EP3401739B1 - Timepiece movement comprising a constant force device - Google Patents

Timepiece movement comprising a constant force device Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3401739B1
EP3401739B1 EP17169872.3A EP17169872A EP3401739B1 EP 3401739 B1 EP3401739 B1 EP 3401739B1 EP 17169872 A EP17169872 A EP 17169872A EP 3401739 B1 EP3401739 B1 EP 3401739B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lever
gear train
timepiece movement
control lever
during
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EP17169872.3A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3401739A1 (en
Inventor
Lukas Gisler
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Patek Philippe SA Geneve
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Patek Philippe SA Geneve
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Priority to EP17169872.3A priority Critical patent/EP3401739B1/en
Publication of EP3401739A1 publication Critical patent/EP3401739A1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
    • G04B1/00—Driving mechanisms
    • G04B1/10—Driving mechanisms with mainspring
    • G04B1/22—Compensation of changes in the motive power of the mainspring
    • G04B1/225—Compensation of changes in the motive power of the mainspring with the aid of an interposed power-accumulator (secondary spring) which is always tensioned

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a watch movement comprising a so-called “constant force” device, that is to say a watch movement comprising between its motor member and its escapement an intermediate spring which is periodically armed by the driving member and which delivers its energy in the exhaust.
  • a constant force device that is to say a watch movement comprising between its motor member and its escapement an intermediate spring which is periodically armed by the driving member and which delivers its energy in the exhaust.
  • Such an intermediate spring makes it possible to provide the escapement with a force which theoretically does not depend on the degree of arming of the motor unit, thus improving the constancy of the amplitude of the oscillator of the watch movement.
  • the locking member is a spout or pallet carried by the rocker and intended to engage in teeth wolf teeth of a stop wheel forming part of the gear train.
  • the stop wheel bears against the blocking member secured to the rocker, so that the movement of the rocker causes friction. This friction consumes a part of the energy supplied by the periodic energy storage spring and disturbs the regularity of oscillations of the oscillator due to the fact that they vary according to the state of arming of the organ engine.
  • the present invention aims to alleviate this problem and proposes for this purpose a watch movement according to claim 1 and a timepiece, such as a watch or a pendulum, comprising it.
  • the present invention differs from the watch movement according to the patent EP 1528443 in particular in that the locking member is a lever arranged for, during the first phase of the operating cycle, be prevented by the latch to release the gear during a non-zero integer N alternating (s) of the oscillator and be driven by the rocker only after the (the) N alternating (s) to release the cog.
  • axis or "axis of rotation” is understood to mean an imaginary axis, that is to say an ideal line around which a rotation occurs.
  • a watch movement 1 comprises a driving member 2, a gear train 3, an escapement 4 and an oscillator 5.
  • the driving member 2 and the oscillator 5 are typically constituted by a barrel and a sprung-balance, respectively .
  • the exhaust 4 is for example a Swiss lever escapement.
  • the wheel 3 comprises, in the illustrated example, a center wheel 3a meshing with the motor member 2, a mobile of average 3b meshing with the center wheel 3a, a second wheel 3c carrying a second indicator needle (not shown) and meshing with the mobile of average 3b, a first intermediate mobile 3d meshing with the second mobile 3c, a second intermediate mobile 3e meshing with the first intermediate mobile 3d, and a stopping mobile 3f meshing with the second intermediate mobile 3e.
  • Each of the mobiles 3a to 3e is formed of a wheel and a pinion coaxial and solidarity.
  • the stop mobile 3f comprises a pinion 3g and a finger 3h coaxial and integral with the pinion 3g.
  • a rocker 6 is pivotally mounted about the axis A1 of the second mobile 3c, freely rotatable relative to said mobile 3c, but could alternatively rotate about an axis distinct from the axis A1.
  • An intermediate mobile 7 carried by the rocker 6 meshes with the second mobile 3c and the exhaust pinion 4b to connect the exhaust 4 to the wheel 3.
  • This intermediate mobile 7 is typically a wheel pivotally mounted about an axis A2 which moves with the rocker 6.
  • the rocker 6 is subjected to the action of a periodic energy storage spring 8 tending to pivot the rocker 6 in the clockwise direction of the figure 1 .
  • the spring 8 is preferably a spring blade as represented but could be in another form, such as a hairspring.
  • the rocker 6 cooperates with a lever 9 pivoting about an axis A3.
  • the lever 9 is not subjected to the action of a return spring. It carries a spout 9a which most of the time holds the finger 3h, thus blocking the gear 3 and the motor member 2.
  • the axis A1 and unlike the axis A2 which moves with the rocker 6, the axis A3 is fixed relative to the frame of the watch movement 1.
  • the rocker 6 has at one end a first actuating surface 6a, a second actuating surface 6b and an abutment surface 6c.
  • the abutment surface 6c is in circular arc concentric with respect to the axis of rotation A1 of the rocker 6.
  • the actuating surfaces 6a, 6b are eccentric with respect to the axis of rotation A1 of the rocker 6 and connected by the abutment surface 6c.
  • the first actuating surface 6a is preferably flat and directed towards the axis of rotation A1 of the rocker 6.
  • the second actuating surface 6b is constituted by a corner of said end of the rocker 6, more precisely by the zone connecting the abutment surface 6c and a surface 6d of the rocker 6 opposite the first actuating surface 6a.
  • the actuating surfaces 6a, 6b are cams interacting with first and second teeth 9b, 9c of a fork defined by the end of the lever 9 other than that carrying the spout 9a.
  • Watch movement 1 operates according to the following cycle.
  • the spring 8 expands and moves the rocker 6 clockwise.
  • the intermediate mobile 7 moves with the rocker 6 and its meshing in the manner of a sun gear with the mobile of second 3c, while fixed, rotates it clockwise to drive the mobile escape 4a, 4b.
  • This displacement of the rocker 6 and the intermediate mobile 7 is made in steps, at the rate of the releases of the escape wheel 4a by the oscillator 5 via the anchor 4c, the rocker 6 pivoting and a step at each alternation of the oscillator 5.
  • the rocker 6 pivots the lever 9 in the counterclockwise direction so that its spout 9a disengages from the finger 3h and releases the wheel 3 and the motor member 2 ( figures 2 and 3 ).
  • the second mobile 3c then rotates the intermediate mobile 7 in the counterclockwise direction, and the meshing of the intermediate mobile 7 with the exhaust pinion 4b, which at this moment is fixed in because of the support of the escape wheel 4a against the anchor 4c, brings the rocker 6 back to its initial position by arming the spring 8 ( figure 4 ).
  • This movement of the gear train 3, the intermediate mobile 7 and the rocker 6 is almost instantaneous.
  • the energy received by the escapement 4 comes from the expansion of the spring 8, which is periodically armed by the drive member 2.
  • the rocker 6, the intermediate mobile 7 and the spring 8 form a so-called “constant force device” which improves the constancy of the amplitude of the oscillator 5.
  • the duration of each cycle is 1 second, allowing the second mobile 3c and the pointer of the second door to move it by performing a jump to 1/60 revolution per second.
  • the release of the finger 3h allows the gear 3 to rotate under the action of the drive member 2.
  • the gear 3 returns the rocker 6 to its initial position, starting by causing the return of the lever 9 in its position where the spout 9a cut the trajectory of the finger 3h ( figure 4 ).
  • the return of the lever 9 in its position where the nose 9a intersects the path of the finger 3h is obtained from the passage of the latch 6 in its position corresponding to the (M-1) th alternation of each cycle.
  • the second actuating surface 6b comes into contact with the inner side of the second tooth 9c ( figure 3 ) then pushes this inner flank until the abutment surface 6c is placed opposite the top of the second tooth 9c to lock the lever 9 ( figure 4 ).
  • the friction between the rocker 6 and the lever 9 during the expansion of the spring 8 are very low, they occur essentially at the end of each cycle.
  • the constant force device 6, 7, 8 is very little disturbed by the variations in force of the driving member 2 and is even less dependent on the degree of arming of the driving member 2 than the force device.
  • the number N of alternations during which the flip-flop 6 does not cause the lever 9 can vary from one cycle to another.
  • the lever 9 having no stop preventing it from engaging more deeply in the finger 3h, it can in some cycles stop in a position that reduces the number N. It can be made that number N equal to M-1 in all cycles by the recourse to such a stop. It can also be done so that the number N is the same in each cycle while being different from M-1 (for example equal to M-2 or M-3).
  • the first actuating surface 6a comes into contact with the first tooth 9b of the lever 9 before the Mth alternation but ends up clearing the lip 9a of the finger 3h when said M th alternation.
  • the number M of alternations of the oscillator 5, and therefore the number of steps of the flip-flop 6, in each cycle is equal to eight, the flip-flop 6 traverses an angle of 2 ° per cycle, ie 0 , 25 ° in steps, the gear ratios in the gear train 3 are chosen so that a turn of the finger 3h corresponds to this angle of 2 ° and the number N of alternations during which the rocker 6 moved by the spring 8 n
  • the lever 9 is equal to seven, six or five depending on the cycle.
  • the number M of alternations of the oscillator 5 per cycle could be two and the number N of alternations where the flip-flop 6 does not cause the lever 9 could be equal to one.
  • the number N of alternations of the oscillator 5 during which the flip-flop 6 does not cause the lever 9 in each cycle is at least equal to one, preferably at least two, more preferably at least three, more preferably at least four, more preferably at least five, more preferably at least six, preferably at least at least equal to seven.
  • lever 9 interacts with the finger 3h which could be likened to a stop wheel having only one tooth. This configuration makes it possible to control the locking safety and the unlocking safety in a single position, unlike that of the movement described in the patent. EP 1528443 where the stop wheel carries 10 teeth.
  • Yet another advantage of the present invention is that one can play on the length of the arms of the lever 9, more precisely provide a shorter distance between the axis of rotation A3 and the fork 9b, 9c that between the axis rotation A3 and the spout 9a, so that a displacement of the portion (fork 9b, 9c) in contact with the rocker 6 causes a greater displacement of the portion (spout 9a) in contact with the stopper 3f.
  • Increasing the stroke of the nozzle 9a makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the moment of unlocking of the stopping mobile 3f and thus to improve the operational safety. This also makes it possible to widen manufacturing tolerances and thus reduce manufacturing costs.
  • the present invention is not limited to the shape of the fork 9b, 9c and the end 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d of the latch 6 as shown.
  • the flip-flop 6 could carry a pin which would be engaged in an L-shaped hole of the lever 9, this hole replacing the teeth 9b, 9c.
  • the watch movement 1 may comprise a device for adjusting the position of the axis of rotation A3 of the lever 9, for adjusting the depth of penetration of the spout 9a in the finger 3h.
  • This adjustment device comprises, for example, a pivoting lever 10 around an axis A4 and a bridge 11 fixed to this lever 10, the lever 9 being mounted between this lever 10 and this bridge 11.
  • the lever 9 is secured to a shaft which defines the axis of rotation A3 and whose two ends pivot in stones (one of them, 11a, is visible at the figure 5 ) respectively carried by the rocker 10 and the bridge 11, thereby reducing friction.
  • the angular position of the adjusting device 10, 11 around its axis of rotation A4 can be adjusted to adjust the position of the axis of rotation A3 of the lever 9 relative to the axis of rotation of the stopping wheel 3f and of his finger 3h.
  • An eccentric 12 and a plating spring 13 allow fine adjustment of the device. Maintaining the adjusting device 10, 11 in its set position is provided by screws 14 passing through oblong holes 15 of the rocker 10 and screwing into the frame of the watch movement 1.
  • the watch movement 1 according to the invention can be used in a watch or a pendulum, in particular a table clock.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Transmission Devices (AREA)

Description

La présente invention concerne un mouvement horloger comprenant un dispositif dit à « force constante », c'est-à-dire un mouvement horloger comprenant entre son organe moteur et son échappement un ressort intermédiaire qui est armé périodiquement par l'organe moteur et qui délivre son énergie à l'échappement. Un tel ressort intermédiaire permet de fournir à l'échappement une force qui en théorie ne dépend pas du degré d'armage de l'organe moteur, améliorant ainsi la constance de l'amplitude de l'oscillateur du mouvement horloger.The present invention relates to a watch movement comprising a so-called "constant force" device, that is to say a watch movement comprising between its motor member and its escapement an intermediate spring which is periodically armed by the driving member and which delivers its energy in the exhaust. Such an intermediate spring makes it possible to provide the escapement with a force which theoretically does not depend on the degree of arming of the motor unit, thus improving the constancy of the amplitude of the oscillator of the watch movement.

Plus particulièrement, la présente invention porte sur un mouvement horloger comprenant :

  • un rouage,
  • un organe moteur pour entraîner le rouage,
  • un échappement,
  • un oscillateur agencé pour coopérer avec l'échappement,
  • une bascule portant un mobile intermédiaire qui relie l'échappement au rouage,
  • un ressort de stockage périodique d'énergie agencé pour agir sur la bascule, et
  • un organe de blocage pour immobiliser et libérer le rouage, cet organe de blocage étant commandé par la bascule,
le mouvement horloger étant agencé pour fonctionner selon un cycle comprenant une première phase pendant laquelle l'organe de blocage immobilise le rouage, permettant au ressort de stockage périodique d'énergie de se détendre et de déplacer la bascule dans un premier sens par pas au rythme des alternances de l'oscillateur jusqu'à ce que l'organe de blocage libère le rouage, et une seconde phase déclenchée par la libération du rouage pendant laquelle la bascule est déplacée dans le sens opposé au premier sens sous l'action du rouage pour réarmer le ressort de stockage périodique d'énergie et ramener l'organe de blocage dans une position où il pourra de nouveau immobiliser le rouage.More particularly, the present invention relates to a watch movement comprising:
  • a cog,
  • a driving member for driving the gear,
  • an exhaust,
  • an oscillator arranged to cooperate with the escapement,
  • a rocker carrying an intermediate mobile which connects the escapement to the wheel,
  • a periodic energy storage spring arranged to act on the rocker, and
  • a locking member for immobilizing and releasing the gear train, this locking member being controlled by the rocker,
the watch movement being arranged to operate according to a cycle comprising a first phase during which the locking member immobilizes the wheel, allowing the periodic energy storage spring to relax and move the rocker in a first direction step by step alternations of the oscillator until the locking member releases the gear, and a second phase triggered by the release of the gear during which the rocker is moved in the opposite direction to the first direction under the action of the gear for reset the periodic energy storage spring and return the locking member to a position where it can again immobilize the train.

Un tel mouvement horloger est décrit dans le brevet EP 1528443 . Dans ce dernier, l'organe de blocage est un bec ou palette porté par la bascule et destiné à s'engager dans une denture en dents de loup d'une roue d'arrêt faisant partie du rouage. Pendant toute la première phase du cycle de fonctionnement la roue d'arrêt est en appui contre l'organe de blocage solidaire de la bascule, si bien que le déplacement de la bascule engendre des frottements. Ces frottements consomment une partie de l'énergie fournie par le ressort de stockage périodique d'énergie et perturbent la régularité des oscillations de l'oscillateur en raison du fait qu'ils varient en fonction de l'état d'armage de l'organe moteur.Such a watch movement is described in the patent EP 1528443 . In the latter, the locking member is a spout or pallet carried by the rocker and intended to engage in teeth wolf teeth of a stop wheel forming part of the gear train. Throughout the first phase of the operating cycle, the stop wheel bears against the blocking member secured to the rocker, so that the movement of the rocker causes friction. This friction consumes a part of the energy supplied by the periodic energy storage spring and disturbs the regularity of oscillations of the oscillator due to the fact that they vary according to the state of arming of the organ engine.

La présente invention vise à atténuer ce problème et propose à cette fin un mouvement horloger selon la revendication 1 et une pièce d'horlogerie, telle qu'une montre ou une pendule, le comprenant. La présente invention se distingue du mouvement horloger selon le brevet EP 1528443 notamment en ce que l'organe de blocage est un levier agencé pour, pendant la première phase du cycle de fonctionnement, être empêché par la bascule de libérer le rouage pendant un nombre entier non nul N d'alternance(s) de l'oscillateur et être entraîné par la bascule seulement après la(les) N alternance(s) pour libérer le rouage.The present invention aims to alleviate this problem and proposes for this purpose a watch movement according to claim 1 and a timepiece, such as a watch or a pendulum, comprising it. The present invention differs from the watch movement according to the patent EP 1528443 in particular in that the locking member is a lever arranged for, during the first phase of the operating cycle, be prevented by the latch to release the gear during a non-zero integer N alternating (s) of the oscillator and be driven by the rocker only after the (the) N alternating (s) to release the cog.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de la présente invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description détaillée suivante faite en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels :

  • les figures 1 à 4 sont des vues de dessus d'un mouvement horloger selon l'invention à différents instants de son cycle de fonctionnement ;
  • la figure 5 est une vue de dessus montrant plus précisément un levier de blocage du mouvement horloger selon l'invention et un dispositif de réglage de ce levier de blocage.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will appear on reading the following detailed description given with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
  • the Figures 1 to 4 are top views of a watch movement according to the invention at different times of its operating cycle;
  • the figure 5 is a top view showing more precisely a locking lever of the watch movement according to the invention and a device for adjusting this locking lever.

Dans le cadre de la présente invention on entend par « axe » ou « axe de rotation » un axe imaginaire, c'est-à-dire une ligne idéale autour de laquelle se produit une rotation.In the context of the present invention, the term "axis" or "axis of rotation" is understood to mean an imaginary axis, that is to say an ideal line around which a rotation occurs.

En référence à la figure 1, un mouvement horloger 1 selon la présente invention comprend un organe moteur 2, un rouage 3, un échappement 4 et un oscillateur 5. L'organe moteur 2 et l'oscillateur 5 sont typiquement constitués par un barillet et un balancier-spiral, respectivement. L'échappement 4 est par exemple un échappement à ancre suisse. Il comprend un mobile d'échappement composé d'une roue d'échappement 4a et d'un pignon d'échappement 4b coaxiaux et solidaires, et une ancre 4c, l'ancre 4c coopérant de manière classique avec la roue d'échappement 4a et avec l'oscillateur 5. Le rouage 3 comprend, dans l'exemple illustré, un mobile de centre 3a engrenant avec l'organe moteur 2, un mobile de moyenne 3b engrenant avec le mobile de centre 3a, un mobile de seconde 3c portant une aiguille indicatrice des secondes (non représentée) et engrenant avec le mobile de moyenne 3b, un premier mobile intermédiaire 3d engrenant avec le mobile de seconde 3c, un second mobile intermédiaire 3e engrenant avec le premier mobile intermédiaire 3d, et un mobile d'arrêt 3f engrenant avec le second mobile intermédiaire 3e. Chacun des mobiles 3a à 3e est formé d'une roue et d'un pignon coaxiaux et solidaires. Le mobile d'arrêt 3f comprend un pignon 3g et un doigt 3h coaxial et solidaire du pignon 3g.With reference to the figure 1 , a watch movement 1 according to the present invention comprises a driving member 2, a gear train 3, an escapement 4 and an oscillator 5. The driving member 2 and the oscillator 5 are typically constituted by a barrel and a sprung-balance, respectively . The exhaust 4 is for example a Swiss lever escapement. It comprises an escape wheel composed of a coaxial and integral exhaust wheel 4a and a 4c exhaust pinion, and an anchor 4c, the anchor 4c cooperating in a conventional manner with the escape wheel 4a and With the oscillator 5, the wheel 3 comprises, in the illustrated example, a center wheel 3a meshing with the motor member 2, a mobile of average 3b meshing with the center wheel 3a, a second wheel 3c carrying a second indicator needle (not shown) and meshing with the mobile of average 3b, a first intermediate mobile 3d meshing with the second mobile 3c, a second intermediate mobile 3e meshing with the first intermediate mobile 3d, and a stopping mobile 3f meshing with the second intermediate mobile 3e. Each of the mobiles 3a to 3e is formed of a wheel and a pinion coaxial and solidarity. The stop mobile 3f comprises a pinion 3g and a finger 3h coaxial and integral with the pinion 3g.

Une bascule 6 est montée pivotante autour de l'axe A1 du mobile de seconde 3c, de manière libre en rotation par rapport audit mobile 3c, mais pourrait en variante pivoter autour d'un axe distinct de l'axe A1. Un mobile intermédiaire 7 porté par la bascule 6 engrène avec le mobile de seconde 3c et le pignon d'échappement 4b pour relier l'échappement 4 au rouage 3. Ce mobile intermédiaire 7 est typiquement une roue montée pivotante autour d'un axe A2 qui se déplace avec la bascule 6. La bascule 6 est soumise à l'action d'un ressort de stockage périodique d'énergie 8 tendant à faire pivoter la bascule 6 dans le sens horaire de la figure 1. Le ressort 8 est de préférence une lame-ressort comme représenté mais il pourrait être sous une autre forme, telle qu'un spiral. La bascule 6 coopère avec un levier 9 pivotant autour d'un axe A3. Le levier 9 n'est pas soumis à l'action d'un ressort de rappel. Il porte un bec 9a qui la plupart du temps retient le doigt 3h, bloquant ainsi le rouage 3 et l'organe moteur 2. Comme l'axe A1, et à la différence de l'axe A2 qui se déplace avec la bascule 6, l'axe A3 est fixe par rapport au bâti du mouvement horloger 1.A rocker 6 is pivotally mounted about the axis A1 of the second mobile 3c, freely rotatable relative to said mobile 3c, but could alternatively rotate about an axis distinct from the axis A1. An intermediate mobile 7 carried by the rocker 6 meshes with the second mobile 3c and the exhaust pinion 4b to connect the exhaust 4 to the wheel 3. This intermediate mobile 7 is typically a wheel pivotally mounted about an axis A2 which moves with the rocker 6. The rocker 6 is subjected to the action of a periodic energy storage spring 8 tending to pivot the rocker 6 in the clockwise direction of the figure 1 . The spring 8 is preferably a spring blade as represented but could be in another form, such as a hairspring. The rocker 6 cooperates with a lever 9 pivoting about an axis A3. The lever 9 is not subjected to the action of a return spring. It carries a spout 9a which most of the time holds the finger 3h, thus blocking the gear 3 and the motor member 2. As the axis A1, and unlike the axis A2 which moves with the rocker 6, the axis A3 is fixed relative to the frame of the watch movement 1.

Pour sa coopération avec le levier 9, la bascule 6 présente à une extrémité une première surface d'actionnement 6a, une seconde surface d'actionnement 6b et une surface de butée 6c. La surface de butée 6c est en arc de cercle concentrique par rapport à l'axe de rotation A1 de la bascule 6. Les surfaces d'actionnement 6a, 6b sont, elles, excentriques par rapport à l'axe de rotation A1 de la bascule 6 et reliées par la surface de butée 6c. La première surface d'actionnement 6a est de préférence plane et dirigée vers l'axe de rotation A1 de la bascule 6. La seconde surface d'actionnement 6b est constituée par un coin de ladite extrémité de la bascule 6, plus précisément par la zone de jonction entre la surface de butée 6c et une surface 6d de la bascule 6 opposée à la première surface d'actionnement 6a. Les surfaces d'actionnement 6a, 6b sont des cames interagissant avec des première et seconde dents 9b, 9c d'une fourchette que définit l'extrémité du levier 9 autre que celle portant le bec 9a.For its cooperation with the lever 9, the rocker 6 has at one end a first actuating surface 6a, a second actuating surface 6b and an abutment surface 6c. The abutment surface 6c is in circular arc concentric with respect to the axis of rotation A1 of the rocker 6. The actuating surfaces 6a, 6b are eccentric with respect to the axis of rotation A1 of the rocker 6 and connected by the abutment surface 6c. The first actuating surface 6a is preferably flat and directed towards the axis of rotation A1 of the rocker 6. The second actuating surface 6b is constituted by a corner of said end of the rocker 6, more precisely by the zone connecting the abutment surface 6c and a surface 6d of the rocker 6 opposite the first actuating surface 6a. The actuating surfaces 6a, 6b are cams interacting with first and second teeth 9b, 9c of a fork defined by the end of the lever 9 other than that carrying the spout 9a.

Le mouvement horloger 1 fonctionne selon le cycle suivant.Watch movement 1 operates according to the following cycle.

Pendant tout le temps où le bec 9a retient le doigt 3h (figure 1), le ressort 8 se détend et déplace la bascule 6 dans le sens horaire. Le mobile intermédiaire 7 se déplace avec la bascule 6 et son engrènement à la manière d'un planétaire avec le mobile de seconde 3c, alors fixe, le fait tourner dans le sens horaire pour entraîner le mobile d'échappement 4a, 4b. Ce déplacement de la bascule 6 et du mobile intermédiaire 7 s'effectue par pas, au rythme des libérations de la roue d'échappement 4a par l'oscillateur 5 via l'ancre 4c, la bascule 6 pivotant ainsi d'un pas à chaque alternance de l'oscillateur 5.During the time when the beak 9a holds the finger 3h ( figure 1 ), the spring 8 expands and moves the rocker 6 clockwise. The intermediate mobile 7 moves with the rocker 6 and its meshing in the manner of a sun gear with the mobile of second 3c, while fixed, rotates it clockwise to drive the mobile escape 4a, 4b. This displacement of the rocker 6 and the intermediate mobile 7 is made in steps, at the rate of the releases of the escape wheel 4a by the oscillator 5 via the anchor 4c, the rocker 6 pivoting and a step at each alternation of the oscillator 5.

Après un nombre entier prédéterminé N d'alternances de l'oscillateur 5, la bascule 6 fait pivoter le levier 9 dans le sens antihoraire pour que son bec 9a se désengage du doigt 3h et libère le rouage 3 et l'organe moteur 2 (figures 2 et 3). Sous l'action de l'organe moteur 2 le mobile de seconde 3c fait alors tourner le mobile intermédiaire 7 dans le sens antihoraire, et l'engrènement du mobile intermédiaire 7 avec le pignon d'échappement 4b, qui à cet instant est fixe en raison de l'appui de la roue d'échappement 4a contre l'ancre 4c, ramène la bascule 6 à sa position initiale en armant le ressort 8 (figure 4). Ce déplacement du rouage 3, du mobile intermédiaire 7 et de la bascule 6 est quasi-instantané. Il est utilisé pour afficher l'heure et entraîner d'autres mécanismes, sans perturber le couple transmis à l'échappement 4 et à l'oscillateur 5. Pendant ce déplacement, la bascule 6 fait pivoter le levier 9 dans le sens horaire pour que le bec 9a revienne couper la trajectoire du doigt 3h (figure 4). Le doigt 3h, ayant parcouru un tour, revient buter contre le bec 9a, ce qui arrête le rouage 3 et l'organe moteur 2 (figure 1). Le cycle ensuite se répète. Pendant chaque cycle l'oscillateur 5 effectue un nombre entier prédéterminé M d'alternances (M > N).After a predetermined integer number N of alternations of the oscillator 5, the rocker 6 pivots the lever 9 in the counterclockwise direction so that its spout 9a disengages from the finger 3h and releases the wheel 3 and the motor member 2 ( figures 2 and 3 ). Under the action of the motor unit 2 the second mobile 3c then rotates the intermediate mobile 7 in the counterclockwise direction, and the meshing of the intermediate mobile 7 with the exhaust pinion 4b, which at this moment is fixed in because of the support of the escape wheel 4a against the anchor 4c, brings the rocker 6 back to its initial position by arming the spring 8 ( figure 4 ). This movement of the gear train 3, the intermediate mobile 7 and the rocker 6 is almost instantaneous. It is used to display the time and to drive other mechanisms, without disturbing the torque transmitted to the escapement 4 and to the oscillator 5. During this movement, the rocker 6 pivots the lever 9 clockwise so that the beak 9a comes back to cut the trajectory of the finger 3h ( figure 4 ). The finger 3h, having traveled one turn, comes back against the spout 9a, which stops the gear 3 and the motor member 2 ( figure 1 ). The cycle is then repeated. During each cycle the oscillator 5 performs a predetermined integer number M of alternations (M> N).

Ainsi, l'énergie que reçoit l'échappement 4 provient de la détente du ressort 8, qui est armé périodiquement par l'organe moteur 2. La bascule 6, le mobile intermédiaire 7 et le ressort 8 forment un dispositif dit « à force constante » qui améliore la constance de l'amplitude de l'oscillateur 5.Thus, the energy received by the escapement 4 comes from the expansion of the spring 8, which is periodically armed by the drive member 2. The rocker 6, the intermediate mobile 7 and the spring 8 form a so-called "constant force device" Which improves the constancy of the amplitude of the oscillator 5.

De préférence, la durée de chaque cycle est de 1 seconde, permettant au mobile de seconde 3c et à l'aiguille indicatrice des secondes qu'il porte de se déplacer en effectuant un saut de 1/60ème de tour par seconde.Preferably, the duration of each cycle is 1 second, allowing the second mobile 3c and the pointer of the second door to move it by performing a jump to 1/60 revolution per second.

Le maintien du bec 9a du levier 9 dans sa position où il coupe la trajectoire du doigt 3h pour l'arrêter (figure 4) et le retenir (figure 1) est obtenu par la surface de butée 6c de la bascule 6 qui se déplace en restant en regard du sommet de la seconde dent 9c, celui-ci butant immédiatement contre la surface de butée 6c dès que le levier 9 tente de pivoter dans le sens antihoraire. Pendant lesdites N alternances de l'oscillateur 5, les surfaces d'actionnement 6a, 6b sont inactives, en particulier la première surface d'actionnement 6a n'est pas en contact avec la première dent 9b. Le déplacement de la bascule 6 n'occasionne donc pas ou quasiment pas de frottements entre la bascule 6 et le levier 9.Maintaining the nozzle 9a of the lever 9 in its position where it intersects the trajectory of the finger 3h to stop it ( figure 4 ) and retain it ( figure 1 ) is obtained by the abutment surface 6c of the rocker 6 which moves while remaining opposite the top of the second tooth 9c, the latter immediately abutting against the abutment surface 6c as soon as the lever 9 attempts to pivot in the direction counterclockwise. During said N alternations of the oscillator 5, the actuating surfaces 6a, 6b are inactive, in particular the first actuating surface 6a is not in contact with the first tooth 9b. The movement of the rocker 6 does not cause or almost no friction between the rocker 6 and the lever 9.

Lors de la (N+1)ième alternance de l'oscillateur 5, la première surface d'actionnement 6a entre en contact avec la première dent 9b du levier 9 (figure 2) et la pousse pour faire pivoter le levier 9 dans le sens antihoraire et libérer le doigt 3h (figure 3). Cette (N+1)ième alternance est la dernière alternance du cycle, en d'autres termes M=N+1.During the (N + 1) th alternation of the oscillator 5, the first actuating surface 6a comes into contact with the first tooth 9b of the lever 9 ( figure 2 ) and pushes it to rotate the lever 9 counterclockwise and release the finger 3h ( figure 3 ). This (N + 1) th alternation is the last alternation of the cycle, in other words M = N + 1.

La libération du doigt 3h permet au rouage 3 de tourner sous l'action de l'organe moteur 2. Le rouage 3 ramène la bascule 6 à sa position initiale, en commençant par provoquer le retour du levier 9 dans sa position où le bec 9a coupe la trajectoire du doigt 3h (figure 4). Le retour du levier 9 dans sa position où le bec 9a coupe la trajectoire du doigt 3h est obtenu dès le passage de la bascule 6 dans sa position correspondant à la (M-1)ième alternance de chaque cycle. Pour ce faire, la seconde surface d'actionnement 6b entre en contact avec le flanc intérieur de la seconde dent 9c (figure 3) puis pousse ce flanc intérieur jusqu'à ce que la surface de butée 6c soit placée en regard du sommet de la seconde dent 9c pour bloquer le levier 9 (figure 4).The release of the finger 3h allows the gear 3 to rotate under the action of the drive member 2. The gear 3 returns the rocker 6 to its initial position, starting by causing the return of the lever 9 in its position where the spout 9a cut the trajectory of the finger 3h ( figure 4 ). The return of the lever 9 in its position where the nose 9a intersects the path of the finger 3h is obtained from the passage of the latch 6 in its position corresponding to the (M-1) th alternation of each cycle. To do this, the second actuating surface 6b comes into contact with the inner side of the second tooth 9c ( figure 3 ) then pushes this inner flank until the abutment surface 6c is placed opposite the top of the second tooth 9c to lock the lever 9 ( figure 4 ).

Dans la présente invention, les frottements entre la bascule 6 et le levier 9 pendant la détente du ressort 8 sont donc très faibles, ils se produisent essentiellement à la fin de chaque cycle. De ce fait, le dispositif à force constante 6, 7, 8 est très peu perturbé par les variations de force de l'organe moteur 2 et est encore moins dépendant du degré d'armage de l'organe moteur 2 que le dispositif à force constante selon EP 1528443 dans lequel la bascule porte le bec qui coopère avec le mobile d'arrêt.In the present invention, the friction between the rocker 6 and the lever 9 during the expansion of the spring 8 are very low, they occur essentially at the end of each cycle. As a result, the constant force device 6, 7, 8 is very little disturbed by the variations in force of the driving member 2 and is even less dependent on the degree of arming of the driving member 2 than the force device. constant according to EP 1528443 wherein the rocker carries the spout which cooperates with the stopping mobile.

En pratique, le nombre N d'alternances pendant lesquelles la bascule 6 n'entraîne pas le levier 9 peut varier d'un cycle à l'autre. Ainsi, on peut avoir N=M-1 (cas le plus général) dans certains cycles et N=M-2 voire N=M-3 dans d'autres cycles. En effet, dans la configuration décrite, le levier 9 n'ayant pas de butée l'empêchant de s'engager plus profondément dans le doigt 3h, il peut dans certains cycles s'arrêter dans une position qui réduise le nombre N. On peut rendre ce nombre N égal à M-1 dans tous les cycles par le recours à une telle butée. On peut aussi faire en sorte que le nombre N soit le même dans chaque cycle tout en étant différent de M-1 (par exemple égal à M-2 ou à M-3). Dans tous les cas, lorsque N est strictement inférieur à M-1, la première surface d'actionnement 6a entre en contact avec la première dent 9b du levier 9 avant la Mième alternance mais finit de dégager le bec 9a du doigt 3h lors de ladite Mième alternance.In practice, the number N of alternations during which the flip-flop 6 does not cause the lever 9 can vary from one cycle to another. Thus, one can have N = M-1 (most general case) in some cycles and N = M-2 or N = M-3 in other cycles. Indeed, in the configuration described, the lever 9 having no stop preventing it from engaging more deeply in the finger 3h, it can in some cycles stop in a position that reduces the number N. It can be made that number N equal to M-1 in all cycles by the recourse to such a stop. It can also be done so that the number N is the same in each cycle while being different from M-1 (for example equal to M-2 or M-3). In any case, when N is strictly less than M-1, the first actuating surface 6a comes into contact with the first tooth 9b of the lever 9 before the Mth alternation but ends up clearing the lip 9a of the finger 3h when said M th alternation.

Le nombre M d'alternances par cycle dépend de la fréquence de l'oscillateur 5 et de la durée du cycle. Par exemple, si la fréquence de l'oscillateur 5 est de 4 Hz (8 alternances par seconde) et la durée du cycle est de 1 seconde, alors M=8. Si la fréquence de l'oscillateur 5 est de 3 Hz (6 alternances par seconde) et la durée du cycle est de 1 seconde, alors M=6. Si la fréquence de l'oscillateur 5 est de 4 Hz (8 alternances par seconde) et la durée du cycle est de 0,5 seconde, alors M=4.The number M of alternations per cycle depends on the frequency of the oscillator 5 and the duration of the cycle. For example, if the frequency of oscillator 5 is 4 Hz (8 cycles per second) and the cycle time is 1 second, then M = 8. If the frequency of oscillator 5 is 3 Hz (6 vibrations per second) and the cycle time is 1 second, then M = 6. If the frequency of oscillator 5 is 4 Hz (8 cycles per second) and the cycle time is 0.5 seconds, then M = 4.

Dans un exemple de réalisation particulier, le nombre M d'alternances de l'oscillateur 5, donc le nombre de pas de la bascule 6, dans chaque cycle est égal à huit, la bascule 6 parcourt un angle de 2° par cycle soit 0,25° par pas, les rapports d'engrenage dans le rouage 3 sont choisis pour qu'un tour du doigt 3h corresponde à cet angle de 2° et le nombre N d'alternances pendant lesquelles la bascule 6 déplacée par le ressort 8 n'entraîne pas le levier 9 est égal à sept, six ou cinq selon le cycle.In a particular exemplary embodiment, the number M of alternations of the oscillator 5, and therefore the number of steps of the flip-flop 6, in each cycle is equal to eight, the flip-flop 6 traverses an angle of 2 ° per cycle, ie 0 , 25 ° in steps, the gear ratios in the gear train 3 are chosen so that a turn of the finger 3h corresponds to this angle of 2 ° and the number N of alternations during which the rocker 6 moved by the spring 8 n The lever 9 is equal to seven, six or five depending on the cycle.

Il va de soi que d'autres valeurs numériques pourraient être choisies. Par exemple, le nombre M d'alternances de l'oscillateur 5 par cycle pourrait être de deux et le nombre N d'alternances où la bascule 6 n'entraîne pas le levier 9 pourrait être égal à un.It goes without saying that other numerical values could be chosen. For example, the number M of alternations of the oscillator 5 per cycle could be two and the number N of alternations where the flip-flop 6 does not cause the lever 9 could be equal to one.

De manière générale, le nombre N d'alternances de l'oscillateur 5 pendant lesquelles la bascule 6 n'entraîne pas le levier 9 dans chaque cycle est au moins égal à un, de préférence au moins égal à deux, de préférence encore au moins égal à trois, de préférence encore au moins égal à quatre, de préférence encore au moins égal à cinq, de préférence encore au moins égal à six, de préférence encore au moins égal à sept.In general, the number N of alternations of the oscillator 5 during which the flip-flop 6 does not cause the lever 9 in each cycle is at least equal to one, preferably at least two, more preferably at least three, more preferably at least four, more preferably at least five, more preferably at least six, preferably at least at least equal to seven.

Un autre avantage de la présente invention est que le levier 9 interagit avec le doigt 3h qui pourrait être assimilé à une roue d'arrêt ne comportant qu'une seule dent. Cette configuration permet de maîtriser la sécurité de verrouillage et la sécurité de déverrouillage sur une seule position, contrairement à celle du mouvement décrit dans le brevet EP 1528443 où la roue d'arrêt porte 10 dents.Another advantage of the present invention is that the lever 9 interacts with the finger 3h which could be likened to a stop wheel having only one tooth. This configuration makes it possible to control the locking safety and the unlocking safety in a single position, unlike that of the movement described in the patent. EP 1528443 where the stop wheel carries 10 teeth.

Encore un autre avantage de la présente invention est que l'on peut jouer sur la longueur des bras du levier 9, plus précisément prévoir une distance plus courte entre l'axe de rotation A3 et la fourchette 9b, 9c qu'entre l'axe de rotation A3 et le bec 9a, pour qu'un déplacement de la partie (fourchette 9b, 9c) en contact avec la bascule 6 entraîne un plus grand déplacement de la partie (bec 9a) en contact avec le mobile d'arrêt 3f. Augmenter la course du bec 9a permet d'accroître la précision de l'instant de déverrouillage du mobile d'arrêt 3f et d'améliorer ainsi la sécurité de fonctionnement. Cela permet également d'élargir les tolérances de fabrication et donc de réduire les coûts de fabrication.Yet another advantage of the present invention is that one can play on the length of the arms of the lever 9, more precisely provide a shorter distance between the axis of rotation A3 and the fork 9b, 9c that between the axis rotation A3 and the spout 9a, so that a displacement of the portion (fork 9b, 9c) in contact with the rocker 6 causes a greater displacement of the portion (spout 9a) in contact with the stopper 3f. Increasing the stroke of the nozzle 9a makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the moment of unlocking of the stopping mobile 3f and thus to improve the operational safety. This also makes it possible to widen manufacturing tolerances and thus reduce manufacturing costs.

La présente invention n'est pas limitée à la forme de la fourchette 9b, 9c et de l'extrémité 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d de la bascule 6 telle que représentée. Dans un autre mode de réalisation, en remplacement des surfaces 6a, 6b, 6c la bascule 6 pourrait porter une goupille qui serait engagée dans un trou en forme de L du levier 9, ce trou remplaçant les dents 9b, 9c.The present invention is not limited to the shape of the fork 9b, 9c and the end 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d of the latch 6 as shown. In another embodiment, replacing the surfaces 6a, 6b, 6c the flip-flop 6 could carry a pin which would be engaged in an L-shaped hole of the lever 9, this hole replacing the teeth 9b, 9c.

Comme visible sur la figure 5, le mouvement horloger 1 selon l'invention peut comporter un dispositif de réglage de la position de l'axe de rotation A3 du levier 9, permettant de régler la profondeur de pénétration du bec 9a dans le doigt 3h. Ce dispositif de réglage comprend par exemple une bascule 10 pivotante autour d'un axe A4 et un pont 11 fixé à cette bascule 10, le levier 9 étant monté entre cette bascule 10 et ce pont 11. Le levier 9 est solidaire d'un arbre qui définit l'axe de rotation A3 et dont les deux extrémités pivotent dans des pierres (l'une d'entre elles, 11a, est visible à la figure 5) portées respectivement par la bascule 10 et le pont 11, diminuant ainsi les frottements. La position angulaire du dispositif de réglage 10, 11 autour de son axe de rotation A4 peut être réglée pour ajuster la position de l'axe de rotation A3 du levier 9 par rapport à l'axe de rotation du mobile d'arrêt 3f et de son doigt 3h. Un excentrique 12 et un ressort de plaquage 13 permettent un réglage fin du dispositif. Le maintien du dispositif de réglage 10, 11 dans sa position réglée est assurée par des vis 14 traversant des trous oblongs 15 de la bascule 10 et se vissant dans le bâti du mouvement horloger 1.As visible on the figure 5 , the watch movement 1 according to the invention may comprise a device for adjusting the position of the axis of rotation A3 of the lever 9, for adjusting the depth of penetration of the spout 9a in the finger 3h. This adjustment device comprises, for example, a pivoting lever 10 around an axis A4 and a bridge 11 fixed to this lever 10, the lever 9 being mounted between this lever 10 and this bridge 11. The lever 9 is secured to a shaft which defines the axis of rotation A3 and whose two ends pivot in stones (one of them, 11a, is visible at the figure 5 ) respectively carried by the rocker 10 and the bridge 11, thereby reducing friction. The angular position of the adjusting device 10, 11 around its axis of rotation A4 can be adjusted to adjust the position of the axis of rotation A3 of the lever 9 relative to the axis of rotation of the stopping wheel 3f and of his finger 3h. An eccentric 12 and a plating spring 13 allow fine adjustment of the device. Maintaining the adjusting device 10, 11 in its set position is provided by screws 14 passing through oblong holes 15 of the rocker 10 and screwing into the frame of the watch movement 1.

Le mouvement horloger 1 selon l'invention peut être utilisé dans une montre ou une pendule, en particulier une pendule de table.The watch movement 1 according to the invention can be used in a watch or a pendulum, in particular a table clock.

Claims (12)

  1. Timepiece movement (1) comprising
    - a gear train (3),
    - a drive member (2) to drive the gear train (3),
    - an escapement (4),
    - an oscillator (5) arranged to cooperate with the escapement (4),
    - a control lever (6) supporting an intermediate mobile (7) which connects the escapement (4) to the gear train (3),
    - a spring for periodic storage of energy (8) arranged to act on the control lever (6), and
    - a locking member (9) to lock and release the gear train (3), this locking member (9) being controlled by the control lever (6),
    the timepiece movement (1) being arranged to operate in a cycle comprising a first phase during which the locking member (9) locks the gear train (3), allowing the spring for periodic storage of energy (8) to relax and to move the control lever (6) in a first direction in steps at the rate of the alternations of the oscillator (5) until the locking member (9) releases the gear train (3), and a second phase actuated by the release of the gear train (3) during which the control lever (6) is moved in the opposite direction to the first direction under the action of the gear train (3) to charge the spring for periodic storage of energy (8) and to return the locking member (9) to a position where it will be able to lock the gear train (3) again, characterised in that the locking member (9) is a lever arranged to, during the first phase
    - be prevented by the control lever (6) from releasing the gear train (3) during a non-zero integer number N of alternation(s) of the oscillator (5), and
    - be driven by the control lever (6) only after the N alternation(s) to release the gear train (3).
  2. Timepiece movement (1) as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the control lever (6) comprises a first actuation surface (6a), a second actuation surface (6b) and an abutment surface (6c), and in that the lever (9) comprises first and second teeth (9b, 9c), the abutment surface (6c) being arranged to move while remaining facing the tip of the second tooth (9c) during the N alternation(s), the first actuation surface (6a) being arranged to be out of contact with the first tooth (9b) during the N alternation(s) and to cooperate with the first tooth (9b) after the N alternation(s) in order to drive the lever (9) and to release the gear train (3), the second actuation surface (6b) being arranged to cooperate with the second tooth (9c) to return the locking member (9) to said position during the second phase.
  3. Timepiece movement (1) as claimed in claim 2, characterised in that the abutment surface (6c) is in the form of a circular arc concentric with the rotational axis (A1) of the control lever (6).
  4. Timepiece movement (1) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the lever (9) has a beak (9a) arranged to cooperate with a stopping mobile (3f) of the gear train (3) during the first phase.
  5. Timepiece movement (1) as claimed in claim 4, characterised in that the stopping mobile (3f) comprises a toothed wheel (3g) meshing with another mobile (3e) of the gear train (3) and a finger (3h) coaxial with and fixedly attached to the toothed wheel (3g), this finger (3h) being arranged to cooperate with the beak (9a).
  6. Timepiece movement (1) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the number N is equal to at least two, preferably at least three, more preferably at least four, more preferably at least five, more preferably at least six, more preferably at least seven.
  7. Timepiece movement (1) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the number of alternations of the oscillator (5) in each operating cycle of the timepiece movement (1) is equal to eight.
  8. Timepiece movement (1) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the distance between the rotational axis (A3) of the lever (9) and a first end (9b, 9c) of the lever (9) intended to be in contact with the control lever (6) is shorter than the distance between said rotational axis (A3) and a second end (9a) of the lever (9) intended to cooperate with the gear train (3).
  9. Timepiece movement (1) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that it comprises a device (10, 11) allowing the position of the rotational axis (A3) of the lever (9) to be adjusted.
  10. Timepiece movement (1) as claimed in claim 9, characterised in that the adjusting device (10, 11) comprises an adjusting control lever (10) supporting the lever (9), the angular position of this adjusting control lever (10) being adjustable.
  11. Timepiece movement (1) as claimed in claim 10, characterised in that the adjusting device (10, 11) further comprises a bridge (11) fixed to the adjusting control lever (10), and in that the lever (9) is mounted on a shaft, of which the two ends pivot in stones (11a) supported by the adjusting control lever (10) and this bridge (11) respectively.
  12. Timepiece, such as a watch or clock, comprising a timepiece movement (1) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims.
EP17169872.3A 2017-05-08 2017-05-08 Timepiece movement comprising a constant force device Active EP3401739B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17169872.3A EP3401739B1 (en) 2017-05-08 2017-05-08 Timepiece movement comprising a constant force device

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17169872.3A EP3401739B1 (en) 2017-05-08 2017-05-08 Timepiece movement comprising a constant force device

Publications (2)

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EP3401739A1 EP3401739A1 (en) 2018-11-14
EP3401739B1 true EP3401739B1 (en) 2019-09-25

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Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3783444B1 (en) 2019-08-20 2022-03-09 Patek Philippe SA Genève Timepiece mechanism comprising a locking device
CN114081348B (en) * 2021-11-19 2022-06-03 镇江杰欣厨具有限公司 Sealed anti-overflow strengthened glass pot cover

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1528443B1 (en) 2003-10-28 2008-08-06 Francois-Paul Journe Constant force mechanism for a watch
CH707181B1 (en) * 2012-11-14 2017-01-13 Patek Philippe Sa Geneve Horological device comprising a control member kinematically linked to a jumping seconds wheel.

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
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