EP3061903A1

EP3061903A1 - Heat exchanger for heating a drilling fluid

Info

Publication number: EP3061903A1
Application number: EP15290042.9A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Nicolas Guerriero; Paul Bertrand; Mohammed Krikeb
Original assignee: Geoservices Equipements SAS
Current assignee: Geoservices Equipements SAS
Priority date: 2015-02-25
Filing date: 2015-02-25
Publication date: 2016-08-31
Also published as: WO2016134845A1; AR103774A1

Abstract

The disclosure relates to a heat exchanger (100) for heating a drilling fluid, comprising :
- an outer body (102) comprising an inner chamber (113) ;
- an inner element (104) fitted in the inner chamber;

said inner element comprising a helical groove (144), said groove and a wall (112) of the inner chamber defining a path for the fluid ;
and
- a heating source (106) for heat exchange with said path ;

the inner chamber further comprising at least one opening (116), the inner element being able to be removed from the inner chamber through said at least one opening ;
the outer body further comprising at least one removable lid (120) closing said at least one opening of the inner chamber.

Description

The present disclosure relates to a heat exchanger adapted to the heating of a fluid such as a drilling fluid.

BACKGROUND

During the drilling process of an oil well or of a well of another effluent - in particular gas, vapour or water -, it is known to carry out an analysis of the gaseous compounds contained in the drilling fluids, generally referred to as drilling muds, emerging from the well. Such an analysis makes possible the reconstruction of geological sequences which are passed through during the drilling operations, and plays a part in determining the possibilities of exploiting the deposits of fluids encountered.
While drilling, chemical analyses are performed continuously and comprise two main parts. The first part consists in extracting the gases carried by the drilling mud - for example hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulphide -, whereas the second par consists in qualifying and quantifying the extracted gases.
For the first part, mechanically agitated degassers, such as described in document FR2799790 , are frequently used. The gases extracted from the drilling mud, which are mixed with a carrier gas introduced into the enclosure, are conveyed by suction via the gas extraction pipe to an analyser permitting a quantification of these extracted gases.
In order to extract gas under controlled parameters and allow the extraction of heavier components, it is known from document FR2799790 to heat the mud while in the degasser.
Alternatively, it is known from document EP2444802 to place a mud heater on a supply pipe of the mechanically agitated degasser. For this purpose, a plate heat exchanger such as the one described in document US6911631 is commonly used.
The drilling muds have a tendency to adhere to the surfaces of the heat exchanger and to solidify into a layer of material, thereby impairing the flow of fluid.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to a heat exchanger comprising an outer body extending along an axis and comprising a lateral inner wall defining an inner chamber ; an inner element received in the inner chamber and extending along the axis. The inner element has a lateral outer surface of a shape substantially complementary to a shape of the lateral inner wall of the outer body. A space is formed between the lateral outer surface of the inner element and the lateral inner wall of the outer body, defining a path for the fluid. The heat exchanger also comprises a heating source for heat exchange with a fluid situated in the path ; an inlet and an outlet connected to the path. The inner chamber further comprising an opening, the inner element being able to be removed from the inner chamber through the opening.
Such a heat exchanger is slower to be fouled and may contribute to limit the maintenance operations. In addition, such a heat exchanger allows easy disassembly and cleaning.
According to embodiments, the heat exchanger comprises one or more of the following features, taken in isolation or in any technically possible combination(s):

the outer body comprises one or two removable lids closing the at least one opening of the inner chamber;
the opening is an axial opening situated at a first axial end of the inner chamber;
each of the axial ends of the inner chamber comprises an axial opening and the outer body comprises two removable lids, each lid closing one of said axial openings ;
the path for the fluid is defined by one groove extending helically along the axis, the groove being part of the lateral outer surface of the inner body and/or part of the lateral inner wall of the outer body ;
the heat exchanger comprises a gripping element for the removal of the inner element from the inner chamber through the at least one opening. The gripping element is situated on the inner or outer body ;
the heat exchanger comprises a device for blocking the inner element in translation or rotation in the inner chamber of the outer body ;
the heating source comprises electrical resistances in contact with the outer body or with the inner element;
the heating source comprises electrical resistances embedded in the inner element and contained in the inner chamber.

The present disclosure also relates to a device for analyzing a drilling fluid, comprising : a sampling device for extracting a sample of drilling fluid ; a heat exchanger as described above ; a gas extractor for extracting gas from the sample of drilling fluid ; and a gas analyzer; the heat exchanger being mounted between the sampling device and the gas extractor.
The device may comprise a heat exchanger with a heating source comprising at least an electrical resistance, and a temperature probe able to measure a temperature of the sample of drilling fluid, and an electronic control device connected to the resistances and to the temperature probe, the control device being able to regulate the power delivered to the resistances in function of the measured temperature.
The present disclosure also relates to an assembly for a heat exchanger as described above, comprising a heat exchanger as described above ; and one spare inner element of a same shape as the inner element of the heat exchanger, the spare inner element being able to be introduced in the inner chamber of the outer body of the heat exchanger, through the at least one opening of said inner chamber.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for the maintenance of the heat exchanger of an assembly as described above, comprising disassembly of the removable lid from the rest of the outer body of the heat exchanger ; then removal of the inner element of the heat exchanger from the inner chamber through the at least one opening of said inner chamber; then introduction of the spare inner element in the inner chamber of the outer body of the heat exchanger, through the at least one opening ; then assembly of the removable lid with the rest of the outer body.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure will be better understood upon reading the following description, which is given solely by way of example, and which is written with reference to the appended drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a schematic view, in vertical section, of a drilling installation provided with a heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present disclosure ;
Figure 2 is an exploded, perspective view of a heat exchanger according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure ;
Figure 3 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger of Figure 2 ; and
Figure 4 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a heat exchanger according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A heat exchanger as described above is part of a device for analyzing a drilling fluid. Said device is for example included in a drilling installation 11 for a fluid production well, such as a hydrocarbon production well.
Such an installation 11, illustrated on Figure 1, comprises : a rotary drilling tool 15 drilling a cavity 14 ; a surface installation 17, where drilling pipes are placed in the cavity / 14 ; and a device 19 for analyzing a drilling fluid.
A borehole 13, delimiting the cavity 14, is formed in the substratum 21 by the rotary drilling tool 15. At the surface 22, a well head 23 having a discharge pipe 25 closes the borehole 13.
The drilling tool 15 comprises a drilling head 27, a drill string 29 and a liquid injection head 31.
The drilling head 27 comprises a drill bit 33 for drilling through the rocks of the substratum 21. It is mounted on the lower portion of the drill string 29 and is positioned in the bottom of the drilling pipe 13.
The drill string 29 comprises a set of hollow drilling pipes. These pipes delimit an internal space 35 which makes it possible to bring a drilling fluid from the surface 22 to the drilling head 27. To this end, the liquid injection head 31 is screwed onto the upper portion of the drill string 29.
The drilling fluid is a drilling mud, in particular a water-based or oil-based drilling mud.
The surface installation 17 comprises a support 41 for supporting the drilling tool 15 and driving it in rotation, an injector 43 for injecting the drilling liquid and a shale shaker 45.
The injector 43 is hydraulically connected to the injection head 31 in order to introduce and circulate the drilling fluid in the inner space 35 of the drill string 29.
The shale shaker 45 collects the drilling fluid charged with drilling residues, known as cuttings, said drilling fluid flowing out from the discharge pipe 25. The shale shaker equipped with sieves allows the separation of the solid drilling residues from the drilling mud.
The analysis device 19 comprises a sampler 51 for sampling the mud from the discharge pipe 25, and a gas extractor 53 connected to said sampler 51. The analysis device 19 further comprises an analyser 55 and a line 54, the line 54 allowing the transport of extracted gases from the extractor 53 to said analyser 55.
The sampler 51 comprise a liquid sampling device 57, connected to the discharge pipe 25, a duct 59 and a peristaltic pump 61 with an adjustable flow rate. The duct 59 connects the liquid sampling device 57 to the gas extractor 53.
The duct 59 is provided with a mud heater, in order to bring the temperature of the mud to values between 5 °C and 150 °C, in particular between 50 °C and 100 °C.
More specifically, a heat exchanger 100 is installed on the duct 59, upstream of the gas extractor 53. The heat exchanger 100 is shown on Figures 2 and 3.
Figure 4 shows a heat exchanger 200 which may be installed on the duct 59 in place of the heat exchanger 100, according to another embodiment.
In the following description, the elements in common between the heat exchangers 100 and 200 are referenced by the same numbers.
The heat exchanger 100, 200 comprises an outer body 102, an inner element 104 and a heating source 106.
The outer body 102 extends along an axis 108 and comprises an externally cylindrical sleeve 110, 210.
In the embodiment of Figures 2 and 3, a lateral inner wall 112 of the sleeve 110 defines an inner cylindrical chamber 113.
The lateral inner wall 112 may be formed by an inner tube 114, in particular made of a thermal conducting compound such as aluminum. The sleeve 110 further comprises a thermal isolation 115 externally covering the inner tube 114.
In the embodiment of Figure 4, a lateral inner wall 212 of the sleeve 210 has a frustoconical shape extending along the axis 108. The inner wall 212 thus defines a frustoconical inner chamber 213.
An angle α at a summit of the cone may be inferior or equal to 20°, or inferior or equal to 5°.
The axial ends of the sleeve 110, 210 comprise, respectively, a first axial opening 116, 216 and a second axial opening 118, 218 to the inner chamber 113, 213.
The first opening 216 of the frustoconical inner chamber 213 is situated at the widest end of the frustocone.
The outer body 102 further comprises a first lid 120 and a second lid 122. The first and second lids 120, 122 are assembled with the sleeve 110, 210, respectively closing the first 116, 216 and second 118, 218 axial openings.
The first lid 120 is removably fixed to the sleeve 110, 210, for example by threads or clips 124.
Optionally, as illustrated on Figures 2, 3 and 4, the second lid 122 is also removably fixed to the sleeve 110, 210, for example by threads or clips 124. Alternatively, the second lid 122 is irremovably fixed to the sleeve 110, 210, or the second lid 122 and the sleeve 110, 210 are single-piece.
Each lid 120, 122 comprises an external part 126 and an internal part 128, each of said parts being substantially disk-shaped, said parts 126, 128 being one-piece and coaxial to each other.
The external parts 126 are of a diameter similar,with the external diameter of the sleeve 110, 210: The internal parts 128 are of a slightly smaller diameter than the first 116, 216 and second 118, 218 openings. As illustrated on Figures 3 and 4, when the first and second lids 120, 122 are respectively fitted on the first 116, 216 and second 118, 218 openings, the external parts 126 axially abut against the sleeve 110, 210 and the internal parts 128 are situated in the inner chamber 113, 213. The inner wall 112, 212 and the internal part 128 of each lid 120, 122 thereby define a first 130 and a second 132 annular volumes in the inner chamber 113, 213.
The outer body 102 comprises two nozzles 134, 136, each nozzle connecting the outside of the outer body with the inner chamber 113, 213, more specifically with one of the annular volumes 130, 132. The nozzles are not shown on Figure 4.
In the embodiment of Figures 2 and 3, a first nozzle 134 is situated on the first lid 120, opening on the first annular volume 130 ; a second nozzle 136 is situated on the sleeve 110, opening on the second annular volume 132. In another embodiment (not shown), the first nozzle 134 is on the sleeve 110 and the second nozzle is on the second lid 122. Alternatively, both nozzles 134, 136 may be situated on the sleeve or on the lids.
The inner element 104, designed to be inserted in the inner chamber 113, 213, extends along the axis 108 and comprises a lateral wall 138, 238. The inner element 104 also comprises a first 140 and a second 142 axial end surfaces, substantially disk-shaped.
In the embodiment of Figures 2 and 3, the lateral wall 138 has a substantially cylindrical shape. In the embodiment of Figure 4, the lateral wall 238 has a substantially frustoconical shape.
The lateral wall 138, 238 comprises a groove 144, 244. The groove 144, 244 extends helically along the axis 108, from the first 140 to the second 142 axial end surfaces. A transversal section of the groove 144, 244 has substantially the shape of a half-disk. Other transversal sections of the groove may however be chosen.
Two adjacent coils of the groove 144, 244 are separated by a helical crest 146, 246. In the embodiment of Figures 2 and 3, the helical crest 146 is part of a cylindrical surface, of a shape substantially complementary to a shape of the lateral inner wall 112 of the sleeve 110. In the embodiment of Figure 4, the helical crest 246 is part of a frustoconical surface, of a shape substantially complementary to a shape of the lateral inner wall 212 of the sleeve 210.
In the embodiment of Figures 2 and 3, the inside of the inner element 104 is made of solid, thermal conducting material. Three longitudinal boreholes 147 cross the inner element from the first 140 to the second 142 axial end surfaces. The boreholes 147 are arranged triangularly around the axis 108.
In the embodiment of Figure 4, the inside of the inner element 104 is made of solid, thermal conducting material and a single blind longitudinal borehole 247 extends inside the inner element from the first axial end surface 140.
However, the number and the arrangement of the boreholes may be different from these embodiments.
The heat exchanger 100, 200 may comprise a gripping element 148 for extracting the inner element 104 from the inner chamber 113, 213, or inserting said inner element into the inner chamber, through the first opening 116, 216. In the embodiment of Figures 2 and 3, the gripping element 148 is a threaded hole situated on the inner element 104. The threaded hole 148 extends along the axis 108 and opens on the first axial end surface 140. The threaded hole 148 may be gripped by cooperating with a threaded pin inserted in the hole.
Alternatively, a gripping element is situated on the outer body 102 to push the inner element 104 out of the inner chamber 113, 213 through the first opening 116, 216.
As illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, the inner element 104 is received in the inner chamber 113, 213 of the outer body 102, so that the helical crest 146, 246 is in contact with the inner wall 112, 212. The inner element 104 may be blocked in translation in the inner chamber 113, 213 ; in the embodiment of Figures 3 and 4, the internal parts 128 of each lid 120, 122 abut against the first and second axial end surfaces 140, 142 of the inner element.
In addition, as illustrated in Figure 1, the heat exchanger 100 comprises a disk 149 with protruding pins 150. The disk 149 is sandwiched between the first lid 120 and the first axial end surface 140 of the inner element 104, the pins 150 being located in corresponding holes in said lid 120 and end surface 140. The disk 149 blocks the inner element 104 in translation and in rotation in the inner chamber 113.
A space 151, comprised between the groove 144, 244 and the lateral inner wall 112, 212 of the outer body 102, defines a helical path extending between the first 130 and second 132 annular spaces of the inner chamber 113, 213.
The heating source 106 comprises a heater for a fluid moving along the helical path 151.
More specifically, in the embodiment of Figures 2 and 3, the heating source 106 comprises three electrical resistances 152 embedded in the inner element 104. The electrical resistances 152 are longitudinally shaped, each resistance being inserted in a borehole 147.
In the embodiment of Figure 4, the heating source 106 comprises a single electrical resistance 252 embedded in the inner element 104. The electrical resistance 252 is longitudinally shaped and inserted in the blind borehole 247.
The number and the arrangement of the resistances may of course be different from these embodiments.
In the embodiment of Figure 3, each resistance 152 is removably inserted in a borehole 147 ; an end of the borehole 147, opening on the second end surface 142 of the inner element 104, is closed by a plug 154 abutting against the resistance 152.
The resistances 152, 252 are electrically connected to an electronic control device 156, which is part of the heating source 106 and schematically represented on Figure 3. The control device 156 is not represented on Figure 4. The control device 156 may comprise a program for the regulation of the power delivered to the resistances 152, 252.
In the embodiment of Figure 3, the heating source 106 also comprises two temperature probes 158, 160 encased in the cylindrical sleeve 110 and connected to the electronic control device 156. The temperature probes 158, 160 are able to measure a temperature of the inner tube 114, close to the helical path 151. The temperature probes are however optional and their number is not limited to the description above.
The control device 156 is able to regulate the power delivered to the resistances 152 in function of the temperatures measured by the probes 158, 160.
The control device 156 may be able to regulate the power delivered to the resistances 152 in function of a difference between the temperature measured by an upstream probe 158 and the temperature measured by a downstream probe 160.
In an alternative embodiment, instead of having resistances 152, 252 removably inserted in holes 147, 247, the inner element 104 is overmolded on the resistances 152, 252.
In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the heating source 106 comprises electrical resistances embedded in the outer body 102. For example, such resistances have the shape of heating collars fitted around the inner tube 114, said collars being covered by the thermal isolation 115. In another embodiment, both of the heating collars and the longitudinal resistances 152, 252 are part of the heating source 106, said collars and longitudinal resistances 152, 252 being both controlled by the control device 156.
In addition or in replacement of the resistances, the heating source may also include a pipe containing a heating fluid at a temperature higher than the temperature at which the drilling fluid is brought.
In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the lateral wall 138, 238 of the inner element 104 comprises two or more grooves 144, 244 helically co-wound around the axis 108, from the first 140 to the second 142 axial end surfaces.
In another alternative embodiment (not shown), the groove or grooves forming the path may also be formed in the inner wall 112, 212 of the outer body, or in both the lateral wall 138, 238 of the inner element and inner wall 112, 212 of the outer body.
In the description above, the terms "cylindrical" and "frustoconical" are understood as shapes of revolution. However, in alternative embodiments, the lateral inner wall 112, 212 of the outer body 102 and the inner element 104 have cylindrical or frustoconical shapes with non-circular bases.
An operation method of the heat exchanger 100 as part of the installation 11, described above, will now be described. Such a method would be similar with the heat exchanger 200.
As previously mentioned, the heat exchanger 100 is installed on the duct 59 carrying drilling mud, upstream of the gas extractor 53. More precisely, the nozzles 134, 136 are connected to the duct 59 ; as an example, the second nozzle 136 forms an inlet and the first nozzle 134 forms an outlet of mud.
Under the action of the pump 61, mud flows in the second annular space 132 of the inner chamber 113 and then through the helical path 151. The mud contained in the helical path is heated by the resistances 152 through the inner element 104. The heating is controlled by the control device 156. As an example, the heating is a function of the temperatures respectively measured by the upstream probe 158 and the downstream probe 160. One or both probes 158, 160 may be replaced by one or several probes situated at other locations of the analyzing device, such as in the extraction chamber, for instance. One or more additional probes may also be added in the analyzing device for controlling the temperature of the heaters.
The heated mud flows in the first annular space 130 of the inner chamber 113 and then through the first nozzle 134, to the gas extractor 53. The temperature of the mud at the outlet 134 of the heat exchanger 100 is comprised between 5 °C and 150 °C, in particular between 50 °C and 100 °C, so that the gas extraction is carried out under suitable conditions.
When the heat exchanger 100 is cleaned, the second nozzle 136 is disconnected from the duct 59 to release the fluid pressure. The first lid 120 is then removed, by unscrewing or unclipping the threads or clips 124.
A threaded rod is then assembled to the hole 148 and the inner element 104 is extracted from the inner chamber 113 through the first opening 116. Alternatively, the second lid 122 is also removed and the inner element is pushed out of the inner chamber 113, from the second opening 118, in order to be removed through the first opening 116.
After said removal of the inner element, according to a first embodiment, the inner chamber 113 and the inner element 104 are cleaned before being reassembled. The first lid 120 is then put back in place.
According to a second embodiment, the inner element 104 is replaced by a spare inner element of same size and shape. The plugs 154 of the first inner element may be removed, to allow the electrical resistances 152 to be pushed out of the boreholes 147. The electrical resistances 152 are then inserted into the boreholes 147 of the spare inner element, before said spare inner element is inserted in the inner chamber 113 through the first opening 116.
Alternatively, as well as the inner element 104, the electrical resistances 152 are replaced by spare electrical resistances embedded in the spare inner element.
Several spare inner elements 104 may be kept for the maintenance of the heat exchanger 100.
In the embodiment of Figures 2 and 3, the helical crest 146 is in contact with the inner wall 112, in order to seal the helical path 151. The removal of the inner element 104 may cause frictions due to the cylindrical shapes of the inner wall 112 of the outer body and of the lateral wall 138 of the inner element
In the embodiment of Figure 4, the frustoconical shapes of the inner wall 212 of the outer body and of the lateral wall 238 of the inner element allow an easier removal, with a lower level of friction.
Although the preceding description has been described herein with reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, it is not intended to be limited to the particulars disclosed herein; rather, it extends to functionally equivalent structures, methods and uses, such as are within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

Heat exchanger (100, 200) adapted to the heating of a fluid such as a drilling fluid, comprising :
- an outer body (102) extending along an axis (108), said outer body comprising a lateral inner wall (112; 212) defining an inner chamber (113, 213) ;

- an inner element (104) received in the inner chamber and extending along the axis, said inner element having a lateral outer surface (146, 246) of a shape substantially complementary to a shape of the lateral inner wall of the outer body ;
a space (151), formed between the lateral outer surface of the inner element and the lateral inner wall of the outer body, defining a path for the fluid ;

- a heating source (106) for heat exchange with a fluid situated in said path ;

- an inlet (136) and an outlet (134) connected to said path ;
the inner chamber further comprising at least one opening (116, 216), the inner element being able to be removed from the inner chamber through said at least one opening.
Heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the outer body further comprises at least a removable lid, (120) closing the at least one opening (116, 216) of the inner chamber.
Heat exchanger according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the at least one opening (116, 216) is an axial opening situated at a first axial end of the inner chamber.
Heat exchanger according to claim 3, wherein each of the axial ends of the inner chamber comprises an axial opening (116, 216, 118, 218) and wherein the outer body comprises two removable lids (120, 122), each lid closing one of said axial openings
Heat exchanger according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the path (151) for the fluid is defined by at least one groove (144, 244) extending helically along the axis, said groove being part of the lateral outer surface of the inner body and/or part of the lateral inner wall of the outer body.
Heat exchanger according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a gripping element (148) for the removal of the inner element from the inner chamber through the at least one opening.
Heat exchanger according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a device (128, 149, 150) for blocking the inner element in translation and/or rotation in the inner chamber of the outer body.
Heat exchanger according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heating source (106) comprises at least one electrical resistance in contact with the outer body and/or at least one electrical resistance (152, 252) in contact with the inner element.
Heat exchanger according to claim 8, wherein the heating source comprises at least one electrical resistance (152, 252) embedded in the inner element (104) and contained in the inner chamber.
Heat exchanger (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lateral inner wall (112) of the outer body and the lateral outer surface (146) of the inner element have a cylindrical shape extending along the axis.
Heat exchanger (200) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the lateral inner wall (212) of the outer body and the lateral outer surface (246) of the inner element have a frustoconical shape extending along the axis, the at least one opening (216) of the inner chamber being situated at the widest end of the frustocone:
Device (19) for analyzing a drilling fluid, said device comprising :
- a sampling device (57) for extracting a sample of drilling fluid,

- a heat exchanger (100, 200) according to any one of the preceding claims,

- a gas extractor (53) for extracting gas from the sample of drilling fluid, and

- a gas analyzer (55),
the heat exchanger being mounted between the sampling device and the gas extractor.
Device (19) according to claim 12, comprising a heat exchanger according to claim 8 or claim 9 and further comprising :
- a temperature probe (158, 160) able to measure a temperature of the sample of drilling fluid, and

- an electronic control device (156) connected to the at least one resistance and to the temperature probe, said control device being able to regulate the power delivered to the at least one resistance in function of the measured temperature.
Assembly for a heat exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 11, comprising :
- a heat exchanger (100, 200) according to any one of claims 1 to 11 ; and

- at least one spare inner element (104) of a same shape as the inner element of the heat exchanger, said spare inner element being able to be introduced in the inner chamber (113, 213) of the outer body (102) of the heat exchanger, through the at least one opening (116, 213) of said inner chamber.
Method for the maintenance of the heat exchanger of an assembly according claim 14, comprising:
- disassembly of the removable lid (120) from the rest of the outer body (102) of the heat exchanger; then

- removal of the inner element (104) of the heat exchanger from the inner chamber through the at least one opening of said inner chamber; then

- introduction of the spare inner element (104) in the inner chamber of the outer body of the heat exchanger, through the at least one opening ; then

- assembly of the removable lid with the rest of the outer body.