111050431B (en) | 2023-08-29 |
BR102019021590B1 (en) | 2023-03-07 |
US20200116388A1 (en) | 2020-04-16 |
EP3641491A1 (en) | 2020-04-22 |
US11274853B2 (en) | 2022-03-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP3641491B1 (en) | Additively manufactured heaters for water system components | |
US11084593B2 (en) | Additive manufactured heater elements for propeller ice protection | |
US9939087B2 (en) | Double-walled pipe with integrated heating capability for an aircraft or spacecraft | |
EP3187882B1 (en) | Apparatus and method for anti-icing of speed measurement probes | |
CN111050437B (en) | Three-dimensional printing type heating positive temperature coefficient tube | |
US9975625B2 (en) | Laminated plasma actuator | |
CA2941034C (en) | Advanced multiple grid heat sources to achieve optimized cure structure and method of making the same | |
EP3633338B1 (en) | Additive manufactured resistance temperature detector | |
EP3573426B1 (en) | Flexible heated hose assembly with printed positive temperature co-efficient heater | |
US20200269503A1 (en) | 3d printing device | |
KR20190073307A (en) | Pfa tube heater with flexible heating elements | |
JP6924055B2 (en) | Heat pipe with print heater and its manufacturing method | |
US5966501A (en) | Method for controlling the viscosity of a fluid in a defined volume | |
EP3650210B1 (en) | Establishing electronics in composite parts by locating electronics on lay-up mandrels | |
JP6335791B2 (en) | Aircraft charge dissipation system | |
US20220411076A1 (en) | Aircraft feature with heating system formed of laser-induced graphene | |
EP3499049A1 (en) | Hydraulic system with a reservoir having heating means | |
US11287088B1 (en) | Heating of evacuation systems | |
US20180050471A1 (en) | Modular portable accelerated cure system |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN PUBLISHED |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: BA ME |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20201014 |
|
RBV | Designated contracting states (corrected) |
Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: GRANT OF PATENT IS INTENDED |
|
INTG | Intention to grant announced |
Effective date: 20221102 |
|
GRAS | Grant fee paid |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE PATENT HAS BEEN GRANTED |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R096 Ref document number: 602019026591 Country of ref document: DE |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: REF Ref document number: 1556024 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Effective date: 20230415 |
|
P01 | Opt-out of the competence of the unified patent court (upc) registered |
Effective date: 20230521 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: LT Ref legal event code: MG9D |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: NL Ref legal event code: MP Effective date: 20230322 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: RS Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: NO Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230622 Ref country code: LV Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: LT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: HR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: MK05 Ref document number: 1556024 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Effective date: 20230322 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230623 Ref country code: FI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SM Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: RO Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230724 Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: EE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: AT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20230920 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: PL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: IS Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230722 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20230920 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R097 Ref document number: 602019026591 Country of ref document: DE |
|
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: DK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 Ref country code: CZ Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20230322 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20230920 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
26N | No opposition filed |
Effective date: 20240102 |